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The Friction-Drum Author(S): Henry Balfour Source: the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol

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The Friction-Drum Author(S): Henry Balfour Source: the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol The Friction-Drum Author(s): Henry Balfour Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 37 (Jan. - Jun., 1907), pp. 67-92 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843248 Accessed: 27-11-2015 01:39 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 131.215.225.9 on Fri, 27 Nov 2015 01:39:48 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 67 THE FRICTION-DRUM. By HENRY BALFOUR,M.A. [WITH PLATES XII-XIV.] A PECULIAR form of sound-producing instruiment-which I hesitate to describe as a musical instrument, since its special prerogative as a noisy toy is the production of loud and inharmioniousrather than musical sounds-is very prevalent through- out Western Europe, and, under some of its modifications at any rate,- is familiar to most of us. In its essentials it consists of a small drum with a single membrane or drum-head, to the centre of which is attached one end of either a string or horse- hair or else of a small stick, the other end being free. To, produce sounds, the fore-finger and thumb, previously wetted or rosined, grasp the string or stick and are drawii along it. The friction creates rapid vibrations, which are communicated to and are taken up by the drum-head membrane, a loud and usuallv unpleasant sound resulting, which is intensified by the resonant hollow of the drum. It may be thought that so simple and undignified an instrument is scarcely worthy of being discussed seriously, and yet the method by which its notes are produced is peculiar and unusual, and moreover, a study of its geographical distribution brings us face to face with an ethnological problem of some little difficulty. It seems certain, too, that this instrument can claim a respectable antiquity,_and it is equally certain that, in spite of its present degenerate use amid modern civilised surroundings, it has seen better days, and has been of some importance in an environment of lower culture. Some years ago (1895) this instrument was brought prominently forward in a discussion, maintained during some months in Notes and Queries,concerning the " buill roarer," an instrument with which one form of the friction-drum is frequently confused. Dr. J. D. E. Schmeltz, in his interesting paper "cDas Schwirrholz," also refers to this noise-making toy. It is probable, however, that its association with the " bull-roarer," or " whizzing blade," is purely fortuitous, and it is certain that there is no morphological connection whatever between the two instruments. The earliest mention which I have hitherto found of the friction-drum-to give the instrument the descriptive name which I propose for this group-is by F. Marinus Mersennus (P6re Mersenne)l in 1636. Under the heading " Instrumenta Indica atque Sinensia" the following passage occurs, " Hic etiam additur olla, quam vocant Bommne le pot, cuius cavum pelle ovina regunt instar I Ordinis A[nimn. RarmonicorumnLibri, ed. 1636 in Latin, 2nd book. De Instrumentis Iarmonicis, p. 111. Neither Virdung (1511) nor Prmntorius(1618) refer to this instrument. F 2 This content downloaded from 131.215.225.9 on Fri, 27 Nov 2015 01:39:48 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 68 HENRYBALFOUR.-The Friction-Druim. timpani, circuinligato prius baculo in illius medio, cuius violentus versus fundum ollae impulsus, and eductio bombum rhythmicum rusticis tripudiis accomodar." This is accompanied by a figure which I reproduce (Fig. 1) and in which is seen a round, wide-rimmed pot covered with a drum-head of sheep-skin, to the centre of which is fixed one end of a small stick which carries two pellet-bells. By rubbing the hand rhythmically up and down the stick, the membrane was thrown into vibration and emitted notes to accompany rustic dances. Although Mersenne describes this amongst Oriental instrumaents,I have reason for believing that his inistrument was a European one, for his figure corresponds closely with one of the familiar Italian and Dutch types, which were certainly in common use in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as we shall see later. The name romme le pot, too, is the ordinary Dutch name for the instrument. The reference is important as showing that the friction-drum was known in Europe early in the seventeenith century. GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION AND VARIETIESOF FRICTION-DRUMS. The varieties under which this instrument occurs have a wide distribution. I have records of them from West and Central Europe (including Great Britaini), North and South America, Africa, India and Japan. Under the larger geographical headings, I will now give such details as I have of the distribution within these areas, together with descriptions of the various local forms. EuROPE.-Friction-drums were used in Europe, at any rate as far back as the seventeenth century, and in all probability earlier still. Apart from the early seventeenth century reference which I have already quoted from Mersenne, there are earlier examples depicted in old Dutch paintings and elsewhere. Holland.-The form prevalent in Holland consists of a small earthenware pot over the wide mouth of which is stretched a piece of bladder. One end of a small stick is fastened to the centre of the membrane, the other end standing erect. The stick is rubbed with the wetted or rosined hand, and loud sounds are produced. It is used mainly by children, chiefly between Christmas and Twelfth Night, as an accessory to begging' (Fig. 2). It goes by the name of rommel pot, literally " rumbling-pot " (Dutch rommel from rommenlen,to rumble, a word applied also to the rolling of thunder). This, as .I have already pointed out, is the name given by Mersenne to the instrument described and figured by him, which is of Dutch type. An instrument identical with the modern Dutch form is seen in a seventeenth century picture of a peasant's wedding by Jan Havicks Steen (c. 1626-1679) in the Hermitage Gallery, St. Petersburg (No. 901). Fig. 3 is a sketch from this picture. Fig. 4 is sketched from a picture by the same artist in the Royal Gallery at Cassel (No. 296). The same form exactly is found, according to Herr H. Leuss2 in the Frisian Archipelago, where it is also called rummelpott,and is used by children. I P. M. Hough, Dutch Life in Town and Country,1901, p. 96. 2 Globus,vol. 84, p. 223. This content downloaded from 131.215.225.9 on Fri, 27 Nov 2015 01:39:48 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions HENRY BALFOUR.-The Friction-Drum. 69 Gesnmany.-Dr. Schmeltz' describes the instrument as used in Germany under the name of waldteufel. He tells us that it was used in Hamburg more than half a century ago, at the time of the ChristmnasFair, or " Christmarkt,"lasting from about the 12th-31st Deceinber. The fair was at its height on the Sunday before Christmas, at about 8 p.m., when a variety of musical toys were called into requisition. Con- spicuous among these was the waldteufel, consistino of a paste-board cylinder covered with parchment at one end. A horsehair was knotted through the cenitre of the parchment, its other end being looped round a notch at the end of a little stick, by means of which the cylinder was whirled round in the air, (as in Fig. 5). No doubt the stick was rosined to promote the friction which was communicated along the horsehair to the membrane. Dr. Schmeltz tells iis that the waldteufel was not ail ordinary child's toy, but was made by the poorer people in Hamburg at " Dom " time and sold in the " Christmarkt " for the special occasion. Dr. A. C. Haddon tells me that this form of whirling friction-drum is widely dispersed through Germany. He mentions Mainz, and obtained from Leipzig the specinien shown in Fig. 6, in which the horsehair connecting the membrane and the twirling-stick is double, passing through two holes in the drum-head. A specimen, also Dr. Haddon's, from Eibenstock in Saxony, is of the usual single-string variety. Boumania.-A friend of Dr. Haddon's has collected examples in Roumania. One type resembles the French example shown in Fig. 7 and has cylinder 60 cm. long and 40 cm. wide, with horsehair and twirling stick. This is called bieiA (pron, bitsch). The other type is practically similar to the English specimen shown in Fig. 14, and is called buhai. They are used, Dr. Haddon tells me, in a New Year agricultural ceremony. Belgium.-Mr. E. Lovett has a specimen from Belgium, apparently of German make, and identical with the example represented in Fig. 6. France.-These instruments are liable to appear in France on any festive occasion, such as fairs, Mi-Careme, etc. Commonly, the instrument is identical with the German form already described.
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