Università Degli Studi Di Padova MASTERING the OCEANS. VITA E

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Università Degli Studi Di Padova MASTERING the OCEANS. VITA E Università degli studi di Padova Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche , Geografiche e dell'Antichità Corso di Laurea magistrale in Scienze Storiche MASTERING THE OCEANS. VITA E AVVENTURE DI MATTHEW FONTAINE MAURY, FONDATORE DELLA MODERNA OCEANOGRAFIA, 1806-1873. Relatore: Prof. CARLO FUMIAN Correlatore: Prof. MASSIMO GUARNIERI Laureando: NICOLA APOLLONI Matricola: 1111255 Anno Accademico 2016 - 2017 Matthew Fontaine Maury (14 gennaio 1806 - 1 febbraio 1873) Matthew Fontaine Maury (1853) U. S. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs division digital ID: cph.3a00616 INDICE INTRODUZIONE GIOVENTÙ E CARRIERA MILITARE 1.1 — INFANZIA E ISTRUZIONE ........................................................................................... 5 1.2 — GLI AMICI DI UNA VITA ............................................................................................. 8 1.3 — IL SAPERE DI UN SOTTUFFICIALE ............................................................................. 10 1.4 — LA CIRCUMNAVIGAZIONE DEL GLOBO ..................................................................... 12 1.5 — MATRIMONIO, PRIMI SCRITTI E MOLTE INCERTEZZE ................................................ 16 1.6 — I NEMICI DI UNA VITA: CHARLES WILKES E MAHLON DICKERSON ............................. 18 1.7 — ATTACCO AL POTERE .............................................................................................. 20 1.8 — OPPORTUNITÀ INSPERATE ..................................................................................... 24 1.9 — I NEMICI DI UNA VITA: LA CRICCA DI JOSEPH HENRY ................................................ 27 1.10 — NUOVO BOARD, VECCHI GUAI .............................................................................. 29 LA NASCITA DELL’OCEANOGRAFIA 2.1 — ESPLORANDO «I DUE GRANDI OCEANI» .................................................................. 35 2.2 — DAL PONTE ALLA SCRIVANIA ................................................................................... 38 2.3 — UN VERO E PROPRIO “MARE” DI CARTE ................................................................... 39 2.4 — AL NAVAL OBSERVATORY: STELLE, VENTI E CORRENTI MARINE ................................ 42 2.5 — CARTE NAUTICHE E DIARI DI BORDO ....................................................................... 44 2.6 — UN CONGRESSO INTERNAZIONALE E UN LIBRO ....................................................... 49 2.7 — ALEXANDER D. BACHE E IL CAVO TELEGRAFICO TRANSATLANTICO ........................... 53 GLI ANNI DELLA GUERRA CIVILE 3.1 — FEDELTÀ COMBATTUTA .......................................................................................... 61 3.2 — MINISTRI E SINISTRI: IL DEBUTTO DELLA GUERRA SUBACQUEA ................................ 64 3.3 — UNO SGUARDO SUL FUTURO: CORAZZATE E MARINES............................................. 68 3.4 — UN’ULTIMA RIVINCITA SU CHARLES WILKES ............................................................ 71 3.5 — UNA GUERRA LONTANA ......................................................................................... 73 3.6 — SCHIAVITÙ: LA PECULIARE CONCEZIONE ................................................................. 77 NEMO PROPHETA IN PATRIA 4.1 — LA NASCITA DI UN IMPERO ..................................................................................... 81 4.2 — LA FINE DEL SOGNO MESSICANO ............................................................................ 85 4.3 — RIENTRO IN PATRIA E MERITI ACCADEMICI ............................................................. 86 4.4 — BATTAGLIE PER UN’AGRICOLTURA SCIENTIFICA ...................................................... 87 4.5 — IL KRAKEN E LA BALENA BIANCA ............................................................................. 90 BIBLIOGRAFIA SITOGRAFIA INTRODUZIONE Matthew Fontaine Maury è un nome che a molti non dice nulla, eppure i suoi contributi scientifici spaziano dall’agricoltura all’astronomia, dall’oceanografia alla meteorologia; fu militare, agente segreto, consigliere privato e professore universitario; abitò e lavorò negli Stati Uniti, negli Stati Confederati, in Gran Bretagna e in Messico. I suoi libri furono tradotti in tutta Europa già a partire dal 1860 e a tutt’oggi restano ancora delle pietre miliari per i geografi e gli oceanografi. Tenteremo in questa tesi di dar prova di quanto appena affermato, ponendoci come filo rosso la domanda: perché Matthew Maury non viene ricordato dai contemporanei, nonostante tutti i suoi meriti? Il grande spartiacque della vita di Maury fu inevitabilmente la Guerra Civile. Assumendo questo evento come punto cardine, la tesi si scinde in due sezioni principali. A loro volta queste si suddividono in due capitoli ciascuna. In entrambe le sezioni, il primo capitolo ripercorre la vicenda storica di Maury in ordine logico e cronologico; nel secondo invece è dato maggiore risalto all’attività scientifica e di studio di quest’ultimo. Qui l’ordine cronologico sarà perciò necessariamente subordinato alla presentazione per analogia degli studi effettuati in un dato campo di ricerca. Ove possibile si è optato per una coincidenza tra fabula e intreccio, ma salti temporali anche importanti, non sono stati talvolta evitabili. All’interno della prima sezione si ripercorrono i fatti inerenti la gioventù e la vita nei ranghi della Marina degli Stati Uniti. Anche in questo vissuto è riscontrabile uno spartiacque: la rottura di una gamba che mise a repentaglio la sua carriera e il suo futuro tutto. Costretto a letto e ignorato dal Ministero, Maury si risentì nei confronti della gerarchia di Washington e infine la attaccò sui giornali guadagnandosi fama in tutta la nazione, ma anche un gran numero di nemici che covarono vendetta nei suoi confronti per lunghi anni. La stesura dei suoi primi lavori scientifici gli guadagnò il rispetto di molti studiosi, sia civili che militari, e si risolse infine in una insperata opportunità di lavoro presso il Naval Observatory della Marina. Qui iniziò il vero e proprio lavoro scientifico di una vita. Nel secondo capitolo vengono descritti quei “primi lavori scientifici” e le vicende che affrontò alla guida dell’Osservatorio. Si avanzerà anche con la biografia, ricostruendo il suo contributo alla navigazione oceanica e alla sua messa in sicurezza, nonché presentando i metodi 1 da lui studiati per raggiungere tale obiettivo. Successivamente si tratteranno due temi chiave della vita di Maury, eventi epocali che, proprio per la loro natura, rendono di difficile intellegibilità l’invisibilità storica di questo scienziato: la preparazione del primo congresso internazionale di oceanografia e la posa del cavo telegrafico tra Gran Bretagna e Stati Uniti. Il primo in particolare gli fruttò un numero straordinario di onorificenze, la standardizzazione dei diari di bordo mondiali e la messa in sicurezza del trasporto marittimo, con conseguente progressivo abbassamento del numero dei naufragi e quindi delle spese di trasporto. Mentre Maury spendeva indistintamente la sua conoscenza, la contingenza storica era azione già da decenni negli Stati Uniti e ormai la distanza d’intesa tra Nord e Sud si era fatta incolmabile. La dichiarazione di secessione della Carolina del Nord era un problema per Maury. Essendo lui originario della Virginia (uno dei tredici stati schiavisti) e un fervente patriota, già conosceva la dolorosa scelta che presto avrebbe dovuto prendere: difendere il proprio lavoro o la propria patria? Quest’ultima ebbe la meglio. Maury dovette reinventarsi repentinamente e dimostrare di essere indispensabile anche in guerra, nonostante l’oligarchia confederata gli fosse totalmente avversa. Anche stavolta possiamo dividere ulteriormente gli anni di guerra in due periodi: un primo in cui Maury agì in patria, il secondo in cui servì come agente segreto in Gran Bretagna. Nel quarto capitolo si ricostruiscono gli studi effettuati da Maury sulle mine subacquee e su altri progetti meno fortunati. In Gran Bretagna, invece, egli venne incaricato di acquistare navi ed equipaggiamento bellico in segreto, mentre allo scoperto portava avanti un’azione di sensibilizzazione dell’opinione pubblica europea verso la Confederazione. Come già fatto nel capitolo tre, si prosegue con la biografia, superando il conflitto. A questo punto, Maury, sconfitto ed esiliato cercò asilo in Messico, sotto l’egida di Massimiliano d’Asburgo. Qui si dedicò alla crescita sociale e agricola del paese, ma le circostanze lo costrinsero ad abbandonare la nazione e riparare in Gran Bretagna, dove poté riabbracciare la sua famiglia. Infine, graziato, poté rientrare in Virginia e prestarsi alla carriera accademica. Un ultimo paragrafo di carattere letterario-filologico è propedeutico a riportare in primo piano il quesito con il quale eravamo partiti. Maury è citato direttamente sia in Moby Dick, sia in Ventimila leghe sotto i mari: perché allora nessuno oggi lo ricorda? Subito dopo la sua morte, Maury venne ricordato in una biografia scritta dalla nipote Diana Corbin, ricchissima di trascrizioni di lettere autografe dello scienziato, ma allo stesso tempo da prendere con le pinze della storiografia, visto il coinvolgimento emotivo. Nello stesso 2 periodo un altro parente, Richard Maury, pubblicava una raccolta dei lavori di Matthew sulle mine subacquee. Il ruolo dei congiunti fu cruciale in questa prima fase, poiché né Jefferson Davis nel suo Rise and Fall of the Confederate Governament, né Thomas Scharf in History of the Confederate States Navy accennarono minimamente a Matthew Maury1. Bisognerà però attendere mezzo
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