Thèse Pour Obtenir Le Grade De Docteur De Montpellier Supagro

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Thèse Pour Obtenir Le Grade De Docteur De Montpellier Supagro THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE MONTPELLIER SUPAGRO En mécanismes des interactions parasitaires pathogènes et symbiotiques École doctorale GAIA – Biodiversité, Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement, Terre, Eau Unité de recherche BGPI - Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plantes-Parasites Caractérisation des mécanismes de défense contre les intégrations virales de Banana streak virus et les infections qui en dérivent chez les bananiers hybrides natifs interspécifiques Présentée par Emeline RICCIUTI Le 16 décembre 2019 Sous la direction de Marie-Line Iskra-Caruana Devant le jury composé de Jean-Luc Gallois, Directeur de recherche, INRA, UR GAFL, Avignon Rapporteur Corinne Schmitt-Keichinger, Maître de conférences, UMR SVQV, Université de Strasbourg Rapporteure Christophe Brugidou, Directeur de recherche, IRD, UMR IPME, Montpellier Examinateur Claire Neema, Professeure, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR BGPI, Montpellier Examinatrice Katja Richert-Pöggeler, Senior scientist, Julius Kühn-Institut, Braunschweig (Germany) Examinatrice Marie-Line Iskra-Caruana, Directrice de Recherche, CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier Directrice de thèse Bruno Hostachy, Directeur de l’unité RAPT, ANSES-LSV, Unité RAPT, Saint-Pierre Co-encadrant (invité) Pascal Gentit, Responsable de l’équipe virologie, ANSES-LSV, Unité BVO, Angers Invité Résumé / Abstract Les bananiers cultivés sont constitués de deux espèces majeures : Musa acuminata (génome A) et Musa balbisiana (génome B). Le bananier plantain est un hybride triploïde naturel de ces deux espèces, AAB. Le génome B contient naturellement des intégrations du Banana streak virus (BSV), responsable de la mosaïque en tiret du bananier qui affecte habituellement la croissance et la production fruitière. Suite à des stress, ces séquences endogènes appelées « eBSV » peuvent déclencher une infection. Le plant spontanément infecté devient alors un réservoir d’inoculum viral disponible pour les cochenilles, vectrices de la maladie. A ce jour, aucune épidémie n’a été décrite dans les parcelles de plantain où des pieds de bananiers sont pourtant infectés. L’hypothèse testée durant cette thèse propose la mise en place par le bananier plantain d’un contrôle de l’infection virale hérité au cours de la coévolution avec ces séquences virales endogènes, et basé sur un mécanisme de type ARN interférent. Mes travaux de thèse visent à comprendre le fonctionnement du pathosystème en 1) suivant la distribution du virus dans la plante et la dynamique de la charge virale lors d’une infection d’origine endogène grâce à des outils moléculaires (IC-PCR, qPCR), puis en 2) caractérisant les ARN antiviraux impliqués dans la régulation de ces infections (TGS, PTGS) via leur séquençage profond. Par ailleurs, l’intensification des cultures de plantains dans un contexte de changement climatique multipliant les stress abiotiques, pose la question du risque épidémiologique pour les cultures environnantes de bananiers Cavendish, sans génome B et plus sensibles aux infections BSV. Une partie de mes travaux de thèse visent également à 3) définir la localisation histologique des particules virales BSV pour estimer leur accessibilité pour les cochenilles vectrices de l’infection, puis à tester leur transmission à partir de plantains infectés vers des bananiers Cavendish sains, afin d’évaluer le risque que représentent ces infections d’origine endogène chez le plantain pour les cultures environnantes. Cultivated bananas include two major species: Musa acuminata (A genome) and Musa balbisiana (B genome). Plantain is a natural hybrid of these two species, with a triploid AAB genome. B genome naturally contains integrations of Banana streak virus (BSV), responsible for Banana streak disease, usually affecting plant growth and fruit yield. Following stresses, endogenous viral sequences, reported as “eBSV”, can trigger an infection. The infected plant then become a reservoir of viral inoculum available for mealybugs, vectors of the disease. So far, no epidemic was reported on plantain fields, though infected plants were detected. The tested hypothesis proposes that an infection control mechanism was developed in plantain during the coevolution with endogenous viral sequences, and that this defence mechanism rely on RNA silencing. This PhD project aims to understand this mechanism by 1) following the virus distribution and viral titre dynamic following eBSV-derived infections, using molecular tools (IC-PCR, qPCR), and by 2) characterizing antiviral sRNA involved in the regulation of these infections (TGS, PTGS) via sRNA deep sequencing. Beside this, the intensification of plantain culture, along with global warming and a growing frequency of abiotic stresses, raises the question of the epidemic risk for surrounding Cavendish banana cultures, without B genome and more susceptible to BSV infections. A part of my PhD results aim to 3) define the histological localization of BSV particles to estimate their accessibility for mealybugs, and further to test their transmission from infected plantains to virus-free Cavendish banana, in order to evaluate the risk emerging from eBSV-derived infections in plantain for surrounding banana cultures. Laboratoire d’accueil Cette thèse a été réalisée dans l’unité mixte de recherche BGPI : Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plantes-Parasites INRA – CIRAD – SupAgro Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Dans l’équipe 2B2E : Biodiversité des Badnavirus Exogènes et Endogènes Sous la direction de : Marie-Line Iskra-Caruana, Directrice de Recherche CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier Et avec le co-encadrement de : Bruno Hostachy, Ingénieur de Recherche et Directeur de l’unité RAPT : Ravageurs et Agents Pathogènes Tropicaux au Laboratoire de Santé des Végétaux (LSV) de l’ANSES, Saint-Pierre Ces travaux ont été cofinancés par le CIRAD et l’ANSES Remerciements : Je tiens d’abord à remercier les membres de mon jury de thèse, Jean-Luc Gallois, Corinne Schmitt- Keichinger, Katja Richert-Pöggeler, Christophe Brugidou, Claire Neema et Pascal Gentit; pour avoir accepté d’évaluer ce manuscrit et mes travaux de thèse, et de partager avec moi vos compétences respectives. De nombreuses personnes ont pavé le chemin parcouru ces trois années, et dont le résultat est présenté dans ce manuscrit. Tous ont façonné à leur manière ces années de thèse et la docteure que j’espère devenir. Dans ces quelques pages, je tiens à les remercier… Merci à Marie-Line Iskra-Caruana, ma directrice de thèse, pour m’avoir confié ce projet avec ta confiance et ta bienveillance. Merci pour ton accompagnement et l’autonomie que tu m’as laissée. Je te souhaite une belle retraite à venir, douce et familiale… Tu la mérites. Thank you, Mikhail Pooggin. You gradually came into my PhD project, with keys sometimes such helpful. I admire your passion for science, and I wish you to keep enjoying it for the rest of your career. Thank you, Rajendran Rajeswaran, « Rajesh ». You helped me practically and mentally when I needed it. I saw in you a perfect mix of kindness and high skills, and I wish this could be as useful to you as it has been for me, to go through these hard times. Merci à Delphine Massé et Bruno Hostachy, collègue et co-encadrant ANSES depuis La Réunion. Merci pour tout le travail que vous avez réalisé, à coups de clip-cages et de PCR… Je sais que cette collaboration n’a pas tenu toutes ses promesses, et merci de m’avoir néanmoins accompagnée jusqu’au bout. Delphine, je te souhaite une belle thèse, bienvenue de l’autre côté du miroir… Merci à Nathalie Laboureau, pour ta gestion du laboratoire, ton accompagnement aux débuts, et surtout pour ton soutien et ton sourire durant ces trois ans. Prend soin des suivants… Merci à toute l’équipe 2B2E. J’ai très vite trouvé ma place dans notre équipe, et c’est sûrement grâce à chacun d’entre vous. Serge, merci de m’avoir aidé à prendre soin de mes bananiers. Marie-Carmen, merci pour ton aide administrative, toujours bienveillante. Matthieu, merci pour nos discussions scientifiques, et Emmanuelle, merci pour ton soutien. Merci à Antonin, mon premier stagiaire, qui a avancé un peu de mon travail en échange de pas mal de fous-rires. Audrey, on se croise à peine mais je fais confiance aux occasions qui arrivent pour se rattraper ! Karthik, for your sincere empathy and kindness, and for handling our compagny with such patience in the office n° 124… Et puis merci à Valentin, tout particulièrement. Toi qui a restauré le bureau de poèmes, de blagues nulles et d’une bonne dose de scotch. Tu m’as apporté dans cette dernière année un soutien inespéré, en forme de punch-line mais sur fond de sincère bienveillance. Je te souhaite une belle thèse, et si je peux te rendre la pareille, je le ferais sans hésiter. Merci aux membres de mes comités de suivi de thèse : Sébastien Massart, Jean-Luc Verdeil, Emmanuel Jacquot. Merci pour nos discussions riches et bienveillantes lors de ces deux grandes réunions qui m’ont aidé à redéfinir le cap. Jean-Luc, merci pour ton soutien en tant que référent ED, et aussi pour ton œil expert en microscopie. Merci à la plateforme PHIV, qui m’a initié au merveilleux monde de l’imagerie. Le bananier est si beau vu de l’intérieur… Merci à Daniel Gargani, pour ton œil expert en microscopie lui aussi, et pour cette passion que tu transmets si facilement. Merci à Marie-Stéphanie Vernerey, pour ton aide et tous les immuno- marquage que tu as réalisé pour mes travaux. Merci à Sébastien Ravel, pour ton support en bio-informatique, pour ta patience et pour les centaines de jobs que tu as fait tourner pour moi. Sois sûr que si c’était à refaire, j’apprendrais à coder… Merci à toute l’unité BGPI. Vous avez offert un bel accueil à ces vagues de doctorants ! Merci au comité des fêtes de nous offrir ces moments de partage qui forgent les souvenirs. Merci aux « Bogoss » pour l’organisation des séminaires et pour faire vivre la culture scientifique. Claire, pour ta bienveillance envers les doctorants. Merci à Katia et son affection débordante, à Henri pour nos discussions et pour ton sens du partage, à Sandrine pour son soutien régulier, à Isabelle P.
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