Impact Factor - 6.293 ISSN-2349-638x
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (AIIRJ)
PEER REVIEWED & INDEXED JOURNAL December – 2020
Chief Editor Pramod P. Tandale
Editor Co-Editor
Dr.TEKALE.A.D. DR.NANDKUMAR N. KUMBHARIKAR
Director of Physical Education and Sports Public Administration Dept. S.P.P. Mahavidhyalaya,Sirsala, Dist. Beed S.P.P.Mahavidhyalaya, Sirsala Dist. Beed
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal ISSN 2349-638x Special Issue No.81
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Nov. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.80) 2020
Sr. Name of the Author Title of the Paper Page No. No.
1 Dr.Madhukar Aghav A Study of Co-Operative Banking in India 1
Role of Teacher in Curriculum Development for 2 Dr.Vithal Ramkishan Bhosale 4 Physical Education and Sports
Dr. Faruqui Mohammed Political Intolerance and The Rules of 3 7 Quayyum Engagement in A Democracy A Study of Factors Affecting on Tourism in India: 4 Dr.J.R. Gaikwad 11 Geographical Perspective Reflection of Violence and Crime in the Name of 5 Dr. Anant Vithalrao Jadhav Religion in Mahesh Dattani’s Play The Swami 15 and Winston
6 Madhura Wamanrao Jagtap Rural Society and Culture in Medieval India 18
Women’s political Empowerment and Political 7 Dr. H.P. Kadam 21 Participation in India Dr.Chandrashekhar Bapurao Theatre is an Effective Tool to Enhance Varies 8 24 Kanase Skills in Education: A Study An Overview on Review of Literature on Library 9 Dr. Dnyaneshwar Maske 30 Modernisation Effect Of Circuit Training On Body Fat 10 N.K.Akmar Percentage Of 18 To 24 Year Old Under 35 Graduate Students Physical Fitness And Health Related Issues; An 11 Dr. S.M. Pandhare 40 Analysis Physical Education’s Contribution To Fitness 12 Dr. Farooq Gafoor Saudagar 43 Health Muslim’s Problem and Issues Surviving in 13 Mr. Gafoor Ahmed Shaikh 47 Conservative Perception Dr. Jaideep Ramkrishna A Geographical Analysis of Crop Concentration 14 53 Solunke In Ambajogai Tahsil of Beed District
A Study of Performances of Indian Football 15 Dr. A. D. Tekale 57 Team: Ahistorical View
Dr.S.A. Wangujare A Study Of Yoga And Its Benefits For Sports 16 61 Mr.B.S. Molane With Special Reference For Women
Prabhakar Revappa Khyadi Locus Of Control And Achievement Motivation 17 Dr. SK. Md. Ataulla Among Basket Ball Players And Its Effect On The 64 M.K.(Jagirdar) Performances
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Nov. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.80) 2020
Sr. Name of the Author Title of the Paper Page No. No.
A Study of Use And Accessibility of Information 18 Dr.R.H. Thorwe 68 Sources in Libraries vCnqy fj>kou vCnqy gUuku egkjk"Vªkrhy [ksGkMw aP;k leL;k o mik; 19 71 MkW- eksgEen vrkÅYyk ´Ö¸üÖšü¾ÖÖ›ü¶ÖŸÖᯙ ØÃÖ“ÖÖ Öê¡Ö †Ö×Ö •ÖÖµÖú¾ÖÖ›üß 20 b÷Éì. BºÉ.¤ÉÒ. näù¶É¨ÉÖJÉ 75 ¯ÖÏ•ú»¯Ö : ‹ú ¦ÉÉèMÉÉäʱÉEò †³µÖÖÃÖ
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Nov. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.80) 2020
Sr. Name of the Author Title of the Paper Page No. No. |ÉÉä.ú b÷Éì. ºÉÒ.¤ÉÒ. ¦ÉÉÆMÉä ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ IÉä{ÉhÉɺjÉ Ê´ÉEòɺÉÉSÉÒ ´ÉÉ]õSÉÉ±É : BEò 34 135 |ÉÉ. VÉÒ.BxÉ. ºÉÉäxÉ´ÉhÉä +¦ªÉÉºÉ Ák-M‚-paæ'¨[kj dkf'kukFk ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;|kps egÙo vkf.k 35 rGsdj vaeYkctko.kh 138
मीरा का車त कृ त ‘अ車त हाजीर हो’ नाटक मᴂ स्त्री 36 प्रा.डॉ.एन.जी. एमेकर 141 जीवन
भारतातील लोकस車ख्या वाढ व पयाावरिीय 37 प्रा. दयान車द वामनराव ण ज車 ुडे 144 समस्त्या: एक भौगोसलक अ땍यास 38 ›üÖò. ‹.™üß. ›üÖêêú ¤ÉÒb÷ ÊVɱÁÉiÉÒ±É ¨ÉÞnùÉ |ÉEòÉ®úÉSÉÉ ¦ÉÉèMÉÉäʱÉEò +¦ªÉÉºÉ 150
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020
A Study of Co-Operative Banking in India
Dr.Madhukar Aghav Commerce Department Navgan mahavidhyalaya Parli (V),Dist BEED
Abstract: In India, agriculture contributed 26.6 per cent to GDP during the year 2001-2002. Eventhough, the farm income constitutes a significant proportion of national income; it does not meet even the basic requirements of the agriculturists. This has been resulted in the under utilization of resources on the one hand and chronic indebtedness of the farmers on the other. In recent times, agriculture is being modernized. The adoption of modern technology calls for increased capital base and as such it would be difficult for them to adopt new technology without adequate externalThere is a significant impact of credit on agriculture with regards to adoption of new technology similarly agricultural credit is very important instrument in facilitating the process of agricultural development and thereby initiating the growth of rural economy. The role of agricultural credit and credit institutions in India is very important due to the pressing needs for increasing agricultural production and productivity to meet the needs of increasing population
Introduction: In India, agriculture contributed 26.6 per cent to GDP during the year 2001-2002. Eventhough, the farm income constitutes a significant proportion of national income; it does not meet even the basic requirements of the agriculturists. This has been resulted in the under utilization of resources on the one hand and chronic indebtedness of the farmers on the other. In recent times, agriculture is being modernized. The adoption of modern technology calls for increased capital base and as such it would be difficult for them to adopt new technology without adequate external Finance. The availability of credit enables farmers to switch over to superior production possibilities.
Objectives of research 1) To overview on importance of Planning in India. 2) To study of objectives of planning. 3) To study of types of Economic Planning in India. Research Methodology: For the purpose of this study used Social science research methodology to study the research topic Used scientifically analysis. In this method used secondary data tools. In this secondary data tool used reference books. Research articles, newspapers, journals, published and unpublished materials and also taken help of internet facilities. Role of Credit in Agriculture: There is a significant impact of credit on agriculture with regards to adoption of new technology similarly agricultural credit is very important instrument in facilitating the process of agricultural development and thereby initiating the growth of rural economy. The role of agricultural credit and credit institutions in India is very important due to the pressing needs for increasing agricultural production and productivity to meet the needs of increasing population. Today, credit no more remained the “hunger mans rope supports the hanged” but it is an elevate specially in underdeveloped countries where agriculture is managed by poor farmers, inputs are borrowed from outside farm and the period of production is long, there the role of agricultural finance is very much Emphasized. However, it is a problem when it cannot be obtained and it is also a problem when it is not properly utilized. recommended new imitation and financial support for the co-operatives from the Government initiation and financial support for the co-operatives from The Government of India. The definite policy of integrated co-operative credit emerged by the end of First Five Year Plan. A shift of credit polcy towards multiagency approach to agriculture finance is seen during 1970’s, with the nationalization of 16 major commercial banks, concept of Lead Bank Scheme and after words creation of Regional Rural Banks in 1975. In Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 1
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 spite of entry of several other institutions, co-operatives are the most important agencies, which supply the largest amount of institutional finance to agriculture. In order to solve the problems relating to agriculture credit NABARD was setup in 1982. District Central Co-operative Bank in Agricultural Credit : Co-operatio is no way new to India. It has been known and practiced in this country since time immemorial. The growth of modem movement of co- operative is 100 years old, beginning with the enactment operative sector in India has made its humble beginning prior to independence as an effective weapon to fifh against the clutches of moneylenders. After independenc, the co-operative sectore received its due role in the process of economic develop. The co-operative credit system in India is comprised of the short-term (ST)or production credit structure and the long-term (LT) or investment credit structure. The short term loan structure has at its base with the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS), which are affiliated to District Central Co-operative banks (DCCBs) at the district level, which in turn, are affiliated to State Co-operative Banks (SCB) at the state level. The long term loan structure consists of State Co- opeative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank (SCARDB), federal and Primary Agricultural and Development Bank (PCARDB) at base level In India, DCCBs were established after the enactment was made in 1912 for the formation of DCCBs and SCBs. The network structure of credit co- operatives in India is revealed from both ST and LT cooperative credit structure comprises of over 92000 PACS, 367 DCCBs, 29 State Co-operative Banks, 19, State Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks and 745 Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks in India. The co-operative credit is the only agency suiTable for agricultural edit. It has local participation democratic management and responcive to local needs of village. The co-operative credit system can mobilize funds from urban area through DCCBs and lend them in rural areas. The intermediate level unit that is DCCBs have been playing a crucial role in promoting agriculture and allied activities by provide credit to the needy through primary agricultural credit societies. Credit plays an important role in enhancing productivity and there by production of agricultural commodities. Co-operatives along with commercial banks and regional rural banks from the major component of the institutional credit. In Maharashtra, the co-operative banks have changed the socio- economic status of the rurl masses. These co- operative banks have influenced the economic development of farmers, ny changing cropping pattern, increased production, creating employoment opportunities, increasing income, adoption of new technologies and overall changes in the rural society. These banks have not only brought the economies of large-scale production to the members but also provided them with opportunities to organize and manage their own business. The DCCBs in Maharashtrea had played a pivotal role in the development of agriculture by providing a regular flow of short term and medium term credit to the agriculturists through the PACS in rural areas. However, it is noticed that the performance of some of the DCCBs has remained unsatisfactory. The sickness of DCCBs was mainly due to the low recovery and mounting over dues. Improvement in recovery and thereby reducing the burden of over dues in DCCBs call for concerted efforts on the part of policy makers. With a view to strengthen the co-operative banks both in short-term and long-term structure and keeping them as viable units on a sustainable bases, the system of preparing Development Action Plans (DPAs) for each unit entering in to Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the concerned agencies, was initiated during 1993-94. The DAP/MoU mechanism was reported to have had positive impact on the performance of Co-operative banks. The comprehensive evaluation of business performance of DCCBs in Maharashtra will be useful for finding out the weakness in the operatio of DCCBs and to adopt the measures to remove the causes of weakness. DCCBs supply ST/MT credit to agriculture for encouraging the use of HYV seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides for sustained adoption of improved agricultural practices. But the benefits of ST/MT loans are not being generally equitably distributed among the regions and farmers. Besides the DCCBs in the state also encounjter certain problems in disbursement and recovery of loans. Such issues call for a scientific assessment of the performance of DCCBs. That unless ‘banking’ is development is highly Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 2
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 impossible. The efficiency of the DCC Banks and the availability of the finance to the rural people are interrelated because the DCC Bank plays an important role in the economic development at the grass root revel. The co-operative movement in India is introduced with the chief objective of making a break-through in the stagnation of the poorer classes, particularly the vast majority of agriculturists who were living in the heavy weight of indebtedness. Many of the farmers were born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt, passing on their burdens to those who followed. The advent of the British Rule in India marked more adverge economic conditions of the farmers than past. Even before the independence and during the planning Era efforts are made to strengthen the co- operative movement by way of establishing various statutory institutions for providing financial and financial help. The co-operative movement has shown great potentials and recorded expansion. The movement now covers about 96 percent of villages and more than 70 percent of the real population. Within the different activites in co-operative movement like credit, marketing, processing distribution, consumer co-operative, training and education, etc., credit plays immense role. Co-operative Banks remained to be the principal institutional agencies in the field of agricultural credit after independence, since the credit sector plays vital role in the whole apparatus of the co-operative movement; hence the study of co-operative banking deserves proper attention. Indian banking system was well advance and indigenous banks of those days rendered all the banking services, which a modern bank does today any time when banking was not even known to the western world. Though Indian banking system has got its long history. Co-operative banking is not that much old but today it has got immense position in democratic set-up of country. It’s noticed that co-operative banks are the heart of our rural financial system. They helop to mobilize the rural economy by attracting deposits and make funds available through lending and investing programs in rural area.
Conclusions: During the recent years there has been significant growth of co-operative banks in the country. They have grown not only in number, but also in the size and their operatios. Today the co-operative banks with their limited resources have to play important role at all the time. Although the government has controlled in the matter of initiating the co-operative movement, the people’s efforts are also con attributed to fact of recent development of co-operative banks in general and district central co-operative banks in particular. The district central co-operative banks work as an intermediary to link the primary societies with the money market. Thus district central co-operative banks work as an intermediary to link the primary societies with the money market. Thus district central co- operative banks is an agency between the primary credit societies having no touch with the money market and the provincial co-operative bank run mainly by city men with urban bias and having no close association with countniside
References: (i) Ramesh singh- Indian Economy. (ii) Sankarganesh K- Indian Economy: Key concepts. (iii) Sanjiv varma- The Indian Economy. (iv) Datta and Sundaram- The Indian Economy. (v) Uma Kapila- Indian Economy. (vi) Dhage S.K-Indian and Global economic development. (vii) Agrawal A.N.- Indian Economy – problems of development and planning (viii) Mishra and Puri - Indian Economy
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020
Role of Teacher in Curriculum Development for Physical Education and Sports
Dr.Vithal Ramkishan Bhosale Assistant Professor, Shri Panditguru Pardikar Mahavidhyalaya, Sirsala, Ta- Parali, Dist-Beed.
Introduction Physical Education is "education through the physical". It aims to develop students’ physical competence and knowledge of movement and safety, and their ability to use these to perform in a wide range of activities related with the development of an active and healthy lifestyle. It also develops students’ confidence and generic skills, especially those of collaboration, communication, and creativity, critical thinking and visual approval. These, together with the development of positive values and attitudes in athletics, provide a good foundation for students’ lifelong and life-wide learning. During the past 15 years, physical education has once again evolved to connect body movement to its consequences e.g., physical activity and health, teaching children the science of healthful living and skills needed for an active lifestyle (NASPE, 2004). Physical Education provides a platform to student-teachers to acquire the required Knowledge, skill and develop positive attitude, values and beliefs. Physical education is education content using a comprehensive but physically active approach that involves teaching social, cognitive, and physical skills, and achieving other goals through movement. And the quality of teacher produced in any institution invariably depends on the curriculum offered to them during their training period. After reviewing various researches on the curriculum and significant role of teachers’ in framing the curriculum the process of curriculum development was decentralized. The curriculum development is dynamic process. Objectives of the study 1. To explain Concept and process of curriculum development. 2. To explain the role of the teacher as curriculum developer. 3. To communicate the best practices in the context of curriculum development.
Research methodology The purpose of the study of Role of Teacher in Curriculum Development for Physical Education and Sports is used by teacher, sports performers, coaches and officials to try to improve performance of teaching. For this paper researcher is used descriptive research methodology. The researcher is used secondary data form reference books, research articles newspapers, journals, published and unpublished materials and also taken intimate facilities. Curriculum A curriculum is broadly defined as the totality of student experiences that occur in the educational process. The term often refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a view of the student's experiences in terms of the educator's or schools instructional goals. (Wikipedia) Curriculum development Curriculum development is a process of improving the curriculum. Various approaches have been used in developing curricula. Commonly used approaches consist of analysis, design, selecting formation and review. (Wikipedia) Challenges of Curriculum development The following challenges will dramatically influence the context of curriculum and instruction in the Colleges and university. These challenges are demographic changes, policy changes, emerging technologies, globalization, refugee and immigration issues, lack of time for Planning, lot of paperwork, performance pressure from school administrators, balancing diverse learning needs, handle too many masters, get burn out easily, lack of proper funding and limitations of standardized testing. The college-university taken as the subject Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 4
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 faces several challenges such as: the non-substitution of learning instead of education, incomplete identification of the real needs of students and society and non-revision the curriculum to suit the changing needs. Process of curriculum development The satisfied vision of the curriculum is apprehensive, primarily, with what students learn. The 'process' model, in contrast, is concerned with how students learn and with their growth and development as human beings. Curriculum is composite of entire range of experiences the learner undergoes of school or college. It is a systematic arrangement of the sum total of selected experiences planned by a school or college or defined group of student to attain the aims of particular educational program. Teachers know their students better than others involved in the curriculum process. While the state often dictates the skills covered by the curriculum, a teacher can provide insight into the types of materials, activities and specific skills that need to be included. Teachers from multiple grade levels may collaborate to identify skills students need at each level and ensure that the curriculum adequately prepares students to advance to the next grade-level. Importance of curriculum Physical education develops students' competence and confidence to take part in a range of physical activities that become a central part of their lives, both in and out of school-colleges. A high-quality Physical education curriculum enables all students to enjoy and succeed in many kinds of physical activity. Helps in the selection of learning experiences: - Curriculum development is needed for appropriate selection and organization of learning experiences. It helps in the selection of study matter and other activities so that learners are able to acquire goals and objectives of teaching. Role of Teacher in Curriculum Development The role of teachers in the curriculum process is to help students develop an engaged relationship with the content. Active learning will increase the focus and retention of the curriculum, resulting in an exciting learning environment. A Physical education teacher is responsible for planning, teaching and tutoring students in a school setting. They teach a range of different sports and provide young people with an opportunity to develop and improve their social and physical skills. When a teacher fails to properly implement a strong curriculum, she risks not covering standards or failing to implement effective practices in the classroom. That does not mean a teacher can’t make minor changes. In fact a strong curriculum is designed to allow a teacher to be flexible to add a few personalized components, from a selection of activities. Important teaching tips and best practices: Show instructional set of scales in learning, Involve students in high-density reading and writing instruction, provide effective scaffolding for student learning, Produce self-directed learners, Maintain effective classroom management, Embrace state and national standards and utilize the district curriculum to help plan out your school year, Develop a “Year at a Glance” to help guide you through the lessons you will provide for students, Plan units around special events like the World Series or the Super Bowl, I try to be mindful of events like Heart Health month and tie in my Jump, Rope for Heart unit during that time. Cultivate relationships with all the core teachers at your campus. We are not just physical education teachers and we can be a valuable resource for the entire school-college. Create a positive learning environment, all centred around creating healthy lifestyles and staying active. Focus on and plan for solid classroom management. I grow every year with input from colleagues, social media, and professional conventions, but what I have realized is all I really need to know I learned from my students. Suggestions Describe your vision, focus, objectives, and student needs, Identify resources. Develop experiences that meet your objectives, collect and devise materials, Lock down the specifics of your task, Develop plans, methods, and processes and finally create your students' experience. Conclusion Curriculum development is intellectual and research activity. It needs the skilful programmers for planning, developing, designing, implementing, evaluation and improving phase. Teachers know the needs of all stakeholders of teacher education. Teachers can understand the psychology of the learner. Teachers are aware about the teaching methods and teaching strategies. Teachers also play the role as evaluator for the assessment of learning outcomes. Teacher can be worked as planner, designer, manager, programmer, Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 5
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 implementer, coordinator, decision maker, evaluator, researcher etc. so teachers can play important role in the process of curriculum development for physical education.
References
1. National Association for sports and physical Education. http://www.aahperd.org/naspe/standards/14 July 2011. 2. Dr Patankar e.t.c. (2013) Role of Teacher in Curriculum Development Pub. on National conference on Challenges in Physical Education and Sports, Volume: I. 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_development 4. https://www.nap.edu/read/18314/chapter/7#198,2013. 5. Lubna Alsagoff, Ee-Ling Low (2007) Challenges in Curriculum Development: A Singapore Model. First Published Research Article, https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688207079707. 6. Education Bureau (2014) Curriculum Development Council and the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. http://www.fao.org/3/ah650e/ah650e03.htm 7. Tina Hall & Williams (2003) School wide Physical Activity. https://us.humankinetics.com/the-role-and- responsibilities-of-the-physical-education-teacher-in- program 8. Chris Nichols https://www.gophersport.com/blog/7-best-practices-for-physical-education-teachers/
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020
Political Intolerance and The Rules of Engagement in A Democracy
Dr. Faruqui Mohammed Quayyum Asst. Prof. & Head Dept of Political Science Milliya Arts, Science and Management Science College Beed. Abstract:- The theme of the current investigation is to integrate psychological research on emotion regulation with the study of democratic practices in general and political intolerance. We hypothesized that the use of a well-established emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal, would be associated with lower levels of group-based negative emotions toward one’s least-liked group and lower levels of political intolerance toward group. At the micro-level, we find that democratic activism, or using civil liberties, enhances political tolerance, independent of a host of other individual-level predictors. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for studies of democratization and political tolerance Keywords: - Relationship between mass and elite, Emotion, Regulation, Political intolerance, Cognitive reappraisal, political behavior, Operation Defensive Shield, Media, Policy, Public Perception.
Objectives:- • To impart civil libertarian norms fail to generate support for actual political rights and civil liberties. • To protect the expressive rights of unpopular. • To clarify to what extent tolerance as an applied value can influence political behavior. • To scrutinize patterns of participation among tolerant and intolerant citizens. • To discover the good and bad aspects of different ways of life.
Introduction:- The management of religious or belief diversity in the workplace constitutes a major challenge for today’s employment policy. An increasingly diverse and mobile global work force expanded manufacturing demands and new production schedules can lead to conflicts between professional and religious identities and duties. There given the salience of the topic and the increasing importance of religious or belief identity among certain groups. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s studied silence on recent incidents of sectarian violence and anti- Muslim hate speech have been seen as giving the green light to right-wing Hindu extremists to wreak havoc among minority communities. Although, the prime minister is not expected to respond to every incident, the grisly contrary to what some of his party members may claim. Moreover, his lack of action against his own ministers and party members, who further stoke communal tensions, sends the wrong message to the Indian public and the world. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, leader of the BJP, took office after serving as chief minister of the western Gujarat state for nearly 13 years. For some observers, Prime Minister Modi’s 2016 U.S. visit—and address to a Joint Session of Congress—completed the “political rehabilitation” of a foreign leader who was at one time viewed by many in the United States as a pariah: In 2005, Modi had been denied a U.S. visa over concerns about his role in government during lethal anti-Muslim violence in Gujarat in 2002.1) In 2017, a bipartisan group of five U.S. Senators penned a letter urging President Donald Trump to raise the issue of India’s deteriorating religious freedom during Prime Minister Modi’s midyear visit to Washington, DC. It is unclear if the President did so Surveys indicate that Prime Minister Modi remains fairly popular across India, especially in the country’s western and some southern regions. A Pew Research Center poll conducted in 2017 found 88% of Indians holding a favorable view of their prime minister, and Modi enjoyed a favorable rating 30 points higher than that of Congress Party leader Rahul Gandhi, his key rival on the national political stage. Yet skepticism about Modi/BJP performance in office may be growing: a large- scale 2018 survey found that—while the BJP remains well-placed to win another narrow Lok Sabha majority in 2019—nearly half (47%) of respondents believed the Modi government did not deserve reelection.2) India’s history as a multicultural and multireligious society remained threatened by an increasingly exclusionary conception of national identity based on religion. During the year, Hindu-nationalist groups sought Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 7
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 to “Saffronize” India through violence, intimidation, and harassment against non-Hindus and Hindu Dalits. Both public and private actors pursued this effort. At the federal level, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made statements decrying mob violence, but members of his own political party have affiliations with Hindu extremist groups and many have used discriminatory language about religious minorities. Despite Indian government statistics indicating that communal violence has increased sharply over the past two years, the Modi Administration has not addressed the problem.
Hypothesis:- • Political intolerance manifested in inter and intra-ethnic conflicts leading to loss of lives. • It show that political intolerance manifested in the termites of ethnic and religious. • The system of patronage in public offices which provoke political intolerance. • The hypothesis linking mass political intolerance to political repression. • Focusing on state legislative responses to political protest.
➢ “Hindutva” and the Sangh Parivar:- lynching of a person or brutal rape of a nun in a church are not just a “small incident”, For roughly 500 years before British rule became direct in 1857, the Asian Subcontinent had been dominated by Muslims politically. Many Hindu nationalists, along with some historians, assert that Hindu traditions and institutions were suppressed during this period. As the Indian independence movement grew in the early 20th century, some were energized to “correct” this historic trend. Secularism became a more-or-less enshrined value for the independent Indian state, although its conception in both theory and practice varies widely. Because Hinduism does not have a specific sacred text to which conformity can be demanded, “Hindu fundamentalist” is not an accurate term to describe a purveyor of “Hindutva” or “Hinduness.” Moreover, as conveyed by one scholar, “India’s diversity along linguistic, regional, and caste line means defining a ‘Hindu culture’ is problematic.”3) For political parties such as the BJP and its antecedents, Hinduism as a concept is almost always concurrent with nationalism, the core belief being that India is an inherently Hindu nation, even if establishment of a strictly Hindu state is not a goal. In this regard, it is the proselytizing religions—Islam and Christianity, in particular—that can be characterized as representing a threat to the “Hindu nation.4) The Sangh Parivar (“Family of Organizations”) is an umbrella organization for Hindu nationalist groups. The BJP was born as the political wing of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS or “National Volunteer Organization”), a hardline Hindu nationalist and social service group, and leading component of the “Sangh.” 40 Prime Minister Modi is a lifelong RSS member and his 2014 elevation to the head of India’s government evoked widespread fears that a victorious BJP would pursue Hindu majoritarian policies. Many Sangh Parivar groups share a core motive to protect India’s assumed Hindu identity from the perceived threats of Islam and Christianity, by some accounts through “purging” those religions from Indian society. The RSS was established in 1925 in the central Indian city of Nagpur to unite Hindus and restore their national pride after centuries of Muslim invasions and foreign rule. This entailed resistance to both British colonialism and Muslim separatism in the region. It is a male-only group focused on daily regimens (“Shakhas”) of physical exercise, patriotic songs, and Hindu literature and prayer (there is a correlate organization for women) 5) ➢ Hindutva as Governance Policy :- Hindu nationalists have a relatively short, but long-standing list of political goals. Many of these are found in the BJP’s 2014 election manifesto.62 RSS leaders were mostly disappointed by the BJP-led government that ruled India from 1999 to 2004, in large part because then-Prime Minister Vajpayee and his lieutenants were not seen to be taking up core RSS issues. While out of power in the latter half of the 2000s, the RSS and BJP suffered a degree of mutual alienation; at one point in 2010 the then-RSS chief suggested that the BJP be dissolved and replaced by a new party. Yet the organization’s leaders appeared to view the BJP victory in 2014 as crucial to the very existence of the RSS. Its leaders thus threw the full weight of their organization behind Modi’s campaign while enjoying a correlate spike in participation in 2014.63 Leading Hindutva and widely-held RSS aspirations include scaling back laws and government programs designed to benefit the religious Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 8
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Minorities, Muslims in particular; establishing a Uniform Civil Code (to replace current personal law based on • Religious customs and thus standardizing all national laws regarding such topics as marriage, divorce, and inheritance); repealing Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, which grants limited autonomy. • To the state of Jammu and Kashmir (a step that would, if implemented, allow citizens from other states to buy property in Jammu and Kashmir, see “The Kashmir Dispute,” below); redrafting public school textbooks to remove what are alleged to be insults to • Hindu gods and excessive praise of the subcontinent’s past Muslim rulers; constructing a Ram temple on the Ayodhya site of the Babri Mosque that was • Razed in 1992; and preventing cow slaughter through legislation (cows are revered animals in Hinduism).6) ➢ Media Represtation:- The government’s actions sparked protests. Several politicians belonging to opposition parties’ human right activists, journalists, and retired army personnel filed petitions in the Supreme Court challenging the government’s actions. Government and media reported there were incidents of violence and intimidation carried out by militants. In November the government told parliament that 20 persons, including 17 civilians and three security personnel, were killed in terror-related incidents in Jammu and Kashmir since August 5. On November 21, Home Minister Shah told the media, “Not a single person has died by police firing” in Jammu and Kashmir. On July 20, Maharashtra police arrested one person the day after a group accosted and allegedly tried to lynch Muslim youth Imran Patel, forcing him to say “Jai Shri Ram” (allegiance to a Hindu deity). Patel said a Hindu family residing nearby rushed to his rescue and saved his life. Media reported that many of the 271 Christians charged by police in Jaunpur District of Uttar Pradesh in September 2018 with “spreading lies about Hinduism” remained in prison at year’s end. Authorities said the Christians violated national laws against spreading enmity among different religious groups and causing social disharmony.7) According to data compiled by news channel NDTV, there were 25 instances of public officials engaging in hate speech in December after the president signed the CAA into law, the highest number recorded in a single month since the Modi government came to power in 2014. NDTV said of the 25 instances, 23 were comments were made by BJP leaders. ➢ Triple Talaq Issue:- In August a bill criminalizing “triple talaq,” the practice, by which a Muslim man may divorce his wife instantly by saying the Arabic word for divorce (talaq) three times, became law. This followed a 2018 government executive order that set a fine and prison sentence for the practice, and a 2017 Supreme Court ruling that the practice was unconstitutional and inconsistent with Islamic law. Some Muslim organizations, including the AIMPLB, and Muslim politicians, including MP Asaduddin Owaisi, criticized the new law. In October the AIMPLB filed a petition in the Supreme Court challenging the new law.8) In July 49 celebrities and activists wrote Prime Minister Modi a letter asking him to intervene to stop rising incidents of attacks on minorities, misuse of religion by Hindu hardliners, and intolerance against dissent in the country. News accounts suggested the letter was timed to imply that Hindu nationalist supporters of Modi’s BJP might feel emboldened by their electoral victory in May to increase actions against religious minorities. ➢ Hindu- Muslim Conflict:- We study Hindu-Muslim conflict in post-Independence India through the lens of economics. We allow for two channels that link economics to conflict. Under the first, Hindu-Muslim violence is the systematic use of a particular marker religion, in this case for appropriating economic surplus, either directly through resource grabbing or looting or indirectly through exclusion from jobs, businesses, or property. Under the second, existing intergroup hatreds are reignited or exacerbated by economic progress within one of the groups. Both approaches have the same formal representation, which makes robust predictions regarding the effect of group incomes on intergroup violence. We examine these predictions empirically. The recurrent episodes of Hindu- Muslim conflict in India going back to the partition and earlier form the motivation for this paper.9)
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➢ Freedom of Expression:- The Indian Constitution provides for freedom of speech and expression, but does not explicitly mention freedom of the press. According to the State Department’s annual Country Reports on Human Rights, in 2017, the New Delhi government “generally respected these rights, although there were instances in which the government allegedly pressured or harassed media outlets critical of the government.” The report lists numerous incidents of abuse, and notes that, “Online and mobile harassment, particularly of female journalists, was prevalent.” The 2018 World Press Freedom Index, issued by Paris-based Reporters without Borders, ranked India 138th out of 180 countries in measures of press freedoms, identifying a “deadly threat” in Modi’s brand of Hindu nationalism.10) There are signs of growing disenchantment with the BJP among some of its own supporters, including public resignations, due to “the arrogance with which the BJP disregards genuine concerns, crushes dissent, and peddles propaganda. In early 2018, it was revealed that in 2016 the BJP government, via its Minister of Culture, had appointed a commission of scholars to prove that modern Hindus descended from the region’s original inhabitants. The search for a scientific basis for claims that India is an inherently Hindu nation suggests that the Hindutva project aims to fundamentally revise India’s history, shifting away from the more multicultural, migration-based conception of its roots that has held sway for at least two centuries.
Conclusion:- Reasons for the uncontrolled growth of such practice are being take into account and some of the reasons for such act are: i. Rise of cow vigilante- From the time the Government of the country has imposed ban on the sale and purchase of cattle for slaughtering purpose across India, under Prevention of Cruelty to Animals statutes (26th May 2017), it sparked a phase of cow vigilante in the nation thereby leading to mob attack. ii. Non-Involvement of political class-This rise in the mob violence has no impact on the political parties and bureaucrats and they opt to remain silent for the reason best known o them. Media representatives reporting on minority affairs, interfaith harmony groups, Muslim religious leaders and Muslim politicians to understand their fears concerning the CAA and its likely impact on the Muslim population in the context of potential government plans to draft the National Register of Citizens References:- 1. See, for example, Ronak Desai, “The Real Significance of Prime Minister Modi’s Address to Congress” (op-ed), The Hill, May 12, 2016. In 2002, on Modi’s watch, days-long communal rioting left at least 1,000 people dead, most of them Muslims targeted by Hindu mobs. The State Department later denied Modi a U.S. visa in 2005 under the 1998 International Religious Freedom Act, which allows for barring entry to foreign government officials found to be complicit in severe violations of religious freedom. The U.S. government subsequently had no official contacts with Modi until late 2013 2. See the June 23, 2017, letter at https://go.usa.gov/xUAGG 3. See Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press, 1996; Arun Swamy, “Hindu Nationalism—What’s Religion Got to Do with It?,” Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, March 2003. 4. See Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press, 1996; Arun Swamy, “Hindu Nationalism—What’s Religion Got to Do with It?,” Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, March 2003. 5. See http://www.bms.org.in 6. For expanded discussion, see the case studies in Walter Andersen and Shridhar Damle, The RSS: A View to the Inside, Penguin (Haryana, 2018). 7. International Religious Freedom Report for 2019 United States Department of State • Office of International Religious Freedom. P- 13 8. I bid P-14. 9. Indeed, as Esteban and Ray ð2008Þ and Ray ð2009Þ have argued, there may be good economic reasons for conflict to be salient along noneconomic ð“ethnic”Þ lines rather than along the classical lines of class conflict long emphasized by Marxist scholars. 10. See U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017, “India,” https://go.usa.gov/xUGCn.
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A Study of Factors Affecting on Tourism in India: Geographical Perspective
Dr.J.R. Gaikwad Geography Department Swa.Sawarkar Mahavidhyalaya Beed
Abstract: Tourism geography is the study of travel and tourism, as an industry and as a social and cultural activity. Tourism geography covers a wide range of interests including the environmental impact of tourism, the geographies of tourism and leisure economies, answering tourism industry and management concerns and the sociology of tourism and locations of tourism. Tourism geography is that branch of human geography that deals with the study of travel and its impact on places. Relationship between Tourism and Geography Tourism phenomenon has its roots in the humanly needs of seeing other places and discovering the unknown areas.. It produces severe economic and social impacts, deeply involving with international economic and political relations. As a result, tourism is one of the primary industries acknowledged as income generator, thus attracting great amounts of investments (private and public), and this industry is ever developing despite the threats. Geography has a symbiotic and existential relationship with tourism since latter is a spatial process. As the importance and popularity of tourism increased, especially in the last two or three decades, becoming one of the biggest industries in the world, so did the role of tourism in geography and its study. While before there were few mentions of tourism related facts in any book or research of geography, today we cannot imagine any geographical descriptions without a separate chapter on tourism Key words: tourism in India, Factors affecting on tourism, Geography and tourism.
Introduction Tourism geography is the study of travel and tourism, as an industry and as a social and cultural activity. Tourism geography covers a wide range of interests including the environmental impact of tourism, the geographies of tourism and leisure economies, answering tourism industry and management concerns and the sociology of tourism and locations of tourism.Tourism geography is that branch of human geography that deals with the study of travel and its impact on places. Relationship between Tourism and Geography Tourism phenomenon has its roots in the humanly needs of seeing other places and discovering the unknown areas. As the importance and popularity of tourism increased, especially in the last two or three decades, becoming one of the biggest industries in the world, so did the role of tourism in geography and its study. While before there were few mentions of tourism related facts in any book or research of geography, today we cannot imagine any geographical descriptions without a separate chapter on tourism. Although the scientific field is new, the connections of geography and travel can be traced to ancient times, when geographers had no other way of describing the world than traveling and seeing it for themselves It produces severe economic and social impacts, deeply involving with international economic and political relations. As a result, tourism is one of the primary industries acknowledged as income generator, thus attracting great amounts of investments (private and public), and this industry is ever developing despite the threats. Geography has a symbiotic and existential relationship with tourism since latter is a spatial process. As a matter of fact; tourism geography has evolved as a research domain focusing on the dispersion of tourism on the space, impacts of tourism on related areas, selection and justification of tourism destinations and development areas, rules of land use and planning in tourism zones, and protection of tourism areas. Hence, tourism needs a physical geography for production and service phases requiring a deep knowledge on geographies included in the process. For instance; lakes, mountains, snow, sea, climate are some of the elements in physical geography which are topics of study in geography, but these same elements are frequently exploited by tourism industry as natural attractions to visit or as a component of other tourism products or mixednature (culture and nature...). Geography; typically known for researches on spatial dispersions, climate, physical and human characteristics of a given area is closely related with tourism science since tourism activity occurs within the geographical limits. It has a limitative and Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 11
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 determinative role in touristic movements and their organization such as; 24 hour time zones, dispersion of heat (temperature) on earth, quality and types of precipitation, topography and land shapes, characteristics of winds and their variations on the globe and likewise, which determine the routes of planes, contents and timing of package tours, location of hotels and airports. In addition to these factors, geography shapes the tourist preferences and tourism demand. Human-beings seek and try to see things they do not have in their geography, and for this reason they try to visit different geographies. Consequently, geographical characteristics may become main attractions for tourists by themselves.
Objectives of research 1) To overview on importance and relation of Geography and tourism. 2) To study of tourism in India. 3) To study of Factors affecting on tourism.
Research Methodology: For the purpose of this study used physical science research methodology to study the research topic Used scientifically analysis. In this method used secondary data tools. In this secondary data tool used reference books. Research articles, newspapers, journals, published and unpublished materials and also taken help of internet facilities.
Types of tourism Ecotourism Ecotourism is catering for tourists wishing to experience the natural environment without damaging it or disturbing its habitats. It is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small-scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism. It means responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people.Its purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention. Cultural tourism Cultural tourism is a type of tourism activity in which the visitor’s essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourism destination. These attractions/products relate to a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative industries and the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions Geotourism Geotourism is a knowledge -based tourism, an interdisciplinary integration of the tourism industry with conservation and interpretation of abiotic nature attributes, besides considering related cultural issues, within the geosites for the general public part of the tourist’s activity in which they have the geological patrimony as their main attraction. Their objective is to search for the protected patrimony through the conservation of their resources and of the tourist’s Environmental Awareness. For that, the use of the interpretation of the patrimony makes it accessible to the lay public, promoting its popularization and the development of the Earth sciences. A tourism region A tourism region is a geographical region that has been designated by a governmental organization or tourism bureau as having common cultural or environmental characteristics. These regions are often named after historical or current administrative and geographical regions. Others have names created specifically for tourism purposes. The names often evoke certain positive qualities of the area and suggest a coherent tourism experience to visitors. Countries, states, provinces, and other administrative regions are often carved up into Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 12
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 tourism regions. In addition to drawing the attention of potential tourists, these tourism regions often provide tourists who are otherwise unfamiliar with an area with a manageable number of attractive options. Factors affecting on tourism in India Some of the natural factors that affects Tourism are: 1. Weather and Climate Resources 2. Landscape Resources 3. Seascape Tourist Resources 4. Historical and Cultural Resources. Weather and Climate Resources India is vast country and its different parts experience different types of climate. This extraordinary asset in the form of varied climates can be encashed to promote tourism in the country by attracting tourists from far and near. Regional variations in the climate of India are caused by five main factors, viz., (i) the vast size of the country, (ii) tapering of the peninsular India towards the south, (iii) the latitudinal extent astride the Tropic of Cancer, (iv) situation at the head of the Indian Ocean, and (v) role played by the Himalayas as a climatic barrier between India and central Asia, protecting the country from cold and dry winds from central Asia. A tourist will find different types of climate in the Great Plain of North India, the snow covered Himalayas, in the peninsular plateau area and in the coastal regions. There are climatic variations from one state to another and even from one district to another. These climatic variations are of great advantage to engage tourists in a variety of activities during their stay in the country. However, strong influence of the monsoons along with their typical rhythm provides underlying unity to India’s climatic diversity. This unity in diversity of the Indian climate is a potent factor which works to attract tourists. The visiting tourist can choose to stay in any type of climate and enjoy the changing status of weather while moving from one place to another.Temporal changes in weather are no less pronounced than the spatial changes. India is one of the few countries where there is change in weather after every two months. The spatial and temporal changes in India’s climate and weather act as a great magnet to attract tourists and enable them to enjoy the gift of nature. Larger the diversity, greater is the potential of climate resources to develop tourism. Landscape Resources: Geology and physiography are two major bases of landscape resources. These two aspects influence the landscape and determine the rocky peaks for climbing, cliffs or scarp for hand gliding, steep snowy slopes for skiing and caves for exploiting them for sightseeing. Rock formation exposed in areas like Deccan plateau or Ladakh attract tourists interested in trekking. There is ample scope for rural tourism also. Water bodies and water-points like riversides, gorges, waterfalls, springs, etc. provide spectacular views to the tourists. Sunbathing and adventurous raffling and rowing are associated with water tourism. Although all sorts of landscape resources attract tourists, yet the degree to which different types of landscapes act as tourist’s attraction varies greatly. Forest landscape is found to be equally attractive, irrespective of topography. It is for this reason that National Parks, Sanctuaries as well as Biosphere Reserves are used as tourist spots. Seeing wildlife in its natural habitat rather than in a zoo or a safari-park is termed as Nature Tourism these days. Vegetation in wilderness and wildlife which depends on it constitutes a very important element of tourist landscape. Seascape Tourist Resources: Coastal waters of the mainland of India and that of the groups of islands (Andaman & Nicobar Islands in Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in Arabian Sea) comprise another major source of tourist attraction. Sandy beaches, coves, spits and lagoons, reefs and seaside cliffs are tourist’s hot spots. These are visited for sunbathes, swimming, boating and surfing. This type of tourism flourishes only in those areas where waves are gentle and tidal currents are not dangerous. Historical and Cultural Resources: These are manmade features and are found in almost all parts of the country. Such resources are associated with historical, religious or cultural events. A rich historical and cultural heritage has developed during long course of history of India. These include statues, shrines, tombs, minarets, forts, palaces, ancient monuments as well as recent buildings and are famous for their architectural designs and structural beauty. Conclusion Geography is fundamental to the study of tourism, because tourism is geographical in nature. Tourism occurs in places, it involves movement and activities between places and it is an activity in which both place Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 13
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 characteristics and personal self-identities are formed, through the relationships that are created among places, landscapes and people. Physical geography provides the essential background, against which tourism places are created and environmental impacts and concerns are major issues, that must be considered in managing the development of tourism places. India has an unending choice for the tourists—a 3,500 km long and 8,848 beautiful long beaches on the sea coast, gregarious tropical forests, the great variety of lifestyle. India’s share in international tourist arrivals was 0.34 per cent in 2002 and it increased to 0.49 per cent during 2005. Some of the natural factors that affects Tourism are: 1. Weather and Climate Resources 2. Landscape Resources 3. Seascape Tourist Resources 4. Historical and Cultural Resources.
Reference books
1. Williams, S. (1998). Tourism geography. Psychology Press. 2. Williams, S., & Lew, A. A. (2014). Tourism geography: Critical understandings of place, space and experience. Rout ledge. 3. Lin, L. (1997). Analysis on the documents of tourism geography. 4. Richards, G. (1996) Cultural Tourism in Europe. CABI, Wallingford. 5. Hoogendoorn, G., & Rogerson, C. M. (2015). Tourism geography in the global South 6. Borowiecki, K.J. and C. Castiglione (2014). Cultural participation and tourism flows: An empirical investigation of Italian provinces. Tourism Economics. 7. Demonja, Damir. "Cultural Tourism in Croatia after the Implementation of the Strategy of Development of Cultural Tourism" 8. Ziffer, K. (1989). Ecotourism: the uneasy alliance. Conservation International/Ernst and Young. 9. Johnston, Alison (2000). "Indigenous Peoples and Ecotourism: Bringing Indigenous Knowledge and Rights into the Sustainability Equation".
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Reflection of Violence and Crime in the Name of Religion in Mahesh Dattani’s Play The Swami and Winston
Dr. Anant Vithalrao Jadhav Head, Department of English Shri PanditguruPardikarMahavidyalaya, Sirsala. Ta. Parli. Dist. Beed.
Mahesh Dattani is a doyen and daring dramatic tradition in the realm of contemporary Indian English Drama. With his innovative bent artistic perception and originality of vision, he has altered and enriched Indian English Theatrical Tradition. (Preface, BipinkumarParmar). Mahesh Dattani has wrote, directed and acted in many plays without being a student of art or literature. Only his sensitive mind receives impression from theatrical performance and encourages to write, to direct and to act in the plays. He is most potent and powerful voice in the Indian English Dramatic world. He has originally written in English and become first Indo-Anglian dramatist who is awarded with Sahitya Academy Award for his play Final Solution and Other Plays in 1998. The themes of his plays are concerned to contemporary issues which are attracted the attention of all great readers and audiences. He brings out the hidden issues of society such as plight of marginalized people, plight of women and transgender, gender discrimination, homosexuality, child sex abuse into light. The Swami and Winston (2000) is a radio play, focuses on quite new issue of fake or pseudo practice of religion for material benefits. Playwright brings out how fake religious person cheats common and innocence people for his material gain. The aim of present paper is to focus on such cunning, cruel and pseudo religious person who has created violence and crime in the name of religion for his material benefits. The play The Swamy and Winston opens with Montefiore, an English Lady, makes conversation with her driver, who belongs to Muslim community. Lady Montefiore is an extremely wealthy and unmarried woman belongs to English family from Hertfordshire. She is totally devoted to her dog Winston. She comes to India to visit her brother Charles who has been living in ashram at Bangalore. Sitaram Trivedi, a follower of Hindu philosophy and pseudo religious person who keeps information in detail about Lady Montefiore’s family and property in England. When Lady Montefiore reached to India in Bangalore city, she lost her dog whom she has been loving devotedly. But she is succeed to find her dog with the help of her driver. After finding the dog, Sitaram Trivedi, Brahaman belongs to North India, invites Lady Montefiore for lunch. He organizes the lunch party at such place which is situated in remote and interior area where is not so much crowd of people, no houses and shops. The street goes to place is surrounded by sugarcane. When a car of Lady Montefiore has been moving on such lonely street, the heavy rain is started. The flooded situation is created on the road. The driver is worried and anxious to get her back to hotel. When car reached nearby the Bull Temple, it comes to halt because of overheated of car engage. Driver decides to leave Lady and her dog in a car and goes to find an engage mechanic. During this time space, another car comes up and stopes nearby. The persons who arrived in a car, are murdered Lady Montefiore and made a collective sound of ‘OM’. The murder of Lady Montefiore enhances the actions of the play. The playwright has used exterior and interior devices to present past and present scenes in the play. Now scene is gently moved to Uma Rao, wife of Suresh Rao, and Suresh Rao’s house. Suresh Rao Superintendent of Police, receives call from police station and ready to go out. Uma Rao is most interested in violence and criminal cases because she is doing her research on violence in India. So she wants to know what has happened. But her husband is displeased at her wife’s decision. He does not accept the interest and involvement of his wife in his profession. Despite of her husband’s unwillingness, Uma goes to police station where she finds Charles, brother of Lady Montefiore, approaches to police station after reading a sad news of his sister’s death in newspaper. Suresh Rao replies him that the police department assumes the murder of Lady Montefiore is as a robbery case and they are arrested some people belong to Muslim Community and also arrested her driver Maqsood. Driver may be involved in this case. When Uma comes to know that a driver of Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 15
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Lady Montefiore is here in the police station, she decides to meet her. In the absence of her husband, Uma is accompanied by police constable Munswamy and goes to police station. Through the conversion with driver, Uma knows that the people belong to minority community are badly treated and arrested without any fault. After meeting with driver, Uma firms that she must be solved the murder mystery of Lady Montefiore. Through the conversion with driver, she knows about the lunch party organized by Sitaram Trivedi and second information gets from Munswamy that he finds Lady’s dog from Sitaram Trivedi’s house. So she immediately moves to SitaramTrivedi’s house to visit him with the company of Munswamy. Sitaram Trivedi is pseudo religious person. He makes religious practice not for spiritual gain but for material gain. Uma Rao meets him at his house and simply fascinated to find out the motive for murder of Lady Montefiore. Trivedi simply explain in which condition he has got the dog… Sitaram Trivedi:-I feed the poor people at the temple every day. I too have dog. So one of the street boys who found the dog brought him to me. A very nice breed… Very unfortunate about the lady (Collected Plays 301). Sitaram Trivedi also provides information about Lady Montefiore. He keeps all information about her family life, about her unmarried life and about her wealth and its inheritance. When Uma Rao raises question about Lady Montefiore, he simply informs as… Sitaram Trivedi:- ……She was an extremely wealthy woman. A spinster. Never married. From an illustrious English family from Hertfordshire. Was totally devoted to her dog. She was here in India to … let me see … what was she doing here? I believe she had someone here she wanted to visit… I can’t remember the name. (302). In suspicious inquiry, Uma Rao raises a question about Europeans’ belief in Hindu philosophy. Sitaram Trivedi informs two types of Europeans. Once who are understood and appreciated the Hindu philosophy and others who are felt threatened by Hindu philosophy. He believes that the whole world will be realized the greatness of Hindu way of life. He expresses his dream as Hindu shall have their temples all over the world and once day all people of the world will have to open their eyes. Through the conversation, Uma Rao comes to know that Sitaram Trivedi creates hatred among the people for other religion and try to get the support of other people by establishing the pride of their community. She believes that he is fraud and fake religious person. When Uma raised question about Lady Montefiore’s approach towards Hindu philosophy who seemed a scornful of Hindu rituals. Uma asks that why did Lady Montefiore come to India? Sitaram Trivedi answers… Sitaram Trivedi:- No. I think she came here to visit Charles. He lives here in Bangalore now. At the ashram in Whitefield. He calls himself a Hindu. I suppose you will want to meet him. (304). After meeting with Trivedi, Uma Rao and Munswamy decide to go to see Charles at Swami’s ashram. When they are travelling on the road for meeting, they feel strange and horror by surrounding of a street. The street is surrounded by sugarcane. There are no houses or shops. It is quite suitable for murder. Munswamy expresses as… Munswamy:- This is a very good place to kill the English lady. Only fields, no houses or shops. It was raining so heavily that there was no traffic on the road. The road was filled with water. We don’t know whether he came in a car or from the fields. (306). After looking the surrounding the street, Uma Rao comes out from a car and walks towards the field. She finds a raincoat in the field which is from England as she has seen it in the film. Uma Rao immediately visits Charles and makes inquiry with suspecting his hands in the murder of his sister. Uma believes that raincoat is belonged to Charles. But it reveals that Charles had gifted a raincoat to Swamiji. Charles also believes that Swamiji was at the Bull Temple when his sister was murdered. After the death of sister, Charles becomes much worried about the documents which were in his sister’s bag. Uma asks him about contents of documents. He answers that his sister wanted that he go back to England and look after their property. When Uma Rao and Charles are discussing with Swami, Radha, wife of Charles, comes with milk for Swami and little after she falls to ground because she has consumed the poisonous leaves of Dhatoora. Uma and Charles immediatelydecide to take her to St. Mary’s hospital in car. During the travelling Uma has explained the complexity of the place where Lady Montefiore was murdered. Uma feels that murderers are interested in the Lady Montefiore’s property. They want to set a new mega ashram in foreign land. The Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 16
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 conversation between them is going on at the same time suddenly comes to halt and soon people from car are approached to another car. A man fires from the gun and hits the body of their car. Soon, it is discovered that a man who is firing is nothing but Sitaram Trivedi. Suddenly Charles holds Trivedi with accusing killer of his sister and guns goes off. Charles asks question to Trivedi Charles:- How could you have killed her? How do you wake up in the morning and justify your actions to yourself? Sitaram Trivedi:- I-I didn’t want any of it for myself….I-I only wanted to help the Hindu cause. (324-25). It proves that Sitaram Trivedi is cruel, scheming and pseudo religious person. He has killed to Lady Montefiore for her property only. He wants to build a mega ashram in England. BipinkumarParmar notes, “Sitaram Trivedi uses religion as tool to get his own motives fulfilled. He is very shrewd, cunning, crafty and cruel. His religious hypocrisy and shamelessness is unmasked by Uma. Sitaram Trivedi stands for all those who exploit other in the name of religion” (160).
References
1. Dattani, Mahesh. Introduction. Collected Plays. Dattani. Volume Two. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. Print. 2. ParmarBipinkumar. Dramatic World of Mahesh Dattani Voices and Vision. Jaipur: Aadi Publications, 2012. Print. 3. http://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plays_of_Mahesh_Dattani 4. http://ignited.in/I/a/221583
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Rural Society and Culture in Medieval India
Madhura Wamanrao Jagtap
Introduction The study of the Indian village and Rural society was undertaken in modern times during the second half of the 19th century. To its beginning the credit goes to W.W. Hunter‟s pioneer work on rural life “ Some of the recent works on rural life which have been done from the sociological, anthropological and statistical point of view also analyse and throw light on the conditions of some villages of India but do not take account of ancient and early medieval period. Thus we rarely come across of an independent work done on the rural life in ancient period in general and early medieval period in particular.
Research Objectives- 1. Defining Village in Rural society in medieval India 2. Defining Composition of Village Population in medieval India. 3. Defining rural society during medieval India. 4. Defining Cultivators and Non-cultivating ClassesDuring Medieval India.
Defining Village:- The village has been the nucleus in India‟s social and economic order. From the time immemorial the villages are named after the name of local prominent persons, mythical or historical heroes, gods and goddesses, rivers or mountains having some sort of religious significance The word grāma (village) was used in the Ṛgveda for the first time also meant a village. It is significant to note that the term “village” in Indian context does not refer merely to group of buildings as was referred in western countries like Germany. The villages of north India were agriculture oriented during the early medieval period and they are still the same till date. It is often said that culture begins with agriculture. The sources of early medieval period glean on the flourishing of various types of village settlements. Though the villages could be of many categories on the basis of their size but usually the villages of small size were in majority as is evident from the description given in a verse of the Agni Purāṇ a (600AD-900AD). 25 It suggests that even five families and their headmen could establish a village. A grāma has been defined, in the similar context, as that piece of land whose area is krośa. 26 It is corroborated with the study made by R.C. Majumdar that the half of grāma was called pali, the half of pali was kumbha”. In addition to the term grāma we come across another term such Pāṭ aka27 which was also known as a small village or a part of a village.
Components of a Village: Every village had its own name, arable land, pastures, boundary marks, cremation ground, markets, roads, streets and tracks etc. Name of Villages:- Villages were named after all short of things – gods, men, birds, beasts, castes or classes of people, nature of the site, markets hills, fruits, field products, rivers, tanks, temples etc. All villages name ending with the terms pura, nagara, grāma and agrahāra and those having Sanskrit names were obviously of Aryan origin and the rest appears to be non – Aryan origin. Composition of Village Population:- Cultivators, Herdsmen, Agricultural labourers, Domestic Servants, Artisans, The so-called despised castes, Forest Dwellers.
Rural Society During Mughal Period! Petty Chieftains: From the writings of AbulFazal and other contemporary authors, it is clear that personal ownership of land was very old in India. The rights of ownership in land were being created all the time. The tradition was that anyone who first brought land under cultivation was considered its owner. There was plenty of cultivable wasteland (banjar) available in medieval times. It was not difficult for an enterprising
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 group of people to settle a new village or to bring under cultivation the wastelands belonging to a village and become the owners of these lands. In addition to owning the lands they cultivated, a considerable section of the Zamindars had the hereditary right of collecting land revenue from a number of villages. This was called his talluqa or his zamindari. For collecting the land revenue, the zamindars received a share of the land revenue which could go up to 25 per cent in some areas. The zamindar was not the “owner” of all the lands comprising his zamindari. The peasants who actually cultivated the land could not be dispossessed as long as they paid the land revenue. Thus, the zamindars and the peasants had their own hereditary rights in land. The figures, perhaps also include the strength of the subordinate rajas. The zamindars generally had close connections on a caste, clan or tribal basis with the peasants settled in their zamindaris. They had considerable local information also about the productivity of land. The zamindars formed a very numerous and powerful class which was to be fund all over the country under different names such as deshmukh, patil, nayak, etc. Thus, it was not easy for any central authority to ignore or alienate them. It is difficult to say anything about the living standards of the zamindars. Compared to the nobles, their income was limited; the smaller ones may have lived more or less like the peasants. However, the living standards of the larger zamindars might have approached those of petty rajas or nobles. Most of the zamindars apparently lived in the countryside and formed a kind of loose, dispersed local gentry. It would not be correct to look upon the zamindars merely as those who fought for control over land and exploited the cultivators in the area they dominated. Many of the zamindars had close caste and kinship ties with the land-owning cultivating castes in their zamindari. These zamindars not only set social standard, they also proved capital and organization for settling new villages, or extending and improving cultivation. But the precise extents of such efforts have yet to be studied in detail.
Cultivators and Non-cultivating Classes: During the 16th and 17th centuries, 85 per cent of India’s population lived in rural areas. The largest section in the village consisted of peasants or cultivators. There were three main classes of peasants. (1) Khud-kasht(riyayati): Those residential peasants living in their own village, owning their own land and implements, paying the land-revenue at a concessional rate, formed the governing body of the village community. Also called mirasdars in Maharashtra and gharu-hala in Rajasthan. (2) Pahi-kasht: These peasants were basically outsiders but cultivated the rented land in a vil¬lage either by staying in the same village (residential pahi-kasht) or by staying in the neighbouring villages (nonresidentialpahi-kasht). (3) Muzarian (raiyatis): Those who belonged to the same village but who did not have either land or implements and hence were dependent on the Khudkasht for their supply. They were divided into two groups; tenantsat-will and those who had hereditary tenant rights, called as paltis in Rajastan. Apart from the cultivators, there were labourers (majurs). In addition, there were the service people— blacksmith, potter, washerman, etc. In Maharashtra, these service sectors were twelve in number who were called balutedars and received a prescribed share (baluta) from the village produce. The Indian peasantry in the Mughal Empire was highly stratified and there was considerable difference in the size of holdings, produce and resources of peasants within the same locality. India had a well diversified economy with the cultivation of a large variety of crops. Cotton, indigo, chay (red dye), sugarcane, oil seeds paid land revenue at a higher rate and had to be paid in cash hence, called cash crops or superior crops. The peasants not only shifted his cultivation from one crop to other but also adopted new crops. Tobacco and maize were introduced in the 17th century. The adoption of potato and red chilies followed during the 18th century. During this period, India also exportedfoodgrains, especially rice and sugar. The peasant was not disposed from his land as long as he paid the land revenue. Although the life of the peasant was hard, he had enough to eat and meet his simple requirements.
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Artisans: (1) Rural artisans—who were only part-time artisans and often indistinguishable from cultivators. These included oil-pressers, indigo and salt petre workers, etc. Their work was seasonal and often they had a small family plot of land for cultivation. They sold their surplus produce in the market. (2) Professional artisans were living in towns and villages. As trade and manufacture grew, the merchants extended their control over the professional artisans through the dadni or putting out system by giving those loans, providing raw material, etc. In such cases the artisans tended to become wage earners because the cost of the raw materials and their labour was prescribed by the trader.
Research Conclusion The master-craftsmen called ustads grew both economically and socially during this period. AbulFazal called them artificiers and placed them in the second rank in the society (below the nobles). The artisans were generally organised on a case basis. The major industry where artisans were engaged the most were the textile industry and leather industry. The Indian artisans were not opposed to new techniques. The villages in India continued with the traditional crafts and also developed localised centres of production.
References
1. Kulkarni, A.R., “The Indian Village with special reference to MedievalDeccan,” Indian History Congress, General Presidential Address, 1992, p. 23. 2. Patel, R.K., Village Cooperatives and Development in the Economic Weekly, July 23, 1960, pp. 153- 155. 3. Chaudhary, A.K., Early Medieval Village in North-Eastern India(c. 6001200 A.D.), p. 34. 4. Chattopadhyaya, D.P. (ed.), History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. V, Part-I, p. 467.
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Women’s political Empowerment and Political Participation in India
Dr. H.P. Kadam Inc.Principal.and Head of Dept. of Political Science, S.P.P. Mahavidyalaya sirsala, Dist. Beed.
Women's empowerment is the process of empowering women. Women empowerment is essential issue in all over world. In India there is process start of woman empowerment I in twentieth century in ancient India. it is the process for women to redefine gender roles that allows them to acquire the ability to choose between known alternatives whom have otherwise been restricted from such an ability. There are several principles defining women's empowerment such as, for one to be empowered, they must come from a position of disempowerment. For example: A stripper no longer has to take off her clothes to get money and now is a receptionist for a respectable company. Empowerment stems from self-respect. Furthermore, one must acquire empowerment themselves rather than have it given to them by an external party. Other studies have found that empowerment definitions entail people having the capability to make important decisions in their lives while also being able to act on them. Lastly, empowerment and disempowerment is relative to other at a previous time; therefore, empowerment is a process, not a product. They are not treated as equal to men in all the places, through in the western countries women are treated on par with men in most of the fields, their counterpart in the east suffers from many disabilities. The disabilities on the one hand and the inequalities between men and women on the other, have given rise to what is known "Gender problem". All one the world and particularly in South and East Asia and Africa the gender problem has assumed importance during the recent years the gender issue has become virtually a crucial point of argument, therefore to study of women empowerment issue I choose this topic for research paper.
Objective of research. 1) To Explain concept women Empowerment. 2) To overview on women empowerment process on women. 3) To study of woman empowerment and political participation in India.
Concept of Women Empowerment : Empowering may be understood as enabling people, especially women to acquire and possess power resources, in order to make decision on their own or exist decisions that are made by others that affect them Empowerment can be defined in many ways, however, when talking about women's empowerment, empowerment means accepting and allowing people (women) who are on the outside of the decision-making process into it. Women’s empowerment is the most crucial point to be noted for the overall development of a country. Many celebrities are all for girl power such as Liza Koshy and Lilly Singh (who has her own late night show and has won many awards and also raised money for #girllove and other charities) “This puts a strong emphasis on participation in political structures and formal decision-making and, in the economic sphere, on the ability to obtain an income that enables participation in economic decision-making.”Empowerment is the process that creates power in individuals over their own lives, society, and in their communities. People are empowered if they have an access to opportunities without any limitations or restrictions such as in education, profession and in their way of life. Feeling entitled to make your own decisions creates a sense of empowerment. Empowerment includes the action of raising the status of women through education, raising awareness, literacy, and training and also give training related to defence ourself . Women's empowerment is all about equipping and allowing women to make life-determining decisions through the different problems in society. A person may said to be powerful when he/she has control over a luge portion of power resources in
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 society. The extent of possession of various resources such as personal wealth, such as land skills, education, information, knowledge, social status, position held, leadership trains, capabilities of mobilization. Political empowerment Political empowerment supports creating policies that would best support gender equality and agency for women in both the public and private spheres. Popular methods that have been suggested are to create affirmative action policies that have a quota for the number of women in policy making and parliament positions. As of 2017, the global average of women who hold lower and single house parliament positions is 23.6 percent. Further recommendations have been to increase women's rights to vote, voice opinions, and the ability to run for office with a fair chance of being elected. Because women are typically associated with child care and domestic responsibilities in the home, they have less time dedicated to entering the labour market and running their business. Policies that increase their bargaining power in the household would include policies that account for cases of divorce, policies for better welfare for women, and policies that give women control over resources (such as property rights). However, participation is not limited to the realm of politics. It can include participation in the household, in schools, and the ability to make choices for oneself. Some theorists believe that bargaining power and agency in the household must be achieved before one can move onto broader political participation Impact of 73 and 74th Amendments of constitution over political participation of women : Before 73 and 74 amendment of constitution there was no actively participation of women in local politics. After this they actively participated. The 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Constitution have impacted nearly 600 million Indian people in 500,000 villages, Interestingly the percentages of women at various levels of political activity have risen froin 4-5 per cent to 25-40 per cent. Both national as well as at the state and local levels women in elected bodies have been very lew and even those who have been elected when observed from closer quarters present a complex picture. The money and muscle associated with the electoral process inhabits a large number of women from joining politics. Restriction on mobility, lack of control over resources and low literacy rates are well known obstacles but recent panchayat elections have evidenced a phenomenally large number of elected leaders much beyond reserved 33% seats. Mahila Sanakhya initiatives on working women are more articulate. Women role in in Gram Sabha : It is obvious that a more active Gram Sabha which is sensitive to women's specific issues is a much desired goal as a woman sarpanch member in a gender hostile panchayat may not be able to accomplish and sustain much for the benefit of women of the village community at large. More women in grass root organizations better law and order will ensure better engagement of women in decision-making. More than one million women have now entered political life in India and 43 per cent of the seats are occupied by them at district, province and national level. Women participation is understood in terms of voter turn out, number of women contestants apart from the number of those who succeeded in winning.
Suggestions for Effective process of women empowerment in political participation
1) The signatures of the people in the executive register of the open meeting should be ensured. 2) It should be compulsory for the Secretary to sit in the panchayat Bhawan. 3) The development plan should be widely disseminated so that it can reach the general public. 4) The dates and time of the panchayat meetings in | the states and villages shouid be decided in advance. 5) The venue of the meeting should be cither the Panchayat Bhawan or a public place, to enable all gram sabha members to present their problems. 6) It is imperative to inscribe the budget for the village on the Panchayat Bhawan. 7) Therefore should be rules and strategies to train and activate woinen members who have been elected to the post of members. 8) There should be strict rules for ensuring the participation of 2/3 voters in the open meeting
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Conclusion. Women empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in development and economics. It can also point to the approaches regarding other trivialized genders in a particular political or social context Women empowerment in India there is important issue for women's and also development of country. To measure women empowerment now takes 3 indicators, women participation in economic, political and professional activities. Women's empowerment and achieving gender equality is essential for our society to ensure the sustainable development of the country. Many world leaders and scholars have argued that sustainable development is impossible without gender equality and women's empowerment.[4] Sustainable development accepts environmental protection, social and economic development, including women's empowerment. It is widely believed that, the full participation of both men and women is critical for development Within political power what is measured is mainly women in parliament, judiciary or in local bodies. in this process we accept women empowerment is start from ground level and it is important in Panchayat raj System.
Reference Books : 1. Parker, Patricia (2003). "Control, Resistance, and Empowerment in Raced, Gendered, and Classed Work Contexts: The Case of African American Women". 2. Geleta, Esayas Bekele. "Microfinance and the politics of empowerment: a critical cultural perspective 3. Ellis, Amanda. Gender and economic growth in Kenya: Unleashing the power of women. World Bank Publications, 2007. 4. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2000). "Introduction". Women and Human Development: The Capabilities to Approach.. 5. Altekar A.S - The position of women in Hindu civilization. 6. Phadke Y.D. - Woman in Maharashtra 7. D. Pulla Rao - women empowerment in India 8. Sushila Agrawal. - Status of women 9. Poonach Veena - Women empowerment and political participation. 10. H.K. Sekhon. - Status of women.
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Theatre is an Effective Tool to Enhance Varies Skills in Education: A Study
Dr.Chandrashekhar Bapurao Kanase Assist. Professor, Head and Research Guide Department of Performing Arts-Dramatics, S.P.P. Mahavidyalaya, Sirsala Tq. Parli v. Dist. Beed. 431128. (MS)
Introduction: The function of Theatre has differed widely over the centuries of its existence. Briefly, during its earliest years, it had more often intended for religious purposes, such as to honor the Gods, to spread the meaning of a particular religion to the illiterate. For example, during the "Christian revolution", drama was used to spread stories from the Bible to the masses. But today, Theatre got the more significance in any field especially in Educational field. This research paper is focusing the questions such as Why importance of Theatre? , How Theatre is significant in education? What are the benefits of Theatre in education? Which skills we can develop through theatre? Drama, acting and role-playing different scenes and situations is a wonderful way of enhancing education and the learning process. Encouraging students to enact a scene or situation will ensure that the student understands and remembers certain topics in a better manner. The following is a short discussion on the importance of Theatre in education. (Key Words: - Theatre, Drama, Education, Importance, Significance)
Importance of Theatre for Enhancing Education or the Learning Process: Creates further interest in the topic of study: Historical topics and some literature topics can be further studied and discussed with the help of drama. Students will become more interested in a historical or literature topic if they are able to enact certain scenes. Even subjects like mathematics and science become more interesting with enactments and some drama added to the learning. For example, in science, if students are learning about electricity, a small enactment on Thomas Alva Edison’s life and how he invented the light bulb will be inspiring and motivating. Helps students remember and understand topics better: If scenes from the freedom movement are enacted or any other historical topic, students will be better able to remember details. In a large classroom, students can be divided into groups, and each student will be able to enact a small component of a large play. This will help them to get into the skin of different characters and help them understand the different scenes and situations the characters face. Students will be better able to empathize with different characters as a result of dramatization. They may also be better able to understand concepts if they are studied with the help of drama. Helps students become more sensitive and empathetic: Social studies, history and literature if taught with the help of drama will help students develop greater sensitivity and empathy towards characters. Instead of just reading about the characters, when students do an enactment, they are better able to understand the thoughts, feelings and emotions of characters as they face different situations. Helps enhance creative thinking: Dramatization helps students enhance creative thinking skills. Students will be encouraged to think a little more about the character and the situation. They may also come up with interesting discussions and reflections after the dramatization. They may be inspired to come up with innovative ideas as a result of dramatization or enactment while studying a topic. Drama in education reflects a shift from an over-emphasis on informational content to a more balanced inclusion of attention to the processing of ideas. As Postman (1990, 5) noted in a keynote speech to drama educators, cultural literacy won't suffice without a framework of meaning, "a life-enhancing story," in which facts may be rationally coordinated. As a derivative of an art form, role playing invites the expression of original ideas. Conformity is generally recognized as being less than creative, and so this approach as an instrument of group dynamics tends Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 24
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 to validate individuality. In addition, a continued valuing of self-questioning (and a corresponding devaluing of tendencies towards complacency) becomes adaptive. Such values and habits of mind are exactly what modern business executives and forward-looking academicians are wanting in the co-workers they hire, because they recognize that in a changing world, attitudes of active curiosity and the courage to challenge the familiar or entrenched patterns within systems is precisely the key to success. Role playing, sociodramatic explorations, creative drama, improvisational-oriented theatre games, and other approaches which cultivate spontaneity together form a rich complex of methods for generating the kinds of skills which are part of the postmodern sensibility. Whether in business, the professions, the arts, or in personal and community life, such skills are important in fostering the group projects which lead to constructive change. Theatre in education (TIE) originated in Britain in 1965 and has continued to present day. Monica Prendergast and Juliana Saxton cited TIE as "one of the two historic roots of applied theatre practice". TIE typically includes a theatre company performing in an educational setting (i.e. a school) for youth, including interactive and performative moments. The idea of a high-impact child-centered performance for a specifically targeted school audience became hugely popular. Due to small audiences students can be encouraged to participate through work in-role and through debate. Student experimentation can be supported with resource materials and training or support for the students by teachers. Education is becoming like rote learning. The education the students are getting is not being applied creatively in any area. Contrary to this 'rote' education, TIE presents a different approach including discussions, contributions and creativity through performance. It fulfils all types of learning and enhances the development process. In the last twenty years many books have appeared describing drama and theatre activities with students. These various labels are indicative of the range of the work and of the possible confusions that can arise. Some of the main areas of work are: Drama in Education In the school curriculum, this is both a method and a subject. As a curriculum subject it uses various dramatic elements, and acting out. In many Secondary schools drama is now a separate department. In some Primary schools it is used as a method to teach a number of subjects. Theatre in Education a professional team of trained and experienced actor/teachers, who prepare relevant material/project/experiment to be presented in schools often involving more than one visit. These Programmes are usually devised and researched by the team/teachers and are for small groups of one or two classes of a specific age. The aim of the Programmes is essentially educational, and uses theatre, drama in education and teaching techniques for educational purposes. This work provides an educational aid, resource and stimulus for both teachers and pupils, but to do so it may vary from place to place, total participation sessions to performance and discussion. Theatre in Education can be considered as a method of work used by some companies all the time, and by others only occasionally. Many companies who use this method of work have, as their starting point, a strong left-wing or didactic approach to their subject matter, and they cannot be considered as mere tools of the education system. Rather, they act as outside questioners, looking at ideas and values in society. Education in the performing arts is a key part of many primary and secondary education curricula and is also available as a specialization at the tertiary level. The performing arts, which include, but are not limited to dance, music and theatre, are key elements of culture and engage participants at a number of levels. The end point for performing arts education varies: some educators integrate arts into school classrooms to support other curricula while simultaneously building students' art skills, and some focus on performing arts as an academic discipline in itself. Performing arts integration in schools or College. Integrating performing arts into educational experiences can help students learn other subjects, such as science, as well as help them develop various non-arts-based skills. As children grow, engaging them in performance arts can help them meet developmental milestones, including those for motor skills and psychosocial skills. For example, teachers can integrate performing arts and the discussion thereof into their classrooms to honor student self-expression. Bilingual youth can benefit from this type of arts integration Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 25
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 because it offers them modes of communication that can respond more easily to their culture and language than text-based or test-based learning. Regardless of the language used, teachers have found that using performing arts in the classroom, such as improvisational drama, can help students process and prepare for non-arts-based life situations, including bullying. Drama in Education (DiE) is a specialization that privileges make-believe play as a significant learning medium in the human lifespan. Participants can role-play situations, act out imaginary scenarios, or demonstrate fictitious images for the purposes of insight and growth. Our approach is shaped by a commitment to three processes: Action, Reflection, and Transformation. We privilege process-oriented approaches at the undergraduate, masters, and doctoral levels, and have become leaders in the movement known as process drama, which is no scripted collaborative enactment under the watchful gaze of an experienced facilitator. DiE teaches concepts, raises awareness, assists with skill development, promotes collaborative learning, builds community, and generates aesthetic knowledge. DiE develops future educators and artist-practitioners proficient in the: • purpose and contribution of drama in education to cultural life • philosophies and praxis of DiE • construction and evaluation of DiE • application and research of DiE in diverse contexts Drama Improves Academic Performance: Numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between drama involvement and academic achievement. In addition to having higher standardized test scores than their peers who do not experience the arts, student who participate in drama often experience improved reading comprehension, maintain better attendance records, and stay generally more engaged in school than their non-arts counterparts. Schools with arts-integrated programs, even in low-income areas, report high academic achievement. Active practice is necessary in order to acquire the many component skills in these three categories, and that means that an experiential form of education such as role playing or sociodramatic simulations is needed. There is a clear aim and educational objective running throughout this process: • The cast should be small so actors must be versatile and often take several roles. • A low budget project has to be taken so that actors can play instruments too. • The production must be portable and the design of the production will be simple and representational. • The exploration of issues has to be from various viewpoints, so that we can see the effect of the action upon a range of people. • There should be involvement by the audience. • They are rarely wholly naturalistic because narration is often used. • As actors have multiple roles, the costume are representational and simple. • For educating the audience facts and figures can be included. TIE can create different kinds of productions. Supported by resource materials, the production can be designed to stimulate reaction and participation from its small audience, through role play and debate. • By specifically targeting an area for a particular age group in a school’s personal, social and health education curriculum. • For the young audience the production can be based on the traditional story, allowing a range of follow-up activities if desired. • Linking the story to the given activities for very young children can provide opportunities for involvement. • For the adult age group some additional 'dramatizing' activities may be added e.g. learning parenting skills or preparing for employment. • It should be organized meaningfully. The Role of Teacher As an alternative to knowledge dissemination, memory-based teaching, Drama games and fun during lessons leads to better engagement. Instead of simply lecturing, the teacher in the TIE setting can become a Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 26
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 conceptual artist who molds knowledge, feelings, thoughts, sensations and experience into an active and activating educational process. This is not about an artist in a traditional way. It’s more a way of thinking, perception of the world and its needs in right - brained way as non-linear, practical, intuitive, and holistic. The Role of Student In this methodology the student need to understand that the role of the teacher changes. In TIE the student himself takes the initiative and responsibility. TIE demands much greater independence of thinking. In this process of structured learning, drama rehearsals require full dedication. Due to this and closer interpersonal interaction, the process can lead to more clashes compared to traditional class teaching. There are several issues apart from memory training, courage to act, and the ability to emerge from the shell that each of us adopts at work or at school, there can be language difficulties, stage fright, newness in being expected to adopt a role, confidence etc. Summarizing the main requirements and preconditions as follows: - • Intellectual maturity, ability to understand the play and roles • Ability to comprehend the cost and investment, but also the benefits. Openness to accept new method of teaching/ learning. • Time management or Commitment • Acceptance of guiding role of the teacher without formal authority • Language competence • Performance skills/competence (active attitude to potential stage fright issues, memory issues etc.) • Collective work competence. • Controlling the emotional intelligence and Ability to cooperate even in stressful moments (like a performance).
These are some benefits of Theatre in Education (TIE): o Self-Confidence: By performing in front audience the student get the confidence to trust on his own ideas and abilities. This will be applied to his life, career and school. o Imagination: Thinking out of the box, and interpreting familiar material in new ways. Einstein said, “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” o Empathy: Acting in a roles for different situations, time periods, and different cultures promotes compassion and it develops tolerance for others’ feelings and viewpoints. o Collaboration: It combines the new ideas and abilities of its participants. This cooperative learning includes discussing, sharing, negotiating, rehearsing, and performing. o Concentration: Performing in a play develops a constant focus of mind, body, and voice, which also helps in life and in school subjects. o Communication Skills: In a play a student enhances verbal and nonverbal expression of ideas. It also improves voice projection, articulation of words, and fluency with language. o Emotional Outlet: In the play the student is allowed to express a range of emotions. Sadness, aggression and tension are released in a safe, controlled environment, reducing antisocial behaviors. ▪ Relaxation: Theatre activities reduce stress by releasing mental, physical, and emotional tension. o Physical Fitness: Movement in drama improves body balance, coordination, flexibility, and control. o Student Engagement: The students pay attention and most want to be a part of the dramatizing. Those who choose to observe instead of participate are still strongly engaged in what’s happening because it’s still compelling to watch and in the theatre, the audience is always an important collaborator. o Collaboration and Cooperation. Most drama activities require students to work together to create and produce the scene, improvisation, script, tableau, interview, or story dramatization. They work together as actors, directors, playwrights, audience, and even as critics who help one another design and deliver something that an individual cannot accomplish alone. o Active Learning. In drama activities, the students are doing something with information as opposed to receiving the information. They move, create, experiment, question, discuss, write, sketch, revise, rehearse, and perform. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 27
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o Creativity within Limits. Drama/Theatre has many strict rules for quality of delivery. Drama done well requires students to follow instructions, concentrate, control their bodies and voices, move purposefully, and focus their energy. Within these constraints, students use their imaginations to engage in a creative activity or produce a creative product. o Flexibility. Drama demands that students remain flexible and open-minded. They will experience offering ideas that may or may not be taken. They must remain open to the ideas of others. Such flexibility is crucial because in any creative process, there is no right or wrong answer. There is just the choice or direction the particular creators choose to solve the artistic problem. Without flexibility, there will be no progress—and no drama. o Investment in Learning. Drama activities have the power to motivate students to invest in their own learning. Because they are both participants and creators, students take ownership of the learning activity. They become excited about their work, they care about how it turns out, and the role that they play in its success. o Higher Order Thinking Skills. Drama rapidly moves students beyond “Who?” “What?” and “When?” and into “How?” and “Why?” They must analyze what they know and apply it in new dramatic contexts that become a synthesis of their understanding. Just the facts are not enough; the facts contextualized within the drama push the students to greater comprehension. o Discipline. When students have practiced drama skill-building exercises, the qualities of good actors— concentration, focus, self-control, knowing and playing your part, working in ensemble, purposeful movement, maintaining silence or stillness, projecting your voice at the appropriate times, and so forth—all contribute to stronger classroom management. In the best of circumstances, the students evolve into managing themselves. o Showing Appreciation. Everyone knows that when actors do a good job, the audience applauds. Drama activities provide students with opportunities to show appreciation to others and to receive appreciation for the hard work that they do. This may come in the form of applause, but it also comes in the form of laughter, groans, smiles, sighs, and gasps from observers who enjoy the drama. It comes in the form of compliments the students give one another because drama is a shared learning experience. o Fun. An old saying goes, “What we learn with pleasure, we never forget.” Drama is fun. The students have a good time. They enjoy themselves and in turn, they enjoy the learning. There’s nothing wrong with fun in learning; in fact, there’s everything right with it.
Prominent Ten Reasons Why Theatre is Still Important in the Twenty-First Century: ▪ Human-Beings The performance of theatre is a universal cultural phenomenon that exists in every society around the world. Human beings are the only animal species that creates theatre. Understanding theatre helps us understand what it means to be human. ▪ Self-Expression Theatre teaches us how to express ourselves more effectively. It develops our ability to communicate our thoughts and feelings to others, improving our relationships and improving the world around us. ▪ Self-Knowledge Theatre teaches us about ourselves. It helps us understand how our minds and the minds of others work. It helps us to see how the environments in which we live affect who we are and who we will become. ▪ History Theatre is a great way to lean about history. Rather than learning history from reading it in a dusty textbook, theatre makes history come alive right before our eyes. Theatre makes learning about history fun. ▪ Body Theatre reminds us that, even in this ever-changing digital age, there is a human body at the Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 28
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center of every digital transaction. Accounting for the body in the design of the future will help us make technology that works for us rather than us working for technology. ▪ Globalization Theatre helps us understand people from cultures other than our own. We can learn a lot about people from cultures all around the world by studying their performance traditions. In doing so, we can learn to be less ethnocentric, and more accepting of others. ▪ Self-Empowerment Performance permeates every aspect of our everyday lives. Power relationships are constructed through performances. Understanding how performances unfold around us can help us to recognize and take control of the power dynamics that affect us. ▪ Social-Change Theatre is a cultural space where society examines itself in a mirror. Theatre has long been looked at as a laboratory in which we can study the problems that confront society and attempt to solve those problems. ▪ Education Theatre is a great way to learn. Going to the theatre teaches us about people, places, and ideas to which we would not otherwise be exposed. Learning in a theatrical setting makes learning fun. ▪ Creativity Theatre helps us to develop our creativity. As our education system increasingly puts an emphasis on science, technology, engineering, and math, we cannot forget the importance of performing arts (theatre, dance, drama and music). We have seen that the Performing Arts’ significance for students to improve their overall academic results. Drama and the performing arts serve to generate a rich array of reciprocal benefits for both students and our community. Finally we can say theatre is an effective tool or medium to develop varies skills which would be very helpful to each and everybody in the successful life.
References: 1. Reddick, Grant Keith Johnstone- Theatre 100. (2006). 2. Dudeck, Theresa R. Keith Johnstone: A Critical study of Drama, London. (2013). 3. Johnstone, Keith -Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre. Routledge. (2012). 4. Elliot Chad, Keith Johnstone- Author of Impro and Improve for Storytellers. (2016.) 5. Francis Fergusson - The idea of theatre- Princeton University Press.1949.
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An Overview on Review of Literature on Library Modernisation
Dr. Dnyaneshwar Maske Librarian, Shri Panditguru Pardikar College, Sirsala, Dist. Beed
Abstract Library and Information Science education moves into the 21st century changing society where changes occur due to the emergence and advancement in Information and Communications Technologies, which requires the LIS professionals to acquire new IT skills for survival, Nigerian LIS schools are expected to brace up for this challenging situation. The influence of Information and Communication Technologies is now manifested in every sphere of human endeavor including the LIS field which is considered by many writers Review of related literature is conducted to enable a researcher to get a clear understanding about the specific field of study. It also helps the researcher to have an insight into the tested methods, procedures and interpretations of similar studies conducted elsewhere. ICT has changed the traditional methods of library activities and services providing new dimensions for teaching, learning and research in higher educational institutions. the types of ICT skills possessed by the librarians, assess the level/extent of different types of ICT skills, the means of acquiring ICT skills, and to identify the constraints in acquiring ICT skills by the librarians. The knowledge in ICT relates to operating systems
Key words : Libraries and ICT, Library modernisation, review of literature on Library modernisation
Introduction Library and Information Science education moves into the 21st century changing society where changes occur due to the emergence and advancement in Information and Communications Technologies, which requires the LIS professionals to acquire new IT skills for survival, Nigerian LIS schools are expected to brace up for this challenging situation. The influence of Information and Communication Technologies is now manifested in every sphere of human endeavor including the LIS field which is considered by many writers Review of related literature is conducted to enable a researcher to get a clear understanding about the specific field of study. It also helps the researcher to have an insight into the tested methods, procedures and interpretations of similar studies conducted elsewhere. Considerable amount of literature is available regarding application of Information Communication Technology in libraries, professional development and continuing education needs of library professionals. But studies are relatively few regarding the impact of ICT on professional development and educational needs of library professionals. A survey of the literature found that most of the studies are reported from foreign countries and that such studies are not given due importance by the researchers in library and information science. Research methodology: For the purpose of this study used distributional research methodology. It is part of social science research. To study the research topic i use scientifically analysis. In this method used secondary data tools for data collection. In this secondary data tools included reference books, research articles, Newspapers, journal, published and unpublished materials and also taken help of internet facilities. Mohamed Haneefa and Shukoor Mohamed Haneefa and Shukoor report the Information and Communication Technology literacy among the library professionals of Calicut University. The study included only the library professionals in the central library and departmental libraries of Calicut University. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The study revealed that the Professional Assistants were more ICT proficient in ICT skills than the Junior Librarians and Assistant Librarians. The use of ICT-based resources and services, library automation software, and general purpose application software was higher among the Junior professionals than among the senior library staff. The use of digital library and institutional repository software was very low among the library Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 30
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 professionals. Majority of the professionals had confidence in routine ICT and Internet tasks, and needed training or orientation in library automation, digital library and institutional repository software. Ramesh Babu and Parameswaran evaluate the automation of public library and information services in and around Chennai and the attitudes of library professionals towards the application of information technology. A survey among 50 staff members in the public libraries of Chennai using questionnaires, shows their keen interest in professional development to keep pace with the trends of electronic information era. Results show that IT applications improve communication facilities and help in enhancing technical knowledge, providing better services, improving library status, change information handling methods and reduce workload. Ramesh Babu, Vinayagamoorthy and Gopalakrishnan42 report a survey of the ICT skills among librarians in engineering educational institutions in Tamil Nadu. The main objective was to identify the types of ICT skills possessed by the librarians, assess the level/extent of different types of ICT skills, the means of acquiring ICT skills, and to identify the constraints in acquiring ICT skills by the librarians. The knowledge in ICT relates to operating systems, packages and programming languages, library automation software, web awareness, knowledge of online facilities/services, and also technical skills and managerial skills. Olowu Olowu identifies natural and artificial libarriers to free access to information. The library's poor reputation was attributed to lack of accessibility of information sources. Iyoro (2004) examines the impact of serial publications in the promotion of educational excellence among information professionals receiving further training at the University of Ibadan . The study looks at the perception of how serial accessibility has contributed to students' learning process. Serials were found to play a significant role in the acquisition of knowledge, because the serial collection was easily and conveniently accessible. In a similar study by Khurshid Khurshid reviewed job advertisements published in American Libraries (AL) and College and Research Libraries News (C&RL NEWS) to assess the impact of automation and use of IT in libraries on job requirements and required skills of qualifications for cataloguers. Analysis revealed that the most preferred qualification is a master's degree in library and information science, or in some libraries a master's degree in computer science or relevant field, or a subject master's degree with library experience. However, major changes are occurring in the skills area. In addition to knowledge of cataloguing principles and procedures, the requirements also included familiarity and experience with an integrated library software, one or more bibliographic utilities, basic computer applications, and emerging metadata schemes and tools. Leong86 in a case study tracked how academic reference librarians at the UNE, New South Wales, Australia have faced changes in library services during the period 2000 to January 2007. He reviews the steps involved in managing change and the approaches that were taken. The reference department had responsibility for reference work, information literacy, including Endnote bibliographic database classes and troubleshooting, selection work including electronic database assessment, collection assessment and cooperation with faculty. To provide for this broad scope of work, competencies were developed in addition to the reference competencies. Aguolu and Aguolu Aguolu and Aguolu reveal that efforts are being made worldwide to promote access to information in all formats. They lament the attendant features of underdevelopment such as power failure, machine breakdowns, and lack of spare parts 25 and technicians, which intermittently stall the performance of the modern gadgets of information storage and transfer in developing countries. Sampath Kumar and Biradar Sampath Kumar and Biradar observed the use of information communication technology (ICT) in 31 college libraries in Karnataka, India by analyzing the ICT infrastructure, status of library automation, barriers to implementation of library automation and librarians' attitudes towards the use of ICT. The survey carried out using questionnaire, observation and informal interview with selected college librarians showed that lack of budget, lack of manpower, lack of skilled staff and lack of training are the main constraints for not automating library activities. Even though library professionals have shown a positive attitude towards the use of ICT applications and library automation, majority expressed the need for appropriate training to make use of ICT tools. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 31
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020
Buckland Buckland analyses frustrations felt by users who fail to find the information sources they want in the library. He outlines four relationships between the user and availability or resources, which are: 1. The greater, the popularity, the lower the immediate availability. 2. The longer the loan period, the lower the immediate availability, the shorter the loan period, the higher the immediate availability. 3. The greater the popularity, the shorter the loan period has to be and the less the popularity, the longer the loan period can be. 4. Increasing the number of copies available, like shortening the length of loan periods, increases the immediate availability. Marama and Ogunrombi A study by Marama and Ogunrombi (1996) confirms high unavailability of library and information science (LIS) collections in most Nigerian university libraries, which had a negative effect on the use of information sources in the libraries studied. The librarians cannot conduct quality research and get published, and library students cannot even use library services. The authors recommended that at least 5 percent of the book budget be set aside for LIS information sources. The study, though limited to LIS, can be generalized to other subject areas. Unomah conducted a study at the former Bendel State University to determine the unavailability rate in the library and to find out its causes. The survey revealed an unavailability rate of 34 percent. One effect on the use of library service was that 300 users (71.4%) gave up and went away frustrated. On acquisition performance, the survey showed that the library acquired only a little more than half the items requested. Sharp, K. Sharp, K. observe that the state of ICT application in India is at the minimum stage. So they suggest that the concerned authorities should give priority to improve the situation. Maximum number of computers with internet facility should be installed in libraries in order to increase awareness of the importance of ICT and importance of library in education. Computerization of all the activities of the libraries should be done so as to cope with the new challenges. More ICT services should be provided. There should be extra regular power supply for computer users in order to keep time factor so that more interest would arise in the use of ICT facilities in the libraries and lastly adequate funds should be provided from the concerned authorities to improve ICT services. 25 Singh, Sharma and Negi 31 report a study of the current state-of-the-art use and applications of ICT in LICs in Noida. The study is based on 25 LICs of public, government, corporate, public ,and private enterprises in Noida. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire through mail/e-mail among the librarians of selected institutions. Their study tried to find the opinion of the librarians about the barriers in application of ICT in LICs and their attitudes towards adopting the technology. The results showed that lack of awareness, interest and initiation of library professionals towards ICT application in the library are the major barriers to its application in the LICs even though the attitude of the librarians towards ICT application/use in the LICs was very positive. The majority of LICs in Noida have good hardware, software facilities to some extent but ICT based services, and products are not reaching the users to the extent expected due to the problems of inadequate finance, infrastructure, and trained library professionals leaving available ICT infrastructure underutilized. Therefore, it is essential that ICT resources should be enhanced; ICT skilled staff should be increased or trained in using and handling ICT. Suku and Pillai 32 present the results of a survey to assess the status of automation in the university libraries of Kerala. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit data from the Librarian/Librarian in- charge of the Central libraries of six universities. The survey mainly covered various aspects of library automation such as information technology infrastructure, in-house activities, information services and their usage, manpower development, and budget. The study also deals with the role of INFLIBNET Centre in supporting the automation activities of university libraries. Mulla and Chandrashekara Mulla and Chandrashekara (2006) “E-Resources and Services in Engineering College Libraries – A Case Study”. Study was conducted to examine the efforts made by the engineering college libraries in Karnataka to build electronic resources. Results of the 27 study revealed that collection and service infrastructure of the libraries in sampled regions were not up to the mark and libraries were struggling to build Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 32
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 digital collection and in disseminating digital information due to lack of ICT infrastructure, IT trained manpower and paucity of finances, etc. Prather and Clemons Prather and Clemons (1981) “Results of a Survey of Pullen Library Users”. Authors conducted a survey of the users of the Georgia State University Library to examine their usage of library and perceptions about its adequacy. Results of the study revealed that users were using library for non-book related purposes. Undergraduates were using it heavily for studying, whereas faculty, staff and alumni were using for personal research. Bavakutty Bavakutty (1985) carried out a study to examine the use ofict in libraries of colleges affiliated to University College of Calicut, Kerala under name “Incentives for Use of College Libraries”. Opinions of 404 students were collected. The students of govt. colleges were using libraries mainly for outside their study needs whereas those of private colleges were using libraries for curricular purpose. Mathews Mathews (1981) executed a general evaluation survey of the academic community to ascertain whether resources, services and facilities of the Iowa State University Library meet the needs of its users. It was titled as “Survey of User Services: General Evaluation Survey”. Author examined the users’ frequency of visit, reasons for visit, use of material, use of catalogue, computerized literature searching, satisfaction with collection, etc. Onardian and Onardian Onardian and Onardian (1986) invited the opinion of undergraduate students to assess the use of Ahmedu Bello University Library, Nigeria for study “Nigerian University Library Services: Students Opinion”. Authors concluded that large number of users visited library frequently. 27 Majority of them were visiting to study, using library books. Only 10% users were found not satisfied with library. Lack of needed books in library was one of the main causes for user’s dissatisfaction.
Conclusion In this review Mulla and Chandrashekara “E-Resources and Services in Engineering College Libraries – A Case Study”. Olowu identifies natural and artificial libarriers to free access to information. The library's poor reputation was attributed to lack of accessibility of information sources ICT has changed the traditional methods of library activities and services providing new dimensions for teaching, learning and research in higher educational institutions. the types of ICT skills possessed by the librarians, assess the level/extent of different types of ICT skills, the means of acquiring ICT skills, and to identify the constraints in acquiring ICT skills by the librarians. The knowledge in ICT relates to operating systems, packages and programming languages, library automation software, web awareness, knowledge of online facilities/services, and also technical skills and managerial skills With the help of ICT tools, it is possible to store, retrieve, disseminate and organize information by creating websites and databases. The role of the library is necessarily dependent upon the educational objectives of the institution. Frequently, these are unstated or inadequate. Reference is made to some definitions of objectives for higher education, and the consequences for libraries are discussed. The view is urged that libraries, and therefore librarians, should be treated as integral and active parts of the educational process, and the latter be involved in course planning and development.Information is now published both electronically and in print making it accessible to users according to their demands. 23 It is important to assess the ICT applications in library and information centres in the context of changing user needs. This section includes studies related to the application of ICT in libraries both in India and abroad.
Reference books 1. Patil, D.B.; and Parameshwar, S. (2009). Use of Electronic Resources by the Faculty Members and Research Scholars in Gulbarga University, Gulbarga: A Survey 2. Buckland, M. (1975). Book availability and the library user. New York: Pergamon Press 3. Marama, I.D., & Ogunrombi, S.A. (1996). Availability of library and information science collections in Nigerian university libraries.Library Bulletin: Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 33
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4. Unomah, J.I. (1987). Unavailability syndrome in academic libraries: A case study of Bendel State University 5. Sharp, K. (2001). Internet librarianship: traditional roles in a new environment. IFLA Journal, 27 6. Mulla, K.R.; and Chandrashekara M. (2006). E-Resources and Services in Engineering College Libraries – A Case Study, Electronic Journal of Academic and Special LibrarianshipReferences 7. Prather, James E.; and Clemons, Michael L. (1981), “Results of a Survey of Pullen Library Users”, Institutional Research Report No. 81-17. 8. Bavakutty, M., Nasirudheen, I.P.O. and Abdul Majeed, K.C. (2008). Course Choice and Equipage of Professionals Implications for Re-structuring LIS Programmes in Developing Countries with special reference to India. 9. Mathews, Eleanor (1981). Survey of User Services: General Evaluation Survey”, Summary Report. Retrieved December 21, 2009, 10. Onardian, G.T.; and Onardian, R.W. (1986). Nigerian University Library Services: Students Opinion, Journal of Library and Information Science, Vol. 11, No. 1
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Effect Of Circuit Training On Body Fat Percentage Of 18 To 24 Year Old Under Graduate Students
N.K.Akmar. College Director of Phy.Edu. & Sports Bahirji Smarak Mahavidyalaya., Basmat
Abstract: Body composition or body fat percentage is an important factor of health related fitness. In physical education and sports the basic aim of every physical training is to apply a series of stimuli. Circuit training consists of a series of exercises (circuit) arranged in order and designed to develop general body fitness acts as a best stimulus.To find out the efficacy of circuit training to reduce body fat percentage, the researcher used Randomized Groups, Pre-test-Post-test Design in present study. 30 subjects were selected randomly.The subjects were under graduate students of B.S.college, Basmat, They were assigned to the experimental ( N=15) and control ( N=15) groups by random procedure. The researcher administered a pre-test as a measure of the dependent variable i.e. body fat percentage of both the experimental and control groups. Then the researcher introduced the treatment i.e. Circuit training programme only to the experimental group for a period of eight weeks. At the end of experiment, both the groups were administered the post-test. The researcher used Sloan formula to calculate body fat persentage. Skin fold measurements were taken by skin fold caliper from two cites. Data collected was primarily analyzed by descriptive statistics Further looking towards the nature of the design of present study the researcher has applied ‘t’- test for hypothesis testing at sig. level 0.01. The study, within the limitation finally concludes that the regular circuit training for eight weeks helps to decrease the body fat percentage of 18 to 24 year old boys.
Introduction In physical education and sports the basic aim of every physical training is to apply a series of stimuli (exercises) that will displace the homeostasis of the body’s functional system and provide a stimulus for adaptation and super compensation. If the training stimulus is not proper in either intensity or duration no adaptation will take place. When the body adapts this stimulus a different stimulus is required to continue the change. In order for a body to increase its physical, physiological, psychological status, it must be gradually stressed by working against a load greater than it is used to. In the present study researcher tried to find out the effectiveness of circuit training to reduce body fat percentage of 18 to 24 year old under graduate students. Circuit training consists of a series of exercises (circuit) arranged in order and designed to develop general body fitness. In fixed load circuits each player begins on circuit – ‘A’ and tries to complete a number of laps within a time limit. When this is achieved in successive training session, the player attempts circuit-‘B’, and so on. As body composition or body fat percentage is an important factor of health related fitness, the researcher tried to find out the effect of Circuit training on body fat percentage of 18 to 24 year old under graduate students in this study.
Objectives Of The Study
➢ The purpose of the study is to find out the effect of Circuit training on body fat percentage of 18 to 24 year old under graduate student. ➢ To see the body fat percentage of 18 to 24 year old under graduate student status and to provide guideline for training procedure. ➢ To compare how far the training effect on body fat percentage of control and experimental group.
Hypothesis Of The Study Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 35
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➢ H1: There will be no significance difference between the pre and post test of Control Group ➢ H2: There will be no significance difference between the pre and post test of Experimental Group. ➢ H3: There will be no difference between the post tests of Experimental and control groups
Scope Of The Study Apart from the college level population this study has scope for further research to evaluate the efficiency of the training on different age groups as well as physiological and psychological aspects of players
Delimitation&Limitation Of The Study Delimitations. ➢ The study was delimited to college student’s ages from 18 to 24 years. ➢ The study was delimited to body fat percentage of college students. ➢ The study was delimited to 30 student i.e.15 subjects as Control group and 15 as Experimental group.
Limitations ➢ The food habits of both groups (experimental group and control group) could not be control. ➢ Weather/climate may have effect on the training programme and performance is considered as limitation. ➢ The training age of the player is different i.e. between 18 to 24
Methodology • Design of the study: The Researcher used Randomized Groups, Pre-test-Post-test Design in present study. The entire subjects selected will be divided into two groups as this study consists of one Control group and the other Experimental group. • Sampling: In this study 30 subjects were selected randomly. The subjects were under graduate students of B.S.college, Basmat, . They were assigned to the experimental ( N=15) and control ( N=15) groups by random procedure.
• Selection of Variables ➢ Independent Variable - Circuit Training Programme Stations / Circuits of the training as shown in Table No-1 Table No.1 Sr.No. Station Exercise Repetition 01 Leg Exercise Up and Down 25 02 Back Exercise Good Morning 25 03 Arm & Shoulder Muscle Exercise Dips 20 04 Leg Muscle Exercise Jumping 25 05 Abdominal Exercise Sit- ups 10 06 Arm & Shoulder Exercise Rope climbing 3 07 Chest Exercise Bench Press 10 08 Abdominal Exercise Leg Raising on wall bar 15
➢ Dependent Variable - Body Fat Percentage • Procedure of the study: The researcher administered a pre-test as a measure of the dependent variable i.e. body fat percentage of both the experimental and control groups. Then the researcher introduced the treatment i.e. Circuit training programme only to the experimental group for a period of eight weeks from Monday to Saturday in the
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 evening. At the end of experiment, both the groups were administered the post-test as a measure of the dependent variable i.e. body fat percentage. • Collection of The Data The following procedure was applied during the pre and post tests to calculate body fat percentage of the subjects. The researcher used Sloan formula to calculate body fat. Skin fold measurements were taken by skin fold caliper from two cites i.e. thigh and sub-scapular skin folds .Both the skin fold measurements were taken from right side of the body in mm. Skin fold caliper was placed 1 cm away from thumb and finger, perpendicular to skin fold and halfway between crest and base of fold. Pinch was maintained with the skin fold caliper for 1 to 2 seconds before reading the caliper. Duplicate measurements were taken at each site and allowed time for skin to regain normal texture and thickness.
Statistical Procedure Data collected by the procedure was primarily analyzed by descriptive statistics Further looking towards the nature of the design of present study the researcher has applied ‘t’- test for hypothesis testing. ➢ Analysis of Data by Descriptive Statistics 1] Comparison between pre test and post test of control group Sr. Test Mean Mean S.D. No. Difference 01 Pre-test 19.79 0.27 2.35
02 Post-test 20.06 2.13
Observation Mean (Pre-test of control group) = 19.79 Mean (Post-test of control group) = 20.06 Post –test Mean > Pre-test Mean Mean Difference = 0.27
Interpretation Taking in to consideration the mean performance in pre-test and post-test, there is slight increase in the body fat percentage of control group in post-test. 2] Comparison between pre test and post test of Experimental group Sr. Test Mean Mean S.D. No. Difference 01 Pre-test 20.06 2.89 2.22 02 Post-test 17.17 1.52
Observation Mean (Pre-test of Experimental group) = 20.06 Mean (Post-test of Experimental group) = 17.17 Post –test Mean < Pre-test Mean Mean Difference = 2.89
Interpretation Taking in to consideration the mean performance in pre-test and post-test, there is significant decrease in the body fat percentage of Expt. group in post-test.
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2] Comparison between post tests of Experimental and Control group Sr. Group Mean Mean S.D. No. Difference 01 Experimental 17.17 2.89 1.52 02 Control 20.06 2.13
Observation Mean (Pot-test of Experimental group) = 17.17 Mean (Post-test of Control group) = 20.06 Post –test Mean of Expt. group < post-test Mean of Cont. group Mean Difference = 2.89 Interpretation Taking in to consideration the mean performance in post-tests of Expt. And Cont. groups, there is significant decrease in the body fat percentage of Expt. group in post-test. ➢ Hypothesis Testing : Looking towards the nature of the design of present study the researcher has applied ‘t’- test for hypothesis testing. ➢ H1: There will be no significance difference between the pre and post test of Control Group
1} Comparison between the pre and post test of Control Group Sr. Test N Mean S.D. df Table ‘t’ Value at Calculated Sig. level 0.01 ‘t’ value No.
01 Pre 15 19.79 2.35 14 2.98 0.163
02 Post 15 20.06 2.13
Observation - Calculated ‘t’ value = 0.163 Table ‘t’ value at Sig. level 0.01 = 2.98 Calculated ‘t’ value < Table ‘t’ value Interpretation – Since calculated ‘t’ value ( 0.163) is much smaller than table ‘t’ value at Sig. level 0.01 ( 2.98) , the gain or decrease of body fat level from pre-test to post-test is not significant and the hypothesis that there will be no significance difference between the pre and post test of Control Group is accepted. ➢ H2: There will be no significance difference between the pre and post test of Experimental Group.
1} Comparison between the pre and post test of Experimental Group Sr. Test N Mean S.D. df Table ‘t’ Value at Calculated Sig. level 0.01 ‘t’ value No.
01 Pre 15 20.06 2.22 14 2.98 3.315
02 Post 15 17.17 1.52
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Observation - Calculated ‘t’ value = 3.315 Table ‘t’ value at Sig. level 0.01 = 2.98 Calculated ‘t’ value > Table ‘t’ value Interpretation – Since calculated ‘t’ value ( 3.315) is much larger than table ‘t’ value at Sig. level 0.01 ( 2.98) , the decrease of body fat level from pre-test to post-test is significant and the hypothesis that there will be no significance difference between the pre and post test of Experimental Group is rejected. ➢ H3: There will be no significance difference between the post tests of Experimental and control groups
➢ 1} Comparison between the post tests of Experimental and Control Group Sr. Group N Mean S.D. df Table ‘t’ Value at Calculated ‘t’ No. Sig. level 0.01 value 01 Expt. 15 17.17 1.52 28 2.76 4.12 02 Cont. 15 20.06 2.13
Observation - Calculated ‘t’ value = 4.12 Table ‘t’ value at Sig. level 0.01 = 2.76 Calculated ‘t’ value > Table ‘t’ value
Interpretation – Since calculated ‘t’ value ( 4.12) is much larger than table ‘t’ value at Sig. level 0.01 ( 2.76) , the difference of body fat level is significant and the hypothesis that there will be no significance difference between the post tests of Experimental and control groups is rejected.
Conclusion The study, within the limitation finally concludes that circuit training can act as best stimulus. It will displace the homeostasis of the body’s functional system and provide a stimulus for adaptation and super compensation. So, the regular circuit training for eight weeks helps to decrease the body fat percentage of 18 to 24 year old boys. Recommendations ▪ Similar study may be under taken further for different age and sex groups. ▪ Similar study may be under taken further for different health related as well as performance related fitness factors. References: 1. A.W.sloan, ‘Estimation of body fat in young man’ journal of Applied physiology 23.311-315.1967 2. W.D.B. Hiller and P.S. Daulas et al., “cardiovascular Responses to Prolonged Cycling and Running,” Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 17:4(April 1985):219. 3. Hakkinen et al.(2005) “Effect of prolonged combined strengdend endurance training on physical fitness, body composition and serum hormannes in woen with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy control. “Clinical and Experricanatal Rheumatology-Journal of Rheumatology23(24):505-12 4. Venckunas et al., (2006), “Concentric myocardial hypertrophy after one year of increased training volume enexperienced distance runners.” British journal of sport medicine.;40;706709doi;10.1136/BJSM.2006.2783 5. Prakken (2009), “ Echocardiographic tissue deformation imaging of right ventricular systolic function in endurance athletes.” British Journal of Sport medicine. 6. B.Caruet,al., (1970) “ Maximal Aerobic and aerobic Muscular Power in football players”, The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 10:2:pp100. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 39
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Physical Fitness And Health Related Issues; An Analysis
Dr. S.M. Pandhare Director of Physical Education and Sports Gandhi Mahavidhyalaya.Kada. Tq.Ashti..Dist. Beed
Abstract: Physical fitness is one’s richest possession; it cannot be purchased and has to be earned through a daily routine of physical exercise. People, who possess optimal physical fitness, tend to look better, feel better and experience good health; all of which contributes to the quality of life. Physical fitness is necessary for success in most of the games and sports. Without a high level of physical fitness, an individual will not be able to withstand the stress and strain caused on the body by various games and sports. Fitness is defined as the quality or state of being fit and healthy.Around 1950, perhaps consistent with the Industrial Revolution and the treatise of World War II, the term "fitness" increased in western vernacular by a factor of ten. The modern definition of fitness describes either a person or machine's ability to perform a specific function or a holistic definition of human adaptability to cope with various situations. Physical fitness, in addition to bringing about performance in games and sports also help in prevention of injuries in the long run and is an inseparable part of sports performance and achievement. The quality of an individual sportsman’ fitness in terms of its utilitarian value is directly proportional to the level of performance. That means greater the level of fitness, the greater is the ability of a person to attain higher level of performance. Key Words: Physical fitness, health related issues.
Introduction: Physical fitness has been defined in various ways. Some define it as an absence of disease, and some rate this according to the amount of musculature developed, and few define physical fitness as the Having skill- related fitness means being able to carry out the special skills that are a necessary part of certain sports or activities. Physical fitness is one’s richest possession; it cannot be purchased and has to be earned through a daily routine of physical exercise. People, who possess optimal physical fitness, tend to look better, feel better and experience good health; all of which contributes to the quality of life. Physical fitness is necessary for success in most of the games and sports. Without a high level of physical fitness, an individual will not be able to withstand the stress and strain caused on the body by various games and sports. Physical fitness, in addition to bringing about performance in games and sports also help in prevention of injuries in the long run and is an inseparable part of sports performance and achievement. The quality of an individual sportsman’ fitness in terms of its utilitarian value is directly proportional to the level of performance. That means greater the level of fitness, the greater is the ability of a person to attain higher level of performance. Therefore choose this topic for research paper. Objective of research: 1. To overview on Physical fitness. 2. To study of Physical fitness and health related issues. 3. To explain health-related issues.
Research methodology: For the purpose of this study used distributional research methodology. It is part of social science research. To study the research topic i use scientifically analysis. In this method used secondary data tools for data collection. In this secondary data tools included reference books, research articles, Newspapers, journal, published and unpublished materials and also taken help of internet facilities. Overview on fitness Fitness is defined as the quality or state of being fit and healthy.Around 1950, perhaps consistent with the Industrial Revolution and the treatise of World War II, the term "fitness" increased in western vernacular by Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 40
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 a factor of ten.The modern definition of fitness describes either a person or machine's ability to perform a specific function or a holistic definition of human adaptability to cope with various situations. This has led to an interrelation of human fitness and attractiveness that has mobilized global fitness and fitness equipment industries. Regarding specific function, fitness is attributed to persons who possess significant aerobic or anaerobic ability, i.e. endurance or strength. A well-rounded fitness program improves a person in all aspects of fitness compared to practising only one, such as only cardio/respiratory endurance or only weight training. A comprehensive fitness program tailored to an individual typically focuses on one or more specific skills, and on age-or health-related needs such as bone health. Many sources also cite mental, social and emotional health as an important part of overall fitness. This is often presented in textbooks as a triangle made up of three points, which represent physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness can also prevent or treat many chronic health conditions brought on by unhealthy lifestyle or aging. Working out can also help some people sleep better and possibly alleviate some mood disorders in certain individuals. Developing research has demonstrated that many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as myokines, which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and various anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.
Concept of Physical fitness: Physical fitness has been defined in various ways. Some define it as an absence of disease, and some rate this according to the amount of musculature developed, and few define physical fitness as the Having skill- related fitness means being able to carry out the special skills that are a necessary part of certain sports or activities. Many activities that can help us become physically fit involve one or more of the parts of our skill- related fitness. The following six parts make up skill-related fitness: balance -the ability to keep from falling while standing still or moving; coordination -the ability to blend two or more body movements into a single action or into a series of actions reaction-time -the time it takes our body to move, once we decide to move; agility - the ability to move quickly and smoothly when changing body position or body direction; power-the ability to perform strength activities quickly; speed - the act of moving quickly. At the most general level, economists may define wealth as "anything of value" that captures both the subjective nature of the idea and the idea that it is not a fixed or static concept. Various definitions and concepts of wealth have been asserted by various individuals and in different contexts. Defining wealth can be a normative process with various ethical implications, since often wealth maximization is seen as a goal or is thought to be a normative principle of its own. A community, region or country that possesses an abundance of such possessions or resources to the benefit of the common good is known as wealthy. The United Nations definition of inclusive wealth is a monetary measure which includes the sum of natural, human, and physical assets. Natural capital includes land, forests, energy resources, and minerals. Human capital is the population's education and skills. Physical capital includes such things as machinery, buildings, and infrastructure.
Muscular Strength: It is the maximal ability of a muscle to generate force. It is evaluated by how much force a muscle (or muscle group) can generate during a single maximal contraction. Practically, this means how much weight that an individual can lift during one maximal effort. Muscular strength is important in almost all sports. Such as football, basketball, and events in track and field require a high level of muscular strength. Even non-athletes require some degree of muscular strength to function in everyday life. Muscular Endurance: It is defined as the ability of a muscle to generate force over and over again. Although muscular strength and muscular endurance are related, they are not the same. These two terms can be best distinguished by two examples. An excellent example of muscular strength is a person lifting a heavy barbell during one maximal muscular effort. in contrast, muscular endurance is illustrated by a weight-lifter performing multiple lifts or repetitions of a light weight. Most successfully played sports require muscular endurance.
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Flexibility: It is the ability to move joints freely through their full range of motion. Flexible individuals can bend and twist at their joints with ease. Without routine stretching, muscles and tendons shorten and become tight; this can retard the range of motion around joints and impair flexibility. Individual needs for flexibility vary. Certain athletes Such as gymnasts and divers require great flexibility in order to execute complex movements. The average individual requires less flexibility than the athlete; however, everyone needs some flexibility in order to perform activities of daily living. Cardio-respiratory: Endurance (sometimes called aerobic fitness) is considered to be a key component of health-related physical fitness. It is a measure of the heart’s ability to pump oxygen-rich blood to the working muscles during exercise. it is also a measure of the muscle's ability to take up and use the delivered oxygen to produce the energy needed to continue exercising. Body Composition: Refers to the relative amounts of fat and lean body tissue (muscle, organs, bone) found in our body. he rationale for including body composition as a component of health-related body composition as a component of health-related physical fitness is that having a high percentage of body fat (a condition known as obesity) is associated with an increased risk of CHD. Obesity increases the risk of development of type Il diabetes and contributes to joint stress during movement.
Conclusion: Physical fitness is a state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of sports, occupations and daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper nutrition, moderate-vigorous physical exercise, and sufficient rest.Before the industrial revolution, fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day’s activities without undue fatigue. However, with automation and changes in lifestyles physical fitness is now considered a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist hypokinetic diseases, and to meet emergency situations. Wealth is the abundance of valuable financial assets or physical possessions which can be converted into a form that can be used for transactions. This includes the core meaning as held in the originating old English word weal, which is from an Indo-European word stem. The modern concept of wealth is of significance in all areas of economics, and clearly so for growth economics and development economics, yet the meaning of wealth is context-dependent. An individual possessing a substantial net worth is known as wealthy. Net worth is defined as the current value of one's assets less liabilities
Reference Book: 1. Edwin J. McClendon; and Nancy L. Johnson (1987) – Health and wellness. 2. Scott K. Powers; and Stephen L. Dodd (1999) – Total fitness –Exercise, Nutrition and Wellness. 3. K.C. Shikar – Woman Sport’s. 4. O.P. Sharma – History of physical education. 5. Physical fitness.org.in 6. Kasapis C, Thompson PD (May 2005). "The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review". 7. Campbell KL, McTiernan A (January 2007). "Exercise and biomarkers for cancer prevention studies". 8. Nieman DC (March 1997). "Exercise immunology: practical applications". 9. Fairey AS, Courneya KS, Field CJ, Mackey JR (January 2002). "Physical exercise and immune system function in cancer survivors: a comprehensive review and future directions". 10. Kruijsen-Jaarsma M, Révész D, Bierings MB, Buffart LM, Takken T (1 January 2013). "Effects of exercise on immune function in patients with cancer: 11. Westcott WL, La Rosa Loud R (2014). "Strength for fat loss training". American Fitness.
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Physical Education’s Contribution To Fitness Health
Dr. Farooq Gafoor Saudagar, Dept. of Physical Education Milliya Sr. College Beed (MS)431122.
Abstract:- The purpose of this study was to assess physical activity levels during Maintain physical education practice. The data were considered in relation to recommended levels of physical activity to ascertain whether or not physical education can be effective in helping young people meet health-related goals. Recommendations advanced the importance of healthy active lifestyles, integrating health and physical education, promoting best practices, advancing the knowledge and skills around physical literacy, student and teacher assessment and community partnerships. The core of the Consensus Statement called for enhancing and maintaining the health and wellbeing of individuals. Key Word:- Transmitting Knowledge, Maintain physical education knowledge, Effective Health Process, Health integration, Students and Teacher Assessment, Community Partnership, Enhancing and maintaining the health.
Objectives:- 1. To analyze information, communicate effectively and the ability. 2. To act innovatively will be essential. 3. To develop more effective assessment leading to greater accountability. 4. To measure the impact of physical education. 5. To enhance apparent health benefits.
Hypothesis:- 1. Reframing health and physical education. 2. Rethinking the relationship between health and physical education. 3. World Health Organization. 4. Access to learning and its influence on health. 5. Special concerns of adolescents and youth.
Introduction:- An overview of the health situation of youth today is provided in this chapter, which also explores the serious health challenges this vulnerable group is facing within the context of local and global developments. Socio-economic, cultural, educational and other factors affecting young people’s health are examined, and reference is made to particular issues and areas of concern. Emphasis is given to the importance of involving young people in identifying problems and developing solutions to ensure that programmes, policies and health services address their needs. The young are the future of society, but they are also very much it’s present. Around half of the world’s inhabitants are under the age of 20. As evidence from statistics and the experience of youth-serving NGOs show, adolescents who are healthy and happy are better equipped to contribute to their communities as young citizens despite the major shifts occurring in the world they are about to inherit.1) Global interest in the health of adolescents and youth has manifested itself in the many expressions of commitment to their healthy personal, spiritual, social, mental and physical development. The 1990s saw the affirmation of worldwide commitments to adolescent and youth health that have been shaped within an international legal framework that has as its foundation the United Nations Charter and that reflects the WHO definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 disease or infirmity. One implication is that the international public health community must adopt an approach to adolescents and youth that goes beyond the health sector to elicit the active participation of all social factors, including young people themselves as agents of change.2) The services, commodities, information and skills needed to sustain healthy behaviour must be provided in the safest and most supportive of environments, building on the protective factors of family and community. An analysis of the mortality and nutritional indicators from the pre-school, primary, secondary and senior secondary levels show that under -nutrition and communicable diseases are the major health problems faced by majority of the children in this country. Therefore health is a critical input for the overall development of the child since it influences significantly enrolment, retention and completion of school. This subject area adopts a holistic definition of health within which physical education and yoga contribute to the physical, social, emotional and mental aspects of a child’s development.
➢ Use of transmitting knowledge:- School districts and municipalities throughout the Asian countries are under intense pressure to reform schools, raise graduation rates, and better prepare American youth for a workforce that must compete globally. Improving America’s educational system so that all students have access to a quality education is important but focusing on that system alone will not ensure the educational success of our nation’s young people. School leaders, city officials and parents may be overlooking powerful colleagues and resources in their reform efforts. Willing partners are operating in virtually every community in America. They are community-based, positive youth development agencies that are mentoring, training, educating, coaching, supporting, and guiding children and youth outside the schoolhouse door. Unfortunately, the programs of these organizations tend to be considered as solutions to particular problems or “nice” rather than necessary. The inspiring news is that these programs are actively helping educate our children. Although they may not be recognized as such, they are an under-leveraged resource that deserves to be a strategic partner with educators to ensure that every American child is ready for college, work and life.3) ➢ Role in the emotional problems of sports persons Stress, tension and anxiety are natural during practice period and competitions or tournaments. There may be some other emotional problems such as depression, frustration. Anorexia and panic etc the knowledge of sports psychology may be helpful in such situations. Techniques of relaxation and concentration for stress management can be applied on sportspersons who are under such problems. Conclusively, it can be said that sports psychology plays a very vital role in enhancing the performance of sportspersons. It deals with the various mental qualities such as concentration, confidence, emotional control and commitment etc., which are important for successful performance in sports and games. ➢ Enhancement of Physiological Capacities Sports psychology plays a very unique role in the enhancement of physiological capacities such as strength, speed and flexibility etc., Motivation plays a major role in the enhancement of physical capacity of sport persons. It is well-known as well as an established fact that psychological capacities or powers can increase physiological capacities of individuals. ➢ Gender exploitation:- The issue of gender equality remains relevant, especially where sex preference towards boys is common. Apparent social justification for such discrimination is a tenacious cofactor in provoking serious health (including mental health) and nutritional consequences. The availability of quantitative and qualitative indicators of the health effects of sex discrimination, sex preference and other factors of gender inequality in some regions may be limited by strong cultural, traditional or religious concerns. Gender stereotypes also interfere with the professional judgement of health workers concerning the sexual, reproductive and mental health both of adolescent girls and of young people whose sexual orientation remains uncertain.4) 102 associated sex-role stereotypes prevent women from even knowing they experience discrimination, sexual coercion, exploitation or abuse. In those countries for which preventing the sexual exploitation of the young is a priority, however, a minimum age for consensual sex has been established.
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➢ Environment for Young People’s Health While every country has some policy basis for action to promote adolescent and youth health, too few national health policies give specific attention to young people. Nonetheless, most United Nations specialized agencies are working to ensure that regional strategies and national plans for adolescent and youth health are being developed published and acted upon. The Millennium Development Goals underpin such plans. A successful adolescent and youth health policy, strategy, service, programme or project will almost certainly be interdisciplinary and extend beyond the health sector. The role of various social actors is already known and the effectiveness of youth participation acknowledged. The planning and policy frameworks exist at the international level and are to a large extent nationally adopted, though so far this has not guaranteed that community responses are appropriate, effective or efficient. In a variety of policy development processes, it is becoming more clearly recognized that adolescents and youth have specific needs. The means to ensure reliability, reliability, quality and cost-effectiveness in adolescent health programming are becoming more widely known and available to policy makers, health professionals, legislators and community leaders.5)
➢ Organized acting system of physical education:- In the same context, Bosnia & Herzegovina, as immanent part of Europe, passes through several simultaneous transition processes that all reflects Physical Education position. One of those processes is surely implementation of Bologna presumptions in higher education institutions, therefore those institutions that educate future Physical Education teachers. Second process is already for decades inherent as adoption of sport as industry in all life pores, and with specific and sometimes unacceptable ways of reflection on Physical Education as well as on its role. Furthermore, relations of Physical Education with medical postulates shows some kind of divergent degree that slowly establishes as inevitably cooperation with mutual benefits. All that because it is obvious that those two domains each with its own subject of examination and treatment; contain high degree of correspondence and interaction.6)
Conclusion:- Health professionals can contribute to the nurturing environment that should be provided by parents, community leaders and others who bear responsibility for the health of young people. Equally or even more important, however, is young people’s participation in all stages of health provision—including needs assessment, design, delivery and evaluation—to ensure that health responses are appropriate, effective and efficient. Promoting good health for young people depends a great deal on providing appropriate information and on facilitating the development of life skills through which youth acquire the ability to deal with sexuality in a mature manner, to exercise good judgement, to build and maintain healthy self-esteem, to manage emotions and feelings, and to handle pressure. Relevant efforts should build on the creative energies of youth and respect their rights and capacities for participation and leadership in decisions that affect their lives.
References:- 1. Chief executive officers of the largest worldwide non-formal educational organizations (World Alliance of Young Men’s Christian Associations, World Young Women’s Christian Association, World Organization of the Scout Movement, World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and International Award Association), The Education of Young People: A Statement at the Dawn of the 21st Century (Geneva, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2000). 2. Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice (DPI/511-40303- May 1987-50M), available at http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html. 3. Katz, I. (November 2010). Editorial retrieved from www.nationalassembly.org/documents/editorials/ ridingsupermanscape.docx. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 45
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4. P. Cochand, P. Moret and P. Singy, “Incidence du développement de l’identité sexuelle sur les risqué de contamination par le VIH chez les homosexuels et bisexuels de 25 ans et moins en Suisse romande” (Lausanne, Spring 2000). 5. WHO, Programming for Adolescent Health and Development: Report of a WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health… 6. Bailey, R. (2006). Physical education and sport in schools: A review of benefits and outcomes. Journal of School Health, 76(8), 397-401
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Muslim’s Problem and Issues Surviving in Conservative Perception
Mr. Gafoor Ahmed Shaikh, Dept. of Political Science Milliya Arts, Science & Management Science College Beed (MS)431122.
Key Word:- Muslims Problem and Issues, Hindu Muslim violence in India, Crisis in the Muslim Mind, The Historical Roots of the Crisis Change in the Political Base, The Negative Image of Islam and Muslims in the West, Problems and Practical Solutions to Tackle Extremism; And Muslim Youth and community Issue, International Politics, The crisis In Higher Education,The Economics of Education.
Objectives:- 1. To tackle the positivist epistemology this was detracting human beings from their sacred origins. 2. To believe that economic factors play a role in Creative productivity. 3. To seek solutions for this dilemma from the teachings of Islamic consciousness.
Hypothesis:- a) Islamic Religious knowledge. b) Secular Positivist thinking. c) Muslim Population in Europe. d) Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India. e) Crisis in Muslim thoughts. f) Negative perception for Muslims.
Introduction:- Indian Muslims are still in search of a pragmatic approach to resolve the perceived dilemma of living as a minority in a secular, democratic, and pluralistic country. The secular-religious dichotomy has clearly brought a divide between the „secular, positivist-thinking, modern Muslims‟ and the „men of religion‟. Absence of a foresighted leadership that can better explain how to live as a true, successful, creative, and productive Muslim within a constitutional democracy is at the root of this multi-faceted existential and identity crisis. This paper will attempt to seek solutions for this dilemma from the teachings of Risale-I Nur. Nurci, who treats Democracy and freedom as the necessary conditions for the existence of a just society, calls for individual-level rejuvenation of Islamic consciousness in order to „bring God back‟ to everyday life, and his main struggle was to tackle the positivist epistemology which was detracting human beings from their sacred origins. He taught that Parliamentary Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law are the most reasonable means for realizing a just society as well as for rejuvenating Islam; and this I believe, has a lot to offer to Indian Muslims in their bid for a successful transformation. This paper has four parts - first is on Indian Muslims, their legacy, and present condition; the second is on what I perceive as the „secular-religious dilemma‟, which I see as the root cause of Muslim backwardness in India. The third part introduces the life of Ustad Badiuzzaman Said Nursi and his Risala-i-Nur, and in the fourth, I present 15 reasons as to why I look up to Nursi‟s teachings for solving the problems of Indian Muslims. Nrusi helped Turkish Muslims adopt modernity without compromising their faith and cultural heritage, and without the usage of any form of violence or confrontation, despite being under extreme hostile situations created by an authoritarian and fundamentalist form of secularism. Therefore, I argue that his vision of mediating Islam with modernity will be more suitable and tenable for Indian Muslims who live in a democracy that defines secularism in terms of pluralism and co-existence of religions.
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Indian Muslims: Islam is the second-most practiced religion in India with around 15% of the country's population. Muslims in India form the world's third largest Muslim community after Indonesia and Pakistan, and the world's largest Muslim-minority population. India has a Vibrant Muslim culture1)
➢ Islamic Religious Ground:- Its vast landscape is dotted with mosques, Sufi shrines, Makatibs and Madaris. The call for prayer goes out even in remote towns and villages. Muslim rituals, symbols, and institutions are found everywhere. Eid festivals, Meeladunnabi celebrations, Muharram processions (by Shiites), Urs at Sufi mausoleums, grand Islamic conferences, where ordinary Muslims take part in hundreds of thousands, all occur in glitter and grandeur. They live under a constitutional democracy that guarantees protection of the fundamental rights of equality before the law, freedom to profess, practice, and propagate religion, and non-discrimination by the state against any citizen on grounds of religion.2) Islam in India unfolds a bewildering diversity of Muslim communities. Located in multiple streams of thought, their histories, social habits, cultural traits, and occupational patters vary from class to class, and region to region. They speak numerous dialects and languages and observe wide ranging regional customs and local rites. Their economic profile varies. There are many comfortably placed traders, businesspersons, merchants, professionals, politicians, celebrities and industrialists from them, but the vast majority of Muslims are impoverished peasants and landless laborers or industrial proletariat. However, after 60 years of independence, Indian Muslims as a whole paint a very grim picture of their condition, and are mired in countless problems and stuck with the prospects of a bleak future. Various studies have pointed out their social, economic, political, and educational backwardness. Of late, the government-appointed Sachar committee came out with a detailed report that showed their grossly deteriorated conditions.3) The report showed that though there is a considerable variation in the conditions of Muslims across states, the community exhibits deficits and deprivation in practically all dimensions of development. Exacerbating the problem, Muslims feel socially excluded, stigmatized and discriminated against, stressing that they become victims of stereotypes, social marginalization, and political extremism because of their different religious and cultural traditions. Sachar categorized issues of Muslims in terms of identity, security, and equity.
➢ The Muslim in Europe Also:- Today the Muslim population of non-Russian Europe is about twenty-one million. We do not know the precise numbers because few European countries include census questions on religion, and statistics are inferred from different bases. Some keep statistics by citizenship, some by birthplace, some by ethnicity, and some by religion. France, for example, which keeps statistics neither by ethnicity nor religion, probably has the largest but least precisely known numbers. It is clear, however, that the European Muslim population is young and fast-growing, in a continent of aging people. The recognition of the rapidly growing Muslim population has come as a shock. The years from 1950 to 1973 saw a rapid growth of foreign labor in Western Europe. At first it was drawn from adjacent or nearby European countries: France from Spain, Portugal, and Italy; Germany from Italy and Yugoslavia; and the United Kingdom from Ireland. It rapidly expanded to former colonial territories or furthers a field: to the United Kingdom from the Caribbean, India, and Pakistan; to France from Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco, and then from Sub- Saharan Africa; and to Germany from Turkey. Electorates fretted about the growth of strangers in their midst, but their concerns were largely about race and ethnicity. 4) With the rise of Islamic regimes in the Middle East and North Africa following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, European countries became uneasily aware that many of their ethnic-minority workers and their dependents were also Muslim. The discourse changed from race and ethnicity to religion and Islam. The shock has been particularly marked in Spain, Italy, and Greece, once the sources of emigrants to northern Europe and now themselves importers of Muslim workers and refugees. ➢ Hindu Muslim violence in India:- We study Hindu-Muslim conflict in post-Independence India through the lens of economics. We allow for two channels that link economics to conflict. Under the first, Hindu-Muslim violence is the systematic use of a particular marker religion, in this case for appropriating economic surplus, either directly through resource Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 48
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 grabbing or looting or indirectly through exclusion from jobs, businesses, or property. Under the second, existing intergroup hatreds are reignited or exacerbated by economic progress within one of the groups. Both approaches have the same formal representation, which makes robust predictions regarding the effect of group incomes on intergroup violence. We examine these predictions empirically. The recurrent episodes of Hindu-Muslim conflict in India going back to the partition and earlier form the motivation for this paper. Even if we exclude the enormity of human losses from religious violence during the partition, such conflict has continued through the second half of the twentieth century, accounting for over 7,000 deaths over 1950–2000. There is reason to believe that the situation may not have changed much since: witness, for instance, the rampant Hindu-Muslim violence unleashed in the Indian state of Gujarat in 2002. 5) ➢ Background on Hindu-Muslim Violence in India:- As already noted, Hindu-Muslim violence in India extends back to the pre-partition era. It reached a peak during the partition and then settled down to sporadic episodes with regular frequency, all the way up to the present day. Many thousands have died from it, not counting the loss of livelihoods or property. There is reason to believe that economic factors play a role in this violence, just as they do in religious or ethnic violence elsewhere. For instance, Upadhyaya (1992) documents the targeting of Muslim sari dealers in the 1991 Varanasi riots.6) They were clearly viewed as business rivals. A similar targeting of Muslim cloth manufacturers is seen in the case of the 1984 Bhiwandi riots; see Rajgopal (1987) and Khan (1992): Of Meerut, where Muslim power loom owners had started to diversify economic activity from cloth weaving and printing into other sectors, such as transport and auto repair, Engineer ð1987, 969Þ writes, “If ½religious zeal_ is coupled with economic prosperity, as has happened in Meerut, it has a multiplying effect on the Hindu psyche. The ferocity with which business establishments have been destroyed in Meerut bears testimony to this observation. Entire rows of shops belonging to Muslims . . . were reduced to ashes.” ➢ Crisis in the Muslim Mind:- There is general agreement that the Ummah is passing through an extremely difficult stage, one of disintegration and schism, loss of identity, failure of institutions, and inability to extract itself from its present state of bewilderment. There is also general agreement that change is needed. In particular. The Ummah became acutely aware of its problems following its early encounters with Western civilization in Egypt and Turkey. In the two centuries that have passed since then, the Ummah has suffered through periods of dictatorship and submission to foreign experiments with its political and administrative systems, its culture and business, ethical and social makeup, and science and art. None of this, however, has yielded the kinds of results that the Ummah wanted or hoped for. Instead, the Ummah found itself caught up in a vicious circle. What this means is that the leadership of the Ummah has been unable to determine the proper approach for bringing about the change needed to lead it toward its true objectives. After pondering the matter at length, looking at it from different perspectives, and considering objectively the attempts of the Ummah in the past to extract itself, we are convinced that the process of change must begin in the thought of the Ummah. This is because thought naturally precedes deeds, whether they prove to be correct or faulty.6) In his analysis of the crisis of the Muslim Ummah and its intellectual, methodological, and historical dimensions, the author takes a uniquely penetrating look at the problem.
The Historical Roots of the Crisis Change in the Political Base:- It should be quite clear from the preceding analysis that the Islamic solution must be applied if the Ummah is ever to resolve the crisis of its debilitation, factiousness, backwardness, and lack of civilization. The opening pages of this work briefly sketched the Ummah's efforts to extricate itself from the crisis and to institute reform when it found itself face to face with modern Western culture and forced to taste the bitterness of defeat at its hands. For the first time, the Ummah was confronted by a decidedly destructive enemy which threatened its entire civilization. In the foregoing pages, we reviewed how the Ummah has failed repeatedly in its attempts to liberate itself from the challenge of Western influence. As a result of the preceding analysis and what we see today, we have come to look at contemporary Islamic Isalah as the only way to deliver the Ummah
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 from its present woes and to free it from the vicious circle in which it finds itself enveloped. It is therefore all the more important that we understand the nature of the crisis and the axis on which it revolves. 7) In such an undertaking, we must be ready to plumb the depths and to ignore the superficial (regardless of the defects in our upbringing), the Shortcomings in our thinking, and our trepidations with regard to what we hold, legitimately or otherwise, to be sacred. Moreover, these influences persist beneath the surface of our caution about what we hold sacred, and thus paralyze our minds and souls, and prevent us from thinking seriously, from pondering these matters, and from wisely using our intellect in ways that lead to true accomplishment. It is therefore incumbent upon us to consider our present condition and every aspect of our long history. 8) ➢ The Negative Image of Islam and Muslims in the West:- The past three decades have produced a considerable increase in scientific and journalistic publications about Islam, the Muslim World, and the position of Muslims in Western Europe. This considerable growth has mainly been prompted by national and international developments, such as the Iranian Revolution, the Rushdie Affair, and the Gulf War, the war in former Yugoslavia, the revolution in Afghanistan and the growing significance of Islam as a political factor in the Muslim World. Daily events in which both the relationship between the Western and Muslim World and between Muslims and non-Muslims in Europe and North America is a central issue when combined with various publications on this topic show that the relationship between the groups concerned is a tense one. Mutual contacts are based mainly on stereotypes and prejudice, which are clearly observable in the various reports in the media in which Muslims are described as fanatics, irrational, primitive, belligerent, and dangerous. Such Generalizations and simplifications indicate that where expertise is lacking, fantasy surges ahead and where knowledge is faulty, emotion plays a central role in the regulation of the course of mutual relationships. Dating back to the eighties up to the present day, the media frequently refer to the alleged danger of Islam.9)
➢ Problems and Practical Solutions to Tackle Extremism; And Muslim Youth and community Issue:- The Muslim community in Britain is poorly-equipped to deal with these tensions, not due to the work of extremist imams, but exactly the opposite, due to the weakness of parents’ and imams’ positions in the face of disaffected youth exploring alternative and more challenging doctrines. Poverty of skills and resources in mosques exacerbate the weakness. Racialism within the Muslim community is a subtle feature of this Muslim community dysfunctionalism. Muslim leadership is wholly inadequate and unrepresentative. Most mosques are vigorously independent and only join together along ethnic and doctrinal faction lines meaning that there are no obvious satisfactory solutions that provide adequate quality of leadership. Most radical movements in the Muslim community attract youth to perfectly wholesome expressions of involvement in this society, and are indicative that they expect to have high expectations of realising their stake in Britain, rather than indicative of attempts to drive them into isolation from it.10) There are over one and a half million Muslims in Britain, and total mosque capacity is well in excess of half a million. Every Friday nearly every mosque is packed and spilling into the street. That means nearly every Muslim man and boy has some sense of being a practicing Muslim. That is not enough for many, especially some of the youngest generation. First generations migrants were and still are completely are taken up with basic economic security - job, roof and food, and not even halaal food. ➢ International Politics:- The continual series of upheavals in Muslim lands makes a constant impression on concerned Muslim youth, especially through harrowing scenes shown in mainstream news media. Kashmir, Afghanistan and Gujerat all have immediate resonance through family links and shared experiences. Palestine, Algeria and Iraq have a secondary impact because many mosques include a few people from those countries. Chechniya, Bosnia, Kosovo reinforce the sense of powerlessness, iniquity, proximity and hypocrisy. The result is constant refreshment of the arguments of radical politics and the significance of groups that claim to address these issues, such as Hizb-ut-Tahrir and Al Muhajiroun. However, and in spite of controversial rhetoric, there is a huge gap in such groups between impassioned speeches and practical action, whereas most Muslim youth recognise the ease with which it is possible to become directly involved by slipping away overseas and finding Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 50
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a way into a relevant group there on the ground. In other words there is no need to have an active recruiting network in Britain for guerrilla campaigns such as in Chechniya, Afghanistan, Kashmir or Iraq, and it is unlikely that these groups provide such a network.11) To gain credibility among angry young men, Al-Muhajiroun court notoriety by making claims about their involvement in violence. However there is little to suggest any substance to these claims. Hizb-ut-Tahrir in Britain is only loosely affiliated with similar Hizb-ut-Tahrir organisations overseas, and in the UK it is invariably restrained in its position on militancy, albeit with complex and ambiguous caveats The crisis In Higher Education:- The crisis in higher education in Muslim societies is manifested in myriad ways not the least of which are impacting socioeconomic development. Among the root causes of the crisis are those related to choice, content, quality and financial resources and issues of governance. It is said that Islamic education has not progressed much from its traditional form with its emphasis on Qur’anic and Hadith studies and while other societies have transformed their systems, Muslim countries are still grappling with the challenges of integrating within modern education. Another major concern is the accessibility of education to the people. The need to democratize access to education has been canvassed for some time but this has remained a long-standing problem in Muslim countries. It is obvious that the traditional system, without more, is unable to meet the needs of contemporary Muslim societies what with the additional pressures of globalization and the increasing need for education to produce problem-solving capacities. I believe all these issues are being discoursed in our two-day symposium and as such I shall confine my address today to the conceptual issues pertaining to the ummah and the intellectual crisis.12) ➢ The economics of education:- To begin with, there is a general perception in the discourse among many Muslim scholars that Western education and philosophy is secular and bereft of an ethical and moral Dimension. To my mind, this is unfounded. In John Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, it is clear that the driving Concern is morality which for him “is the one area apart from mathematics wherein human reasoning can attain a level of rational certitude.” In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which debunks the notion of him being the free market fundamentalist, Adam Smith asserts: How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortunes of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it, except the pleasure of seeing it.13) Expounding his moral philosophy, Nobel Laureate Amartyasen is of the view that Adam Smith has two fundamental propositions on the functioning of the economic system in general and of the market in particular.
Conclusion:- There is no reason why this process should be performed in a way that suggests an underhand motive because there are many in the Muslim community who are anxious to cultivate respect and responsibility in the community. There is no rational basis for fear of a negative reaction from the Muslim communities (except for a few known special cases) because critics would be among those who are pretty marginalised in the more substantial mosques and organisations. It is important to remind ourselves that Muslim societies will not be able to progress by merely resting on the laurels of its time honoured labels. It is doubtful indeed that anything productive can emerge from the exercise of finding fault with the Western systems. The crisis in higher education – and for that matter, crisis in education at all levels – is most acute in Muslim countries, not in the West. At the concluding remarks it can be said that by proper implementing the Islamic Law of Inheritance as well as the other Laws of Islam, it is possible for us to make sure peaceful environment in this world and can ensure peace in the life hereafter. It can also be told here that the findings of this study are not absolutely right Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 51
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 and universe. With the change of sample size and with time and space variation, the result may vary. But, it will be treated as a matter of thinking for them who want to do further research on this topic.
References:-
1. Rafeeq Zakariya, Indian Muslims: Where They Have gone wrong, (Mumbai, Popular Prakashan ltd, 2005), Ahmad, Sayed Naser. Origins of Muslim Consciousness In India: A World-System Perspective, (Westport, Greenwood Press, 1991), 2. See The Constitution o f India. It has proclaimed protection of the fundamental rights of equality before the law (Article 14), nondiscrimination in terms of employment and political participation (Article 16), freedom to profess, practice, and propagate religion (Article 25 to 27), 3. http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/sachar/sachar_comm.pdf To read the 425-page full report see, 4. Ceri Peach, “Post-War Migration to Europe: Reflux, Influx, Refuge,” Social Science Quarterly 78, no.2 (June 1997): 269- 283. 5. Indeed, as Esteban and Ray ð2008Þ and Ray ð2009Þ have argued, there may be good economic reasons for conflict to be salient along noneconomic ð“ethnic”Þ lines rather than along the classical lines of class conflict long emphasized by Marxist scholars. 6. See, e.g., Bohr and Crisp ð1996Þ on Kyrgyzstan, Andre´ and Platteau ð1998Þ on Rwanda, Horowitz ð2001Þ on the Ivory Coast and other regions, or Mamdani ð2010Þ on Darfur. 7. 'AbdulHamid A. AbuSulayman “ Crisis in the Muslim Mind” translation by Yusuf Talal DeLorenzo The International Institute of Islamic Thought Herndon, Virginia USA. P-1. 8. I bid P- 21 9. In: Shadid, W. & P.S.van Koningsveld (Eds.): (2002): Religious Freedom and the Neutrality of the State: The Position of Islam in the European Union. Leuven, Peeters, pp.174-196. 10. Mehmood Naqshbandi PROBLEMS AND PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO TACKLE EXTREMISM; AND MUSLIM YOUTH AND COMMUNITY ISSUES p- 6. 11. I bid P12. 12. Anwar Ibrahim at the Symposium on “Reform of Higher Education in Muslim Societies,” organized by the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) on December 9-10, 2013. 13. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-moral/ An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, in P.H. Nidditch (ed.), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, based on the fourth edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
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A Geographical Analysis of Crop Concentration In Ambajogai Tahsil of Beed District
Dr. Jaideep Ramkrishna Solunke Dept. of Geography Shri Panditguru Pardikar Mahavidyalaya, Sirsala, Tq.Parli -V., Dist.Beed-431128.
Introduction: Geography is a discipline of exploration and discoveries. The lure to know the known in geographical investigations is the result of geographical imagination embedded in the human intellect. The word ‘’geography’’ is derived from the Greek word ‘’geographia’’ Greek word ‘’geo’’ means earth and ‘’graphia‟ means description. It means geography is the discussion of the earth surface. In this sense geography is the science of earth surface. In the course of time this branch of discovery and explorations is very much developed. Hence, the nature and subject matter becomes very vast. Therefore, traditionally, geography is divided into two main branches. One of them is physical geography and another one is human geography. Due to development of science and technology, human geography is also developed in the course of time; therefore, it is also divided into two main sub branches. One of them is Economic geography and another one is social geography. Agricultural geography is one of the important and systematic branches of economic geography. This branch of knowledge scientifically studies the Spatio-temporal pattern of agricultural activities. Agriculture is one of the oldest and basic primary economic activities of the man. Generally; it is understood to mean both cultivation of food and fiber crops and raising of livestock. It has remained an important source of livelihood even today over the years in spite of growing industrialization and urbanization in the world and nearly 50 per cent of working population is still engaged in agriculture. In the developing countries, agriculture sector has been a principal source of employment and largest source of income also. However, it provides raw material to industry and much of export items. Agriculture in India is a major source of economy. It contributes 50 per cent to national income, gives direct employment to about 68 per cent of total population and nearly 90 per cent population to rural area, and provides nearly 35 per cent of country’s export, besides, supplying of wage goods required the non-agricultural section in industry. Hence, it is not surprising that agriculture in India has been receiving much attention in the sector allocation of inputs of in the five-year plans in India and therefore, top priority has been assigned to develop agricultural sector in our country. Keywords : Crop Concentration, High Concentration, Medium Concentration, Low Concentration
Study Area: Ambajogai Tahsil is Situated in The Souyh-east Maharashtra state. It lies between 9’ north Latitudes to 25’ north latiyudes and 54’ east longitude to 57’ east longitudes. It has an area of 94190.29 sq. hectare. As compared to Beed district the area of ambajogai tehsil is 29.76%. Ambajogai tahsil is bounded by Parali Tahsil towards north and east, north–west by Dharur tehsil, west by keij tahsil, and south by Latur District and south-west by, Osmanabad district.
Objectives: 1. To Study the role of Crop Concentration in Ambajogai Tahsil. 2. To Study the Population characteristics and its effect on Agriculture.
Database and Methodology: For the present research work data are collected from both the sources – Primary and Secondary. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and other data collection techniques from different sources. Secondary data will be collected from Socio-Economic Abstracts, District Census Handbooks, Gazetteers, Agricultural Epitomes, Periodicals and offices like Department of Agriculture, Irrigation Departments, and ZillaParishad etc
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Crop Concentration in Ambajogai Tahsil :-: From a Concentration of a Specific Elements or Agriculture we Usually Make Out That There is a Concentration of a recognizable Degree of a Particular Element in an Area. Crop Concentration Means the Variation in The Density of Any Crop in an Area or Region. The Concentration of a Crop in an Area Largely Depend on its terrain, Temperature, Moisture and Pedagogical Conditions. It has Tendency to High Concentration in the Areas of Ideal Agro-Climatic Condition and the Density Declines as The Geographical Condition Become Less Conductive. Delineation of Crop Concentration Region Help in Ascertaining the Areas Where a Particular crop Grows Well Even With the Help of Minimum Inputs and Thus Has Great Significance for Agricultural Development and Planning. The General Concentration of an enterprise (Crop or Livestock) can be Quantified with the help of Location quotient or by Coefficient of Localization in the Late Forties This Technic was Primarily to Study Industrial locations, Florence (1998). The Techniques of Identifying Crop Concentration Are Largely Comparable to the Method Employed by Some Urban Geographers Like Pownall (1953) Webb (1959) etc. The results are far-reaching as to give us as Idea of the level of Crop Concentration. Higher The Crop Concentration index, Higher is the Level of The Interest in the Producation of the Crop. In Oder to Determine in the Regional Concentration of Crop Bhatias (1965) Method Used For The Calculation Of Location Quotient. The Following Formula is used for The Concentration of Crop.
Index for Delerming Area of Crop ‘a’ in the Area of crop ‘a’ in Concentration of Crop = component areal unit ÷ the entire region The Component Area of all Crop in Area of all crops in The Areal Unit entire region
By Applying The Above Technique, if the Index value ins Great Than Unity, the Component Areal Unit Account For a Share greater Than it Would have had if The Distribution were Uniform in the Entire Region and Therefore, The areal Unit has a Concentration of Great Agricultural Significance. After Areal Units, They Are Arranged in an Ascending or Descending Order. The Index Scale is Calculated, by Dividing The Array Into Equal parts to Distinguish the very High, Medium, Low, Very Low Concentration. In General, higher the Crop Concentration Index, Higher is the level of Interests in the Production of the Crop. For the measuring Crop Concentration in Ambajogai Tahsil. It is Enough to Focus Attention Only On The Important Crops i.e. Rice, Jowar, Tur, Udid, Mug, Safflower and Soybean. The Pattern of Concentration for the Different Crops Under Consideration is Described. The indicated of Crop Concentration are Calculated for the periods. i.e. 2007-08 to2017-18.
Tabal No. 1.1 Crop Concentration Changing In Ambajogai Tahsil :Location Quotient Circle Yea Ri Whe Jow Gra Tu Udi M Sugerc Cott Sunfllo Soyabe Baj Grou r ce at ar m r d ug ane on wer an ra nd nut Ambajog 200 1.3 0.45 0.45 2 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.52 1.50 1.34 1.23 1.90 0.38 ai 7- 1 0.94 1.14 0.84 6 1 3 2.28 0.93 0.99 0.54 1.26 0.08 08 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.9 201 8 3 0 4 7- 18 Bardapur 200 1.4 0.93 0.62 1.81 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.55 1.85 1.58 0.92 0.18 0.39 7- 4 1.14 1.06 0.93 2 6 7 0.29 0.61 1.11 0.32 1.04 0.07 08 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 201 4 5 0 2 7- 18
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Ghatnan 200 0.6 1.20 1.35 0.26 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.53 0.61 0.62 0.65 0.85 1.44 dur 7- 5 0.95 0.88 1.18 0 1 7 0.55 1.28 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.14 08 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.0 201 5 4 4 6 7- 18 L.Sawarg 200 0.7 1.36 1.44 0.23 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.58 0.28 0.63 1.19 0.93 1.60 aon 7- 3 1.00 0.93 0.92 8 0 6 0.54 1.10 0.93 1.30 0.81 0.14 08 0.0 1.0 0.7 0.9 201 3 9 8 9 7- 18 The Crop Concentration is Grouped Under Three Categories – 1. High Concentration Above -1% 2. Medium Concentration (0.80 to 0.99%) 3. Low Concentration Below -0.80%
1. Rice :- Indicated That Ambajogai and Bardapur Circle Have Registered high Degree of Concentration Under Rice During 2007-08. Moderate Concentration was found in Bardapur During 2017-18. While low Concentration was Observed in Ghatnandue and L.sawargaon Circles During 2007-08. Whereas Low Concentration was Observed in Ambajogai and L.Sawargaon During 2017-18. 2. Jowar :- Ghatnandur and L.Sawargaon Circle are in the High degree of Jowar Concentration. Whereas in the moderated Degree of Concentration in the Ghatnandur and L.Sawargaon During 2017-18 Circles. While low Concentration in Ambajogai and Bardapur During 2007-08. 3. Tur :- High Degree of Tur Concentration was Found in Ghatnandur and L.Sawargaon Circles. Whilw Low Degree of Tur Area Concentration Observed in Ambajogai and Bardapur Circle. During the Period of 2007-08. The period of Investigation in 2017-18 High degree of Tur Concentration was Recorded in Bardapur and L.Sawargaon Ciecle. Whereas Moderate Degree of Tur Area Concentration Observed in Ambajogai and Ghatnandur. 4. Udid :- The Period of investigation 2017-18 High Degree Concentration in Area Under Udid was Experienced in Ambajogai, Bardapur and Ghatnandur circles. While Moderate degree of Udid Concentration was recorded in Ambajogai and Bardapur During the period of 2007-08. Whereas Low Degree Concentration Area Udid was Found in L.Sawargaon Circle. 5. Soyabean :- During the Period 2017-18 High degree of Soyabean Concentration was Recorded in Bardapur and L.Sawargaon Circle. Whereas Moderate Degree Of Concentration in Ghatnandur Circle and Low Degree Concentration of Soyabean was Found in Ambajogai Circle. 6. Wheat :- During the Period 2017-18 High Degree of Wheat Concentration was Recorded in Ghatnandur and L.Sawargaon Circle. Whereas Moderate Degree of Concentration in Bardapur Circle and Low Degree Concentration of Wheat was Found in Ambajogai Circle. 7. Gram :- During the Period 2007-08 High Degree of Gram Concentration was recorded Ambajogai, in Circle. Whereas Moderate Degree of Concentration in Ghatnandur, Bradapur and L.Sawargaon Circle. 8. Mung :- During the Period 2007-08 High Degree of Mung Concentration was Recorded in Ambajogai and Bardapur Circles. Whereas Moderate Degree of Concentration in Ghatnandur Circle. Low Degree of Concentration was Recorded in L.Sawargaon Circle.
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9. Bajara :- During the Period 2007-08 High Degree of Bajara Concentration was recorded in Ambajogai Circle. Whereas moderate Degree of Concentration in Ghatnandur and L.Sawargaon circle. Low Degree of Concentration was recorded in Bardapur Circle.
Conclusion: The government provides subsidy on the purchasing of high yielding variety of seeds. But the use of all these high yielding variety of seeds is possible only when the timely and assured water supply is available. Assured water cannot be supplied by canals. So small farmers cannot use proper and improved it is only the wells which can fulfill the demands of these new hybrid seeds, it is because these seeds require goods and sound watering. In the worse condition of small and marginal farmers the inadequacy of water was the main reason. They are economically backward, illiterate and do not have easy access to credits and loans facilities which make their condition worse in comparison to medium and large farmers who are prosperous.
References: 1. Datye V.S. and Gupte S.C. (1984) ‘Association between Agricultural Landuse and Physio-economic Phenomena A Motivate Approach, Translocation, Institute of Indian Geographers, Vol. 6, pp. 61-72. 2. Jagdish C. Kuniyal (1987) ‘Crop Concentration & Diversification in National District, U.P. Himalaya’, The National Geographical Journal of India, Vol.33, (part 2) June 1987, pp. 3. Sharma S.K. and Jain Ajitkumar (1988) ‘Diffusion of innovations in the cotton growing tract of Madhaya Pradesh’, The geographer, Vol. XXXV, No.2, July 1988, pp 34-44.
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A Study of Performances of Indian Football Team: Ahistorical View
Dr. A. D. Tekale Physical Instructor S.P.P. College Sirsala, Ta- Parli, Dist. Beed.
Abstract The origin of football in India can be traced back to mid-nineteenth century when the game was introduced by British soldiers. Initially, games were played between army teams. However, clubs were soon set up around the country. Calcutta FC was the first club to be established in 1872, though reports suggest that they were initially a rugby club and switched their attentions to football as late as 1894. India had well performed history in football game.The history of the India national football team dates back to the 1920s. They have never played in the World Cup although they qualified in 1950. They have had no entries in the tournament from 1950 onwards. Football teams consisting of entirely Indian players started to tour Australia, Japan, Indonesia, and Thailand during the late 1930s. The first international match India played before independence is yet to be verified, but the very trace of it can be found in the match India played overseas against Ceylon in 1933. Keywords: - Indian football team, performances history.
Introduction The origin of football in India can be traced back to mid-nineteenth century when the game was introduced by British soldiers. Initially, games were played between army teams. However, clubs were soon set up around the country. Calcutta FC was the first club to be established in 1872, though reports suggest that they were initially a rugby club and switched their attentions to football as late as 1894. Other early clubs include Dalhousie Club, Traders Club and Naval Volunteers Club. Several other football clubs like Sovabazar, Mohun Bagan and Aryan Club were established in Calcutta around the 1890s. Calcutta, then capital of British India, soon became the hub of Indian football. Tournaments like Gladstone Cup, Trades Cup and Cooch Behar Cup was also started around this time. The Durand Cup and IFA Shield were both started in late nineteenth century.The first Indian team to achieve success was Sovabazar Club, which won the Trades Cup in 1892. Mohun Bagan Athletic Club was set up in what is now West Bengal in 1889. The club became famous in 1911 when it became the first Indian team to lift the IFA Shield, a tournament previously won only by British teams based in India. It defeated the East Yorkshire Regiment 2–1 in the final of the tournament in a victory that is still regarded by many as the greatest win by an Indian team before Independence. India had well performed history in football game.The history of the India national football team dates back to the 1920s. They have never played in the World Cup although they qualified in 1950. They have had no entries in the tournament from 1950 onwards. India have never won the final of the Asian Championship but managed their best ever finish by making it to the final in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup. They have only made three appearances since then The first known official international tour of the Indian team which at that time consisted of both Indian and British players was in 1924, when it was led by legendary Indian footballer Gostha Paul. Football teams consisting of entirely Indian players started to tour Australia, Japan, Indonesia, and Thailand during the late 1930s. The first international match India played before independence is yet to be verified, but the very trace of it can be found in the match India played overseas against Ceylon in 1933. It was India's second international tour, where Gostha Paul led his side to victory by 1–0 score
Objectives of research: 1) To overwise on Olympic competition and games. 2) To study Olympic performances. 3) To study of performances of Wrestling in Olympic games.
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Research Methodology: For the purpose of this study used social science research methodology to study the research topic Used scientifically analysis. In this method used secondary data tools. In this secondary data tool used reference books. Research articles, newspapers, journals, published and unpublished materials and also taken help of internet facilities. 1950 to 1970 India managed to qualify for the 1950 FIFA World Cup finals, which was scheduled to take place in Brazil; where it was drawn with Sweden, Italy, and Paraguay. This was not due to any success on the pitch, but due to the fact that all their opponents during the qualifying round, withdrew from the pre-tournament qualifiers.However, India themselves withdrew from the World Cup finals before the tournament was to begin. The All India Football Federation gave various reasons for the team's withdrawal, including travel costs, lack of practice time, and valuing the Olympics above the World Cup.Despite the reason given out from the AIFF, many football historians and pundits have repeated the tale that India withdrew from the World Cup due to FIFA imposing a rule banning players from playing barefoot. However, according to the then captain of India, Sailen Manna, the story of the team not being allowed to play due to wanting to play barefoot was not true.Since then, India has not come close to qualifying for another World Cup.Despite not participating in the World Cup in 1950, the following years after, from 1951 to 1964, are usually considered to be the "golden era" of Indian football. India, coached by Hyderabad City Police head coach Syed Abdul Rahim, became one of the best teams in Asia. In March 1951, Rahim lead India to their first ever triumph during the 1951 Asian Games. Hosted in India, the team defeated Iran 1–0 in the gold medal match to gain their first trophy.Sahu Mewalal scored the winning goal for India in that match. The next year India went back to the Olympics but were once again defeated in the first round, this time by Yugoslavia and by a score of 10–1, Upon returning to India, the AIFF made it mandatory for footballers to wear boots.After taking the defeat in Finland, India participated in various minor tournaments, such as the Colombo Cup, which they won three times from 1953 to 1955. Thereafter, In 1954, India returned to the Asian Games as defending champions in Manila. Despite their achievement three years prior, India were unable to go past the group stage as the team finished second in Group C during the tournament, two points behind Indonesia.Two years later, during the 1956 Summer Olympics, India went on to achieve the team's greatest result in a competitive tournament. The team finished in fourth place during the Summer Olympics football tournament, losing the bronze-medal match to Bulgaria 3–0. The tournament is also known for Neville D'Souza's hat-trick against Australia in the quarterfinals. D'Souza's hat-trick was the first hat-trick scored by an Asian in Olympic history and he was the highest goal scorer in that edition of the games along with Todor Veselinović of Yugoslavia and Dimitar Milanov of Bulgaria, 4 goals scored by each. India began the 1960s with 1960 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers. Despite the qualifiers for the West Zone being held in Kochi, India finished last in their qualification group and thus failed to qualify for the tournament Despite the set-back, India went on to win the gold medal during the Asian Games for the second time in 1962. The team defeated South Korea 2–1 to win their second major championship.To qualify for the 1960 Summer Olympics, India took part in the qualification round were in the first round, they defeated Afghanistan in the 1st leg by 5–2, and withdrew from the 2nd, India proceeded to the second round where they defeated Indonesia in both legs by 4–2 & 2–0, they qualified for 1960 Summer Olympics which is their last till now. Two years later, following their Asian Games triumph, India participated in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup after all the other teams in their qualification group withdrew. This was India's first Asian Cup appearance. Despite their automatic entry into the continental tournament, India managed to finish as the runners-up during the tournament, losing out to the hosts, Israel, by two points. This remains India's best performance in the AFC Asian Cup.India returned to the Asian Games in 1966. Despite their performance two years prior during the AFC Asian Cup, India could not go beyond the group stage as the team finished third, behind Japan and Iran. 1971to 1999 Four years later to 1966 Asian Games, India participated at the 1970 Asian Games, where they came back and took third place during the tournament. The team defeated Japan 1–0 during the bronze-medal match.In 1974, India's performance in the Asian Games once again sharply declined as they finished the 1974 Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 58
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 edition in last place in their group, losing all three matches, scoring two, and conceding 14 goals in the first round. India then showed steady improvement during the 1978 tournament, finishing second in their group of three. The team were then knocked-out in the next round, finishing last in their group with three defeats from three matches. In 1984, India managed to qualify for the AFC Asian Cup for the first time since their second place triumph in 1964. During the 1984 tournament, India finished in last place in their five team group in the first round.Despite India's decline from a major football power in Asia, the team still managed to assert its dominance as the top team in South Asia. India managed to win the football competition of the South Asian Games in 1985 and then again won the gold medal in 1987. The team then began the 1990s by winning the inaugural SAFF Championship in 1993. 2000 to 2010 India's first competitive matches of the 21st century were the 2002 FIFA World Cup first round qualifiers. Despite a very bright start, defeating the United Arab Emirates 1–0, drawing Yemen 1–1, as well as two victories over Brunei, including a 5–0 victory in Bangalore, India finished a point away from qualification for the next round. In 2003, India took part in the 2003 SAFF Championship. The team qualified for the semi- finals but fell to Bangladesh 2–1.Later in 2003, India participated in the Afro-Asian Games being held in Hyderabad. Under the coaching of Stephen Constantine, India managed to make it to the final of the tournament after defeating Zimbabwe, a team ranked 85 places above India in the FIFA rankings at the time, 5–3. Despite the major victory, during the gold-medal match India were defeated 1–0 by Uzbekistan U21 India winning the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup. Constantine was replaced by Syed Nayeemuddin in 2005 but the Indian head coach only lasted for a little over a year as India suffered many heavy defeats during the 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers. During this time India were defeated 6–0 by Japan, 3–0 by Saudi Arabia and Yemen respectively at home, and 7–1 away in Jeddah. Former Malmö and China coach Bob Houghton was brought in as head coach in May 2006.Under Houghton, India witnessed massive improvement in their football standing. In August 2007, Houghton won the country the restarted Nehru Cup after India defeated Syria 1–0 in the final. Pappachen Pradeep scored the winning goal for India that match. The next year, Houghton lead India during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup, which was hosted in Hyderabad and Delhi. During the tournament, India breezed through the group stage before defeating Myanmar in the semi-finals. In the final against Tajikistan, India, through a Sunil Chhetri hat- trick, won the match 4–1. The victory not only earned India the championship but it also allowed India to qualify for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, the nation's first Asian Cup appearance in 27 years. 2011 to 2020 After participating the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, India's quest to qualify for the 2015 edition of the tournament began in February 2011 with AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers. Bob Houghton decided to change the makeup of the India squad, replacing many of the aging players from the Asian Cup with some young players from the AIFF development side in the I-League, Indian Arrows. Even with a young side, India managed to qualify for the AFC Challenge Cup with ease.Despite the good result though with a young side, the AIFF decided to terminate the contract of Bob Houghton. India played its first match in 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification on 21 March winning 3–0 against Chinese Taipei, with Jewel Raja Shaikh, Sunil Chhetri and Jeje Lalpekhlua scoring the goals. On 23 March they faced Pakistan. India came from behind and defeated Pakistan 3–1 with Jeje Lalpekhlua scoring 2 goals and Steven Dias scoring one. On 25 March they faced Turkmenistan in their last 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualifying game and. India drew the game 1–1. The result meant that they finished on top of Group B and qualified for the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup.After having Dempo coach, Armando Colaco, as interim head coach, the AIFF signed Savio Medeira as head coach in October 2011.Despite leading India to another SAFF Championship victory, Medeira lead India to their worst performance in the AFC Challenge Cup in March 2012. The team lost all three of their group matches, unable to score a single goal during the tournament. After the tournament, Medeira was replaced as head coach by Dutchman, Wim Koevermans. Koeverman's first job as head coach was the 2012 Nehru Cup. India won their third successive Nehru Cup, defeating Cameroon side on penalties. By March 2015, after not playing any matches, India reached their lowest FIFA ranking position of 173.
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Conclusions India had well performed history in football game.The history of the India national football team dates back to the 1920s. They have never played in the World Cup although they qualified in 1950. They have had no entries in the tournament from 1950 onwards. India have never won the final of the Asian Championship but managed their best ever finish by making it to the final in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup. They have only made three appearances since then The first known official international tour of the Indian team which at that time consisted of both Indian and British players was in 1924, when it was led by legendary Indian footballer Gostha Paul. Reference books
1. "INDIA FOOTBALL". Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. 2. "1938 Indian Tour of Australia". ozfootball.net. Australian Online Football Museum. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. 3. Greg Stock, Thomas Esamie,John Punshon. "Socceroo Internationals for 1938". ozfootball.net. 4. "Matches 1938". fifa.com. FIFA. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. 5. "The first volume of the national football century (1913-1948)". Retrieved 20 August 2018. 6. "Almost famous - The journey of the first Indian international football team at the 1948 Olympics". sportskeeda.com. 7. "When India almost beat France at Football". Sportstarlive. The Hindu. Retrieved 27 September 2018. 8. "fifa 1948 India olympic story". fifa.com. FIFA. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. 9. "Sailen Manna". economist.com. The Economist. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018 10. Amitabh, Sharma. "India's greatest footballer Sailen Manna". sportstarlive.com. Sportstar. 11. Kapadia, Novy (2 July 2013). "The 1950 FIFA World Cup: A missed opportunity for India". SportsKeeda. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017.
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A Study Of Yoga And Its Benefits For Sports With Special Reference For Women
Dr.S.A. Wangujare Director of Physical Education Adv.B.D.Hambarde Mahavidhyalaya Ashti Tq.Ashti.Dist.BEED Mr.B.S. Molane Director of Physical Education Ardhanari Nateshwar Mahavidhyalaya Velapur Dist.Solapur
Introduction Yoga is the gift of nature to human life. It is most useful activity for best performance in sports. It is activity of exercise. The art of Yoga has its roots in ancient Indian tradition. Yoga is not about only exercising, but it is a physical, mental and spiritual practice. Recently Indian prime minister Narendra Modi asked to adopt this ancient Indian art during his speech in United Nations General Assembly.so it is most beneficial for body fitness. Among the various fitness activities and drills, it is crucial for cricketers around the globe to sign up for Yoga as it not only helps keeping a track of his mental and physical health, but also helps improving reflections and overall strengthening of the body. It is a known fact that a strong and well-maintained body is less prone to injuries, A woman body is exclusive, for it is clear by transition through youth, the productive time, menopause and post menopause the knowledge stage. At what time a woman can maintain balanced and pleasant-sounding reproductive scheme, it leads to greater energy and happy wellness. Be supposed to women practice yoga any differently from men? How might a woman modify her practice to be in accord with the changes her body undergoes throughout a life time? A yoga practices has the potential to support positive transformation through these natural cycles. Women have must, not only, take care of their domestic duties with efficiency and grace, but also work outside the four walls justifying their education and intellectual capabilities. Yoga is a means to achieving sanity and serenity in their trying and taxing world. With this important Therefore I choose this topic for research paper
Objectives of research 1) To explain Concept and procedure of yoga. 2) To overview on Yoga. 3) To study importance of Yoga and its benefits for specially women.
Research methodology The purpose of the study of importance of Yoga and its benefits for Women is used by man, Women performers, coaches and officials to try to improve performance and human life. For the purpose of this study used social science research methodology to study the research topic Used scientifically analysis. In this method used secondary data tools. In this secondary data tool used reference books. Research articles, newspapers, journals, published and unpublished materials and also taken help of internet facilities. For this paper researcher is used descriptive research methodology and scientific analysis. Benefits of Yoga for sports performance- specially for women Players mind become relax and refresh by doing Yoga. Yoga helps us regulate our breath through a series of breathing exercises and pranayama Yoga can also heal people suffering from pulmonary disorders through correct and regular practice. Yoga is the perfect recovery activity for runners. Yogic stretches helps relieve soreness, heal the muscles, strengthens them, prevent stiffness which in turn helps one run better. Yoga not only helps strengthen the body, improve flexibility and agility but it is also one of the best ways to heal injuries and also prevent several aches and pains. That is the reason, yoga is meant for one and all. . Yogic kriyas and bandhas like Nauli, Agnisaar, Udyan Bandha are the best ways to detox and make the core stronger.
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Several asanas like Navasana, Kumbhakasana, Vashishthasana, Adho Mukha Svanasana, etc works wonders on the core. Sleep deprivation, disturbed sleep, insomnia are very common problems faced by several people, today. Good, sound sleep is one of the most important requirements of a healthy mind and body. Lack of sleep can lead to increased risk of heart diseases, kidney problems, high blood pressure, diabetes, etc. One of the best way to deal with It’s an effective method of dealing with and preventing a host of health problems. Migraine is one such common condition that many suffer from. Practise of simple yoga postures like Hastapadasana, Setu Bandhasana, Balasana, Marjarasana, etc along with Pranayama helps cure and prevent migraine.this problem is yoga. Asanas like Balasana, Uttanasana, Supta Baddha Konasana, Viprit Karni, Savasana and the bee breathing technique called Brahmari helps improve the quality of one’s sleep. We stand and sit straight due to the normal and erect spinal cords. The help of yoga exercise of Flexion, Extension,and Rotation, Side bending and axial extension. Makes you happier the yoga, exercises in their life may help them to attain inner peace. On behalf of the things, it is necessary for the women to have knowledge about such yoga exercises of Padmasana, Dansana, Gomukhasana and Sucirandhrasana.Yoga helps women in receiving pregnant as normal yoga practice increases ovulation and hormonal balance. Those women practice yoga have double the chances of getting pregnant as there is reduced stress and increased blood circulation to the reproductive organs.Few women have a bad opinion in dealing with their irregular shaped body. However, with the help of the relevant yoga practices, you can bring an evolution in your body postures. As the yoga involves in various posters, you can correct up things where you are weak at it. Yoga benefits for women in proper metabolism functioning thus helps in maintain healthy body weight and calculating hunger. Regular yoga practice helps to achieve balance and more resourceful metabolism.Joints are the important part of human body, which helps us to stand straight. Beyond our needs, the yoga practices help you to deal things efficient. You can consider the asana mentioned for the body balance and the spine health. It may help you to know things in a regular basis. On behalf of the right ones, you should carry up the right corrective yoga measures that help you in losing your weight significantly. We are living in the world where women are affected with diabetes. Danurasana, the means of bow pose, Paschimottanasana, the means of forward bend, Sarvangasana, the means of shoulder stand, Halasana, the means of plough pose, Bhujangasana, the means of cobra pose. You can surely keep your body sugar levels under your control. Women should learn such things probably to keep their body strong and healthy. Yoga has all benefits inside it. Around the world, many people are suffering from the breathing problems. It may be due to the hereditary issues or it may be due to some allergic reaction in the body. In order to overcome such facts, you should be very keen in noticing down the yoga asana for better breathing. For Example Padangusthasana, Marjaryasana, Bitilasana. UtttanaShishosana etc. Yoga greatly helps in handling pain due to arthritis, back pain, carpal passage disorder and various types of chronic pain. Yoga benefits for women in reducing the stress, which in turn lower your body’s sensitivity to pain. The sharp memory power can help you to come under with various things. One can keep their memory power high by practicing reliable yoga forms daily. The women powerfully practices yoga for importanttime, she may never get artificial with such deadly diseases. Meet some important information, which brings you the right overhaul to your mind.I hope you can understand the deep things further than the word Yoga. Try to learn many hidden benefits of yoga for women and men.ArdhaMatsyendrasana, BaddhaKonasana, Ustrasana, Halasana,Anuvittasana, Urdhva Dhanurasana. Practicing yoga previous going to cot helps to relax and unwind.If you want to live a healthy and disease free life, there is nothing better than yoga.Due to the daily environment, the women may attain work pressure both inside and outside the house. Some yoga asana like Padmasana and other asana, factually helps you to keep your tension out of home. Practicing yoga forms daily, you can control your mind and keep it under disciplinary manner. Women can continue doing exercises, which may cope their health up to the normal cases. The yoga exercise also helps them to keep their digestive track healthy.The right yoga practices help you to have a healthy and glowing skin.Padmasana, AdhoMukhaSvanasana, Dhanurasana,Sarvangasana, Halasana, Shavasana. Women though held up in various everyday jobsmust have awareness in their family as well as the official works. When you sit on ground, try to experience Pathmasana, which helps you in your day-to-day chores too. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 62
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Conclusion Yoga is activity of exercise. It provides positive energy to our body. By doing its we achive well body fitness.and achive success in sports. It’s an effective method of dealing with and preventing a host of health problems. A woman body is exclusive, for it is clear by transition through youth, the productive time, menopause and post menopause the knowledge stage. At what time a woman can maintain balanced and pleasant-sounding reproductive scheme, it leads to greater energy and happy wellness. Be supposed to women practice yoga any differently from men? How might a woman modify her practice to be in accord with the changes her body undergoes throughout a life time? A yoga practices has the potential to support positive transformation through these natural cycles Migraine is one such common condition that many suffer from. Practise of simple yoga postures like Hastapadasana, Setu Bandhasana, Balasana, Marjarasana, etc along with Pranayama helps cure and prevent migraine.If you are looking for a way to cleanse your digestive system and eliminate toxins from your body, yoga is the way to go. Yogic kriyas like Vaman, Laghoo Shankprakshalan, Agnisaar, Nauli and asanas like Prasarita Padottanasana, Marichyasana series, Parivratta Utkatsana, etc helps massage the intestines, eliminates carbon dioxide, lactic acid, lymphatic acid from deep within and so is the perfect way to detox. so, Yoga is helpful exercise for our body fitness.
Reference books
1. Physical fitness. Wikipedia.org 2. International Journal of Yoga (2009). 3. Anxiety and Depression Association of America (2015). 4. Meaghan Massenet (2018) The Benefits of Yoga for seniors. 5. K.C. Shikar - Women Sports 6. Susan Diranian, Exercise during Menstruation. 7. Vijay Diwakar(2015) Yoga Benefits for Women
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Locus Of Control And Achievement Motivation Among Basket Ball Players And Its Effect On The Performances
Prabhakar Revappa Khyadi Research Scholar, Physical Education Director Govt First Grade College,Athani Dist.Belgaum 591 304 Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,Aurangabad(MH) India. Dr. SK. Md. Ataulla M.K.(Jagirdar) Asst Prof & Head Department of Physical Education Milliya Arts Science & Management College,BEED (MS)431 122
Introduction Education system is playing the important role of students over all development. Education is the most important for any person. Every student has centralized of education system because education system does not run for students. Parents are playing important role and supporting their children’s academic achievement. Many family environments, economic status, family culture and parents’ involvement will be affect students achievements. Generally, many educators agreed that motivation is one of the basic factors of educational achievement. In other words, motivation is the basic factor in educational achievement. (Shamloo,1970). Achievement motivation is a multilateral tendency to evaluate one's actions according to the best criteria, effort for success in actions and encountering enjoyment which is associated with success in actions. Studies in this field revealed that individuals are very different from each other regarding their needs. Some individuals have high level of motivation and try hard to gain success in their work by competing others .Others have no motivation for achievement and success and they do not risk to gain success because of the fear of failure. People attribute the course or control of events either to themselves or to the external environment. Those who ascribe control of event to themselves are said to have an internal locus of control and are referred to as “internal”. People who attribute control to outside force are said to have an external locus of control and are referred to as “externals”. Locus of control is a cognitive style or personality trait characteristics by a generalized expectancy about the relationship between behavior and reinforcement in the form of reward and punishment. Many people are internal locus of control tend to expect reinforcement to be the consequence of their own efforts of struggle. Another people are external locus of control expect them to be the consequence of luck, fate or the action of powerful others. Locus of control is the degree to which people believe that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives, as opposed to external forces beyond their control. Understanding of the concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954, and has since become an aspect of personality studies. A person's "locus" (plural "loci", Latin for "place" or "location") is conceptualized as internal (a belief that one can control one's own life) or external (a belief that life is controlled by outside factors which the person cannot influence, or that chance or fate controls their lives).
Objectives 1. To assess the influence of locus of control and its factors on the performance of Basket Ball players 2. To study the influence of achievement motivation on the performance of Basket Ball Players
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3. To examine sex difference on the performance of different sample sub groups. 4. To examine sex difference on the performance of different sample sub groups of three age groups.
Hypothesis Of The Study 1. There is significance influence of achievement movement on the performance of Basket Ball players 2. There is positive influence of locus of control on the performance of Basket Ball players. 3. There will be sex differences on Basket Ball performance of different sample sub groups. 4. There would be significant differences on Basket Ball performance of three age groups.
The Setting Keeping the major objectives of the study in view, the appropriate design is followed. The study was conducted on the sample of 600 Basket Ball players (male and female). Attempts were made to categorize the sample into equal sub groups based on achievement motivation and locus of control. These will be accounted for assessing their influence on the performance of Basket Ball players.
TABLE 1 Distribution of Sample Seniors Juniors Sub Juniors Total Male Female Male Female Male Female 50 50 50 50 50 50 300 50 50 50 50 50 50 300 100 100 100 100 100 100 600
TOOLS Achievement Motivation Scale Achievement motivation scale developed by Rao’s (1973) is used in the present investigation. The scale consists of 20 items with two alternative statements. The items are scored according to scoring key provided in the manual and higher score on the scale reveals the higher strength of motivation and vice versa. Locus of Control (LOC) LOC is developed by Levenson’s locus of scale. This has 24 questions. The scoring is done as per scale given in this chart. The reliability co-efficient as corrected by the Spearmen Brown was found to be 0.94. Result and Discussion : TABLE 1 Means, SD’s and t- values of Basket Ball performance in two categories of Achievement motivation( N=600)
Achievement Motivation Dodging Score High M 16.40 14.04 SD 5.04 3.19 N 250 250 Low M 3.77 3.80
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SD 1.71 6.06 N 350 350 t- value 38.27** 29.94**
**Significant at 0.01 level. From table 1 it is observed that players with high motivation have higher mean score (16.40) than those of low achievement motivation (3.77) in dodging. This reveals that high achievers have performance than low achievers. The t- values of 38.27 is significant at 0.01 level that indicates significant differences between the two sample subgroups in dodging. Thus achievement motivation is a strong factor in increasing the Basket Ball Player performance. Similarly high achieving players have scored significantly higher points (14.04) than their counter parts (3.80). The t- value of 26.94 is significant beyond 0.01 level. Therefore, the results highlight the fact that achievement motivation is a key factor in attaining higher goals in the competitive tasks.
TABLE 2 Means, SD’s and t- values of Basket Ball performance in two categories of locus of control (N=600)
Locus of Control Dodging Score
High M 16.42 14.09
SD 5.07 3.14 N 248 248
Low M 13.82 10.81
SD 1.81 6.02 N 352 352 t- value 7.87** 8.86** **Significant at 0.01 level.
From table 2 it is observed that players with high motivation have higher mean score (16.42) than those of low achievement motivation (13.82) in dodging. This reveals that high achievers have performance than low achievers. The t- values of 7.87 is significant at 0.01 level that indicates significant differences between the two sample subgroups in dodging. Thus, locus of control is also a strong factor in increasing the Basket Ball Player performance. Similarly high achieving players have scored significantly higher points (14.09) than their counter parts (10.81). The t- value of 8.86 is significant beyond 0.01 level. Therefore, the results highlight the fact that locus of control is also a key factor in attaining higher goals in the competitive tasks.
Conclusions The highly motivated and focused players are always goal oriented, have more clarity, commitment and persistence. As a result of this they generally surpass their counter parts in any sports activity. 1. The lower age group players have performed significantly higher in both dodging and scoring. 2. There is a significant sex difference in Basket Ball performance: Female players have surpassed males in securing points in Basket Ball game. 3. There is a significant difference in Basket Ball performance in two categories of achievement motivation: High achievement motivation group has outscored the lower achievement motivation group. 4. There is a significant difference in the Basket Ball performance between the two sample groups of LOC: High LOC players have significantly higher performance in both dodging and scoring in Basket Ball game than their counterparts. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 66
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5. The psychological factors like achievement motivation and LOC are found to produce significant differences in both dodging and scoring. 6. The psychological factors like achievement motivation and LOC have produced significant differences in dodging and scoring when the effect of Gender is held constant.
References [1] Rotter, Julian B (1966). "Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement". Psychological Monographs: General and Applied. 80: 1 28. doi:10.1037/h0092976. [2] Carlson, N.R., et al. (2007). Psychology: The Science of Behaviour - 4th Canadian ed..Toronto, ON: Pearson Education Canada. [3] Judge, T. A.; Locke, E. A.; Durham, C. C. (1997). "The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach". Research in Organizational Behavior. 19: 151–188. [4] Dormann, C.; Fay, D.; Zapf, D.; Frese, M. (2006)."A state-trait analysis of job satisfaction: On the effect of core self-evaluations". Applied Psychology: An International Review. 55 (1): 27– 51. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00227.x. [5] Judge, Timothy A; Erez, Amir; Bono, Joyce E; Thoresen, Carl J (2002). "Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 83 (3): 693–710. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.83.3.693. PMID 12219863. [6] Effects of Achievement Motivation on Behavior, Scott T. Rabideau , Rochester Institute of Technology.
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A Study of Use And Accessibility of Information Sources in Libraries
Dr.R.H. Thorwe Librarian Gandhi Mahavidhyalaya Kada,Tq.Ashti.Dist.Beed.
Abstract In modern Era every thing is prevalence new technology as well as modern sources.Education is strong medium of knowledge and information and Libraries are the basic component of academic area it is an important source of knowledge it is an original part of academic institution there for Libraries are converted into the latest and digitalized libraries. Library and Information Science education moves into the 21st century changing society where changes occur due to the emergence and advancement in Information and Communications Technologies which requires the Library and Information Science professionals to acquire new IT skills for survival to brace up for this challenging situation. The influence of Information and Communication Technologies is now manifested in every sphere of human endeavor including the Library and Information Science field. there is no doubt that the technology in particular computers and ICTs have made the most impact on libraries in areas that require the rapid and accurate storage and processing of structured data the ability to operate for 24 hours a day, seven days a week and world wide connectivity and communication. Accessibility of information sources is an important recurring theme in the libraries Keywords:Use of information sources,Accessibility in Libraries etc
Introduction In modern Era every thing is prevalence new technology as well as modern sources.Education is strong medium of knowledge and information and Libraries are the basic component of academic area it is an important source of knowledge it is an original part of academic institution there for Libraries are converted into the latest and digitalized libraries. Library and Information Science education moves into the 21st century changing society where changes occur due to the emergence and advancement in Information and Communications Technologies which requires the Library and Information Science professionals to acquire new IT skills for survival to brace up for this challenging situation. The influence of Information and Communication Technologies is now manifested in every sphere of human endeavor including the Library and Information Science field. This trend required reeducation of library and systems staff, which added significant cost to libraries. Changes followed different library application providers more powerful technologies, and software application and networking configuration that were no longer developed in-house. library and information centres of all type began utilizing new application systems to automate resource sharing. Union catalogs and Inter-Library Loan modules were developed to allowing cooperating institution ro combine their catalogues and allow patrons or one library to request and barrow materials from linked Institutions. These technologies fostered the growth of library consortia and the extension offering libraries and computing centres were tacking communications. Relational databases, and information distribution challenges. It become key for Universities. Research organizations and information centres to provide their campuses with communication technologies to libraries, classroom, laboratories, dormitories. Networking of such Institutions were prerequisite for accessing local Internal Internet database resource Internets provided campus connectivity using communications standards. therefore to study of use and Accessibility of information sources in Libraries I choose this topic for research paper. Objectives of research: To overview on academic libraries functions.To study types of E-Resources.To study of use of E- resources in Academic libraries. In the modern period academic Libraries are consists of many types of Academic materials therefore, to provide actual and fast service use of E-Resources is necessary in the academic Library following E-Resources are used.
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Research Methodology: For the purpose of this study used social science research methodology to study the research topic. Used scientifically analysis. In this method used secondary data tools. In this secondary data tool used reference books. Research articles, newspapers, journals, published and unpublished materials and also taken help of internet facilities. In the modern period academic Libraries are consists of many types of Academic materials therefore, to provide actual and fast service use of E-Resources is necessary in the academic Library following E-Resources are used. Internet Access The Internet plays a crucial role in the access of information resources. "Sources of information and other opportunities available via the Internet are increasing exponentially. This comes with the steady increase in Internet use for education" and research. Also, with the growth of information on the Internet and the development of more sophisticated searching tools, there is now the more likely possibility of finding information and answers to real questions. E-BOOKS In many libraries E-books are available in this academic library:E-book is the content of the book made available to the reader in electronic form. According to Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, electronic book is "a term used to describe a text analogous to a book that is in digital form to be displayed on the computer screen". Electronic books, or e-books, are books in computer tile format and read on all types of computers, including handheld devices, designed specifically for reading e-books. Web based Resources Use of Web based Resources researchers are explored key issues involved with opportunities, challenges, and future developing trends of delivering dynamic and distributed web-based academic library information resources, services, and instructions for library users in the digital age with respect to leverage quality library user services in the digital age: roles of academic 31 libraries; funding support; information resources; information access; information 23 services; instructions and trainings; impacts of cutting-edge technologies and emerging technologies; web contents management and knowledge base; assessment and evaluation; and Librarians E-resources/ E-Journals: E-journals or Electronic Journals are gaining more importance with the emergence of internet. The publishing world is undergoing a revolutionary change as more and more publications are becoming WEB centric. Online journals, whose full-text articles are available in the web for viewing and downloading free of charge, called open access journals. Open access to articles can be achieved in two ways- by publishing as article in open access journals and/or depositing the same in open access archives or institutional repositories. The latter is often referred to as self-archiving. Open archiving or self-archiving initiative is an ambitious effort. Open access and open source software Open access and open source software for Libraries Open access, open source software, and open standards are three concepts that have been receiving increased attention lately in the library world. Open access is seen by some as a possible solution to the increasing price of serials and as a way for governmental funding agencies to receive a better return on investment. Open source software can benefit libraries by lowering initial and ongoing costs, eliminating vendor lock-in, and allowing for greater flexibility. Open standards allow for interoperability to exist between diverse library resources and eases data migration between systems. Open source software Open source software is software that includes source code and is usually available at no charge. There are additional requirements besides the availability of source code that a program must meet before it is considered open source including: the software must be free to redistribute; derivative works must be allowed.Open source software allows for more support options. Proprietary software vendors often package service with the product. This is particularly true of proprietary libraryspecific software. When support from a vendor is inadequate it is an additional expense to purchase another tier of support, assuming that it is even
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 available. Open source software allows for different vendors to compete for support contracts based on quality of service and on price. Open Standards It is important for libraries and other cultural institutions to ensure long-term access to digital information. The rapid growth in digital technologies has led to new and improved applications for digital preservation. However at the same time it has also led to some problems as well. The use of open standards can help assure interoperability of diverse systems. There are various software packages that are being used to create digital libraries, online library catalogs, and other resources that libraries relay on. These various systems need to be able to interact in order to provide the best possible service to patrons. The way to make certain that these diverse systems, and any future systems, can communicate with each other is by using open standards to help achieve the "free flow of information through interoperability" Conclusion In the modern era there is no doubt that the technology in particular computers and ICTs have made the most impact on libraries in areas that require the rapid and accurate storage and processing of structured data the ability to operate for 24 hours a day, seven days a week and world wide connectivity and communication. Accessibility of information sources is an important recurring theme in the libraries. According to Aguolu and Aguolu, resources may be available in the library and even identified bibliographically as relevant to one's subject of interest, but the user may not be able to lay hands on them. One may identify citations in indexes, but may not have access to the sources containing the relevant articles. The more accessible information sources are, the more likely they are to be used. Readers tend to use information sources that require the least effort to access. The user may encounter many possible types of inaccessibility. The types are conceptual, linguistic, critical, bibliographic, and physical inaccessibility.
Reference Books
1. Shariful Islam, M. and Nazmul Islam, M.- Information and Communication Technology in Libraries: A New Dimension in Librarianship 2. Patil, D.B.; and Parameshwar, S. - Use of Electronic Resources by the Faculty Members and Research Scholars in Gulbarga University, Gulbarga: A Survey 3. McMillan, G.- libraries support education, in Racing toward tomorrow,research paper. 4. Debowski, D S. Library Technicians and the Management of Technology Innovation,research paper. 5. Dong, X. - Searching information and evaluation of Internet: a academic user survey 6. Dugdale, C.- Managing electronic reserves: new opportunities and new roles for academic librarians. 7. Edwards, S. L., & Bruce, C. S.- Reflective Internet searching: an action research model. 8. Gulati, Anjali (2004).- Use of information and communication technology in libraries and information centers: an Indian scenario. 9. Khode, S. & Dhar, U.- Library services and functions in changing environment - An overview. 10. Madalli, Devika P.- A Digital Library of Library and Information Science using DSpace.
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 egkjk"Vªkrhy [ksGkMwaP;k leL;k o mik;
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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020
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Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 73
Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020
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ÖÖê¤üÖ¾Ö¸üß»Ö Ö¤ü߯ÖÖ¡ÖÖŸÖ ¤üÖ›üß ÃÖÖÓ›ü¾ÖÖ †ÃÖ»Öê»Öê Æêü ´ÖÖŸÖß“Öê ¬Ö¸üÖ †ÖÆêü †Ö×Ö µÖÖ“Öß »ÖÖÓ²Öß •Ö¾Öôû•Ö¾Öôû 11 ×ú.´Öß. †ÖÆêü. ‹æúÖ •Ö»ÖÃÖÖšüÖ 3000 ¤ü»Ö‘Ö´Öß (100 ™üß‹´ÖÃÖß) †ÃÖæÖ, ´ÖéŸÖÃÖÖšüÖ 750 ¤ü»Ö‘Ö´Öß“µÖÖ †ÖÃÖ¯ÖÖÃÖ †ÖÆêü. •Ö»ÖÖ¿ÖµÖ ³Ö¸ü»µÖÖÖÓŸÖ¸ü“Öß ¯ÖÖµÖÖ“Öß ¯ÖÖŸÖôûß 464 ´Öß™ü¸ü †ÖÆêü †Ö×Ö ÃÖÓúÛ»¯ÖŸÖ ¯Öæ¸ü 6,50,000 ŒµÖãÃÖêÃÖ (18000 ŒµÖãÃÖêÃÖ) ‡ŸÖúÖ †ÖÆêü. •ÖÖµÖú¾ÖÖ›üß ¬Ö¸üÖÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæÖ ¤üÖêÖ úÖ»Ö¾Öê ×Ö‘ÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ˆ•Ö¾ÖÖ úÖ»Ö¾ÖÖ 132 ×ú´Öß »ÖÖÓ²Öß“ÖÖ †Ö×Ö 62 ŒµÖãÃÖêŒÃÖ Ö´ÖŸÖê“ÖÖ, 43000 ÆêüŒ™ü¸ü Öê¡ÖÖ»ÖÖ ØÃÖ“ÖÖÖ“Öß ÃÖÖêµÖ ¯Öã¸ü×¾ÖŸÖÖê. µÖÖŸÖ 4.5 ™üŒêú Öê¡Ö ²ÖÖ¸ü´ÖÖÆüß ¯ÖßúÖ“Öê (‰úÃÖ ¾Ö êúôûß) †ÖÆêü. ›üÖ¾µÖÖ úÖ»Ö¾µÖÖ“Öß »ÖÖÓ²Öß 208 ×ú´Öß †ÃÖæÖ ¾ÖÆüÖ Ö´ÖŸÖÖ 101 ŒµÖãÃÖêŒÃÖ †ÖÆêü †Ö×Ö 1,45,000 ÆêüŒ™ü¸ü Öê¡ÖÖ»ÖÖ ¯ÖÖÖß ¯Öã¸ü×¾ÖŸÖÖê. µÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ¯ÖÖ 4.5 ™üŒêú Öê¡Ö ²ÖÖ¸ü´ÖÖÆüß ¯ÖßúÖ“Öê †ÖÆêü. 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ÆüÖ ‹ú ´ÖÆüŸ¾ÖúÖÓÖß ¯ÖÏú»¯Ö †ÃÖãÖ ŸµÖÖ«üÖ¸êü ´Ö¸üÖšü¾ÖÖ›ü¶ÖŸÖß»Ö ×¾Ö•úÖÃÖÖÃÖ “ÖÖ»ÖÖÖ ×´ÖôûÖ»Öß. ÆüÖ ¯ÖÏú»¯Ö ´Ö¸üÖšü¾ÖÖ›ü¶ÖÃÖÖšüß ×¾ÖúÖÃÖÖ“ÖÖ Ã¡ÖÖêŸÖ šü¸ü»ÖÖ †ÃÖãÖ µÖÖ¾Ö¸ü †Ö¬ÖÖ¸üßŸÖ †ÃÖ»Ö껵ÖÖ éúÂÖß, ˆªÖêÖ ¾Ö ‡ŸÖ¸ü Öê¡ÖÖ“ÖÖ ×¾ÖúÖÃÖ ÆüÖêµÖÖÃÖ ´Ö¤üŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öß. ´Ö¸üÖšü¾ÖÖ›ü¶ÖŸÖᯙ ÆüÖ ¯ÖÏú»¯Ö ÃÖ¾ÖÖÔŸÖ ´ÖÖêšüÖ ¯ÖÖ™ü²ÖÓ¬ÖÖ¸êü ¯ÖÏú»¯Ö †ÃÖãÖ ŸµÖÖŸÖ ™ü¯¯ÖÖ 1 ¾Ö ™ü¯¯ÖÖ 2 †ÃÖê ¤üÖêÆüß ™ü¯¯µÖÖ«üÖ¸êü •Ö¾Öôû¯ÖÖÃÖ ŸÖßÖ »ÖÖ Æêü. Öê¡Ö ØÃÖ“ÖÖÖÖÖ»Öß †ÖµÖÖ“Öê ×ÖµÖÖê•ÖÖ ú¸üµÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öê. ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ ÖÏÓ£Ö ÃÖã“Öß :- 1. †.¯ÖÏ. úÖê×Æüú¸ü - •ÖÖµÖú¾ÖÖ›üß ¯ÖÏú»¯Ö ´Ö¸üÖšü¾ÖÖ›ü¶Ö“Öß ×¾Ö•úÖÃÖ •ÖÓ•ÖÖ. 2. פü.´ÖÖ.´ÖÖê¸êü - ØÃÖ“ÖÖ ÃÖÖ¬ÖÖÖ. 3. •Ö»ÖØÃÖ“ÖÖ †Æü¾ÖÖ»Ö ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ™Òü ¿ÖÖÃÖÖ 2011. 4. ²Öß.‹»Ö.†ÖµÖ¸êü - ¯ÖÖÖß ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ¯ÖÖ ŸÖÓ¡Ö. 5. ¯ÖÏ.»Ö. •ÖÖ•Öã - ú£ÖÖ •ÖÖµÖú¾ÖÖ›üß ¯ÖÏú»¯Ö ˆ³ÖÖ¸üÖß“Öß. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 77 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 स्त्रीमुक्ती आंदोलन व स्त्रीवादी साहि配याची समीक्षा धिरज माणिकराव जांजळ प्रास्त्ताववक स्त्रीवादी साहि配य : स्त्रिय 車चे, रवतः楍य वेगळेपण ची ज णीव प्रकर् ाने व्यक्त करण रे व रवत्व च शोध घेऊ प हण रे स हहत्य म्हणजे रिीव दी स हहत्य होय. स हस्त्जकच पु셁र्ी स हहत्य हून ते रव셂पतः वेगळे ठरते तथ पप रिीव दी स हहत्य य च अथा केवळ रिीननर्मात स हहत्य नव्हे, तर पु셁र्कᴂ द्री पवच रव्यूह तून मक्ु त अश पररप्रक्ष्े य तून कोणीही — रिी व पु셁र् ने — ननम ाण केलेले स हहत्य म्हणजे रिीव दी स हहत्य असेही व्य पक अथ ाने म्हणत येईल. व रतपवक स हहत्य 楍य आपवष्क र तील कोणत्य स हहत्य ल रिीव दी स हहत्य म्हणत येईल, ह एक गु車त गु車तीच प्रश्न आहे पर車तु एवढे ननस्त्श्चत म्हणत येईल, की म नव म्हणजे पु셁र् रिी हे त्य चे उप 車ग ह्य पवच र ल छेद देण रे, त्य बद्दल प्रश्न उपस्त्रथत करणरे, त्य तील जहिलत ,धूसरत य 車ची ज णीव क셂न देण रे स हहत्य रिीव दी स हहत्य म्हणत येईल. ब ई楍य असण्य च, होण्य च — म्हणजेच अस्त्रतत्व च, रवत्व च व अस्त्रमतेच — समग्रतेने वेध घेण रे,नत楍य आत्मशोध च प्रव स व 敍मयीन आपवष्क र म्हणून म 車डण रे लेखन रिीव दी म्हणत येईल पर車तु स्त्रिय 車楍य दःु ख 楍य क셁ण कह ण्य पर भूत ननयनतव दी 饃स्त्ष्िकोण तून म 車डण रे,त्य 車楍य पवर्यी केवळ दय , सह नुभूती ननम ाण करण रे, तसेच उद्ध रक 楍य भूर्मके तून के लले े र्लख ण हे रिीव दी स हहत्य म्हणत येण र न ही. रिी楍य देह त्मतेभोवती गूढत उभ 셂न मळू दडपणुकीचे व रतव धूसर करण रे स हहत्य रिीव द 楍य कसोटय 車न उतरण रे नव्हे. संशोिन उ饍हदष्टे 1. स्त्रिय 車चे, रवतः楍य वेगळेपण ची ज णीव प्रकर् ाने व्यक्त करण रे व रवत्व च शोध घेऊ प हण ऱ्य स हहत्य च आढ व घेणे. 2. प श्च त्त्य देश 車त रिीव द च उदय व रिीमुक्ती चळवळ य पवर्यी अभ्य स करणे. 3. भ रत तील रिी-लेखन ची पर車पर बुद्धक लीन थेरीग थ प車 सून भस्त्क्तक ळ तील स्त्रिय 車चे लेखन, आधुननक क ळ तील स्त्रिय 車ची चररिे, आत्मचररिे व वताम नक लीन रिी स हहत्य च आढ व घेणे. 4. एकोणणस व्य व पवस व्य शतक तील रिीव दी मर ठी स हहत्य ची सैद्ध 車नतक म 車डणी करणे. ववषय प्रवेश रिीव द ही एक सम जपररवतान घडवू प हण री ‘ र जकीय ’ ज णीव आहे. य रिीव दी ज णणवेच पवपवध 饃स्त्ष्िकोण 車तून, र्भन्न र्भन्न प तळय 車वरच आपवष्क र रिीव दी स हहत्य त आढळून येतो.उद रमतव दी, म क्साव दी, सम जव दी, उत्तर-आधुननक अश अनके पवच रप्रण ली車मध्ये रवतःची भर घ लून, रिीव दी भ न रिी- पु셁र् पवर्मते楍य प्रश्न 車ची मीम स車 करते. म्हणून क ळ 楍य प्रत्येक िप्पप्पय वर रिीव द ची र्भन्न 셂पेतर हदसत तच पर車तु त्य 車楍य त अनेकद पररपरपवरोधही आढळून येतो. ह्य चेच प्रनतबब車ब वेगवेगळय क ळ 車त र्लहहल्य गेलेल्य रिीव दी स हहत्य त हदसते. ह्य र्भन्न र्भन्न रिीव दी ज णणव व्यक्त करण रे स हहत्य म्हणजे Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 78 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 रिीव दी स हहत्य. पु셁र् 楍य आध र र्शव य रिी楍य व्यस्त्क्तमत्त्व ल पररपूणता येऊ शकते आणण प्रेम इतकीच, म णस स रखे जगण्य ची भूक रिील ही असते हे दशापवण रे आणण रिी म्हणून घडत न आलेल्य पवपवध अनुभव 車न अर्भव्यक्त करण रे स हहत्य म्हणजे रिीव दी स हहत्य. पु셁र्प्रध नतले पवरोध करण रे आणण रिीचे म णूस म्हणून चचिण करण रे स हहत्य, मग ते पु셁र् ने र्लहहले असले तरी रिीव दी ठरेल क रण तत्त्वतः रिीव दी ज णीव रिी व पु셁र् दोघ 車मध्येही पवकर्सत होऊ शकते पर車तु पु셁र्ी वचारव च अनुभव ब ई होऊन घणे े रिील अचधक समथापणे करत येते, असेही म नले ज ते. त्य मुळे स्त्रिय 車चे लेखन अचधक नेमके , ध रद र व प्रखर होते. जह ल रिीव द्य 車楍य मते स्त्रिय 車ची ब ईपण 楍य भ न तून ननम ाण झ लले ी भ र् , प्रतीके , प्रनतम खऱ् य अथ ाने पवकर्सत होण्य स ठी क ही क ळ तरी ज णीवपवू ाक अलगत व दी भूर्मक घेणे इष्ि ठरेल. रिीव दी स हहत्य व रिीव दी समीक्ष हे प्रक र रिीमुक्ती चळवळीतून उदय ल आले. ⇨ सीमॉन द बोव्ह रने र्लहहलेल्य द सेक車ड सेक्स, य ग्र車थ प सून रिीमुक्ती चळवळीच प्र र車भ झ ल , असे म नले ज ते. रिीव दी स हहत्य त एक अर्भज त ग्र車थ म्हणून तो म न्यत प वल आहे. ‘ श श्वत रिीत्व ’ ( इिनाल फेर्मननन ) ही पूवाग्रहदपू र्त स車कल्पन सम जजीवन तून हद्दप र करण्य स ठी नतने य प्रब車ध तून बौद्चधक व भ वननक प तळीवर युस्त्क्तव द म 車डले. पु셁र्प्रध न सम जव्यवरथेत व पु셁र्ी मूल्य 車楍य चौकिीत रिी ही पु셁र् शी अनके न त्य 車नी जखडून ठेवली ज ते. त्य तही पु셁र् ह मुख्य व रिी ही ‘ इतर ’ ( दय्ु यम ) अस पवर्मभ व आहे. रिी–पु셁र् तील ही पवर्मत जीवश रिीय व दैवी नसनू ती स車रकृ नतननर्मात आहे. दोघ त車 इतर कु ठल ही भदे नसत न केवळ नैसचगाक श रीररक रचनेतील भेद मुळे रिील दय्ु यम रथ न हदले ज ते. नतल रवतः楍य मूल्य 車ची ननर्माती करत येत न ही. त्य मुळे आपल्य अस्त्रतत्व ल अथा देत येत न ही. य प श्वाभमू ीवर जन्मतःच कोणी ‘ रिी ’ असत न ही तर ‘ रिीत्व ’ हे सम ज ने, स車रकृ तीने घडपवलेले असते — अश आशय चे सीमॉन द बोव्ह रचे पवध न स車रकृ नतननर्मात रिी-पु셁र् भेद वर व रिी楍य दय्ु यम रथ न वर अचूक शरस車ध न करण रे आहे. अथ ातच रिी-पु셁र् श रीर भेद इथे न क र यच न ही पर車तु रिी-देह बरोबरच नतच ल ज ळूपण , पवनयशीलत , न जूकपण , भ वन प्रध नत , म तभृ व, रव थात्य ,ग समपणा वगरै े नतल बह ल के ले ज ण रे गुण हे जन्मज त असत त, हे येथे न क र वय चे आहे. हे गुण सम ज ने व स車रकृ तीने रिीत्व वर ल दलेले असत त. तेव्ह जैपवक र्ल車गभेद म्हणजे स 車रकृ नतक र्लग車 भेद नव्हे, हे य रिीव दी भूर्मके ने रपष्ि के ले आहे. आपल्य प्रनतप दन त सीमॉन द बोव्ह रने ‘ सन तन/ केवल रिीत्व ’ ही स車कल्पन न क 셂न िोक ची भूर्मक घते ली आहे. ही भूर्मक नत楍य अस्त्रतत्वव दी पवच रसरणीच च पररप क म्हणत येईल. स्त्रिय 車न उपलब्ध असण रे ननवडीचे रव त車त्र्य आणण रवतः楍य जीवन तील ननणाय 車ची जब बद री स्त्रिय 車नी घेण्य ची आवश्यकत , य अस्त्रतत्वव दी-रिीव दी पवर्यसूि 車ची म 車डणी क द車बऱ् य 車तूनही के लले ी आहे. पवस व्य शतक 楍य उत्तर ध ात रिीव दी चळवळील एक सखोल तत्त्वज्ञ नत्मक पररम ण बोव्ह र楍य द सेक車ड सेक्स य ग्र車थ मुळे ल भल े य त श車क च न ही. अमेररकन रिीव दी समीक्षक्षक ॲलन शोवॉल्िर हहने रिीव दी समीक्षेचे प्र र車र्भक अवरथेतील आद्यप्र셂प पवकर्सत केले. इ車ग्रजी व 敍मय तील उपेक्षक्षत रिीलेणखक शोधून क ढून त्य 車न समीक्षेतून न्य य हदल . अठर व्य शतक तील बिहिश रिी-क द車बरीक र 車楍य लेखनपर車परेच अभ्य स करत न नतने सम जश रि तील पोिस車रकृ ती व वचारवव दी स車रकृ तीतील स車ब車ध-셂प च आध र घेतल . बिहिश रिी-क द車बरीक र 車楍य लेखन तून नतल जे तीन प्रव ह 饃ष्िोत्पत्तीस आले, त्य 車चे नतने तीन िप्पप्पय 車त वगीकरण केले. केवळ स्त्रिय 車नी केलेले लेखन (फीमेल ) पु셁र्सत्त क सम ज त गौणत्व रवीक 셂न जगण ऱ् य स्त्रिय 車नी त्य बद्दल र जकीय भूर्मक न घेत के लले े लेखन Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 79 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 ( फेर्मननन ) आणण पु셁र्सत्त क व र्ल車गव दी सम ज व पवच रसरणी य 車楍य पव셁द्ध ठ म र जकीय 饃स्त्ष्िकोण रवीक 셂न स्त्रिय 車नी केलेले लेखन ( फेर्मननरि ) असे य तीन िप्पप्पय 車चे रव셂प नतने पवशद केले. रिीची पवर्शष्ि अशी स車रकृ ती असते. स्त्रिय 車楍य लेखन तून — त्य 車楍य आगळय वेगळय पथृ ग त्म अनुभवचचिण तून त्य च車 े आशय-पवर्य, व 敍मयीन 셂पब車ध, आपवष्क -र रीती, शैली, भ र् इ. व 敍मयीन घिक त車 ून — ही रिी-स車रकृ ती वेगवेगळय 셂प 車त प्रकित असते. रिीव दी समीक्ष स्त्रिय 車楍य स हहत्य च जीवश रिीय, भ पर्क, म नसश रिीय, स 車रकृ नतक अश वेगवेगळय 饃स्त्ष्ि-कोण 車तून वेध घेऊन त्य तील वेगळेपण अधोरेणखत करते. स्त्रिय 車楍य लेखन च अस वेगळ रवत車ि पवच र करण ऱ् य समीक्षेल ॲलन शोवॉल्िरने ‘ ग यनोसᴂहिक फेर्मननरि क्रिहिर्सझम ’ व समीक्षक ल ‘ ग यनोक्रिहिक ’ (रिी-समीक्षक ) असेस車बोचधले आहे. रिीव दी समीक्षेच ‘ व चक रिी ’ ( वुमन ॲज अ रीडर ) अस वेगळ घिकही नतने म नल आहे. एकोणणस व्य शतक 楍य अखेरीस त र ब ई र्शद車 े य 車नी रिीपु셁र्तुलन ह्य ग्र車थ त पु셁र्सत्त क सम जव्यवरथेत स्त्रिय 車楍य होत असलेल्य शोर्ण पव셁द्ध र्लहून, रिीशोर्ण चे पवश्लेर्ण करण री सैद्ध 車नतक म 車डणी केली म लतीब ई बेडेकर म्हणजेच पवभ वरी र्श셂रकर य 車楍य र्लख ण तही ( हह車दोळय वर, १९३४ — क द車बरी ) पु셁र् कडून रिी楍य श रीररक व म नर्सक प तळीवर होत असलेल्य शोर्ण ची ज णीव व्यक्त झ ली आहे. लक्ष्मीब ई हिळक 車楍य ‘ भरली घ गर ’ कपवतेत रिी-पु셁र् भेद वर भ ष्य आहे, तर रमनृ तचचिे मध्ये पवनोद 楍य , उपरोध 楍य अ車ग ने रिी-पु셁र् पवर्मतेचे चचिण आहे. व्हस्त्जाननय वुल्फच र्सद्ध 車त — स्त्रिय 車नी उपरोध, पवनोद ही शरिे व प셂न आपल्य व्यथ ,शोर्ण,अन्य य य 車न व च फोड वी — इथे मर ठीत प्रत्यक्ष त आल आहे. अलीकड楍य क ळ त म車गल गोडबोले य 車楍य र्लख ण तही पु셁र्प्रध न व्यवरथेतील 셂ढी, पर車पर 車च ननर्ेध करत न पवनोद, उपरोध य 車च व पर केल आहे. पवस व्य शतक तील आधुननक रिीव दी स हहत्य त कमल देस ई, गौरी देशप 車डे, श 車त गोखले, कपवत मह जन, पप्रय तᴂडुलकर स ननय ( सुन車द कु लकणी ), मेघन पेठे, नीरज य 車楍य कथ क द車बऱ् य 車नी मोल ची भर घ तली आहे. कमल देस ℂ楍य क ळ सूया आणण हॅि घ लण री ब ई (१९७५) य क द車बरीत प्र चीन र्मथ्यकथ 車न नवे रिीव दी अथा हदले आहेत. क ळ सूया य क द車बरीची न नयक शेविी ग व तील परु तन म車हदर तोडून ि कते आणण रवतःही मरते. हे चगल्बिा-ग्यूबर楍य ‘ मॅडवमु न ’ प्रनतमेचे मर ठीतील उद हरण म्हणत येईल. अ셁ण ढेरे, गौरी देशप 車डे, श्य मल वन रस े य 車नी त्य 車楍य स हहत्यकृ ती車तही प्र चीन परु णकथ 車चे रिीव दी 饃स्त्ष्ि-कोण तून नव े अन्वय था ल वले आहेत. गौरी देशप 車डे य 車楍य कथ --क द車बऱ् य 車त रवत車ि, मुक्त, प्रगल्भ रिीची अनेक 셂पे आढळत त. रिीव दी 饃स्त्ष्िकोण तून स्त्रिय 車चे अनेक प्रश्न व ज णणव य 車ची अर्भव्यक्ती, पु셁र्सत्त क व्यवरथ व पु셁र्ी म नर्सकत य 車ची उपरोधपूणा हि車गलिव ळी, कररअरल प्र ध न्य देण ऱ् य रिी楍य समरय व व्यथ य 車चे प्रभ वी चचिण ही त्य 車楍य रिीव दी स हहत्य चीठळक वैर्शष्टये होत. श 車त गोखले य 車楍य रीि वेर्लणकर य क द車बरीची म नसश रिीय तसेच सम जश रिीय रिीव दी भूर्मके तून चचक्रकत्स करत येते. रिीव द तील ‘ भचगनीभ व ’ य स車कल्पनेच परु रक र करण री ही क द車बरी आहे. आश बगे य 車ची भमू ी ही क द車बरी, तसेच पप्रय तᴂडुलकर 車楍य कथ ( ज्य च त्य च प्रश्न व जन्मलेल्य प्रत्येकल (१९९१) हे कथ स車ग्रह ) य 車चे मूल्यम पन भ रतीय रिीव दी पररप्रक्ष्े य तून करत येते. कपवत मह जन य 車ची ि ही क द車बरी भ रतीय व सम जश रिीय अश द्पवपवध रिीव दी 饃स्त्ष्िकोण 車तून अभ्य सत येते. मघे न पेठे य 車楍य र्लख ण त ( ह車स अकेल — कथ स車ग्रह वन नतचर र्म ही क द車बरी) मक्ु त जीवनपद्धती, बबनध रत जीवनशलै ी य 車च पुररक र आढळतो. नीरज ह्य Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 80 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 अलीकड楍य रिीव दी स हहत्यप्रव ह तील एक प्रमुख व महत्त्व 楍य कवनयिी व कथ क र ( ओल हरवलेली म ती — कथ स車ग्रह ) असून, रिीव दी ज णणव 車चे पवपवध पैल ू त्य 車नी व रतवव दी, चच車तनशील पद्धतीने व्यक्त केले आहेत. दर्लत स्त्रिय 車ची आत्मकथने ही रिीव दीसहहत्य तील एक महत्त्व च दरत वेज आहे. बेबी क 車बळे ( स्त्जणे आमचे ), कु मुद प वडे ( अ車तःरफोि ), श 車त ब ई क 車बळे ( म ज्य जलम ची चचत्तरकथ ), मक्ु त सवागौड ( र्मिलेली कव डे ), ऊर्माल पव र ( आयद न ), र्सध車 ुत ई सपक ळ ( मी वनव सी ) इत्य दी車चे रिीव दी स हहत्य 楍य स車दभ ात महत्त्व चे योगद न आहे. भ रतीय व सम जश रिीय अश दहु ेरी रिीव दी भूर्मक 車तून त्य 車चे मूल्यम पन होणे गरजेचे आहे. संशोिन ननष्कषष स्त्रिय 車楍य स हहत्य तील पथ्ृ ग त्म वेगळेपण शोधून त्य 車ची चचक्रकत्स करण्य चे क या गेल्य क ही वर् 車त रिीव दी समीक्षक 車नी केले आहे. स्त्रिय 車楍य कथ , क द車बऱ् य , कपवत इ. स हहत्य 車तून त्य 車楍य ‘रव ’ त्व च शोध त्य 車नी कस घेतल आहे, त्य ची ज णीव त्य 車न कश प्रक रे झ ली आहे, वर् ानुवर्े पु셁र्सत्त क सम जव्यवरथेमळु े आपण दडपले गेलो आहोत, ह्य दडपश हीचे भ न स्त्रिय 車नी आपल्य लेखन तून कसे व्यक्त के ले आहे, ह्य च शोध रिीव दी समीक्ष घते े. पु셁र्ी स हहत्य पेक्ष रिी--स हहत्य चे जे वेगळेपण स車भवते, त्य वेगळेपण ची- र्भन्नत्व ची क रण-मीम 車स , त्य चे रव셂प व नेमकेपण य 車चे पववेचन-पवश्लेर्ण रिीव दी समीक्षेत केले ज ते. रिी व पु셁र् य 車चे जग कडे प हण्य चे 饃स्त्ष्िकोणच मुळ त र्भन्न असत त, असे ही समीक्ष म नते. पर車परेने रिी व पु셁र् य 車楍य कडे सोपपवलेल्य वेगवेगळय पवर्मत व दी भूर्मक 車मुळे ( उद ., पु셁र्सत्त क सम ज व स車रकृ ती楍य वचारवभ व ने स्त्रिय 車न बह ल केलेल्य पत्नी-म त -गहृ हणी ह्य भूर्मक ) तसेच र्भन्न व्यवस य 車मुळे रिी- पु셁र् 車楍य लेखन तल भेद ननम ाण होतो, असेही म नले ज ते. स्त्रिय 車चे स्त्रिय 車नी केलेले चचिण, स्त्रिय 車चे ख स वेगळे अनुभव व पवर्य य 車चे रिीव दी 饃स्त्ष्िकोण तून दशान घडपवण रे स हहत्य, रिीचे रवत्व च शोध घेऊ प हण रे, रवत्व 楍य ज णणवेने केलेले आत्मप्रकिीकरण व आत्मशोध ह्य रिीव दी स हहत्य 楍य वेगवेगळय हदश आहेत. रिीव दी समीक्ष ही अश अनेकहदशीय, बहुस्त्जनसी रव셂प 楍य रिीव दी स हहत्य चे पववेचन-पवश्लेर्ण क셂न त्य तील रवत्व च , वेगळेपण च शोध घेऊ प हते. संदर्ष : 1. Buck, Claire, Ed. Bloomsbury Guide to Women’s Literature, London, 1992. 2. Gilbert, Sandra Gubar, Susan, The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women, New York, 1985. 3. Moi,Toril, Sexual / Textual Politics : Feminist Literary Theory, Methuen, 1985. 4. Tharu, Susie K. Lalita, Eds. Women Writing in India : 600 B. C. to the Present,Vol. I & II, New York, 1990 1993. ५. न ईक, शोभ , भ रतीय स車दभ ातून रिीव द, मबु車 ई, २००७. ६. बोव्ह र, सीमॉन द अनु. गोखले, क셁ण , द सेक車ड सेक्स, पणेु , २०१२ . ७. भ गवत, पवद्युत, रिीजन्म ची व िच ल, पुणे, २ ००४. ८. मेश्र म, केशव, सप車 . व 敍मयीन प्रवत्तृ ी : तत्त्वशोध ड्ढडॉ. द द गोरे गौरवग्र車थ पणु े, २००७. ९. वरखेडे, म車गल , स車प . रिीव दी समीक्ष : स車कल्पन व उपयोजन, धुळे, १९९९. १०. स रड , श車कर, रिीव दी क द車बऱ् य , पुणे, १९९३. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 81 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 ftYgk fu;¨tu lferhph LFkkfud ikrGhojhYk fu;¨tukrhYk Òwfedk izk- xksandj rqdkjke nRrk=; xka/kh egkfo|ky;] dMk ft-chM- ÁLrkouk %& ftYáklkBh iapkokf"kZd ;¨tuk r;kj dj.;kps dk;Z ftYgk fu;¨tu lferhdMs vlrs ftYgk fu;¨tu lferhph LFkkfud ikrGhojhYk fu;¨tukr egRoiw.kZ Òwfedk vlrs- ;k lferhps v/;{k- ftYg;kps ikYkdea«kh vlrkr- rj ;k lferhps lnL; lfpo Eg.kwu ftYgkf/kdkjh dk;Zjr vlrkr- ftYgk fu;¨tu lferh}kjs ftYg;krhYk LFkkfud ikrGhojhYk fu;¨tukps dk;Z dsY¨ tkrs fujfujkG;k ftYg;kr- Ò©x¨fYkd ifjfLFkrh fÒé&fÒé Lo#ikph vlrs- LFkkfud xjtk o leL;k fujfujkG;k vlrkr LFkkfud ikrGhojhYk fu;¨tu] rlsp fodklkph Áeq[ tckcnkjh ftYgk fu;¨tu lferh ikj ikMr vlrs- ftYgk fu;¨tu lferhps v/;{k gs cSBdhP;k v/;{kLFkkuh vlrkr- v/;{k xSjgtj vlY;kl lferh lnL; vkiY;ke/kwu ,dkph mik/;{k Eg.kwu fuoM d#u R;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkYkh cSBd ?¨Å 'kdrkr- ,dk foÙkh; o"kkZr tkLrhr tkLr 4 cSBdk ?¨rk ;srkr- cSBdk ;k ftYákP;k eq[;kYk; fBdk.kh ?¨rY;k tkrkr- rlsp cSBdk ;k /kkfeZd LFkk;h vkf.k laln@fof/keaMGkP;k vf/kos'ku dkGkr ?¨rk ;sr ukghr- R;kpcj¨cj fu;¨tu lferhpk lnL; ulY¨Y;k O;ähYk cSBdhYkk mifLFkr jkgrk ;sr ukgh- v'kk Ádkjph dk;ZÁ.kkYkh ftYgk fu;¨tu lferhph vlrs- ;k lferhps dk;kZYk; Eg.kts ftYgkf/kdkjh dk;kZYk; vlrs- ftYgk okf"kZd ;¨tuspk Áxrh vk Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 82 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 ftYgk fu;¨tu lferhps egRo %& ftYgk fu;¨tu lferh}kjs ftYg;krhYk LFkkfud ikrGhojhYk fu;¨tukps dk;Z dsY¨ tkrs fujfujkG;k ftYg;kr- Ò©x¨fYkd ifjfLFkrh fÒé&fÒé Lo#ikph vlrs- LFkkfud xjtk o leL;k fujfujkG;k vlrkr- ;k leL;k o Á'u l¨Mfo.;kP;k n`"Vhd¨ukrwu ftYgk fu;¨tu lferhps egRoiw.kZ LFkku vlrs- rlsp ftYgk fu;¨tu fo"k;d ekfgrh o vkdMsokjhps ladYku dj.¨- dsaæ o jkT; ljdkjP;k fofo/k ;¨tukaph ekfgrh] fu;¨tu] fu;a«k.k o veaYkctko.kh dj.;kP;k n`"Vhus ftYgk fu;¨tu lferh egRoiw.kZ dk;Z djhr vlrs- ftYgk fu;¨tu lferhps dk;Z %& ftYg;krhYk uSlfxZd lalk/kukph ekfgrh x¨Gk d#u ftYg;krhYk LFkkfud fodklkps fu;¨tu dj.;kph egRoiw.kZ tckcnkjh ikj ikM.kkÚ;k ftYgk fu;¨tu lferhdMs dkgh egRoiw.kZ dk;sZ l¨ifo.;kr vkYkh vkgsr rh iq Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 83 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 LrjkojhYk fu;¨tukP;k n`"Vhus egRoiw.kZ Òwfedk vlrs v'kk Ádkjph dk;ZÁ.kkYkh ftYgk fu;¨tu lferhph vlrs- ;k lferhps dk;kZYk; Eg.kts ftYgkf/kdkjh dk;kZYk; vlrs- ;k lferhP;k ek/;ekrwu LFkkfud fodklkr egRoiw.kZ ÒjiMr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- lanÒZ xzaFk lqph %& 1½ ;¨tuk & ekfld if«kdk 2½ O;adV foGxkos & egkjk"Vª Á'kklukph #ijs"kk 3½ ok- Òk- ikVhYk & egkjk"Vª Á'kklu 4½ ds- vkj- cax & egkjk"Vª Á'kklu 5½ okf"kZd vgokYk & ftYgk xzkeh.k fodkl ;a«k.kk ijÒ.kh & 2011 Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 84 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 ekuo vf/kdkj vkf.k laoS/kkfud rjrqnÈ Ák- M‚- ,-,Yk-x¨js Yk¨dÁ'kklu foÒkx Áeq[k] Jh iaMhrxq# ikMÊdj d‚Y¨t fljlkGk] ft-chM ÁLrkouk %& ÒkjrkP;k lafo/kkukl ekuokf/kdkjkaP;k ladYiusÁek.¨ Lokra«k] lerk] vkfFkZd] '©{kf.kd] Lokra«;] lkekftd Lokra«; Ánku dj.;kr vkY;kP;k rjrwnh Li"V dsY;k vkgsr- ;k rjrwnh Ákeq[;kus eqYkÒwr gDdkr lekfo"V dj.;kr vkY;k vkgsr- ekuokf/kdkjkph ladYiuk loZ«k xrhekursus #< >kYkh vkgs- ;k ladYiusps egRo Òkjrh;kaP;k n`"Vhus fo'¨"k v/k¨js[khr dj.;klkj[¨ vkgs dkj.k Òkjrkus 200 o"kZ xqYkkexhjhr dk Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 85 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. 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Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 92 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 dsaæ&jkT; laca/k fo"k;d lafo/kkukrhYk rjrwnÈps v/;;u Ák-M‚- uandqekj ukjk;.kjko dqaÒkjhdj Yk¨dÁ'kklu foÒkx] Jh- iaMhrxq: ikMÊdj egkfo|kYk;] fljlkGk] ft- chM ÁLrkouk %& Òkjrh; lafo/kkukr vusd egRoiw.kZ ckcÈpk lekos'k dj.;kr vkYkk vkgs- R;keqGsp fo'okrhYk ,d foLr`r lafo/kku Eg.kwu Òkjrh; lafo/kkukdMs ikfgY¨ tkrs- ;k n`"Vhus Òkjr gs la?kjkT; fdaok jkT;kapk la?k vlY;k dkj.kkus ;k eq|kaojhYk rjrwnÈps fo'Y¨"k.k Òkjrh; lafo/kkukr dj.;kr vkY¨ vkgs- Òkjrkr ÁcG dsaælÙkk vkf.k R;kpÁek.¨ jkT;kr ÁÒkoiw.kZ jktdh; vf/kdkj vl.kkjh lÙkk vlk nqgsjh ;¨x fuekZ.k dj.;kps Js; Òkjrh; lafo/kku fuekZR;kadMs tkrs- lafo/kku fuekZ.k djrkaukp ÒkjrkrhYk ,dla?k jk"Vªkph ladYiuk lkdkjYkh tkoh ;kl¨crp ÁR;sd jkT;kauk vkiYkk fodkl d#u ?¨.;klkBh vko';d vf/kdkj Ánku dj.;kP;k n`"Vhus vusd egRoiw.kZ rjrwnÈpk lekos'k R;kr dj.;kr vkYkk vkgs- R;krhYk dsaæ&jkT; Á'kkldh; laca/k fo"k;d rjrwnÈpk vH;kl ÁLrqr 'k¨/kfuca/kkr dj.;kr vkYkk vkgs- 'k¨/kfuca/kkps mÌs'k %& 1- ÒkjrkrhYk dsaæ&jkT; laca/kkpk vk Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 93 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 1½ mRié dj fdaok ÁkIrhdj ¼Incom Tax½ dsaækrQs vkdkjYkk tkr¨ vkf.k tek dsYkk tkr¨ o rh jDde dsaæ jkT;kauk vkf.k dsaæ'kkflr Áns'kkauk |ko;kP;k jdesuarj mjY¨Ykh jDde jkT;kr okVwu fnYkh tkrs- 2½ vls dj ts dsaæk}kjs vkdkjY¨ tkrkr o olwYk dsY¨ tkrkr R;krwu fuOoG mRié dsaæ o jkT; vkiY;kr okVwu ?¨rkr- mnk- v©"k/kh o Álk/kukP;k oLrwojhYk mRiknu dj l¨Mwu brj oLrwojhYk mRiknu dj- 3½ vls dj ts dsaæk}kjs vkdkjY¨ tkrkr] ijarq jkT;krQsZ tek dsY¨ tkrkr o R;kapk fofu;¨x jkT;p djhr vlrs- mnk- Á‚feljh u¨Vl~] gqaM;k] fcYk] foeki‚fYklh] '¨vlZps gLrkarj.k] _.ki«k] jf'knh o LV¡iojhYk mRié R;kp cj¨cj v©"k/kh o Álk/ku lkeqxzhojhYk mRiknu dj- 4½ vls dj ts dsaæk}kjs vkdkjY¨s tkÅu olwYk lq/nk dsaæp djrs- i.¨ ;krwu feG.kkjs mRié jkT;kauk fnY¨ tkrs- mnk- '¨rtehu l¨Mwu laiÙkhojhYk okjlkdj] jsYos] leqæ o foekuekxkZus ;s.kkÚ;k oLrq o Áok'kkojhYk lhekdj] orZekui«kkph foØh o R;krhYk tkfgjkhojhYk dj bR;knh v'kk Ádkjps forj.k dj.;kph rjrwn Òkjrh; lafo/kkukr dj.;kr vkYkh vkgs- dsaæ & jkT; lgk¸;d vuqnku fo"k;d laca/k %& dssaæ&jkT; vkfFkZd mRiékP;k forj.kkl¨crp dsaækdMwu jkT;kauk lgk¸;d vuqnku ns.;kr ;sr vlrs R;kps fooj.k iq 1½ jk"Vªirh ekQZr jkT;ikYkkph fu;qäh %& lafo/kkukrhYk dYke 155&156 uqlkj Òkjrkr ÁR;sd ?kVd jkT;kalkBh ,d vFkok ,dkis{kk vf/kd jkT;kalkBh ,d jkT;ikYk vlr¨- R;kph fu;qäh jk"Vªirh}kjs ikp o"kkZlkBh dsYkh tkr¨- r¨ jkT; Á'kklukpk Áeq[k vlr¨- jkT;ikYk dsaæ ljdkjdMwu ukefunsZf'kr dsYkk tkr¨- 2½ dsaækph dk;sZ jkT; ljdkjdMs %& lafo/kkukrhYk dYke 258 uwlkj laln ,[kk|k jkT; ljdkjP;k laerhus dsaæ ljdkjP;k vf/kdkjkrhYk dke jkT; ljdkjdMs vFkok R;kaP;k vf/kdkÚ;kadMs l'krZ l¨iow 'kdrs- ek«k R;klkBh ;s.kkjk vfrfjä [kpZ dsaæ ljdkjYkk l¨lkok Ykkxr¨- rlsp 258 ¼v½ ;k dYkekuwlkj ?kVd jkT;kapk jkT;ikYk dsaæ ljdkjP;k laerhus dsaæ ljdkjdMs fdaok R;kaP;k vf/kdkÚ;kadMs ?kVd jkT;kaP;k dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjkrhYk dkes l'krZ fdaok fcu'krZ l¨iow 'kdr¨- Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 94 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 3½ U;k;kYk;hu fu.kZ; o vfÒY¨[k fo"k;d %& Òkjrh; lafo/kkukrhYk dYke 261 uwlkj v'kh rjrwn dj.;kr vkYkh vkgs dh] dsaæ ljdkj fdaok jkT; ljdkjs ;kauh dsY¨Ykh lkoZtfud Ñrh] vfÒY¨[k o U;k;kYk;hu fu.kZ; ;kauk laiw.kZ ns'kÒjkr ekU;rk ns.;kr ;sbZYk rlsp ÒkjrkP;k d¨.kR;kgh ÒkxkrhYk eqYkdh U;k;kYk;kus fnY¨Y;k fu.kZ;kaps fdaok vkns'kkaps ikYku Òkjrh; Áns'kkr dj.;kr ;sbZYk- 4½ vuqlqfpr tkrh@tekrhP;k mérhlkBh dsaækpk vkns'k %& lafo/kkukrhYk dYke 339 uwlkj vuqlqfpr tkrh o vuqlqfpr tekrhP;k mérhdfjrk fofo/k ;¨tuk r;kj dj.;klkBh o R;kaph vaeYkctko.kh dj.;klkBh dsaæljdkj ?kVd jkT;kauk vkns'k nsÅ 'kdrs- 5½ ekr`Òk"¨rwu f'k{k.k %& dYke 350 ¼v½ uqlkj Òkf"kd vYila[;kadkauk R;kaP;k ekr`Òk"¨rwu f'k{k.k ns.;klkBh vko';d rh lqfo/kk Ánku dj.;kps vkns'k dsaæljdkj ?kVd jkT;kauk nsÅ 'kdrs- 6½ ?kVd jkT;kaps laj{k.k %& dYke 355 uqlkj ÁR;sd ?kVd jkT;kps cká vkØe.k o varxZr v'kkarrk ;kiklwu laj{k.k dj.;kph tckcnkjh dsaæ ljdkjph vlrs- ;klkBh dsaæljdkj ?kVd jkT;kauk l'kónYk miYkC/k d#u nsÅ 'kdrs- 7½ ik.;klaca/kh r¨Vs %& lafo/kkukrhYk dYke 262 uqlkj d¨.kR;kgh vkarjjk"Vªh; u|kaP;k fdaok unh [k¨Ú;krhYk ik.;kpk okij fdaok R;kojhYk fu;a«k.k ;kckcrP;k d¨.kR;kgh raVÓkP;k fdaok rØkjÈP;k vfÒfu.kZ;kdfjrk laln dk;nk d# 'kdrs- v'kkÁdkjpk raVk l¨Mfo.;klkBh lo¨ZPp U;k;kYk; vFkok brj d¨.krsgh U;k;kYk; vkiY;k vf/kdkjkpk okij d# 'kd.kkj ukgh v'khgh O;oLFkk laln vkiY;k dk;|k}kjs d# 'kdrs- 8½ jkT;k&jkT;krhYk leUo; %& lafo/kkukrhYk dYke 263 uqlkj jkT;k&jkT;kr okn mnÒoY¨ vlrhYk rj R;kaph p©d'kh dj.;klkBh vkf.k lYYkk ns.;klkBh jk"Vªirh vkarjkT;h; ifj"knsph LFkkiuk d# 'kdr¨- vkarjjkT; ifj"kn ,drk vkf.k jkT;kar ijLij lgdk;kZph Òkouk fodlhr dj.;klkBh mi;qä B# 'kdrs- lafo/kkukP;k dYke 257 e/;s vls uewn dj.;kr vkY¨ vkgs dh] ?kVd jkT;kus vkiY;k dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjkpk okij v'kkÁdkjs dsYkk ikfgts dh] T;keqGs dsaæljdkjYkk vkiY;k dk;Zdkjh lÙ¨pk okij dj.;kl vMp.k ;s.kkj ukgh- R;klkBh jkT;kauk vkns'k ns.;kpk vf/kdkj dsaæ ljdkjYkk vkgs- lekj¨i %& ÒkjrkrhYk Ò©x¨fYkd] Á'kkldh;] jktdh;] /kkfeZd] lkekftd fofo/krk gs ns[khYk egRoiw.kZ eqÌs g¨rs- v'kkosGh jkT;kapk la?k fuekZ.k dj.¨ o r¨ fVdfo.¨ gs v'kD;Ák; ckc letYkh tkr vlrkauk Òkjrh; lafo/kkuk}kjs R;krhYk rjrwnÈ}kjs r¨ ;'kLoh d#u nk[kfo.;kps loZLoh Js; lafo/kku fuekZR;kauk tkrs- ;krhYk fo'¨"kr% dsaæ&jkT; laca/kfo"k;d fo'Y¨"k.k dsY¨ vlrk vls fnlwu ;srs dh] Òkjrh; lafo/kkukP;k 11 O;k ÒkxkrhYk nqlÚ;k Ádj.kkr dYke 256 rs 263 e/;s dsaæ&jkT; Á'kkldh; laca/kkfo"k;h rjrwn dj.;kr vkY¨Ykh vkgs- v'kkÁdkjph Li"V rjrwn dsYkh ulrh rj n¨?kkaukgh vkiY;k tckcnkÚ;k ikj ikM.;klkBh vusd vMp.kh Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 95 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 fuekZ.k >kY;k vlR;k Eg.kwup lafo/kku fuekZR;kauh ;k rjrwnÈP;k ek/;ekrwu dsaæ&jkT;kr la?k"kZ fuekZ.k g¨.kkj ukgh ;kph n{krk ?¨rY¨Ykh fnlwu ;srs- jk"Vªh; ,drk M¨GÓkle¨j Bsowu dsaæljdkjYkk jkT;kaP;k rqYkusr vf/kd Á'kkldh; vf/kdkj ns.;kr vkY¨ vkgsr dsaæ o jkT;krhYk vkfFkZx mRiékP;k forj.kklkBhP;k Li"V rjrwnh Òkjrh; lafo/kkukr dj.;kr vkY¨Y;k vkgsr ;k rjrwnhuqlkj mRiékph loZ egkÙokph lk/kus dsaæ ljdkjP;k gokYkh djr vlrkauk ?kVd jkT;kaP;k gkÙkh e;kZnhr lk/kus jkgrhYk v'kh O;oLFkk dsY¨Ykh vkgs lanÒZxzaFk lwph %& 1½ ,e-ih-'kekZ & Òkjr % Yk¨dra«k v©j fodkl- 2½ lqÒk"k d';i & gekjh laln 3½ Mh-lh-xqIrk & baMh;u xOguZesaV vW.M i‚fYkVhDl 4½ jtuh d¨Bkjh & i‚fYkVhDl bu bafM;k- 5½ ds- vkj- cax & Òkjrh; Á'kklu 6½ O;adV foGsxkos & Òkjrh; Á'kklu Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 96 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 ससरसाळा गावातील कचराव्यवस्त्थापन एक अ땍यास प्रा. उषा यशवंतराव माने गहृ पवज्ञ न पवभ ग प्रमुख श्री प車डडतगु셁 प डीकर मह पवद्य लय, र्सरस ळ , स्त्ज.बीड प्रस्त्तावना : म नव ह पररवतान पप्रय प्र णी आहे. म नव ने बुद्धी楍य बळ वर नवनवीन गोष्िीची ननर्माती केली आहे. अशक्य गोष्िी शक्य क셂न द खवल्य आहेत. पर車तु प्रगती楍य न व ख ली म नव ने ननसग ाची आतोन त ह नी के ली आहे. १८ व्य शतक तील ओद्योचगक ि 車तीने म नव चे जीवन सखु ी झ ले त्य च सोबत समरय ही उभ र हहल्य . अनेक समरय पैकी घनकचर ही एक समरय आहे. व ढती लोकस車ख्य , व ढते शहरीकरण, ओद्योगीकरण य च सोबत मोठ्य प्रम ण वर कचर ननर्माती होत आहे. कचऱ्य चे व ढते प्रम ण एक समरय म्हणून उभी आहे. जग त सव ात ज रत कचर ननम ाण करण ऱ्य ५ देश त भ रत च सम वेश आहे. सव ात ज्य रत कचर ननम ाण करण र देश अमेररक आहे. भ रत त जवळ - जवळ १ वर् ात २० ल ख िन ई-कचर ननम ाण होतो व त्य त ४,३८,०८५ इतक्य कचऱ्य ची पुनप्राक्रिय केली ज ते. आपण आपल्य देश तील र ज्य च पवच र केल तर मह र ष्ि र ज्य सव ात ज रत कचर ननर्माती करण रे र ज्य आहे. मह र ष्ि त एक वर् ाल अ車द जे ९३ ल ख िन कचर होतो. तर दर हदवशी २०,५०० िन हून अचधक घन कचर ननम ाण होतो. संबंिीत साहि配याचा आढावा: कचऱ्याची व्याख्या - "ज्य गोष्िी व पर न車तर आणण ननर्माती प्रिीय न車तर नन셁पयोगी त्य ज्य म्हणून र्शल्लक र हत त. र्शव य ज्य च कोणत ही भ वी ल भ र्मळण र न ही अश सवा घन पद थ ान 'केरकचर ' क्रकव 'घनकचर ' असे म्हणत त." आरोग्याची व्याख्या - १] WHO - “केवळ आज र क्रकव अपगत्व य च आभ व एवढेच नसून श रीररक, म नर्सक, स म स्त्जक सुस्त्रथती म्हणजे आरोग्य” . २] “आरोग्य म्हणजे केवळ ननरोगीपण नव्हे तर श रीररक, म नर्सक, स म स्त्जक रव रथ बरोबर व्यवस य, आचथाक, भ वन बरोबर आध्य स्त्त्मक पैलुन पवच र त घेऊन प्र प्पत होण रे स車पूणा आरोग्य होय” . Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 97 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 कचऱ्याचे वाढते प्रमाि आणि आरोग्यावर िोिारे पररिाम - १] म श , ड स, चचलिे, उ車दीर, घुशी य ची ननर्माती होऊन मलेररय , डग्यु, प्पलेग, पवर्ब ध य स रखे भय車कर रोग उद्भवत त. २] कु िी, डुक्कर, ग ढव, हे प्र णी य कचऱ्य 楍य आसप स एकि येत त. त्य楍यकडून कचर अरत व्यरत पसरल ज तो आणण क्रकळसव णे 饃श्य ननम ाण होते. अश प्र ण्य कडून लह न मुले, म णसे य 楍य वर हल्ले होत त. ३] घनकचऱ्य 楍य कु जण्य मुळे दगु ाधी पस셂न हव प्रदपू र्त होते. श्व स व िे घ तक सुझ्मजीव शरीर त ज ऊन श्वसन चे, घश चे, फु फ्फु स चे रोग, दम , क्षय इत्य दी रोग 車न ननमिण र्मळते. ४] प्रच車ड प वस मुळे घनकचर पवशेर्तः प्पल स्त्रिक पपशव्य व हत ज ऊन गि री, स 車डप णी प ईप. तुबून पूरग्ररत स्त्रथती ननम ाण झ ल्य ने मह र ष्ि त पवशेर्तः मु車बईत अनुभव स आले आहे.(२६ जुल ई २००५) ५] व र व व हने इत्य दी मुळे ररत्य वरील कचर उडल ज तो. कीिकन शक, र स यननक द्रव र्मचश्रत कचर , धूळ, आसप सच घरे, दकु ने, प दच य 車न ि स द यक ठरतो. तसेच उगडय वर पवकल्य ज ण ऱ्य ख द्यपद थ ावर दकु न -हॉिेलमधील पद थ ावर ही धळ पडून अन्न-प ण्य चे दर्ु शत क होते. य तून पवर्ब ध होते. ६] घनकचर जन वर 楍य ख ण्य त आल्य स आतड्य मध्ये तो अडकू न मूत्यू होतो. ग यी, म्हशी, बैल, शेळी, य 楍य कडून प्पल स्त्रिक पपशव्य पोि त ज ऊन मत्ृ यूची अनेक उद हरणे घडत आहेत. कचऱ्याचे प्रकार - घनकचऱ्य 楍य ननर्मातीनस र त्य ची पवभ गणी वेगवेगळय प्रक र त केली ज ते. त्य तील प्रमखु तीन प्रक र पडत त. १] नागरी कचरा (Urban Wastes) व्याख्या - “घरे, उपह रगहृ े, मोठे हॉिेल्स, क य ालये, शैक्षणणक स車रथ , ध न्य ब ज, र जन वर चे ब ज र, दकु ने, फेरीव ले, स वाजननक रथळे, पडझड व नवीन ब धक म स हहत्य, ग्य रेज, रत्य वर फेकण्य त आलेले पद था, छोिे उद्योग, दव ख ने, य सव ाच सम वेश न गरी क चय ामध्ये होतो”. सवास ध रणपणे न गरी कचय ाच उगम तीन भ ग त पवभ गत त. १] वस हत २] व्य प री ३] स वाजननक हठक णी Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 98 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 कᴂद्रीय प्रदर्ू ण ननय車िण बोड ा २००० 楍य अहव ल नुस र लह न-मध्यम-मोठ्य शहर त प्रत्येकी व्यक्ती प्रत्येक हदवशी सुम रे १ क्रकलोप सून ५ क्रकलोपय車त घनकचर ननम ाण करते. हदल्लीमध्ये प्रत्यके ी हदवशी ४००० िन, मु車बईत ५३५५ िन, चेन ईत ३१२४ िन, कोलकत्य त ३६९२ िन कचर उत्पन्न होतो. व र व व हने इत्य दी मुळे ररत्य वरील कचर उडल ज तो. कीिकन शक, र स यननक द्रव र्मचश्रत कचर , धुळ, आसप सची घरे, दकु ने, प दच य 車न ि स द यक ठरतो. तसेच उगड्य वर पवकल्य ज ण ऱ्य ख द्यपद थ ावर दकु न-हॉिेलमधील पद थ ावर ही धूळ पडून अन्न-प ण्य चे दर्ु शतीकणा होते. य तून पवर्ब ध होते. घनकचर जन वर 楍य ख ण्य त आल्य स आतड्य मध्ये तो अडकन मत्ृ यू होतो. ग यी, म्हशी, बैल, शेळी, य 楍य कडून प्पल स्त्रिक पपशव्य पोि त ज ऊन मत्यूची अनेक उद हरणे घडत आहेत. कचऱ्याचे प्रकार - घनकचऱ्य 楍य ननर्मातीनस र त्य ची पवभ गणी वेगवेगळय प्रक र त के ली ज त. त्य तील प्रमखु तीन प्रक र पडत त. २] ओ饍योधगक कचरा (Soul Waste Management) "सवा प्रक र楍य छोटय -मोठ्य उद्योग क रख न्य मधन ब हेर पडण ऱ्य ि क ऊ घिक योचगक कचर असे म्हणत त." कोळस , ल कड चे तुकडे, र ख, ध तूच चूर , ल कड च भुरस , क पूस-ध गे, र車ग, रबर, प्पल स्त्रिक, क च, क तडी, मळी, ड बर, क楍चे तेल, आम्ली-आल्कली पद था, भ車ग र, म ती-श डुचे स चे, अश अनेकपवपवध घिकद्रव्य च ओदयोचगक क चय ात सम वेश होतो. ३] िोकादायक कचरा - मोठेमोठे क रख ने, र स यननक प्रक्रिय उदयोग, शरि रिे व रफोिके ननर्माती उदयोग, अणुप्रकल्प, दरव जे, स車शोधन स車रथ , प्रयोगश ळ इत्य तीतून ब हेर पडण ऱ्य त्य ज्य पद थ ान धोक द यक कचर असे म्हणत त. कचऱ्याचे व्यवस्त्थापन (Solid Waste Management) अपवच रीपण ने वरतू क्रक車 व पद थ ाच त्य ग करीत ज ण्य ने पय ावरण वर तसेच स म स्त्जक रवरथ्यवर पवपरीत पररण म होऊ ल गले आहेत. वताम न तील आणण भपवष्य तील त्य चे उग्र 셂प लक्ष त घेत घनकचर व्यवरथ पन ननस्त्श्चतपणे र बवून वेळीच उप ययोजन करणे आवश्यक आहे. व्याख्या - १] “घनकचय ाचे स車कलन क्रकव एकिीकरन करण्य प सून पुन्ह उपयोग त आणेपय車त क्रकव नष्ि करे पय車तची क्रिय म्हणजे घनकचर व्यवरथ पन होय.” २] “घनकचऱ्य चे स車कलन, स車रकरण, पवन योग व िीय स ठी सुव्यवस्त्रथत व कौशल्यपणा त車ि च व पर करणे म्हणजे घनकचर व्यवरथ पन होय.” Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 99 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 व्यवस्त्थापनाची उ饍हदष्टे (Objective of the Solid Waste Management) १] घनकचर ही आपत्ती समजून नतचे घ तक पररण म रोखण्य स ठी अथव कमीत-कमी करण्य स ठीचे उप य शोधणे. २] घनकचर ननर्माती कमी करणे पुन्ह पुन्ह व परने त्य वर स車रकरण क셂न पुनव ापरझम करण्य चे त車ि शोधणे. ३] योग्य सरक्षक्षत स ठवण, पवननयोग व पवल्हेव ि ही उहदष्िे आहेत. * इ車ग्रजीत य ल Three R's म्हणजे Reduce, Reuse, Recycle म्हणत त. व्यवस्त्थापनातील प्रमुख क्रिया - (Fundamental functions of solid waste management) १] संकलन (Collection) घनकचर व्यवरथ पन ची सु셁व त त्य 楍य स車कलन प सुन होते घरे, दकु न,े क य ालये, हॉिेल्स, क रख ने अश पवपवध क्षेि तून ननम ाण होण र कचर िोपलीत भ셂न स वाजननक कचर कु車 डीत पोहोचणे, तेथून व हतुकीत शहर तील प्रमुख घनकचर स車कलन के द्र वर एकि येणे य क्रिय च सम वेश होतो. कचर ह प्र थर्मक रतर वरच 'ओल कचर व कोरड कचर ' य पद्धतीने वेगळ करत येणे आणण तशी जनज गतृ ी करणे आवश्क आहे. कचर इतररत न ि कत कचर कु車 डीत ि क व . कचर कु車 डीवर झ कण अस वे, प णी आणण ज्वलनिीय प सून सक्षु क्षत अस वी. कचर उपसत न कमाच य 車न सुक्षीततेचे उप य म्हणून हमोजे, गुमबूि, म रकच पुरवठ करणे, व हतूक करत न कचर उडू नये म्हणून त्य वर आ楍छ दन करणे इत्य दी लह नसह न ब बीवर व्यवरथ पन त पवच र होतो. २] पथृ क्करन/वगीकरि(Classification) एकि झ लले घनकचर त्य 楍य उपयोचगते नुस र पवभ गणे, जैपवक घिक, अजैपवक घिक, ध तुप्रध न, घ तक रव셂प चे, मतृ प्र णी, प्र णीजन्य पद था, प्पल स्त्रिक, क च , इत्य दी. ३] संस्त्करि/प्रक्रिया(Processing) अ] सᴂहिय खतननसमषती(composting) प ल प चोळ , खरकिे, फळे, भ ज्य आश पद थ ा प सून र्मळण ऱ्य न यिोजन फॉरफरस, पोत्य र्शअम इतर पोर्क द्रव्य प सून सहᴂ द्रय ख त ननर्माती होते. ज्य देश ची अथाव्यवरथ कपर्प्रध न आहे. अश देश 車न हह प्रक्रिय ल भद यक असून लह नशी ज ग आणण १५ हदवस ते एक महहन्य च क ल वधी पुरेस आहे. ब] गाडूळ खतननसमषती (Vermiculture) ही एक जेपवक प्रक्रिय असून पय ावरण स अनकु ू ल व कमी खचचाक आहे. वमीकम्पोस्त्रि車ग म्हणजे ग डूळ कडून बनपवलेले सᴂहद्रय ख त होय. य क्रियेत ग डूळ न कचय ा楍य स車पक ात ठेवल्य ने Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 100 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 त्य 楍य कडून होण य ा कचय ा楍य सेवन प सून खत त 셁प तर車 होते. अश ख त त न यिोजनची म ि १.५ ते २.५% असते आणण उपयोगी जीव ण, सूक्ष्म जीवही योग्य प्रम ण त असत त. क] नाडेप तंर (Nadep Technique) भ रतीय शेतकऱ्य ने पवकसीत केलेली ही पद्धती अत्य चधत यशरवी झ ली आहे. मह र ष्ि तील शेतकरी श्री न र यणर व य 車नी प्रथम ही पद्धत पवकसीत के ली. म्हणून त्य चेच न व य पद्धतील हदले गेले आहे. 'न डेप' त車ि त शेण ची म ि कमी आणण कचर व म तीचे प्रम ण अचधक असते. य त कचऱ्य प सून खतननर्मातीस ठी तीन ते च र महहन्य च क ल वधी ल गतो. ड] जेववक समशन प्रक्रिया (Biomethanation) क्रकण्वन कचर कु जून त्य प सून र्मथेन तय र करत त. त्य ल ब योगॅस/जैपवक व यू म्हणत त. त्य च उपयोग घरगुती व पर स ठी होतो. इ] चूिष-पूड करिे | चुिषन (pulverization) “घनकचरय्चे दळणय車ि द्व रे चूणा क셂न त्य चे आक रम न कमी के ले ज ते. भोनतक गुणधमा बदलले ज त त. य ल चूणा पूड करणे / चुणान असे म्हणत त." त्य मुळे ते ग車धहीन आणण कृ मीस ठी अन कर्ाक बनते. त्य च उपयोग र स यननक खत प्रक्रिय क्रकव भरणक य ात केल ज तो. पर車तु ही पद्धत अनतशय खचचाक असल्य ने फ रशी 셂ढ न ही. ४] ववननयोग / ववल्िेवाट (Disposal) : अ] र्ूमी र्राव (Land Filling) : भूमी समलत करण्य स ठी मोठे-मोठे खडे बुजवण्य स ठी, दगडी ख णी बुजपवण्य स ठी भूमी भर व केल ज तो. य ल ननय車बित भमू ी भर व असेही म्हणत त. य तघनकचर ि कल्य न車तर प्रत्येकी वेळी म ती楍य थर ने तो झ कल ज तो. क रण जन वर 楍य स車पक ात येऊ नये ह उद्देश आसतो. भूमी भर व車मुळे उदय ने, खेळ ची मेद ने य स ठी अनतररक्त ज ग र्मळवत येते. ब] र्स्त्मीकरिIncineration) ( जग त मोठमोठ्य मह नगर त ही पध्दत व परली ज ते. हह पद्धती सवास मन्ये पणे कचर ज ळून ि कण्य पेक्ष वेगळी आहे. १] पवर्शष्ि प्रक र楍य भटिीत कचऱ्य ची ज ळून र ख के ली ज ते. २] र खेचे ननक्षेपण केले ज ते. ३] ही दहन प्रक्रिय पूणा पणे ननयबित असते. अ] ज्वलन तून ननम ाण झ लले ग्य स एकबित क셂न व परल ज तो. ब] नन셁पयोगी धूर प्रक्रिय क셂न हवेत सोडल ज तो. क] ज्वलन तून ननम ाण होण री उष्णत , ऊज ा पवपवध क य ास ठी पवशेर्तः पवद्युत ननर्मातीस ठी आवश्क व फ बनपवण्य स ठी व परत त. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 101 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 संशोिना楍या कायषप饍िती र्सरस ळ ग व तील कचर व्यवरथ पन एक अभ्य स य स車शोधन ची जी क यापद्धती व परण्य त आली ती ख लीलप्रम णे- १] नमुन ननवड पद्धतीच व पर के ल आहे. २] नमुना संख्या - र्सरस ळ ग व तून २० नमुन्य ची ननवड करण्य त आली. ३] सवेक्षि प饍िती - प्रश्न वली व मुल खत त車ि च व पर क셂न नमुन्य ची म हहती र्मळवली. ४] सांख्ख्यकीय ववश्लेषि - स 車स्त्ख्यकी पवश्लेर्ण िक्के व री पद्धतीने क ढून चच ा व ननष्कर्ा क ढण्य त येतील. ५] संशोिनाचे उ饍देश - १] कचर व्यवरथ पन केले ज त आहे क ते प हणे. २] कचय ामुळे घ णीचे स म्र ज्य पसरले आहे क ते प हणे. ६] संशोिनाचे गिृ ीतक - १] कचऱ्य चे व्यवरथ पन केले ज त आहे. ७] मयाषदा - ह आभ्य स र्सरस ळ ग व तील २० नमुन्य कररत मय ाहदत असनू य तून आलेले ननष्कर्ा य नमुनन्य कररत मय ाहदत र हतील. सांख्ख्यकीय ववश्लेषि: र्सरस ळ ग व तील केलेल्य सवेक्षण त र्मळवलेल्य म हहतीमध्ये पवपवध वयोगितील लोक 車ची मते घेण्य त आली. त्य तील २०-३० वयोगि तील ११ नमुन े आढळले तर ३०-४० वयोगि तील ०९ नमुने आढळून आले. शैक्षणणक 饃ष्िीकोन तून इथल्य समूह त २० नमुन्य 楍य सवेक्षण त ५०% नमुन े पदवी व पदवीउत्तर र्शक्षण घेतलेले आढळून आले. तर ५०% नमुने म ध्यर्मक व उ楍चम ध्यर्मक र्शक्षण घेतलेले आढळून आले. व्यवस नयक 饃ष्िीकोन तून प हणी केल्य स २० पैकी २ नमुन े ने नोकरी करण रे ०७ नमुने व्यवस य करण रे तर ०८ नमुने गहृ हणी व ०३ नमुने पवद्य थी आढळून आले. कचय ा楍य स車दभ ात आजही प हहजे तेवढी ज गतृ ी सम ज मध्ये पवशेर्तः ग्र मीण भ ग त हदसून येत न ही. ओल व सुक कचर पवभ जन करण्य च प्रयोग शहरी भ ग त केल ज त आहे त्य ल ही ५०% पय車त प्रनतस द र्मळत आहे पर車तु १००% प्रनतस द आजही र्मळत न ही हेच हदसून येते य च धतीवर र्सरस ळ ग्र मप車च यत मधील पवभ ग त सवेक्षण केले असत १३(६५%) लोक कचऱ्य चे ओल व सुक कचर असे पवभ जन करत नसल्य चे आढळून आले तर ७(३५%) लोक ओल व सकु कचऱ्य चे पवभ जण करत त. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 102 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 १] ओल व सुक कचय ा य पैकी कोणत कचर ज रत ननघतो य प्रश्न चे उत्तर देत न १५(७५%) लोक सुक कचर ज रत ननघतो म्हण ले. ४(२०%) लोक सुक व ओल दोन्ही प्रक रच कचर ज रत ननघतो तर ५% लोक ओल कचर ज रत ननघतो म्हण ले. २] १८(९०%) भ ग त घ車ि ग डी येत न ही व २(१०%) भ ग त घ車ि ग डी येते पर車तु घ車ि ग डीचे स तत्य केलेल्य सवेक्षन त आढुळन आले न ही. थोडक्य त असे म्हण यल व व आहे क्रक, घ車ि ग डी ननयर्मत न ही. ३] १९(९५%) भ ग त स वाजननक कचर कु車 डडची सोय न ही व १(५%) भ ग त कचर कु車 डडची सोय आहे. ४] १७(८५%) लोक स वाजननक हठक णी कचर ि कत त तर २(१०%) रवत 楍य ज गेत कचर ि कत त व १(५%) लोक कचर कु車 डडत कचर ि कत त. ५) रवत 楍य ज गेतील कचर १८(९०%) लोक जळत त २(१०%) लोक ग्र मप車च यतल कळवत त. ६) ४(२०%) लोक 車नी कचर कु車 डी स ठी ग्र मप車च यतल आग्रह धरल व ०८(४०%) लोक 車नी ग्र मप車च यतल कचर कु車 डडची म गणी के ली न ही, तर ०८(४०%) लोक 車नी कधी-कधी म गणी केली, पर車तु अद्य प त्य 楍य म गणील यश आले न ही. ७] १४(७०%) लोक गल्लीत कचर स चल्य स जळत त तर ०५(१०%) लोक कळवत त व ०४(२०%) लोक गप्पप बसत त. ८) २०(१००%) लोक 車न र्सरस ळय त कचर हह ग車भीर समरय बनत आहे असे व िते. ९) ०९(४५%) लोक 車नी कचर समरय स ठी ग्र मप車च यतल कळवत त व ०८(४०%) लोक 車नी अजा की करणे ह पय ाय ननवडल . तर ०३(१५%) लोक नी श 車त र हणे पस車त केले. चचाष : एकू णच र्सरस ळय तील के लेल्य कचर व्यवरथ पन स車दभ ातील सवेक्षन तून असे ननदशान स आले क्रक, र्सरस ळय त हदवसेन-हदवस घ णीचे स म्र ज्य व ठत आहे. ग्र मप車च यतचे दलु ाक्ष, लोक 車च उद सीन 饃ष्िीकोन, अज्ञ न त्य मुळे इथल्य लोक 車न आपले हक्क व कताव्य य पवर्यी ज गतृ ी आवश्यक आहे. ननष्कषष- १) सम ळय त कसल्य ही प्रक रचे कचर व्यवरथ पन केले ज त न ही. २) र्सरस ळय त घ णीचे स म्र ज्य पसरले आहे. अस ननष्कर्ा केलेल्य प हणी वसवेक्षण तील नⴂदीव셂न र्सद्ध होतो. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 103 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 सशफारशी : १) एकू णच र्सरस ळय ची कचर व्यवरथ पन ब बतची दयनीय अवरथ प हून जनज गतृ ी आवश्यक आहे. जनज गतृ ी मध्ये ख लील क यािम र बव वेत. अ) कचर व्यवरथ पन स車दभ ात जनज गतृ ी रॉली क ढणे. ब) पथन टय. क) स 車रकृ नतक क यािम तून कचर व्यवरथ पन ब बत म गादशान ड) बैठक घेणे. २) ग्र मप車च यतने कचर व्यवरथ पन चे ननयोजन आख वे. ग व त स चलेल्य कचय ा楍य ढीग चे ज ल व सुक अस े पवभ जन क셂न ओल्य क चय ा प सून कम्पोरि खत तय र करण्य च प्रकल्प उभ कर व . ३) क यदय ने प्पल स्त्रिकवर ब車दी असली तरी र्सरस ळ ग व त प्पल स्त्रिकच व पर सर ास होतआहे. ग्र मप車च यतने य वर कठोर क रव ई केलेल्य सवेक्षन त आसे ननदशान स आले क्रक, प्पल स्त्रिक कचऱ्य चे प्रम ण खूप आहे व लोक तो कचर जळत त. य मुळे व युप्रदर्ू व ढत आहे. ग्र मप車च यतने य कडे ग 車भीयाने लक्ष्य देऊन प्पल स्त्रिक पुनरप्रक्रिय प्रकल्प उभ करव. ४) स वाजननक हठक णी कचऱ्य स ठी कचर कु डी車ची व्यवरथ कर वी. ग व त ननयर्मत घ車ि ग डी क्रफरव वी. ५) ग्र मप車च यत सदरय 車नी जनतेशी स車व द स धून त्य 楍य (कचऱ्य स車बचधत) अडचणी ज णून घेऊन ननयोजन कर वे. ६) स वाजननक हठक णी व न लीत कचर न ि कत कचर कु車 डीतच ि क व . संदर्ष सूची - पुस्त्तक - १) पय ावरणश रि - एरक भ셂च २) पय ावरणश रि - ए.बी. सवदी सर, पी.एस. कोळेकर वेबसाईट - 1) https://mr.m.wikipedia.org 2) https://sanitation.indiawaterportal.org 3) mr.vikaspedia.in 4) https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com 5) https://www.bbc.com 6) https:\\www.loksatta.com 7) Social-ab.in Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 104 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. 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ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 ¨ÉÖκ±É¨É Ê´ÉvÉ´ÉÉ ÊMÉc÷ÊMÉc÷ÉiÉÒ ½èþ* {ÉÊ®úSÉɱÉEò ºÉä |ÉÉlÉÇxÉÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½éþ, ÊEò vÉÚ{É ¤Éc÷Ò iÉäVÉ ½èþ* ¨Éä®úÉ ¤ÉSSÉÉ ¤ÉÒ¨ÉÉ®ú ½èþ* ¨ÉÖZÉä ±ÉäiÉä SÉʱÉB - ""¨Éä®úÉ ¤ÉSSÉÉ ¤ÉÒ¨ÉÉ®ú ½èþ* ºÉä¤ÉäºÉä =ºÉxÉä EÖòUô JÉɪÉÉ Ê{ɪÉÉ xɽþÓ <ºÉ vÉÖ{É ¨Éå SÉ±É Eäò VÉÉ>ÄðMÉÒ iÉÉä ´É½þ nù¨É iÉÉäb÷ näùMÉÉ*''7 +ºÉ½þÉªÉ Ê´ÉvÉ´ÉÉ iÉÉä±ÉÉ®úÉ¨É EòÒ +Éä®ú nùªÉÉ oùι]õ ºÉä näùJÉiÉÒ ½èþ ÊEò +É{É ½þÒ ¨Énùnù Eò®ú nùÒÊVÉB* iÉÉä±ÉÉ®úÉ¨É ¨ÉVÉä ¨Éå {ÉÉxÉ SɤÉÉ ®ú½þÉ ½èþ iÉ¤É iÉEò {ÉÊ®úSÉɱÉEò Eò½þiÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò - ""¤ÉºÉ ¨Éå ¦ÉÒJÉ ¨ÉÉÄMÉiÉä ½ÖþB +É{ÉEòÉä ¶É¨ÉÇ +ÉxÉÒ SÉÉʽþB*'' lÉÉäb÷Ò näù®ú {ɽþ±Éä ÊGòζSɪÉxÉ ¨Éʽþ±ÉÉ EòÉä {ÉSÉÉºÉ {ÉèºÉä näùxÉä ´ÉɱÉÉ JÉqù®ú vÉÉ®úÒ ªÉÖ´ÉEò EÆòb÷C]õ®ú ºÉä Eò½þiÉÉ ½è* ""¨ÉÖĽþ CªÉÉ näùJÉiÉä ½þÉä* ¤Éɽþ®ú JÉnäùb÷ nùÉä =ºÉä* ¤ÉºÉ Êb÷±Éä ½þÉä ®ú½þÒ ½èþ*''9 |ɺiÉÖiÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå ±ÉäJÉEò xÉä Eò½þÉ ½èþ ÊEò nùÒxÉ-nÖùJÉÒ, ºÉ´ÉǽþÉ®úÉ ´ÉMÉÇ ¨Éå VÉÒ´ÉxɪÉÉ{ÉxÉ Eò®úxÉä´ÉɱÉä ±ÉÉäMÉÉå EòÒ ºÉ½þɪÉiÉÉ Eò®úxÉä ¨Éå ±ÉÉäMÉ ºÉEÖòSÉÉiÉä ½éþ* ¨ÉÖκ±É¨É Ê´ÉvÉ´ÉÉ Eäò ºÉÉlÉ ¤ÉÒ¨ÉÉ®ú ºÉSSÉÉ ½èþ* =ºÉä ºÉ®äú ®úɽþ =iÉÉ®ú näùxÉÉ +xªÉɪÉ, +iªÉÉSÉÉ®ú ½èþ* ±ÉäJÉEò Eò½þiÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò ´ªÉÎCiÉ EòÒ {ɽþSÉÉxÉ Eäò ¨ÉÉ{Énùhb÷ ¤Énù±É MÉB ½èþ* ¨ÉÖκ±É¨É Ê´ÉvÉ´ÉÉ EòÒ iÉ®ú½þ ±ÉÉJÉÉå EòÒ ºÉÆJªÉÉ ¨Éå Ê´ÉvÉ´ÉÉBÄ ½èþ, ÊVÉx½åþ xÉ ®úÉä]õÒ Ê¨É±É ®ú½þÒ ½èþ, xÉ Eò{Éb÷É Ê¨É±É ®ú½þÉ ½èþ, xÉ ®ú½þxÉä Eäò ʱÉB PÉ®ú* ºÉSɨÉÖSÉ ¨ÉÖκ±É¨É Ê´ÉvÉ´ÉÉ Eäò ®ú¯û{É ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉ º´É¯û{É {ÉÄÚVÉÒ´ÉÉnùÒ ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ EòÉä ÊSÉgøÉ ®ú½þÉ ½éþ* ºÉÆnù¦ÉÇ : 1) ¨Éä®úÒ Ê|ÉªÉ Eò½þÉÊxɪÉÉÄ - Eò¨É±Éä·É®ú, {ÉÞ¹`ö 129 2) ¨Éä®úÒ Ê|ÉªÉ Eò½þÉÊxɪÉÉÄ - Eò¨É±Éä·É®ú, {ÉÞ¹`ö 131 3) ¨Éä®úÒ Ê|ÉªÉ Eò½þÉÊxɪÉÉÄ - Eò¨É±Éä·É®ú, {ÉÞ¹`ö 133 4) ¨Éä®úÒ Ê|ÉªÉ Eò½þÉÊxɪÉÉÄ - Eò¨É±Éä·É®ú, {ÉÞ¹`ö 135 5) Ê´Éʶɹ]õ Eò½þÉÊxɪÉÉÄ - +ÉʤÉnù ºÉÖ®úiÉÒ, {ÉÞ¹`ö 79 6) Ê´Éʶɹ]õ Eò½þÉÊxɪÉÉÄ - +ÉʤÉnù ºÉÖ®úiÉÒ, {ÉÞ¹`ö 80 7) Ê´Éʶɹ]õ Eò½þÉÊxɪÉÉ Ä - +ÉʤÉnù ºÉÖ®úiÉÒ, {ÉÞ¹`ö 80 8) Ê´Éʶɹ]õ Eò½þÉÊxɪÉÉÄ - +ÉʤÉnù ºÉÖ®úiÉÒ, {ÉÞ¹`ö 80 9) Ê´Éʶɹ]õ Eò½þÉÊxɪÉÉÄ - +ÉʤÉnù ºÉÖ®úiÉÒ, {ÉÞ¹`ö 80 Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 115 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 महिला सुरक्षा : एक समस्त्या配मक ववश्लेषि डॉ. के . एम. नागरगोजे सैननक श रि पवभ ग प्रमुख श्री प車डडतगु셁 प डीकर मह पवद्य लय र्सरस ळ त . परळी स्त्ज. बीड प्रस्त्तावना पु셁र्प्रध न स車रकृ तीत स्त्रिय 車न नेहमीच दय्ु यम रथ न र्मळत आले आहे. रिी ही केवळ उपभोग ची वरतू आहे अशी प र車प ररक प्रनतग मी म नर्सकत आहे. स्त्रिय 車न र्शक्षण सत्त व स車पत्तीच अचधक र न क रण्य त आले होते. ध र्माक क यद्य 車च आध र घेऊन स्त्रिय 車वर आचधक चधक ब車धने ल दली गेली सतीप्रथ, हु車ड प्रथ, ब लपवव ह य स रख्य अनेक अन्य यक रक च लीररती ने ल खो स्त्रिय 車चे आयुष्य त्य क ळ त उध्वरत झ ले. भ रत त ज्योनतब फु ले आणण स पविीब ई, र ज र म मोहनर य य स रख्य भ रतीय सम जसुध रक नी रिी रव त車त्र्य ची चळवळ उभ 셂न अनेक व ईि च लीरीती ब車द करण्य स ठी कठोर क यदे केले. 10 डडसᴂबर 1948 ल प्रर्सद्ध करण्य त आलेल्य म नवी हक्क च ज गनतक ज हीरन म्य 楍य प्ररत वनेत म्हिले आहे की जुलूम आणण दडपश ही य प सून सुिक क셂न घेण्य स ठी शेविच उप य म्हणून लोक 車न हह車सक ि 車तीच म गा अवल車बबणे भ ग पडू नये असे व ित असेल तर म नवी हक्क 車न क यद्य 楍य र ज्य ने स車रक्षण देण्य ची आवश्यकत आहे. सद्यस्त्रथतीत देश 車मध्ये महहल 車वरील अत्य च र 楍य घिन 車मुळे क यद -सुव्यवरथेच प्रश्न ननम ाण झ ल आहे कोपडी हदल्ली हैदर ब द हह車गणघ ि येथील महहल 車वरील अत्य च र 車楍य घडलेल्य घिन 車नी मन सुन्न के ले आहे,क यद्य चे र ज्य आहे की न ही अस प्रश्न ननम ाण होत आहे सदरील शोध लेख त अश घिन 車च अभ्य स करण्य त आल आहे. गिृ ीतक:- १ महहल 車ची सुरक्ष ननस्त्श्चतपणे धोक्य त आली आहे आहे २ देश मध्ये र्ल車गभेद ची समरय अजूनही आहे उ饍देश:- १ महहल 車वरील गुन्ह्य 車楍य नⴂदी तप सणे. २ महहल 車वरील होत असलेल्य अत्य च र 楍य घिन 車च आढ व घेणे. ३ महहल 車वरीलहोत असलेल्य हल्ल्य 楍य क रण 車च अभ्य स करणे महिलांना र्दे र्ावपूिष वागिूक:- म नवीहक्क 車पवर्यी अनेक आ車तरर ष्िीय कर र त म न्यत र्मळूनही स्त्रिय ननधान आणण ननरक्षर र हण्य चे प्रम ण मोठे आहे वैद्यकीय सुपवध म लमत्तेची म लकी पतपुरवठ प्रर्शक्षण आणण रोजग र त Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 116 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 पु셁र् 車楍य तुलनेत स्त्रिय 車न कमी स車धी र्मळते. स्त्रिय 車ची म नर्सकत बदलणे अनतशय महत्त्व चे आहे ग्र मीण भ ग त रिी अजूनही रवतः ननणाय घेऊ शकत न ही ती त्य पु셁र् 車楍य ननणाय वर अवल車बून र हत त त्य 車चे ननणाय क्षमत देखील व ढवणे गरजेचे आहे. सामाख्जक प्रगतीत महिलांची मित्त्वाची र्ूसमका:- हदन 車क 20 जुलै 1942 न गपूर येथील आ. भ . दर्लत महहल पररर्दे प्रस車गी डॉ. ब ब स हेब आ車बेडकर भ र्ण करत न म्हणत त “स्त्रिय 車ची प्रगती ज्य प्रम ण त झ ली असेल त्य व셂नएखद्य सम ज ची प्रगती मी मोजीत असतो तसेच ते म्हणत त लग्न झ लेल्य प्रत्येक मुलीने व नतची मैिीण म्हणून त्य 楍य प्रत्येक क य ात सहक या द्य वे म ि गलु म स रखी व गवण र य स ख車बीर पणे नतने नक र द्य व व समतेस ठी आग्रह धर व तरच तुम्ह ल महहल 車न म न सन्म न व कीती प्र प्पत होण र आहे”. रिील ज गतृ क셂न नतल अचधक स車रक्षण देऊन पु셁र् 車楍य ज च तून मुक्त करण्य स ठी नतल सम नत , आचथाक, र जकीय, स म स्त्जक, रव त車त्र्य एक पवशेर् क यद्य ने द्य वे असेडॉ. ब ब स हेब आ車बेडकर 車楍य मन त होते म्हणून त्य 車नी हहद車 ू कोड बबल आच आग्रह धरल होत . महिलांवरील अ配याचारा楍या व ित्ते楍या कािी मुख्य घटना:- १) हिंगिघाट ख्जल्िा विाष येथील घटना:- हद ३ फे िुव री २०२० सोमव र रोजी वध ा स्त्जल्ह्य तील हह車गणघ ि येथे त र्सक तत्त्व वर क यारत असण ऱ्य अ車क्रकत पपसुड्डे य प्र ध्य पपकेवर पवकेश नगर ळे य ने पेिोल ि कू न ज ळून ि कण्य त आल.े त्य हल्ल्य त ग車भीर असलेल्य पीडडतेच आठ हदवस 車नी म्हणजे 10 फे िुव री रोजी मत्ृ यू झ ल . घिनमे ुळे र ज्यभर स車त प ची ल ि उसळली. त्य न車तर कोणत ही अनुचचत प्रक र घडू नये म्हणून पोलीस ब車दोबरत ठेवण्य त आल होत पर車तु स車तप्पत न गररक 車नी दीड त स र ज्य मह म गा रोखून धरल अ車क्रकत चे शेव घेऊन येण ऱ्य 셁ग्णव हहकेचे आगमन होतच ग वकऱ्य 車楍य स車यम च ब 車ध सिु ल आणण 셁ग्णव हहके वर ही दगडफेक केली. २) डॉ वप्रयंका रे蕍डी ि配या िैदराबाद:- 27 नोव्हᴂबर 2019 楍य र िी हैदर ब द येथील पशुवैद्यकीय 셁ग्ण लय तील पप्रय車क रेड्डी महहल डॉक्िर वर बल त्क र क셂न स्त्जव車त ज ळण्य त आले ज車गली प्र ण्यन 車 ल ज व िेल असे कृ त्य घडल े य घिन楍े य पवरोध त देशभर तून स車त प व्यक्त झ ल च र नर धम 車नी नत楍य वर स मूहहक बल त्क र क셂न नतल स्त्जव車त ज ळण्य तआले. मतृ देह व ईि पद्धतीने जळल की नतची ओळख फक्त नत楍य रक फा प णी लॉकेि व셂न पिली पोर्लस 車नी आरोपी मोहम्मद आररफ आणण त्य 楍य तीन स थीद र 車न त ब्य त घेतले. 6 डडसᴂबर 2019 रोजी आरोपी車न घिन रथळी नेले असत य आरोपी車नी पळून ज ण्य च प्रयत्न केल , पोर्लस ची ब車दकु हहरकवली त्य न車तर पोर्लस 車नी रवस車रक्षण स ठी आरोपीवर गोळय झ डल्य व त्य नर धम 車न चकमकी दरम्य न ठ र करण्य त आले. ३) कोपडी बला配कार आणि खून प्रकरि:- कोपडी त . कजात स्त्ज. अहमदनगर येथील तुक ई लवन वरती पररसर त १३ जजुलै२०१६ रोजी स य車क ळी स त व जत नववीत र्शकण ऱ्य श ळकरी मुलीवर बल त्क र क셂न ननघाणृ हत्य करण्य त आली. म नवतेल क र्ळम फ सण ऱ्य य घिनेन車तर त्य न車तर Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 117 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 मह र ष्ि 楍य क न कोपऱ्य तून य मलु ी楍य न्य य स ठी 'मर ठ ि 車ती' मूक मोचे ननघ ल.े य घिनेन車तर अख्ख मह र ष्ि ढवळून ननघ ल . य तील मुख्य आरोपी स्त्जतᴂद्र र्शद車 े ननतीन स車तोर् भव ळ य 車न हदन 車क 29 नोव्हᴂबर 2017 रोजी फ शीची र्शक्ष सुन वण्य त आली. Crime Against women in Maharashtra Sr. Crime head January to Sept. January to Sept No 2019 2018 1. Rape 4027 3734 2. Kidnapping and abduction of women 6346 6336 3. Dowry death 142 141 4. Assault on women with intent to 10306 10385 outrage to modesty 5. Insult to the modesty of women 734 680 6. Cruelty by husband or his relatives 5674 4645 7. Immoral traffic (prevention) act 159 171 women cases only Total 27388 26092 CID Bulletin (quarterly) Criminal Investigation Department Maharashtra state Pune. वरील तक्त्य नुस र मह र ष्ि तील महहल 車楍य गुन्ह्य 楍य नⴂदीवर 饃ष्िीक्षेप ि कल असत त महहल 車वर पवनयभ車ग चे हेतूने प्र णघ तक हल्ल होत न होऊन हहस車 च र ल बळी पडत आहेत अपहरण कौिु車बबक हहस車 च र बल त्क र ल बळी पडत आहेत. महहल 車वरील एकू ण गुन्ह्य 車楍य नⴂदी चे प्रम ण ज नेव री-सप्पिᴂबर 2018 楍य तुलनेत ज नेव री-सप्पिᴂबर 2019 मध्ये व ढल्य चे हदसत आहे ही ग車भीर ब ब आहे. महहल आणण मलु ी車楍य सुरक्षक्षतत व कल्य ण स車बच車 धत आठ क यद्य ची प्रभ वी अम車 लबज वणी होणे अपेक्षक्षत आहे त्य त वैद्यकीय गभाप त च क यद (एमिीपी) गभाध रण पूवा आणण प्रसूतीपूव ा गभार्ल車ग ननदन प्रनतब車धक क यद २००५ तसेच अत्य च र प सून मुली車चे स車रक्षण करण र क यद (पोक्सो) हे ते आठ क ढले आहेत. सारांश स्त्रिय 車वरील अन्य य अत्य च र दरू करण्य स ठी प्रभ वी क यदे आणण त्य ची कठोर अ車मलबज वणी आवश्यक आहेच पर車तु त्य बरोबरच आवश्यक आहे ती स्त्रिय मुली車न म गदा शान अत्य車त महत्त्व चे आहे . आज-क ल प्रेम प्रकरण 車मध्ये झ लेली व ढ लक्ष त घेत मुलग आणण मलु गी य दोघ 車चेही समुपदेशन करण्य ची गरज आहे. प्रेम करणे ही व ईि गोष्ि न ही पर車तु प्रेम 楍य न व ख ली अश्लीलतेच जो न車ग न च च लू आहे असतो. एकतफी प्रेम तून देखील मोठ्य प्रम ण त गुन्हेग री चे प्रक र घडत आहेत. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 118 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 सशफारस:- १ श ळ , मह पवद्य लय, रवय車सेवी स車रथ , य 車नी प्रयत्न क셂न स्त्रिय 車वरील कठोर क यद्य 楍य जनज गतृ ीचे उपिम र बवले प हहजेत. २ श ळ मह पवद्य लय तून मूल्य र्शक्षण बरोबरच लℂचगक र्शक्षण चे धडे देणे गरजेचे व िते. संदर्ष सूची:- १) डॉ सोल पुरे र जशेखर, म नवी हक्क आणण सम ,ज अ셁ण प्रक शन ल तूर 2014 पष्ृ ठ िम क車 149 २) डॉ.ब ब स हेब आ車बेडकर, पवद्य थ्य 車नो ज गतृ व्ह !!, शक्षै णणक म गादशाक प्रबुद्ध भ रत पुरतक लय आणण प्रक शन व्यवस य न गपुर 2019 पुष्ि िम 車क 88 ३) डॉ अननल सूय ा प्र चीन अव ाचीन भ रतीय रिी आणण हहद車 ू कोड बबल, सुग व प्रक शन पणु े 2010 ४) दैननक सक ळ 11 फे िुव री 2020 ५) दैननक सक ळ 7 डडसᴂबर 2019 ६) दैननक लोकसत्त 30 नोव्हᴂबर 2017 Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 119 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 lkoZtfud vkj¨X; fo"k;d vkOgkukaps lkekftd v/;;u Ák- M‚- ,l- Mh- ijGdj lekt'kkó foÒkx Áeq[k] Jh iaMhrxq# ikMÊdj d‚Y¨t fljlkGk] ft-chM ÁLrkouk %& Òkjrh; vkj¨X; O;oLF¨le¨j LoPNrk o vkj¨X;fo"k;d e¨Bh vkOgkus vkgsr- ;kp dkj.kkeqGs iarÁ/kkuklkj[;k Á'kkldh; Áeq[kkl gkrkr >kMw ?¨owu LoPNrspk lans'k |kok Ykkxr vkgs- ;kÁek.¨p vkj¨X; Á'kklukle¨jhYk vkOgkaukpk fopkj djrk lkFkhpk Álkj j¨[k.;kcj¨cjp Áfrca/kkRed mik; ;¨tukaoj Yk{k dsaæhr dj.;kps e¨Bs vkOgku lkoZtfud vkj¨X; O;oLF¨oj vkgs- R;klkBh Yklhdj.k dk;ZØe loZlekos'kdfjR;k jkcfo.;kph vko';drk vkgs- ÒkjrkP;k vkj¨X; O;oLF¨le¨j vkj¨X;klkBhP;k vusd leL;k vkgsr- ÒkjrkP;k Yk¨dla[;se/;s vYi mRié xVkrhYk Yk¨dla[;sps Áek.k e¨Bs vlwu Òkjrkph Yk¨dla[;k o ÒkjrkP;k Yk¨dla[;sr osxkus g¨.kkjh ok< ;k n`"Vhus Òkjrkpk lkoZtfud dk;ZØe vR;ar ifj.kkedkjdfjR;k jkcfo.;kps e¨Bs vkOgku Òkjrh; lkoZtfud vkj¨X; O;oLF¨le¨j vkgs- v'kkÁdkjP;k vkOgkukapk lkeuk d#u fuj¨xh Òkjr fuekZ.k dj.;kps e¨Bs vkOgku vkj¨X; O;oLF¨le¨j vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-;k n`"Vhd¨ukrwu vkj¨X; O;oLFai dk;Zjr vkgs- ijarw vfYkdMP;k dkGkr vkj¨X; O;oLF¨le¨j uoufou leL;k fuekZ.k g¨r vkgsr- vkj¨X;kP;k n`"Vhus uoufou vkOgkus fuekZ.k g¨r vkgsr- R;kpk vk 'k¨/kfuca/kkps mÌs'k %& ÒkjrkrhYk vkj¨X; O;oLF¨pk vk Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 120 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 2½ LoPNrk fo"k;d vkOgkus % Òkjrkr fi.;klkBh lqjf{kr ik.kh iqjoBÓkpk vÒko o eYkew«k o dpjk foltZuklkBh lqjf{kr O;oLF¨pk vÒko ;k Áeq[k leL;k vkgsr- R;kpcj¨cj Yk¨dla[;spk foLQ¨V] 'kgjhdj.k] v©|¨fxdj.k ;keqGs gok] ik.kh o vé Ánqf"kr g¨rs- LoPNrsP;k leL;seqGs ukukfo/k vktkj iljrkr- i;kZoj.kh; LoPNrsph leL;k ÁpaM o xaÒhj vkgs- ;keqGs lalxZtU; vktkj fu;a«k.kkr vk.k.¨ vo?kM tkr vkgs- 3½ ok Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 121 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 O;oLFkk fodflr g¨.;kojp ns'kkrhYk Yk¨dla[;sps vkj¨X; voYkacwu vkgs- vdk;Z{ke lkoZtfud vkj¨X; O;oLF¨P;k ns'kkarxZr vkfFkZd vkf.k lkekftd fodklkoj foijhr ifj.kke g¨r¨-- v'kkÁdkjP;k vkOgkukapk lkeuk d#u fuj¨xh Òkjr fuekZ.k dj.;kps e¨Bs vkOgku vkj¨X; O;oLF¨le¨j vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- lanÒZxzaFk lwph %& 1½ lhek dkf'kn & vkj¨X; Á'kklu 2½ ;¨tuk & ekfld if«kdk 3½ ftYgk lkekftd o vkfFkZd lekYk¨pu] ijÒ.kh] 2017 4½ okf"kZd vgokYk & vkj¨X; o dqVwacdY;k.k ea«kkYk;] 2017 Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 122 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 gqaMk i)rhph dkj.ks] ifj.kke o mik;kstuk izk-MkW- ch-ts- jkBksM olarnknk ikVhy dkWyst] ikVksnk rk-ft- chM & 404240 izLrkouk % gqaMk i)r gh Hkkjrh; lektkyk ykxysyh ,d dhM vkgs- Hkkjrh; lektkr iq:’k iz/kku laL—rhps izkcY; tkLr vlY;kdkj.kkus vkt jksth Hkkjrkr gqaMÓkph leL;k dks.kR;kp ckcrhr deh >kysyh ukgh- gqaMÓkph leL;k gh ,d dkSVqafcd Lo:ikph vlwu vkt frpk vk?kkr ek= lektkoj >kysyk vkgs- gqaMÓkeqGs fL=;kaP;k vR;kpkjkr o`)h gksrkauk fnlwu ;sr vkgs- fookgkP;k osGh o/kwfiR;kus ojfiR;kuk jks[k lksus fdaok oLrqP;k Lo:ikr th dkgh jDde ekstkoh ykxrs- fryk ^gqaMk* vls Eg.krkr- Hkkjrh; lektkr iwohZ dU;knku dj.;kph izFkk gksrh- ;k izlaxh vyadkj] xk;h] ?kksMs HksV ns.;kph izFkk gksrh- ;kpk mYys[k egkHkkjr] jkek;.k ;k /keZxzaFkkr igko;kl feGrks- ijarq ;k loZ xks’Vh ,sfPNd gksR;k- vkt vk/kqfud dkGkr ek= ;k i)frps Lo:i vfr”k; fo—r >kysys vkgs- gqaMk gk vktP;k dkGkr lDrhus olqy dsyk tkrks- gqaMÓkP;k ;k vfHkyk’ksrwu uoo/kwoj “kkjhfjd o ekufld vR;kpkj gksr vkgss- uoo/kwl tkG.ks] vkRegR;sl izo`Ùk dj.ks ;k lkj[ks lkekftd iz”u fuekZ.k >kys vkgsr- vkt ?kMhyk fookg gk laLdkj ulwu rks ,d izdkjs djkj gksÅu clyk vkgs- gqaMÓklkBh fL=;kojhy vR;kpkj gs ek.kqldhyk dkGhek Qkl.kkjs vkgsr- tso ¼1½ 'kks/kfuca/kkph mfn"Vs %& ¼1½ gqaMk i)rhps Lo:Ik tk.kwu ?ks.ks- ¼2½ gqaMk i)rhP;k dkj.kkapk 'kks/k ?ks.ks- ¼3½ gqaMk i)rhP;k ifj.kkekaph ekfgrh letwu ?ks.ks- ¼2½ 'kks/kfuca/kkph x`fgrds %& ¼1½ gqaMk i)rheqGs fL=;koj vR;kpkj gksr vkgsr- ¼2½ gqaMk i)rh lekt ekU; vkgsr- ¼3½ gqaMk /ks.ks o ns.sk dk;|kus xqUgk vkgs- ¼3½ la”kks/ku i)rh%& izLrqr 'kks/kfuca/kkP;k fy[kk.kklkBh rF; ladyu djkos ykxrs- rF; ladyuklkBh nq¸;e rF;kpk okij dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- R;ke/;s lanHkZ xzaFk] Øehd iqLrds] eklhds] ikk{khds] orZekui=s] 'kklfd; vgoky] bR;knhpk vk/kkj ?ks.;kr vkysyk vkgs- Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 123 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 izLrqr 'kks/k fuca/kke/;s gqaMk i)rh o R;kph dkj.ks vkf.k ifj.kke ;kpk mYys[k dsysyk vkgs- R;klkBh gqaMk Eg.kts dk;\ ;klkBh gqaMÓkph O;k[;k ;k fBdk.kh y{kkr ?ks.ks vko”;d vkgs- O;k[;k %& ^^fofogkP;k osGh iq:’kkP;k R;kph iRuh fdaok dqVqackdMwu feG.kkjh laiÙkh Eg.kts gqaMk**- & eWDl jWfMu- izLrqr 'kks/k fuca/kke/s; gqaMk i)rhps dkj.ks izFker% y{kkr ?ks.ks vko”;d vkgs- rh iq Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 124 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 tUekl ;s.ks ,d izdkjs dqVqackoj iMysyk ckstk letyk tkrks- gk ckstk deh dj.;klkBh o/kwfirk tkLrhr tkLr gqaMk nsÅu eqyhpk fookg djrks- ojfirk o/kqfiR;kdMwu gqaMÓkph jDde olwy dj.ks vkiyk gDd letrks- ojfirk o/kqfiR;kdMwu gqaMÓkph jDde olwy dj.ks vkiyk gDd letrks- dkj.k R;kP;kers rks eqyxk cki vlY;keqGs R;kph cktq Js’B vlrs- 6½ eqyhph dq:irk%& dq:Ik eqyh”kh yXu dj.;kpk ekscnyk Eg.kwu ojfiR;kdMwu tkLrhr tkLr gqaMk olwy dsyk tkrks- dq:Ik eqyhP;k yXukr vusd vMp.kh ;srkr- frP;kcjkscj yXu dj.;kl dks.khgh r;kj gksr ukgh- v'kk osGh o/kqfiR;kyk tkLr gqaMk nsÅu yXu djkos ykxrs- dq:irspk ekscnyk Eg.kwu gqaMk gs lehdj.k lektkykgh ekU; vkgs- 7½ dk;|krhy lekurk %& lektke/;s izR;{ki.ks L=h&iq:”k lekurk ulyh rjh dk;|kus ek= lekurk iznku dsyh vkgs- 1956 P;k okjlk gDd feGkyk vkgs- ijarq vktgh eqyh fiR;kP;k ekyeÙksrhy vkiyk okVk ekxr ukghr- iq:’k iz/kku laL—rheqGsa ;k gDdkph vkaeyctko.kh gskr ukgh- laiÙkhe/khy gDdkph vkaeyctko.khP;k ,soth eqyhl tkLr izek.kkr gqaMk nsowu yXu dsys tkrkr- fdaok laiÙkhe/;s okVk ?ksrk ukgh Eg.kwu fryk gqaMk fnyk tkrks- v'kk vusd dkj.kkeqGs gqaMk i)rh vfLrRokr vlysyh fnlrs- 1961 P;k gqaMk fojks/kh dk;|keqGs gqaMk izR;{kkr u ?ksrk vizR;{ki.ks ?ksryk tkrks- lektkojhy ;k izFkspk izHkko vktgh deh >kysyk ukgh- gqaMk ns.ks o ?ks.ks gs vktgh lektkP;k n`’Vhus xqUgk ekuyk tkr ukgh- 8½ gqaMk i)rhps nq"ifj.kke %& gqaMk i)rh gh vkt lkoZf=d Lo:ikph >kysyh vkgs- frps lektkoj okbZV ifj.kke gksr vkgsr- R;krwu vusd iz”u fuekZ.k gksrkauk fnlwu ;srkr- 1½ eqyhps la[;sr >kysyh ?kV %& gqaMki)rheqGs vkt iq:’kkaP;k rqyuse/;s fL=;kph ?kV >kysyh vkgs- gk R;kpk lokZr eksBk ifj.kke vkgs- fulxkZP;k fu;ekizek.ks L=h&iq:”k izek.k leku vlk;yk ikfgts rjp elktkps larqyu fVdwu jkgw 'kdrs- ijarq vkt ?kMhyk ;kps izek.k ?kVr pkyys vkgs- Hkkjrkr 1 iq:’kkP;k ekxs 933 fL=;k vkgsr- egkjk’Vªkr gs izek.k 922 brds vkgs- eqyhP;k yXukr gqaMk |kok ykxrks- Eg.kwu vkt tUekyk ;s.;k vxksnjp xHkZty ijh{kk d:u xHkkZrp frph gR;k dsyh tkrs- gs —R; ek.kqldhyk dkGhek Qkl.kkjs vlwu R;keqGs vusd lkekftd iz'ukaph fufeZrh gksrs- lektkr lrr fL=;kaps vlsp deh gksr jkfgys rj Hkfo’;kr dkgh iq:’kkauk vfookghrp jgkos ykxsy- 2½ uofookghr o/kqapk NG %& vktP;k dkGkr uohu O;olk;] 'ksrh [kjsnh] ?kjcka/k.kh] okgu [kjsnh o brj vkfFkZd xjtk iw.kZ dj.;klkBh uo/kwauk ekgsjdMwu gqaMk vk.k.;kpk vkxzg dsyk tkrks- ;k loZ O;Drhe/;s lkljP;k yksdkapk lgHkkx vlrks- ;k loZ ckchaph iwrZrk >kyh rj cjs ukgh rj fryk =kl fnyk tkrks- frpk 'kkjhfjd o ekufld NG dsyk tkrks- fryk ekjgk.k dsyh tkrs- gqaMk deh feGkyk Eg.kwu fryk thoar tkGys tkrs- Hkkjrkr toGikl njo’khZ 5000 gqaMkcGhps xqUgs ?kMrkr- 3½ dtZcktkjhi.kk o jkg.khekukr ?kV %& eqyhP;k yXukr gqaMk fnY;keqGs eqyhps vkbZ&oMhy vkfFkZd n`"VÓkk Qkjp dedqor >kysys vlrkr- vkfFkZd derjrseqGs R;kP;k eqyHkwr xjtkukgh iw.kZ gksr ukghr- R;kpk ifj.kke dqVwackrhy lnL;koj vizR;{ki.ks gksrks- ts dqVqac vkfFkZdn`’VÓkk l/ku vlrs v'kk dqVqackoj Qkjlk ifj.kke gksr ukgh ijarq xjhc dqVqackyk ek= ;kph Qkj eksBh fdaer ekstkoh ykxrs- R;kP;k jkg.khekukr ?kV gksÅu nkjhnzÓke/;s ok< gksrs- eqyhpk fookg d:u ns.ks fiR;kps vk| drZO; letys tkrs- drZO; ikj ikM.;klkBh R;kl 'ksrtehu] ?kj vFkk O;ktkus iSls ?;kos ykxrkr- dtZ QsM.;krp R;kps vk;q’; tkrs- Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 125 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 4½ fotksM fookg %& gqaMk i)rheqGs vuq:irk ikfgyh tkr ukgh rj dsoG gqaMÓkyk egRo fnys tkrs- tksMhnkjkph fuoMdjrkauk f”k{k.k] uksdjh] o;] dqVqac ;k loZ dkgh ikfgY;k tkrkr- ijarq xjhcheqGs eqyhP;k fiR;kph gqaMk ns.;kph ,sir ulrs- R;keqGs R;k eqyhauk fotksM eqyka'kh fookg djkok ykxrks- fotksM fookgkr fo/kwj] viax] O;ax vlysY;k O;fDrpk lekos”k gksrks- 5½ vkRegR;k %& xjhcheqGs gqaMk nsÅ u “kdY;kus cjspnk eqyhauk ;ksX; oj feGr ukgh R;keqGs R;k vkRegR;k djrkr- vkbZ oMhykauk gqaMÓkeqGs =kl gksrks ;k dkj.kkeqGs cÚ;kp eqyh Hkkouk foo'k gksÅu vkiyh thou ek=k laiorkr- lkljh gks.kkjk =kl lgu u >kY;kdkj.kkus eqyha vkRgR;k djrkr- orZekui=krwu ;s.kkÚ;k eqyhaP;k vkRegR;sP;k ckrE;k dsoG gqaMÓkik;hp gksrkr vls let.ks pqdhsp Bj.kkj ukgh- 6½ fodkl dkekr vMFkGk %& gqaMk i)rheqGs eqyhP;k fodklkr vusd vMFkGs fuekZ.k gksrkr- eqyhyk gqaMk |kok ykxrks Eg.kwu cjspnk yksd frP;k f”k{k.kkoj iSlk [kpZ djr ukgh- R;keqGs frpk lokZafx.k fodkl gksÅ “kdr ukgh- vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh pakxyh vlrkauk lq)k eqyxh tkLr f'kdY;kl tkobZ mPpf”k{khr gok vlrks- R;klkBh iqUgk tkLr gqaMk |kok ykxsy] yXu [kpZ] gqaMk o f”k{k.k ;k frgsjh [kpkZP;k fHkrhiksVh eqyh f”k{k.kkiklwu nwj jkgrkr- mik;;kstuk %& fL=;kaP;k lkekftd fLFkrhe/;s cny ?kMowu vk.k.;klkBh lekt lq/kkjdkauh izFker% iz;Ru dsys- lkekftd tkx`rh fuekZ.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh jkT;?kVusr L=h&iq:"kkauk leku dk;ns d:u R;ke/;s eksykph Hkj ?kkryh- 1½ L=h&f”k{k.k o vkfFkZd Lo;aiw.kZrk %& fL=;kauk f”k{k.k nsÅu R;kauk Lor%P;k vfLrRokps vkReHkku tkx`r dj.ks vko”;d vkgs- “kS{kf.kd vHkkokeqGs fL=;k gqaMk cGh lkj[;k leL;kiq Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 126 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 5½ gqaMkfojks/kh vkanksyu %& vkanksyukP;k ek/;ekrwu gqaMkizFksyk vkGk ?kky.ks 'kD; vkgs- ;qod & ;qorhauh gqaMk fojks/kh vkanksyus d:u tutkx`rh dsyh rj gqaMk leL;sps foeZwyu gks.;kl Qkjl osG ykx.kkj ukgh- R;klkBh rkqydk ikrGhiklwu ns”k ikrGh i;Zar vkanksyus mHkkj.ks vko”;d vkgs- 6½ dk;|kph dBksji.ks vkaeyctko.kh %& Hkkjr ljdkjus gqaMk izFksP;k mPpkVuklkBh 1961 lkyh ^gqaMk fojks/kh* dk;nk laer dsyk- ijarq vkt?kMhyk gk dk;nk dsoG iqLrdkrp jkghy- izR;{kkr ;k dk;|kpk Qkjlk izHkko fnlwu ;sr ukgh- ;k dk;|krhy xqUgs vtkehuik= vlys rjh dedqor vkaeyctko.kheqGs gqaMkizFksyk vkGk clysyk ukgh- R;kp cjkscj gqaMk ns.ks o ?ks.ks xqIri.ks pkyr vlY;keqGs R;kfo:) xqUgk nk[ky dj.ks dBh.k gksrs- R;klkBh dBksj dk;Zokgh gks.ks vko';d vkgs- lekjksi % ,danjhr gqaMk izFkk gh lkekftd ckc vkgs- R;kP;klkBh ljdkjus fdrhgh dk;ns dsys rjh tuek.klkr ;kfo:) tkx`rh >kY;kf”kok; frps mPpkVu gks.kkj ukgh- izR;sdkauk tks i;Zar gqaMk ns.ks o ?ks.ks okbZV vkgs vls eukyk okV.kkj ukgh rks i;Zar gqaMk izFkk pkyqp jkg.kkj vkgs- ,o Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 127 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 म. गांिी यां楍या मानवतावादी ववचारांचा अ땍यास प्राएस .आर. साळवे इनतह स पवभ ग दगडोजीर व देशमुख मह पवध्य लय, व ळूज, और車ग ब द सारांश म. ग 車धी य 車ची म नवत व दी पवच रसरणी ही ध र्माक आणण नैनतक दोन घिक वर आध ररत आहे.म.ग 車धी वर जैन, बौद्ध, भगवतगीत य 車च प्रभ व हदसून येतो.ब लपण प सून ग 車धीवर ध र्माक प्रभ व होत .म नवी जीवन तील प्रत्येक कृ ती ही ईश्वर धीष्िीत असली प हहजे अस त्य 車च आग्रह होत .सम जकल्य ण ह त्य 車楍य पवच रस रणीच मुख्य आध र होत म.ग 車धी य 車नी आपल्य म नवत व दी पवच र द्व रे म नवी सम ज ल एक नवी हदश देण्य चे क म केले.त्य 車नी सम ज तील भेदभ व, रपश्ृ य- अरपश्ृ यत नष्ि करण्य 楍य उद्देश ने क म के ले.सम ज तील दबु ाल घिक,व車चचत, पीडडत य 車न पवक स 楍य प्रव ह त आनण्य स ठी त्य 車नी समतेच आग्रह धरल .र्शक्षण हे म नव 楍य सव 車गीण पवक स चे स धन आहे.त्त्य मुळे ते प्रत्येक ल आपल्य म तभृ र्ते र्मळ यल प हहजे असे त्य 車चे मत होते अश प्रक रे म.ग 車धी य 車नी आपल्य म नवत व दी पवच र द्व रे स म स्त्जक पवक स त योगद न हदले.य 饃ष्िीकोण तून त्य 車楍य म नवत व दी पवच र 車वर प्रक श ि कण्य च प्रयत्न प्ररतुत शोध ननब車ध त केल आहे प्रस्त्तावना- म.ग 車धी य 車नी आपल्य म नवत व दी पवच र द्व रे म नवी सम ज ल एक नवी हदश देण्य चे क म केले.त्य 車नी सम ज तील भेदभ व, रपश्ृ य- अरपश्ृ यत नष्ि करण्य 楍य उद्देश ने क म के ले.सम ज तील दबु ला घिक,व車चचत, पीडडत य 車न पवक स 楍य प्रव ह त आनण्य स ठी त्य車नी समतेच आग्रह धरल .र्शक्षण हे म नव 楍य सव車गीण पवक स चे स धन आहे.त्त्य मुळे ते प्रत्येक ल आपल्य म तभृ र्ेत र्मळ यल प हहजे असे त्य 車चे मत होते भ रतीय स म स्त्जक आणण र जकीय व्यवरथेत पररवतान घडवून आणणे आणण ग्र मीण सम ज च सव 車गीण पवक स घडवून आणणे य स ठी त्य 車नी खेड्य कडे चल अस न र हदल . खेडी ही रव車यपूणा झ ली प हहजेत. खेडी रव車यपूणा झ ली तर देश रव車यपूणा बनेल.देश तील बहुस車ख्य जनत ही खेड्य त र हते.त्य मुळे त्य 車च पवक स म्हणजे पय ाय ने देश च पवक स होय असे समीकरण म. ग 車धी य 車नी म 車डले. अश प्रक रे म.ग 車धी य 車नी आपल्य म नवत व दी पवच र द्व रे स म स्त्जक पवक स त योगद न हदले. य 饃ष्िीकोण तून त्य 車楍य म नवत व दी पवच र 車वर प्रक श ि कण्य च प्रयत्न प्ररतुत शोध ननब車ध त के ल आहे. शोि ननबंिाचा उ饍देश – म. ग 車धीजी車楍य म नवत व दी पवच र 車च अभ्य स करणे म.ग 車धीजी車楍य भ रत 楍य स म स्त्जक पवक स तील योगद न तप सणे म.ग 車धीजी車楍य म नवत व दी पवच र 車च आढ व पुढीलप्रम णे घेण्य त Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 128 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 आल आहे. म नवत व दी पवक स म्हणजे पय ाय ने देश च पवक स होय असे समीकरण म. ग 車धी य 車नी म 車डले. अश प्रक रे म.ग 車धी य 車नी आपल्य म नवत व दी पवच र द्व रे स म स्त्जक पवक स त योगद न हदले. य 饃ष्िीकोण तून त्य 車楍य म नवत व दी पवच र 車वर प्रक श ि कण्य च प्रयत्न प्ररतुत शोध ननब車ध त केल आहे. १) अस्त्पश्ृ तेसबंिी ववचार :-- म.ग 車धी य 車नी भ रत तील रपश्ृ य-अरपश्ृ यते楍य भ वनेस कड डून पवरोध के ल . देश तील प्रत्येक व्यस्त्क्त ही सम न आहे. सव 車न सम न स車धी र्मळ यल प हहजे.जन्म वर आध ररत ज ती व्यवरथ त्य 車न मुळीच म न्य नव्हती.अरपश्ृ यतेल त्य 車नी भ रतीय समज वरील कल車क म नले.रव त車त्र्य आ車दोलन त अरपश्ृ यत ही फ र मोठ अडसर होती.त्यमुळे र ष्िीय ऐक्य ननम ाण होणे शक्य नव्हते. त्य मुळे त्य 車नी उपोर्ण सु셂 के ले.त्य न車तर ग 車धीजी आणण आ車बेडकर य 車楍य त १९३२ स ली पुणे कर र झ ल .त्त्य नुस र अरपश्ृ य 車楍य समरय सोडवण्य स ठी प्रयत्न झ ले. अरपश्ृ य 車स ठी प्र 車तीय पवचधम車डळ त १४८ ज ग करण्य त आल्य ज तीव्यवरथेने जसम त पवर्मत ननम ाण केली होती.उ楍च ज ती कननष्ि ज ती車चे शोर्ण करत होत्य .त्य मुळे सम ज ची प्रगती ख車डीत झ ली.अरपश्ृ यत ही म नवत पवरोधी तर आहेच पर車तू ती िू र अशी स म स्त्जक पद्धत आहे.ग 車धीजी म्हणत त की,जी स वाजननक हठक णे आहेत. उद . हॉिेल ,म車हदर,तल व,पवहीर ही सवा हठक णे अरपशृ 車स ठी खुल े के ल े प हहजे.त्य च बरोबर अ車तरज तीय पवव ह घडवून आणले प हहजेत.अरपश्ृ यत ननमूालन ही आजची महत्व ची गरज आहे. आपण सवा ईश्वर ची लेकरे आहोत. म्हणून ग 車धीजी車नी त्य 車न हररजन म्हणून स車बोधले व त्य 車楍य त नव आत्मपवश्व स ननम ाण करण्य च प्रयत्न के ल .अश प्रक रे त्य 車नी आपल्य पवच र तून स म स्त्जक पवर्मत नष्ि करण्य च प्रयत्न केल. २) आरोग्यववषयक जागतृ ी :-- म.ग 車धी य 車नी जीवन त रव楍छतेस प्र ध न्य हदले होते. त्य 車नी आपल्य ग्रमरवरज्य 楍य स車कल्पनेत प्रथमत: रव楍छतेवर भर हदल .खेड्य तील घरे ही रथननक स車स धन च उपयोग क셂न केली ज वीत. घर त भरपूर सूयाप्रक श य यल प हहजे.तसेच हव ही खेळती अस यल हवी.ग व तील ररत े रव楍छ अस वीत.प्रत्येक ग व ची रव楍छ प णीपुरवठ व्यवरथ ही अस यल प हहजे.सम ज क याकत्य車नी पवहहर,तल व,नद्य इत्य दी車च पररसर रव楍छ ठेवण्य स ठी एक आदशा नमून तय र क셂न त्यस ठी ज गतृ ी कर वी ३) व्यसनास ववरोि :-- म.ग 車धी मद्यप न पवरोधी होते. मद्यप ण मुळे सम ज चे नैनतक अध:पतन होते.मद्यप न करण र व्यस्त्क्त ह पशू सम न वतान करतो. त्यमुळे तो मनुष्य नसून पशू आहे असे त्यन चे मत होते. अटिल ब दम श आणण मद्यपी य 車楍य त कोणत ही फरक नसतो.गुन्हेग र ह इतर 車楍य म लमत्तेवर दरोड ि कतो तर मद्यपी ह रवत:楍य कु िु車ब वर आणण आयुष्य वर दरोड घ लतो.त्य ल नीती, Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 129 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 अनीनत,च 車गले,व ईि य तील फरक समजत न ही.क रण द 셁मुळे त्य ची स र स र पववेकबुद्धी नष्ि होते.म्हणून द 셂ब車दी झ ली प हहजे. एक आदशा सम ज ननम ाण कर यच असेल तर य दष्ु पररण मतून सम ज ल व चपवले प हहजे. ४) िासमषक ऐक्य --: देश हहत 楍य स ठी देश तील हहद車 -ू मुस्त्रलम ब ध車 व 車नी पवश्व सपूवाक एकि येण्य ची ननकड ग 車धीजी車न ज णवली.य दोघ 車नीही धम ाच सर समजून घेवून आचरण केले तर भ 車डण चे क रण र हण र न ही.क रण प्रत्येक धमा ह म नवत व द वर आध ररत आहे. हहद車 -ू मुस्त्रलम स車बध सुध रण्य त हहद車 車चीू जब बद री मोठी आहे असे त्य 車चे मत होते.म.ग 車धी य 車न हहद車 ू र ष्ि ची कल्पन म न्य नव्हती.क्रक車 व स्त्जन य 車नी म 車डलेल द्पवर ष्िव द ही म न्य नव्हत .हहद車 -ू मुस्त्रलम हे र ष्ि चे प्रमुख घिक आहेत असे त्य 車चे मत होते.हहद車 -ू मुस्त्रलम ही त्य एक च परम त्म्य ची लेकरे आहेत.त्य मुळे त्य 車楍य त भेद करणे चुकीचे आहे. त्य स ठी प्रत्येक ने सवाधमा समभ व ब ळगल प हहजे. अश प्रक रे ग 車धीजी車नी स म स्त्जक ऐक्य च पुररक र के ल .ग 車धीजी車楍य मते सवाधम ाची मूलतत्वे सम न आहेत.सत्य,अहह車स ,प्रेम,दय ,क셁ण ही तत्वे आहेत. ग्र मीण भगत ज तीवर आध ररत पवर्मत मोठ्य प्रम ण त आहे. ती दरू क셂न त्य 車楍य त स म स्त्जक समत ननम ाण करणे गरजेचे आहे. देशहहत स ठी सवाधमासमभ व व जतीय ऐक्य ननम ाण झ ले प हहजे असे त्य 車चे मत होते ५) महिलाववषयक ववचार :-- म.ग 車धीजी車न रिी-पु셁र् भेदभ व म न्य नव्हत .महहल 車न सम ज त दय्ु यम दज ा होत .त्य मुळे त्य 車च पवक स झ ल न ही.प्र चीन क ळ त स्त्रिय 車न मन चे रथ न होते. पर車तु मध्ययुगीन क ळ त त्य楍 車 य अचधक र वर मय ाद आल्य .पुढे अनेक शतके त्य 車楍य वर अन्य य करण्य र आल .ग 車धीजी車न स्त्रिय 車बद्दल अप र सह नुभूती होती. रिी-पु셁र् हे सम न आहेत.दोघ 車ची भूर्मक ही एकमेक 車न पूरक आहे.एकमेक 車र्शव य जीवन अपूणा आहे.त्य मुळे स्त्रिय 車न सम न स車धी र्मळ ली प हहजे.त्य 車न र्शक्षण र्मळ ल े प हहजे.पवधव पवव ह च ग 車धीजी車नी पुररक र के ल . हु車ड पद्धत ही स車पलीच प हहजे असे ग 車धीजी車नी ६०-७० वर् ापूवी स車चगतले.हु車ड पद्धत ब車द होण्य स ठी आ車तरज तीय पवव ह झ ले प हहजेत.ब लपवव ह,हु車डपद्धत,पडद पद्धत ही रिी पवरोधी आहेत. मुलील मुल इतक च व रस हक्क र्मळ ल प हहजे. क रण रिी जरी गहृ हणी असली तरी पती楍य अथाजन त मदत करत असते. अश प्रक रे ग 車धीजी हे रिी-पु셁र् समतेचे पुररकते होते. ६) म.गांिीजींचे सशक्षि ववषयक ववचार :-- र्शक्षण हे स車रक र चे महत्व चे स धन आहे.त्य मुळे व्यक्तीच सव 車गीण पवक स होतो. म. ग 車धी म्हणत त की, र्शक्षण च उद्देश मुल 車चे श रीररक, म नर्सक,बौद्चधक य गुण च पवक स करणे होय. भ रतीय 車नी के वळ पुरतकी ज्ञ न वर भर न देत व्यवह रीक饃ष्टय उपयुक्त र्शक्षण घेणे गरजेचे आहे.र्शक्षण तून च ररत्र्य स車वधान झ ले प हहजे. र्शक्षण तून र ष्िव द ची भ वन ननम ाण होणे गरजेचे Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 130 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 आहे. र्शक्षण हे म तभृ र्ेत हदले ज वे य स ठी ते आग्रही होते. व्यक्ती楍य मन त श्रमची आवड ननम ाण व्ह वी असे र्शक्षण हदले ज वे.श रीररक श्रम ची तरतूद अभ्य सिम त के ली ज वी.र्शक्षण मुळे त셁ण रव वल車बी आणण रवय車पूणा झ ल प हहजे असे त्य 車चे मत होते. नीती आणण श्रम य 車च र्शक्षण त सम वेश अस व .धम ा楍य प्रभ व तून म णसू सम ज च पवच र करतो आणण नीतीमुळे म णस च स車कु चचत रव था स車पतो असे ग 車धीजी車चे मत होते. ७) ) गोरक्षि-- : हहद車 ू धम ात ग य ही अत्य車त पपवि प्र णी आहे.क रण ग य ही शेतकऱ् य 車स ठी उपयुक्त प्र णी आहे.नतचे दधू हे पूणा अन्न आहे. शेतीस ठी बैल हे ग ई प सून र्मळत त.तसेच हहद車 ू धम ात ग ईल आर ध्य दैवत म नत त॰ त्य 車चे स車रक्षण करणे हे प्रत्येक चे कताव्य आहे.गोव車श ब बत ग 車धीजी車चे पवच र मुलीम सम ज ल म न्य नव्हते.म्हणून त्य 車नी मुस्त्रलम सम ज ल गोहत्य ि ळण्य चे आव हन के ले. समारोप :-- म. ग 車धी य 車ची म नवत व दी पवच रसरणी ही ध र्माक आणण नैनतक दोन घिक वर आध ररत आहे.म.ग 車धी वर जैन, बौद्ध, भगवतगीत य 車च प्रभ व हदसून येतो.ब लपण प सनू ग 車धीवर ध र्मका प्रभ व होत .म नवी जीवन तील प्रत्येक कृ ती ही ईश्वर धीष्िीत असली प हहजे अस त्य 車च आग्रह होत .सम जकल्य ण ह त्य 車楍य पवच रस रणीच मुख्य आध र होत .र जक रण हे सम जकरण वर आध ररत अस यल हवे. भ रतीय सम ज ह म ग सलेल आहे.देश 楍य रव त車त्र्य बरोबरच स म स्त्जक मुक्ती ही महत्व ची आहे.र जकीय रव त車त्र्य बरोबरच स म स्त्जक रव त車त्र्य ही आवश्यक आहे. भ रतीय समज चे आज र हे जुने आहेत. त्य स ठी सव 車गीण प्रक रे स म स्त्जक ि न車 तचे प्रयत्न झ ले प हहजेत अस े त्य 車चे मत होते. म.ग 車धी य 車चे म नवत व दी पवच र हे अनुभ व तून परीपक्व झ ले होते. त्य 車नी आदशा सम ज ननर्मातीस ठी ग्र मर ज्य ही स車कल्पन स 車चगतली. म. ग 車धी य 車नी आदशा सम ज ल रमरज्य म्हणून स車बोधले. त्य ल च र मर ज्य क्रक車 व आदशा र ज्य असेही म्हणत त.देश तील प्रत्येक ग व हे रव वल車बी झ ले तर गौरवश ली भ रत ननम ाण होईल असे त्य 車चे रवप्पन होते.अश प्रक रे गौरवश ली भ रत चे रवप्पन ग 車धीजी車楍य पवच र तून पूणा होण रे होते संदर्सष ूची १) मोहनद स करमच車द ग 車धी – सवोदय पवच र, नवजीवन पस्त्ब्लकेशन,अहमद ब द , म चा १९३० २) डॉ. शुभ 車गी र ठी-भ रतीय र जकीय पवच रव車त,कैल श पस्त्ब्लकेशन,और車ग ब द,ऑगरि २०१६ ३) डॉ.जोशी र . न . – म.ग 車धी पवच र पवमशा , मॅजेस्त्रिक प्रक शन, मु車बई २००८ ४) आकोलक र ग. पव. र्शक्षण पवच र, ख車ड-११ Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 131 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 lar xkMxsckckaph —rhf'ky lkekftd fopkjlj.kh izk- ,e ds lokbZ डॉ. lekt”kkL= foHkkx izeq[k nxM¨thjko ns”keq£ egkfo|ky; okGqat rk-ft-vkSjaxkckn lar xkMxsckckaph —rh lkekftd ewY; letko.kkjh gksrh ,d —rhf”ky lektizcks/kd v”kh lar xkMxsckckaph vksG[k vkgs- R;kauh vkiY;k dk;kZ}kjs o fdrZuk}kjs lektizcks/kukps egRokps dk;Z dsys vkgs- rRdkyhu fLFkrhr lektkr va/kJ/nk] dqizFkk] : “kks/k fuca/kkpk mÌs”k %& lar xkMxsckck ;kaP;k lekt izcks/kukpk vk Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 lar xkMxsckckauh Jeizfr’Bsyk egRo fnys- R;kaph —rh lkekftd ewY; letko.kkjh gksrh- R;kaP;k lo;h vxnh lk/;k gksR;k rs d/khgh Je dsY;kf”kok; dks.kkdMwugh lk/kh Hkkdjh ?ksr ulr- dq.kh rh r”khp fnY;klgh Lohdkjr ulr- Lor% [kjkVk gkrh ?ksowu rs xkokph LoPNrk djr vlr- R;kaP;ktoG ,d [kkijkpk rqdMk gksrk- R;krp rs Hkkstu djhr vlr- v”kk izdkjP;k lk/;k jkg.khpk izHkko yksdkaP;k eukoj iMr- rlsp rs fdrZukrwu lrr mins”k djr vlr dh d’V djk] cpr djk] O;lukr thou ?kkyow udk] Jekf”kok; dks.kR;kgh izdkjP;k QGkph vis{kk Bsow udk- nsokus vkiY;kyk “kjhj gs d’V dj.;klkBh o lektkps Hkys dj.;klkBh fnys vkgs- Lor% vkuankus txkos Lor%pk iziap dsY;koj va/k] iaxw vkf.k xjtqaph lsok djkoh- vls tks djhr R;klp vafreRk% nso izkIrh gksbZy v”kk izdkjpk mins”k rs djr vlr- 4½ /kkfeZd izcks/ku%& rRdkyhu lektO;oLFksr /keZxq:] iqjksfgr ;kapk ntkZ Js’B ekuyk tkr vls- gk oxZ /kkfeZd lÙkk fVdfo.;klkBh “kkL=s] iqjk.ks] izFkk] ijaijk] deZdkaM ;kapk vk/kkj ?ksowu lektkl /kekZps ikyu dj.;kl ck/; djr vls- iki&iq.;kP;k dYiusus o vYkkSdhd “kfDrojhy J/nseqGs o fHkrheqGs loZ lkekU; lekt v”kk izdkjP;k “kks’kukl cGh iMr vls- v”kk lektkl “kks’kukiklwu eqDr dj.;klkBh lar xkMxsckckauh vkiY;k fdrZukrwu /kkfeZd izcks/ku ekaMys fdrZuk}kjs R;kauh li’V dsys dh] vki.k loZ ,dk ijes”ojkph ysdjs vkgksr- loZ ysdjkaps ijes”oj leku fgr fparr vlrks- R;keqGs deZdkaMkP;k tatkGkr vMdwu ijes”oj izkIrh gksr ulrs- rlsp dks.kR;kgh /kekZr ifo=&vifo= v”kk /kkj.kk /kekZus fuekZ.k dsY;k ulwu R;k lekt deZBkus fuekZ.k dsY;k vkgsr- R;keqGs deZdkaMkis{kk ekuork /keZ fLodk:u misf{krkaph lsok djkoh- lar xkMxsckckapkgh ewrhZ iqtsyk fojks/k gksrk- dkj.k ewrhZiqtsHkksorh deZdkaMkph xqarkxaqr fuekZ.k gksr gksrh- R;keqGs lekurk HksnkHksn fuekZ.k gksr vls- rs fdrZukrqu mins”k djrkuk Eg.krkr dh nsonsoGkr ulwu rks njhnzhukjk;.kkP;k :ikr nsoGk ckgsjp mHkk vkgs- ;k izcks/kukrwu misf{kr o oafprkaph lsok dj.;kpk R;kauh lans”k fnyk vkgs- rlsp R;kauh nsokP;k ukok[kkyh pky.kkÚ;k va/kJ/nkaukgh fojks/k dsyk- lektkr vaxkr nso ;s.kkÚ;kaps izek.k Qkj eksBs gksrs- vaxkr vkysY;kauk yksd J/nsus ueLdkj djr vlr- v”kk yksdkauk ckckauh vkiY;k fdrZuk}kjs QVdkjys- rs Eg.krkr nso vaxkr ;s.ks gs vkMk.khi.kkps y{k.k vkgs- nso vktoj dks.kkP;k vaxkr vkyk ukgh vkf.k ;s.kkjgh ukgh vkf.k nso tkLrhr tkLr ck;dkaP;k vaxkr dk ;srks vlkgh iz”u rs djr vlr- v”kk izdkj R;kauh nso vaxkr ;s.;kP;k dqizFksyk fojks/k dsyk- 5½ f”k{k.kkph egrh %& R;kauh lektkl f”k{k.kkps egÙo iVowu ns.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- f”k{k.kkeqGs lektkrhy vKku] va/kJ/nk nwj gks.;kl enr gksrs- vls R;kaps er gksrs- lektkph vkfFkZd mUurh gh f”k{k.kkeqGsp lk/kyh tkrs- v”kk izdkjs f”k{k.kkps egRo vksG[kqu rs fdrZukr ^ckigks v/kZ iksVh jgk i.k vkiY;k eqykckGkauk f”kdok f”k{k.kk f”kok; ek.klkyk ek.kwliu ;sr ukgh- R;keqGs d’V djk vkf.k f”kdk- vlk lans”k R;kauh fnyk-- 6½ tulsok ghp bZ”oj lsok %& xkMxsckckauh /kkfeZd nkafHkdsrsoj izgkj dsyk- R;kauk nsoGkrhy nso gh ladYiuk ekU; uOgrh- rs Lor% d/khgh nsoGkr xsys ukgh- rs vkiY;k f”k’;kauk lkaxr vlr yksdkaph lsok djk- yXu d:u gh ck;dkslghr yksdlsosP;k dk;kZr okgwu ?ksrys rjh pkysy- ijarq nkafHkd czkEgpk;Z udks- ej.k dks.kkykp VGys ukgh- ijarq t.klsok d:u ej.kkÚ;kyk bZ”oj izkIrh gksbZy- v”kk izdkjP;k izcks/kukrwu R;kauh FkksMk rjh ijksidkj djkok gk lans”k fnyk- T;kP;k vaxkr vfHkeku vkgs- vlk ek.kwl dkghp feGow “kdr ukgh- ijarq vgadkjkfouk yksdkaLeksj Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 133 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 ure Lrd gks.ks gs lTtursps y{k.k vkgs- ckck usgeh Eg.kr vlr ijksidkjkfouk eks{k izkIrh ukgh] nso vkgs i.k rks ekuokr vkgs- R;keqGs tulsok ghp bs”oj lsok vkgs- 7½ O;lueqDrhlkBh izcks/ku%& rRdkyhu dkGkr O;luh yksdkaph la[;k Qkj eksBh gksrh- ,dosG tsok;yk feGkys ukgh rjh pkysy i.k yksd nk: fir vlr- nk:P;k O;lukus vusd lalkj m/oLr >kys gksrs- nk:fi.;keqGs {k.kHkj lq[k%nq[kkpk folj iMrks- Eg.kwu yksd nk:P;k vkgkjh tkr- rlsp uol QsM.;klkBh nsokl dksacMs] cdjs o nk:ps vkfe”k nk[kor vlr- v”kk lektfo?kkrd : Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 134 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ IÉä{ÉhÉɺjÉ Ê´ÉEòɺÉÉSÉÒ ´ÉÉ]õSÉÉ±É : BEò +¦ªÉÉºÉ |ÉÉä.ú b÷Éì. ºÉÒ.¤ÉÒ. ¦ÉÉÆMÉä |ÉÉ. VÉÒ.BxÉ. ºÉÉäxÉ´ÉhÉä ºÉèÊxÉEò¶ÉɺjÉ Ê´É¦ÉÉMÉ|ɨÉÖJÉ ºÉÆ®úIÉhɶÉɺjÉ Ê´É¦ÉÉMÉ ¸ÉÒ. ʶɴÉÉVÉÒ ¨É½þÉÊ´ÉtɱɪÉ, ¸ÉÒ. {ÉÆÊb÷iÉMÉÖ¯û {ÉÉb÷ÔEò®ú ¨É½þÉÊ´ÉtɱɪÉ, {É®ú¦ÉhÉÒ ÊºÉ®úºÉɳýÉ, ÊVÉ. ¤ÉÒb÷ nùÊIÉhÉ +ÉʶɪÉÉiÉÒ±É Ê´ÉEòʺÉiÉ ®úɹ]ÅõÉÆEòbä÷ ªÉ¶Éº´ÉÒ ´ÉÉ]õSÉÉ±É Eò®úhÉÉ®äú xÉäiÉÞk´É ¨½þhÉÖxÉ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÉEòbä÷ {ÉÉʽþ±Éä VÉÉiÉä. ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÉSÉä ºlÉÉxÉ nùÊIÉhÉ +ÉʶɪÉÉiÉÒ±É ºÉ´ÉÉÇiÉ ¨ÉÉä`äö ®úɹ]Åõ ¨½þhÉÖxÉ ¨É½þk´É{ÉÖhÉÇ ¨ÉÉxɱÉä VÉÉiÉä. ªÉÉ où¹]õÒxÉä ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ ºÉÆ®úIÉhÉÉi¨ÉEò ={ÉɪɪÉÉäVÉxÉÉSÉÉ EòɪÉÇGò¨É +Ê´É®úiÉ{ÉhÉä SÉɱÉÖ +ɽäþ. ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ ={ÉJÉÆb÷ÉiÉ ¶ÉºjÉɺjÉ º{ÉvÉÉÇ ÊiÉµÉ MÉiÉÒxÉä SÉɱÉÖ +ɽäþ. iªÉɨÉÉMÉä Ê´ÉEòʺÉiÉ ®úɹ]ÅõÉÆSÉÉ º´ÉÉlÉÇ nùb÷±Éä±ÉÉ +ɽäþ. iÉÉä ¦ÉÉMÉ ÊxÉ®úɳýÉ +ɽäþ. {É®ÆúiÉÖ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ ={ÉJÉÆb÷ÉiÉ ¶ÉºjÉɺjÉ ÊxĘ́ÉiÉÒ, JÉ®äúnùÒºÉÉ`öÒ SÉføÉ+Éäfø ±ÉÉMɱÉÒ +ɽäþ. iªÉÉiÉ Ê]õEÚòhÉ ®úɽþÉä |ÉiªÉäEò ®úɹ]ÅõÉƺÉÉ`öÒ +ÊxÉ´ÉɪÉÇ ¤ÉxÉiÉ SÉɱɱÉä +ɽäþ. 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ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 où¹]õÒxÉä +É{ɱªÉÉ IÉä{ÉhÉɺjÉ Ê´ÉEòɺÉÉSÉÒ ´ÉÉ]õSÉÉ±É Eò®úÒiÉ +ɽäþ. ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÉxÉä ÊxɨÉÉÇhÉ Eäò±Éä±ÉÒ IÉä{ÉhÉɺjÉä ´É iªÉÉÆSÉÉ Ê´ÉEòÉºÉ {ÉɽþiÉÉ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ VÉMÉÉiÉÒ±É EòɽþÒ ¨ÉÉäVÉCªÉÉ näù¶ÉÉÆEòbä÷ +ºÉ±É䱪ÉÉ IÉä{ÉhÉɺjÉ ÊxĘ́ÉiÉÒSªÉÉ IɨÉiÉäiÉ +ºÉ±É䱪ÉÉ näù¶ÉÉÆSªÉÉ {ÉÆCiÉÒiÉ +ɱÉÉ +ɽäþ. ªÉÉ´É°üxÉ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÉSÉä ºÉɨÉlªÉÇ ÊxÉζSÉiÉ{ÉhÉä ´ÉÉfø±Éä +ɽäþ. iÉä ºÉÉiÉiªÉÉxÉä ´ÉÉfø´ÉhªÉÉSÉÉ ´É +ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò ¤ÉxÉ´ÉhªÉÉSÉÉ |ɪÉixÉ Eò®úÒiÉ +ɽäþ. ºÉÆnù¦ÉÇ ºÉÚSÉÒ : 1) +ʨÉiÉÉ SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ - ¤Énù±ÉiÉä ¦ÉÚ-®úÉVÉxÉÒÊiÉEò {ÉÊ®úoù¹ªÉ ¨Éå ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ SÉÒxÉ ºÉƤÉÆvÉÉä EòÉ +vªÉªÉxÉ. 2) Pankaj K. Jha - India and China in South Asia. 3) ¨ÉÉÆb÷Eäò ¶É¶ÉÒEòÉÆiÉ - ¨ÉèjÉÒSªÉÉ ¤ÉÖ®úJªÉÉ +Éb÷ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ-SÉÒxÉ ºÉƤÉÆvÉ. 4) Kaushik P.D. - International Relations. 5) +xÉÆiÉ ¤ÉÉMÉÉ<ÇiÉEò®ú - ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ SÉÒxÉ ºÉƤÉÆvÉ +ÉÊhÉ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÉSÉÒ ºÉÖ®úIÉÉ. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 137 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;|kps egÙo vkf.k vaeYkctko.kh Ák-M‚-paæ'¨[kj dkf'kukFk rGsdj jkT;'kkó foÒkx] ,l-ds-xka/kh egkfo|kYk; dMk] rk-vk"Vh] ft-chM ÁLrkouk %& ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;nk gk etcqr Yk¨d'kkghP;k fn'¨us ekxZØe.k dj.;klkBhpk egRoiw.kZ ?kVd letYkk tkr¨- dkj.k ;k dk;|keqGs ns'kkrhYk loZlkekU; ukxfjdkauk Á'kklukrhYk dk;Z&dk;Zokgh fo"k;d ekfgrh miYkC/k d#u fnYkh tkrs- vkti;±r Qä lalnsr o fo/kkulÒke/;sp th ekfgrh ekxoYkh tkr vls rhp ekfgrh iqjo.;kP;k 'kkldh; vf/kdkjh] deZpkÚ;kapk Á;Ru vls- i.¨ lkekU; tursus dkgh ekfgrh ekxhrYkh rj x¨ifu;rsP;k vFkok vU; lcch fdaok dkj.kkLro ekfgrh ns.¨ VkG.;kdMs cgqrka'k 'kkldh; vf/kdkjh deZpkÚ;kapk dYk g¨rk- i.k ;k ekfgrhP;k vf/kdkjkeqGs th ekfgrh laln & fo/kkulÒkauk fnYkh tkrs rhp d¨.kR;kgh loZlkekU; O;ähus ekfxrYkh vlsYk rj R;k O;ähYkk iqjo.¨ ekfgrh vf/kdkÚ;kaoj] ca/ku dkjd >kY¨- ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj fdaok dk;nk LohMuus lxGÓk txkYkk fnY¨Ykh ,d vue¨Yk ns.kxh vkgs- LohMuus 1766 lkYkh vkiY;k ns'kkrhYk loZ ukxfjdkauk ekfgrh ns.;kpk vf/kdkj eatwj dsYkk- t¨ Á'kkldh; ikjn'kZdrslkBh egÙoiw.kZ vkgs- ;k n`"Vhd¨ukrwu ekfgrhP;k vf/kdkj dk;|kps egRo Li"V g¨rs- ghp ÁfØ;k ;k vf/kdkj dk;|kP;k vaeYkctko.kh}kjs Òkjrkus jkcowu vkiY;k ns'kkrhYk ukxfjdkauk Á'kkldh; ÁfØ;sr lkekowu ?¨rY¨ vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs ;k n`"Vhd¨ukrwu ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;nk R;kps egRo o vaeYkctko.kh fo"k;d fo'Y¨"k.k dj.;kP;k mÌs'kkus] gk 'k¨/kfuca/k ÁLrqr dj.;kr vkYkk vkgs- 'k¨/kfucaa/kkps mÌs'k %& ekfgrh vf/kdkj dk;|kps egÙo Li"V dj.¨- ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;|kph vaeYkctko.kh fo"k;d fo'Y¨"k.k dj.¨- ekfgrhP;k vf/kdkjkph ladYiuk] mÌs'k Li"V dj.¨- ;k n`"Vhd¨ukrwu ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;nk R;kps egRo o vaeYkctko.kh fo"k;d fo'Y¨"k.k dj.;kP;k mÌs'kkus] gk 'k¨/kfuca/k ÁLrqr dj.;kr vkYkk vkgs- ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;nk % vaeYkctko.kh %& ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;|kph ÁfØ;sl [kÚ;k vFkkZus 1989&90 lkYkhp lq#okr >kYkh g¨rh- ijarq R;kl Ykkxq g¨.;kl cjkp dkG YkkxYkk- ;k dk;|klkBh loZp Lrjkrwu Á'kklukl ikjn'kZd] bekunkj] uSfrd cuo.;klkBh ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj egÙoiw.kZ vkgs vls ekuY¨ g¨rs R;kÁek.¨p 1996 P;k lkoZf«kd Yk¨dlÒk fuoM.kqdh osGh loZp jktdh; i{kakuh vkiY;k i{kh; tkfgjukE;kr ekfgrh vf/kdkjkYkk LFkku fnY¨- Òkjrkr loZÁFke ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;nk rkfeGukMw jkT;kus 17 ,fÁYk 1996 j¨th jkT;Lrjkoj Ykkxw Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 138 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 dsYkk - rkfeGukMw gs ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;|kph vaeYkctko.kh dj.kkjs ÒkjrkrhYk ifgY¨ jkT; BjY¨- R;kuarj vusd jkT;kuh R;kl vaeYkctko.kh fo"k;d fLoÑrh fnYkh- R;kps fooj.k iq Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 139 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 jkcors ;kph ekfgrh loZlkekU; tursYkk feGr ukgh r¨i;±r tulgÒkx R;k dk;ZØekaP;k vk[k.khiklwu vaeYkctko.khi;±r feGr ukgh o [kÚ;k vFkkZus fodkl dk;ZØekaps /;s; lk/; g¨Å 'kdr ukghr- ;klkBh tursYkk loZ ekfgrh nsowu Á'kkldh; dk;Zi/nrhr ikjn'kZdrk fufeZrh] dk;ZrRijrk] Òz"VkpkjkYkk vkGk ?kkGwu lq'kklu fufeZrhP;k n`"Vhus ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj Yk¨d'kkgh 'kklu O;LF¨r egÙoiw.kZ vkgs- ekxsYk R;kYkk ekxsYk rh ekfgrh Bjkfod dkGkr ns.;kps ;k dk;|kuqlkj lkoZtfud Ákf/kdj.kkaoj ca/ku vlY;keqGs Á'kkldh; dkjÒkj vki¨vkip ikjn'kZd g¨bZYk- Fk¨MD;kr Yk¨d'kkghps ewY;] Lokra«;] lerk] ca/kqrk o U;k; ;kps ikYku ekfgrh vf/kdkjkrwu g¨rs- R;kp cj¨cj Á'kklukph uhfrewY;] rÙokaps ikYku g¨bZYk ;k n`"Vhd¨ukrwu ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj egRoiw.kZ Bjr¨- lekj¨Ik %& Yk¨d'kkghpk ,d ÁcG vk/kkj Eg.kwu ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;nk ekuYkk tkr¨- Òkjrkus dY;k.kdkjh jkT;kP;k ladYiuspk fLodkj dsYkk vkgs- ;k dkj.kkus Yk¨dkauk ns'kkrhYk] Á'kklukrhYk ?kM.kkÚ;k loZ ?kVukaph] ?kVdkaph ekfgrh vl.¨ vko';d vlrs- ;k n`"Vhd¨ukrwu ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;|kps egRoiw.kZ LFkku ekuY¨ tkrs- Yk¨ddY;k.kdjh Lo#i O;oLF¨pk vafre mÌs'k tudY;k.k vlwu tudY;k.klkBh 'kklu vusd ;¨tuk] dk;ZØe jkcors i.k R;kaph vaeYkctko.kh ÁÒkohi.¨ g¨r ukgh- R;kr Òz"Vkpkj] fnjaxkbZ] turspk vlgÒkx] ikjn'kZdrspk vÒko fnlwu ;sr¨- Á'kkldh; dkjÒkjkr ikjn'kZdrk ok 5½ www.right to information act - 2005 Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 140 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 मीरा का車त कृ त ‘अ車त हाजीर हो’ नाटक मᴂ स्त्री जीवन प्रा.डाॅ .एन.जी. एमेकर सहयोगी प्राध्यापक तथा हहिंदी विभागप्रमुख श्री हािगीस्िामी महा. उदगीर जि.लातूर मीरा कािंत हहिंदी साहह配य की प्रमुख नाटककार है। उन्हⴂने अनेक विधाओिं मे लेखन कायय ककया है, अवपतू उनकी 셁चि नाटक विधा मᴂ अचधक रही है। उनका ना絍य लेखन उन्हᴂ आि हहिंदी की श्रेष्ठ नाटककार सस饍ध करता हे। उन्हⴂने ितयमान समय मᴂ नाटक सलखे है। यह सभी नाटक अपेक्षाकृ त नारी िीिन के व्यथा की विविध झााँककयााँ है। उन्हⴂने ितयमान नारी िीिन के अनेक पक्षⴂ को सरलता, सिंयम तथा सश啍तता से प्रस्तुत ककया है। उनके नाटकⴂ मᴂ नारी लेखन अ配यिंत प्रभािी और साथयक बना है। उनका इसी विशेषताओिं से भरा नाटक है ‘अिंत हािीर हो’। यह नाटक इ.स.2007 मᴂ प्रकासशत हुआ है। यह नाटक बदलते मानिीय ररश्तⴂ को प्रस्तुत करता है। नाटक ऐसे ही कु छ पाररिाररक ररश्तⴂ की दलदल मᴂ प्रिेश करता है। कहीिं-कहीिं पररिार मᴂ कु छ ररश्ते समथक बन गये है। ऐसे समथकीय ररश्तⴂ मᴂ पडी दरारⴂ से हम कतराकर अब तक ननकलते आये है। इस नाटक मᴂ रक्षक हीभक्षक बनकर नारी पीडा को भयािह स्ि셁प प्रदान करने की घटना प्रस्तुत है। सुसशक्षक्षत बु饍चधजििी िगय की स्िाथलय ोलुपता और हैिाननयत इस नाटक की कथा है। जिसे विश्िवि饍यालयीन छात्रⴂ 饍िारा समाि मᴂ नछपे इस दाग को सबके सामने रखा गया है। धीरि, सुधािंशु, इरफान, शेली और सश쥍पा पीएि.् डी. शोध-छात्र के 셁प मᴂ सामने आते है, िो नु啍कड नाटक खेलन े मᴂ 셁चि रखते है। िे धीरि के मकान मᴂ ‘बाबुिी की थाली’ न啍कु ड नाटक का ररहसयल करते है िो एक ‘बहुआ’ की कहानी है। जिसमᴂ नारी िीिन कथा है। ररहसयल करते समय इरफान शेली को परेशान करता है। धीरि िहााँ 絍युशन लेता है िहााँ की दसिी कक्षा की ब楍िी पर निदीकी व्यज啍त 饍िारा बला配कार हुआ है। सश쥍पा नाटक सलखती है। िह समाि को, दशयको को हहलाकर रख देनेिाला नाटक सलख रही है जिसका अिंत नहीिं समल पा रहा है। इस कारण िह इस नाटक के सहारे िह भोगे, देखे यथाथय को प्रस्तुत कर समाि के यथाथय को निंगा करना िाहती है। िह पु셁ष को समझना िाहती है। लताएाँ पेड का आश्रय पाती है। पेड अपना स配ि देकरउसका सहारा बनता है। पर ऐसी अभागी लताएाँ भी होती है जिन्हे आश्रय के नाम पेड ही ननगल िाता है। सश쥍पा के नाटक की कहानी सुनकर सुधािंशु बेिैन होता है। िह स्ियिं पर ककसी प्रकार सिंयम प्राप्त कर धीरि, इरफानको िह कहानी सुनाता है। कहानी तीनⴂ बहनⴂ मᴂ सबसे छोटी लडकी की है िो पढने मᴂ बडी तेि है। उसके 饍िारा सलखी डायरी से यह कहानी है। जिसकी मााँ ‘पॅरासलसेस’ नाम की बबमारी से त्रस्त एििं घर का ससफय िीवित हहस्सा है। जिससे वपता नामी प्रोफे सर है जिनके पुस्तकⴂ Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 141 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 के पन्ने छोटी लडकी हमेशा बडी बेददी से काटती है। 啍यⴂकक ककताबे भी िैसी ही िैसे वपता है। छोटी अपनी दो निंबर की बहन को नानी के घर ही रहने को कहती है- ‘‘.... लौट िा िहााँ से आई है.... नारी के घर ही रह तू.... िही है तेरा घर....।’’1 िो वपता के प्रनत भी कु छ अलग ही सोिती है। वपता उ楍ि सुसशक्षक्षत होने पर भी कमय से ननि स्थान प्राप्त करने िाले है। िो अपनी ही बेटीयⴂ के प्रनत गुन्हेगार है। िे नारी िानत को प्रताडडत करते है। उनकी सोि, कृ नत अमनुषीय है ‘‘साली 啍या जििंदगी है हमारी भी यार बीि बोओ। उसे सीिंिते रहो सालो... पालो-पोसो... िब लहलहाने लगे तो ककसी और की निर कर दो!...’’2 यह उसकी सोि है। अथायत िह अपनी बेटीयⴂ का ही शारीररक शोषण करते है। िो स्ियिं एक अध्यापक होकर ऐसी सोि के सहारे िीिन व्यतीत करने िाला मनुष्य है। जिसने अपनी ही बडी बेटी ‘अनु’ दीदी पर बला配कार ककया था। जिसने छोटी अिंत तक परेशान रहती है। दीदी से ककसी को न कु छ भी न कहने की बात पर िह अिंनतम सााँस तक अडडग रहती है। िह सबसे स्ियिं को नछपाती रहती है िैसे-‘‘िी िाहता ककसी से न समलाँू। ककसी से भी नहीिं। शरीर को कही रख दाँ।ू सबकी निरⴂ स े बिाकर अपने को अलमारी मᴂ बिंद कर दाँ ू या किि मᴂ या कफर... या कफर सीहढयⴂ के नीिे के सुनसान अाँधेरे मᴂ... िहााँ कोई नहीिं आता.... िहााँ कोई नही झााँकता... अिंधेरा... बस अिंधेरा... अिंधेरे से बाते क셁ाँ ....अिंधेरे मᴂ नहाऊाँ ... अिंधेरे मᴂ कपडे बदलाँू.... और कहीिं अधेरा ओढकर सो िाऊाँ ....।’’3 छोटी की ऐसी जस्थनत के कारण िह दसिी दबु ारा फे ल हो िाती है। िह अपनी व्यथा मौन रहकर भोगती है, िह उसे डायरी मᴂ सलखती रही है। जिसे सश쥍पा नयी सⴂि के साथ नाटक 饍िारा मिंि पर यह कथा लाना िाहती है। छोटी ने यह सब कु छ अब तक सहा है इसे ही सारे लोग समझते है। इस कहानी का अिंत सश쥍पा ने नहीिं ककया था जिसे सभी को सोिना था। इस कहानी का अिंत सभी अलग-अलग सोिते है लेककन अिंत तो उस छोटी की आ配मह配या से होता है। जिसे सभी स्िीकार नहीिं करते है। नाटक की छोटी और कोई न होकर सश쥍पा की छोटी बहन ‘तनु’ ही होती है। यह सुनकर सारे ह啍काब啍का हो िाते है। िे सब सोिते है कक केिल आ配मह配या करना अिंत नहीिं है। इस अिंत के विरोध मᴂ आिाि उठाने की ि셁रत समझते है। नाटक मᴂ इस अमानिीय परिंपरा के विरोध मᴂ धीरि, सुधािंशु िैसा युिा िगय ही सामने आकर आिाि उठाते है। यह नाटक आि के आधुननक पाररिाररक सिंबिंधⴂ की बदली मान्यताओिं को चिबत्रत करता है। यह नाटक पाररिाररक व्यसभिार या बला配कार की कथा नहीिं बज쥍क ररश्तⴂ मᴂ गैर-इमानदारी की कथा है। िो एक प配नी के साथ, बेटी के साथ हुआ विश्िासघात है। ऐसे िघन्य अपराध करने िाले व्यज啍त को सिीि दहन ही सशक्षा हो सकती है। आि समाि मᴂ विशेषकर सशक्षक्षत िगय मनुष्य के भीतर नछपे हुए नाना विकृ नतयⴂ की और उससे उ配पन्न िासना, जिसमᴂ सलप्त होकर मनुष्य ररश्तⴂ के बीि स륍मान को भुलाकर पशु से भी चगरी हुई हरकतᴂ कर रहे है। मीरा कािंत ने विशेषकर दम तोडती इिंसाननयत को, Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 142 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 मू쥍यⴂ के विघटन को और जस्त्रयⴂ पर अनैकक 셁प से बढ रहे यौन शोषण के विकृ त 셁प को प्रस्तुत ककया है। ‘अिंत हाजिर हो’ यह नाटक उन जस्थनतयⴂ का है िो घर सुरक्षक्षत तथा स्नेह, अपनेपन तथा ररश्तⴂ की नीिंि होता है। िीिन का सबसे बडा सहारा ही खतरा बनने की व्यथा है। यह घरेलू हहिंसा और बला配कार से कही आगे िाकर मानिता की टूटती सााँसⴂ का नाटक है। िो ितयमान आधुननक युगबोध है। सिंदभय : 1) अिंत हाजिर हो-मीरा कािंत, प.ृ क्र.54 2) िही, प.ृ क्र.65 3) िही, प.ृ क्र.63 Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 143 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 र्ारतातील लोकसंख्या वाढ व पयाषवरिीय समस्त्या: एक र्ौगोसलक अ땍यास प्रा. दयानंद वामनराव ण जं ुडे भूगोल पवभ ग श्री प車डडतगु셁 प डीकर मह पवद्य लय र्सरस ल ,स्त्ज.बीड प्रस्त्तावना : आज जग ची लोकस車ख्य स त अब्ज य पेक्ष अचधक झ ली आहे. त्य त एकटय भरतची लोकस車ख्य एक 1.35 कोिी पेक्ष अचधक आहे. भ रत च लोकस車ख्ये楍य ब बतीत चीन प ठोप ठ दसु र िम 車क ल गतो. भ रत च लोकस車ख्य व ढीच वेग अत्य車त ज रत आहे. 1947 आली भ रत ची लोकस車ख्य 33 कोिी होती ती आज च र पिीने अचधक व ढली आहे. कु िु車ब ननयोजन च अभ व ,ननरक्षरत , 셂ढी पर車पर अ車धश्रद्ध आणण अस車तुर्लत पवक स य मुळे लोकस車ख्य व ढीच वेग कमी होणे अशक्य व ित आहे. आज हदवस ल जवळप स पन्न स हज र ब लके भ रत त जन्म ल येत त ह वेग अस च र हहल तर 2050 मध्ये भ रत लोकस車ख्ये楍य ब बतीत चीनल म गे ि कू न िम 車क एक वर येण्य ची शक्यत आहे आज जग तील 17.5 िक्के लोक भ रत तील 2.4 िक्के एवढ्य क्षेिफळ वर र हत त. व ढत्य लोकस車ख्य च सव ाचधक व सवा प्रथम भ र ह पय ावरण वर पडत असतो. व ढत्य लोकस車ख्ये楍य पय ावरणीय व पर मुळे पय ावरणीय अस車तुलन होऊन सप車 ूणा सष्ृ िी प्रभ पवत झ ली आहे. पय ावरण मध्ये स्त्जव चे प लनपोर्ण करण्य ची एक पवर्शरि क्षमत असते. ती अचधक लोकस車ख्येच भर सहन क셂 शकत न ही. व ढती लोकस車ख्य ही भूपष्ृ ि आणण पय ावरण स ठी अनेक नवनवीन स車किे ननम ाण करत आहे. शेतीस ठी जमीन कमी पडत आहे, घरे आणण उद्योग स ठी जर्मनीच व पर व ढल आहे ,ज車गल च पवन श मोठ्य प्रम ण त व ढल आहे. त्य तून जल, जमीन, ज車गल य 車ची अपररर्मत ह नी होत आहे. य तून पय ावरण च ऱ्ह स होत आहे. तो भपवष्यक लीन पपढ्य स ठी घतक ठरण र आहे. म्हणून पय ावरण चे स車वधान कर यचे असेल तर लोकस車ख्य व ढीवर आळ घ लण्य स ठी ठोस उप ययोजन गरजेचे आहे. संशोिनाची उ饍दीष्टे : 1. लोकस車ख्य व ढ व बदलते पय ावरण पररपर स車ब車ध अभ्य सणे. 2. लोकस車ख्य व ढीच पय ावरण वर होण र पररण म अभ्य सणे. 3. पय ावरण चे म नवी जीवन तील महत्त्व अभ्य सणे. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 144 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 संशोिांनाची ग्रिीतके : 1.अनतररक्त लोकस車ख्येच प्रकृ ती घिक वर त ण पडतो. 2.लोकस車ख्य व ढीमुळे पय ावरण च ऱ्ह स होतो. 3.लोकस車ख्य व पय ावरणीय घिक स車तुर्लत ठेवल्य स पय ावरणीय समरय 車चे ननमलूा न होऊ शकते. 4.लोकस車ख्य व ढीवर आळ घ तल्य ने पय ावरण च पवक स होऊ शकतो. संशोिन प饍िती: सदरील शोध ननब車ध र्लहण्य स ठी द्पवतीयक स धन स मुग्रीच व पर करण्य त आल आहे. त्य मध्ये स車दभा ग्र車थ , मर्शके ,दैननक वतृ पिे, प्रक र्शत अहव ल य 車च व पर केल आहे. लोकस車ख्य व ढीमुळे ननम ाण होण ऱ्य पय ावरणीय समरय आज पथ्ृ वीचे त पम न व ढत च लले आहे. पय ावरणीय चि बबघडत च लली आहे. प्रकृ तीच प्रकोप सगळीकडेच प ह यल र्मळत आहे. मग तो पवकर्सत देश त पवकर्सत देश त म नव ने हे स車कि रवतः楍य अ車ग वर ओढून घेतले आहे. जन्मदर वद्ृ धी हे ि ईम स रखे पवरफोिक होत च लली आहे. लोकस車ख्य व ढीच पय ावरण वर पररण म ख लील मुद्द्य 楍य आध रे रपष्ि करत येईल. लोकसंख्या वाढ व र्ौनतक पयाषवरि लोकस車ख्य व ढी सोबतच म नव 楍य गरज व ढत गेल्य व म नव ने प्र कृ नतक घिक 車च अचधक व पर करण्य स सु셁व त के ली. त्य मुळे पय ावरण तील हव प णी मदृ य घिक 車चे प्रदर्ू ण व ढले आहे. वेगवेगळय क रख न्य तून मोि रीतून ब हेर पडण ऱ्य धुर मुळे आज म नव ल अत्य車त आवश्यक असण र व यू प्रदपू र्त होत आहे. तसेच क रख न्य तून ब हेर पडण रे पद था नदीमध्ये सोडले ज त त त्य तून नद्य प्रदपू र्त झ ल्य आहेत. तसेच मोठ्य मोठ्य उद्योग तून ब हेर पडण रे पद था, शहर तील कचर , शेतीमध्ये र स यननक घिक 車च व पर य मुळे जमीन प्रदपू र्त होत आहे व य मुळे आज व ढत्य लोकस車ख्यले शुद्ध हव प णी जमीन र्मळणे कठीण झ ले आहे. य तून अनेक आज र 車ची ननर्माती होत आहे. व यू प्रदर्ू ण मुळे म नवी रव रथ्य बरोबरच पथ्ृ वी आणण जीवज車तू य 車न देखील प्रभ पवत के ले आहे. व यू प्रदर्ू ण मुळे दम , म नर्सक आज र तथ शोर्ण चे आज र उत्पन्न होतआहेत. अनेक वक्षृ 車楍य ज ती नष्ि होत आहेत. प णी प्रदर्ू ण मुळे अनेक पररस車रथ धोक्य त आल्य आहेत. पपण्य 楍य प ण्य 楍य प्रदर्ू ण मुळे पोि स車ब車धी अनेक आज र ननम ाण झ ले आहेत. व त वरण मध्ये क बान ड य ऑक्स ईड, न यिस ऑक्स ईड, र्मथेन, क्लोरो फ्लोरो क बान आणण ओझोन य 車न ग्रीन ह ऊस गॅस म्हणत त. हे पथ्ृ वीचे त पम न स車तुर्लत ठेवत त त्य मुळे कृ र्ी उत्प दन व वक्षृ 車च पवक स होत असतो. पर車तु म नव 楍य हरतक्षेप मुळे उद्योग तून य व यूचे प्रम ण व ढल्य मुळे व त वरण त र स यननक घिक 車चे प्रम ण व ढल्य मुळे जग चे त पम न व ढत च ललेल आहे. तप 車ब र楍य वर楍य थर त आपोआप ननम ाण होण र ओझोन व यू पथ्ृ वीवर येण री अनतनील क्रकरण 車न Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 145 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 आडवतो व पथ्ृ वीचे स車रक्षण करतो म्हणून त्य स पथ्ृ वीच車 सुरक्ष कवच म्हणूनही ओळखले ज ते ओझोन र्शव य पथ्ृ वीवर जीवन ची आपण कल्पन ही क셂 शकत न ही. पर車तु सजीव सष्ृ िी वर मोठे स車कि ननम ाण झ ले आहे. लोकस車ख्य व ढीच लोक 車楍य आरोग्य वर पवपरीत पररण म झ लले आहे. पय ावरणीय प्रदर्ू ण मळु े अनेक ग車भीर आज र 車न लोक 車न स मोरे ज वे ल गत आहे. अन्नध न्य 楍य कमतरतेमुळे व पोर्क आह र न र्मळ ल्य मुळे अनेक ब लके कु पोपर्त होत आहेत. आत अनेक नवनवीन आज र 車ची ननर्माती देखील होत आहे. एड्स, कॅ न्सर स रख्य भय नक रोग्य 車ची स車ख्य व ढत आहे. तसेच रव इन फ्लू य स रखे भय車कर रोग ननम ाण झ लेले आहेत. आणण 2020 मध्ये तर कधी नव्हे ते स車पूणा जग कोपवड 19 मुळे प्रभ पवत झ ले आहे. देश ची आचथाक स्त्रथती ढ सळली आहे. अनेक लोक य आज र त मत्ृ युमुखी पडलेले आहेत व य रोग ने जग ची अथाव्यवरथ उद्ध्वरत केलेली आहे. सामाख्जक पयाषवरि स म स्त्जक पय ावरण च पवच र के ल तर स म स्त्जक अस車तुलन तेथेच ज रत असते जेथ े लोकसख्車 य अचधक असते. लोकस車ख्य व ढीमुळे लोक 車मध्ये वैम नश्यत , द्वेर् ची भ वन व ढीस ल गली आहे. नैनतक अधःपतन होत न हदसून येत आहे. चोरी, लुिम र, खून, दरोडे, बल त्क र य स रख्य घिन 車मध्ये सतत व ढ होत च ललेली आहे. स म स्त्जक पय ावरण म नवी स車ब車ध ने तय र होत असते. आणण ते म नव तय र करत असतो. म नव म नव मध्ये आचथाक र जकीय व पररव ररक स車ब車ध 車मध्ये स म स्त्जक पय ावरण दडलेले असते पररव र तील सवा सदरय, शेज री, ग व तील, देश तील लोक य 車चे एक स म स्त्जक पय ावरण असते य 車楍य तील त ळमेळ य तून स म स्त्जक पय ावरण तय र होत असते. मनुष्य जन्म प सून मत्ृ यूपय車त य च व त वरण त र हत असतो. व्यक्ती व स म स्त्जक पयावरण एकमेक स पूरक असते त्य तूनच व्यक्ती व्य वह रीक रतर वर वतान करत असतो. स म स्त्जक पय ावरण म नव ने ननम ाण केलेले असते. म णस चे स म स्त्जक स車ब車ध पवपवध स車घिन स車रथ य 車楍य तील अ車तर स車ब車ध ठरत असत त. प्र चीन क ळ प सून म नव य त सुध रण करत आल आहे. सम योजन स धत आल आहे. पर車तु य व व ढत्य लोकस車ख्येमुळे व उपलब्ध स車स धन च車 मय ाद 車मुळे स म स्त्जक पय ावरण प्रदपू र्त झ ले आहे. बेरोजग री ,ननरक्षरत , अ車धश्रद्ध , कु पोर्ण हे स म स्त्जक प्रदर्ू ण आहे. य 車楍य मध्ये व ढच होत च ललेली आहे व त्य मुळे लोक 車मध्ये नक र त्मक भ वन उत्पन्न होत आहे. त्य मुळे भ ऊ भ व ल ओळखत न ही, एक धम ाचे लोक दसु ऱ्य धम चा लोक 車楍य पवरोध त उभे ि कत आहेत. जर आपण ल आपल सम ज, पररव र ,देश 車न य प सनू व चव यचे असेल तर लोकस車ख्य व ढ रोखणे अत्य車त गरजेचे आहे. राजकीय पयाषवरि भ रत स रख्य पवकसनशील देश ल सु饃ढ र जकीय पय ावरण ची अत्य車त आवश्यक आहे. पर車तु आज चे प्रदपू र्त र जकीय पय ावरण बनले आहे ते देश ल म रक आहे. र जकीय पय ावरण हे लोक 車楍य Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 146 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 ह त त असते भ रत स ठी तर ह ननयम पूणा 셂प ने ल गू होतो. क रण भ रत त लोक 車द्व रे लोक 車स ठी श सन केले ज ते. व ढत्य लोकस車ख्येमुळे भ रत तील र जक रण पूणातः प्रदपू र्त झ ले आहे. आजचे र जक रण आत्मकᴂद्री आणण रव थी बनले आहे ते धनद 車डग्य 車楍य ह तचे खेळणे बनले आहे.आज र जक रण देश स ठी न ही तर रवतः楍य रव थ ास ठी केले ज ते. व ढत ज ण री बेक री ननरक्षरत लोकस車ख्य य मुळे सत्य असत्य ची स車कल्पन पूणा बदलून गले ी आहे. लोक आज रवत: स ठी पररव र स ठी र जक रण करत आहे. य पवच र मुळे पूणा र जकीय पय ावरण प्रदपू र्त झ ले आहे. र जकीय पय ावरण प्रदपू र्त होण्य प सून व चव यचे असेल असले तर लोकस車ख्य व ढ रोकने गरजेचे आहे. मनोवैज्ञाननक पयाषवरिीय लुवीन य 車楍य मते “म नव भौनतक व अभौनतक घिक पवर्यी जो पवच र मन त ननम ाण करत असतो त्य पवर्यी ज रत इ楍छ प्रकि करत असतो व त्य नुस र वतान करत असतो त्य स म नर्सक पय ावरण म्हणत त” मनोवैज्ञ ननक पय ावरण हे मनव 楍य अ車तमान त मध्ये ननम ाण होत असते. म णस चे पवच र करण्य ची प्रवत्तृ ी अनुभव य व셂न म णस चे बहुतेक पय ावरण शी व इतर लोक 車शी वतान ठरत असते व म नवी क्रिय शीलतेल ही हे पय ावरण स ह्यभूत ठरत असते. मनोवैज्ञ ननक पय ावरण त पवपवध स म स्त्जक क्रिय 車च सम वेश होतो. जसे आवड, कल्पन , चच車तन, समरय , सम ध न, स車वेदनशीलत मनोवैज्ञ ननक पय ावरण त जन्मज त गुण 車च व पय ावरण च पररण म होत असतो. मनोवैज्ञ ननक क यािम 車मध्ये असुरक्षक्षततेची भ वन आत्मसन्म न उपेक्ष ननरक्षरत रनेह आचथाक समरय बेरोजग री य मुळे भौनतक पय ावरण प्रभ पवत होत असते. वेगवेगळय लोक 車ची पवच र करण्य ची शक्ती य मुळेच पय ावरण सुरक्षक्षत र हते. पर車तु व ढत्य लोकस車ख्येमुळे म णस ची मनोवैज्ञ ननक स्त्रथती ख ल वत च लली आहे. म नव मध्ये असुरक्षक्षतत , नतररक र भ वन एवढी व ढ झ ली आहे की एकमेक 車च दश्ु मन होऊन बसल आहे. व ढत्य लोकस車ख्येमुळे गुन्हेग रीत व ढ, स म स्त्जक मूल्य 車च ऱ्ह स, भौनतक पय ावरण चे रव रथ्य य वर मनोवैज्ञ ननक पय ावरन वर आघ त करत आहे. संस्त्कृ नतक पयाषवरि प्र कृ नतक शस्त्क्त वगळून म नव ने ननम ाण के लेल्य सवा घिक 車च सम वेश स 車रकृ नतक घिक म車 ध्य े के ल ज तो. य स 車रकृ नतक घिक 車च र्मळूनच स 車रकृ नतक पय ावरण तय र होत असतो. म नवी स車रकृ ती त्य ची स म स्त्जक स्त्रथती, पवच र आणण पवश्व स य ल च न हीतर भौगोर्लक घिक ल ही प्रभ पवत करत असते. म नव ची सव ात मोठी स車पत्ती ही त्य 車ची स車रकृ ती आहे. भ रत मध्ये तर पवर्भन्न स車रकृ ती गुण्य गोपवद車 ने हज रो वर् ाप सून र हत आल्य आहेत. एख द्य स車रकृ तीचे अध्ययन व셂न नतचे र हणीम न, ख न-प न, आच र-पवच र, समजत असत त. प्रत्येक देश व सम ज ची स車रकृ ती र्भन्न असते. स 車रकृ नतक पय ावरण भौनतक आणण अभौनतक पय ावरण त हदसत असते स車रकृ तीमध्ये नैनतकत , धमा Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 147 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 घिक येत त भौनतक स車रकृ ती मध्ये वेशभूर् , ख न-प न इत्य दी घिक असत त. य सवा गोष्िी म णूस अनुभव व स म स्त्जक स車पक ातून र्शकत असतो व त्य अनुकू ल रवतःल घडवत असतो. भ रत मध्ये लोकस車ख्य वरचेवर व ढतच आहे त्य च पररण म सर車 कृ नतक पय ावरण वर होत आहे. स車रकृ नतक पय ावरण वर कठोर आघ त होत आहे. मुस्त्रलम धम ामध्ये अनेक गि ननम ाण झ ले आहे.ते आपस त भ 車डत आहेत. हहद車 ू धम ात अनेक अ車धश्रद्ध 셂ढी पर車पर ज ती धमा भ र् प्र 車त य घिक म車 ुळे प्रत्येकजण दसु ऱ्य 楍य पवरोध त उभ र हहल आहे. त्य मुळे सप車 ूणा स 車रकृ नतक पय ावरण प्रदपू र्त झ लेले आहे. शैक्षणिक पयाषवरि कोणत्य ही देश तील शैक्षणणक स्त्रथती ही त्य देश तील सम ज व स車रकृ तील अनु셂प असते. वेगवेगळय धम ाचे लोक आपल्य आपल्य धम ाचे र्शक्षण देण्य चे क म करत असत त. एक स車रकृ तीमध्ये शैक्षणणक प्र 셂प एक होऊन ज त असते व शैक्षणणक पयावरण र्शक्षण स車रथ र्शक्षक स車घिन य तील पररपर त ळमेळ य वर अवल車बून असते. तसेच र्शक्षक-र्शक्षक स車ब車ध, र्शक्षक-पवद्य थी स車ब車ध पवद्य थी-पवद्य थी स車ब車ध इत्य दी य व्यनतररक्त शैक्षणणक स車रथ 車चे प्र 셂प शैक्षणणक रतरआणण नेतत्ृ व य वरील शैक्षणणक पय ावरण अवल車बून असते. प्र चीन क ळी भ रत त र्शक्षण व्यवरथ ही गु셁कु ल आणण मदरसे य 車楍य म फा त च लवली ज यचे त्य व्यवरथेत क ही दोर् ननम ाण झ ल्य ने त्य तून आजची शैक्षणणक व्यवरथ ननम ाण झ ली केली गेली पण तीही आज दोर्रहहत हदसत न ही. आज र्शक्षण च दज ा हदवसᴂहदवस ख ल वत च ललेल आहे शैक्षणणक प्रदर्ू ण व ढत च ललले े आहे. आधथषक पयाषवरि कोणत्य ही देश तील लोक 車चे जीवनम न सुध रण्य स ठी त्य देश च आचथाक पवक स होणे गरजेचे असते. कोणत्य ही देश 楍य आचथाक पवक स त य देश तील उपलब्ध असलेली नैसचगाक स धनस車पत्ती व लोकस車ख्य य घिक वर अवल車बून असतो. आचथाक बदल घडून येत असत न लोकस車ख्य ही वैर्शष्टयपूणा लोकस車ख्येत ही वैर्शष्टयपूणा बदल घडून येत असत त. ते तीन अवरथ 車मधून हदसत त पहहल्य अवरथेमध्ये अथाव्यवरथ प्र थर्मक उद्योग वर अवल車बून असते. त्य त पवपवध सपु वध 車च अभ व य मुळे जन्मदर व मत्ृ युदर अचधक असतो. त्य मुळे लोकसख्車 य जवळप स स्त्रथर असते दसु ऱ्य अवरथेत म ि लोकस車ख्य व ढीच दर व ढलले असतो वैद्यकीय सुपवध मध्ये झ लेली व ढ य मुळे जन्म दर व ढतो. व य अवरथेत लोकस車ख्य पवरफोि ची शक्यत असते. हे पवक स स अत्य車त म रक असते. नतसय ा आवरथेत लोक शहर कडे क म 楍य शोधत ज त असत त. र हणीमन उ車चवलेले असते. ते हिकू न ठेवण्य स ठी लह न कु िु車ब व्यवरथ पवच र के ल ज तो. त्य मुळे लोकस車ख्य मय ाहदत होत असते. भ रत त जग 楍य 17.5 िक्के लोक केवळ 2.4 िक्के एवढ्य जर्मनीवर र हत त प्रच車ड व ढत्य लोकस車ख्य मुळे शेतीवरील भ र पडतो शेतीची उत्प दकत कमी होऊन शेती पवक स खिु車 तो भ रत त जशी लोकस車ख्य व ढत आहे. तशी बेक र 車ची स車ख्य व ढत ज त आहे 2001 ते 2020 मध्ये बेक र 車मध्ये Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 148 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 6.293 (Special Issue No.81) 2020 इ車स्त्जननयर त車िज्ञ वबुद्चधव 車त च ही मोठ सम वेश झ लेल आहे. र ष्िीय उत्पन्न त होण ऱ्य व ढी楍य वेग पेक्ष लोकस車ख्य व ढीच वेग ज रत असल्य ने दरडोई उत्पन्न व ढ होत न ही. आचथाक पय ावरण स ठी उत्प दन असम नत बेरोजग री लोकस車ख्य व ढ हे नक र त्मक घिक आचथाक पय ावरण ल कमजोर बनत त आज आपण प हतो गरीब-श्रीम車त ही दरी व ढतच आहे. ननष्कषष : कोणत्य ही गोष्िील दोन ब जू असत त तसे लोकस車ख्य व हढल पण दोन पलै ू आहेत. लोकस車ख्य ही जशी समश्य आहे तसे ते स車स धन ही आहे. हे चीन ने र्शद्ध क셂न द खवले आहे . चीनची लोकस車ख्य जग त एक न車बर ल असूनही त्य 車नी आपल्य पेक्ष अचधक प्रगती के लेली आहे. त्य 車नी व ढत्य लोकस車ख्येच पय ावरण ल अनु셂प व पर क셂न घेतलेल आहे. लोकस車ख्य व ढीची समरय आहे पण त्य सोबतच नतचे बबघडते रव셂प अत्य車त भय नक आहे. लोकस車ख्येच स車पूणा उपयोग क셂न घेतल तर तीच स車स धन बनू शकते पर車तु जीवन मध्ये स車तुलन असणे आवश्यक आहे अन्यथ हे पय ावरण अस車तुलन होऊन सजीव 車च पवन श कोणीही रोकू शकण र न ही. हे कधीच म नवी हहत चे असण र न ही य स ठी लोकस車ख्य वरती आळ घ लणे अत्य車त गरजेचे बनले आहे. संदर्ष ग्रंथ 1.म नव ए車व पय ावरण- गोपव車द प्रस द , अनुपम प 車डे ,ल शदᴂद ू क्रकसलय 2.पय ावरण भूगोल – डॉ. र जकु म र गुजार , डॉ. बी सी ज ि 3.लोकस車ख्य ,पय ावरण आणण पवक स : एक 饃स्त्ष्िक्षेप –सौ कोपडे स्त्रमत जयᴂद्र 4.लोकस車कय आणण सम ज – द धो क चोळे 5.पय ावरण स車कि – र के श गुल िी 6.पय ावरण भूगोल – पवठ्ठल घ रपुरे Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 149 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. 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ÊVɱÁÉiÉ {ÉVÉÇxªÉ¨ÉÉxÉÉSÉä |ɨÉÉhÉ Ênù´ÉºÉåÊnù´ÉºÉ Eò¨ÉÒ ½þÉäiÉ +ɽäþ. iªÉɨÉÖ³äý ¦ÉÚMɦÉÉÇiÉÒ±É {ÉÉhªÉÉSÉÒ {ÉÉiɳýÒ Ênù´ÉºÉåÊnù´ÉºÉ JÉɱÉÒ-JÉɱÉÒ VÉÉiÉ +ɽäþ. ºÉÆnù¦ÉÇ ºÉÚSÉÒ : 1) ºÉɳÖÆýEäò ºÉiÉÒ¶É, ¤ÉÒb÷ ÊVɱÁÉSÉÉ |ÉÉSÉÒxÉ ´É ¨ÉvªÉªÉÖMÉÒxÉ <ÊiɽþɺÉ, ¤ÉÒb÷ ÊVɱ½þÉ <ÊiɽþÉºÉ {ÉÊ®ú¹Énù, ¤ÉÒb÷, 2011. 2) ÊVɱ½þÉ ºÉɨÉÉÊVÉEò ´É +ÉÌlÉEò ºÉ¨ÉɱÉÉäSÉxÉ, ¤ÉÒb÷ ÊVɱ½þÉ +lÉÇ ´É ºÉÉÆÎJªÉEòÒ ºÉÆSÉɱÉxÉɱɪÉ, ¨ÉÖƤÉ<Ç, 2017. 3) ¤ÉÒb÷ ÊVɱ½þÉ MÉìZÉäÊ]õ+®ú, ¨É½þÉ®úɹ]Åõ ¶ÉɺÉxÉ, ¨ÉÖƤÉ<Ç, 1991. 4) ¨ÉÉʽþiÉÒ +ÊvÉEòÉ®úÒ, ÊVɱ½þÉÊvÉEòÉ®úÒ EòɪÉÉDZɪÉ, ¤ÉÒb÷, 2017. 5) ÊVɱ½þÉ OÉɨÉÒhÉ Ê´ÉEòÉºÉ ªÉÆjÉhÉÉ, ´ÉÉ̹ÉEò +½þ´ÉɱÉ, 2017. Peer Review and Indexed Journal website : www.aiirjournal.com Mob.No.8999250451 152 Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal Dec. 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