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Touring a Unified Italy, Part 2 by John F
Browsing the Web: Touring A Unified Italy, Part 2 by John F. Dunn We left off last month on our tour of Italy—commemo- rating the 150th Anniversary of the Unification of the na- tion—with a relaxing stop on the island of Sardinia. This “Browsing the Web” was in- spired by the re- lease by Italy of two souvenir sheets to celebrate the Unifi- cation. Since then, on June 2, Italy released eight more souvenir sheets de- picting patriots of the Unification as well as a joint issue with San Marino (pictured here, the Italian issue) honoring Giuseppe and Anita Garibaldi, Anita being the Brazilian wife and comrade in arms of the Italian lead- er. The sheet also commemorates the 150th Anniversary of the granting of San Marino citizen- ship to Giuseppe Garibaldi. As we continue heading south, I reproduce again the map from Part 1 of this article. (Should you want Issue 7 - July 1, 2011 - StampNewsOnline.net 10 to refresh your memory, you can go to the Stamp News Online home page and select the Index by Subject in the upper right to access all previous Stamp News Online ar- ticles, including Unified Italy Part 1. So…moving right along (and still in the north), we next come to Parma, which also is one of the Italian States that issued its own pre-Unification era stamps. Modena Modena was founded in the 3rd century B.C. by the Celts and later, as part of the Roman Empire and became an important agricultural center. After the barbarian inva- sions, the town resumed its commercial activities and, in the 9th century, built its first circle of walls, which continued throughout the Middle Ages, until they were demolished in the 19th century. -
Don Quixote in Barcelona
A Literary Map of Barcelona Map 10 Area 6: Don Quixote in Barcelona Area 6: Don Quixote in Barcelona Literary Tour Tour duration: 1 h How to get there: ◄► M Liceu L3, Bus 14, 59, 91, 120. 1 Biblioteca de Catalunya 2 Carrer de Perot lo Lladre 3 Barcelona Cathedral 4 The printers 5 Quixote at Barcelona City Council 6 Carrer de Cervantes 7 The House of Cervantes 8 The saddest chapter of Quixote Introduction Miguel de Cervantes (Alcalá de Henares, 1547‒Madrid, 1616) is one of the world’s most renowned novelists. After having published a few theatre plays and La Galatea, he became enormously successful with the publication of The Inge- nious Nobleman Sir Quixote of La Mancha, also known as just Don Quixote. Considered the first mo- dern novel in history, the book is a classic of world literature. 1. Biblioteca de Catalunya Carrer de l’Hospital, 56 [Restricted access] The Biblioteca de Catalunya is lo- cated at the old Hospital de la San- ta Creu. Once a nurses’ quarters, the Sala Cervantina now houses a collection of incalculable value de- dicated to the work of Cervantes. In the early twentieth century, the librarian Isidre Bonsoms Sicart do- nated his collection to the library. Initially comprising some 3,400 volumes, it is one of the world’s fi- nest collections of Cervantes, and contains all of the first editions of his work, except La Galatea, as well as translations, adaptations, biographical works and critiques, and different manuscripts and other material related to the author from La Mancha. -
Class of 2003 Finals Program
School of Law One Hundred and Seventy-Fourth FINAL EXERCISES The Lawn May 18, 2003 1 Distinction 2 High Distinction 3 Highest Distinction 4 Honors 5 High Honors 6 Highest Honors 7 Distinguished Majors Program School of Law Finals Speaker Mortimer M. Caplin Former Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service Mortimer Caplin was born in New York in 1916. He came to Charlottesville in 1933, graduating from the College in 1937 and the Law School in 1940. During the Normandy invasion, he served as U.S. Navy beachmaster and was cited as a member of the initial landing force on Omaha Beach. He continued his federal service as Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service under President Kennedy from 1961 to 1964. When he entered U.Va. at age 17, Mr. Caplin committed himself to all aspects of University life. From 1933-37, he was a star athlete in the University’s leading sport—boxing—achieving an undefeated record for three years in the mid-1930s and winning the NCAA middleweight title in spite of suffering a broken hand. He also served as coach of the boxing team and was president of the University Players drama group. At the School of Law, he was editor-in-chief of the Virginia Law Review and graduated as the top student in his class. In addition to his deep commitment to public service, he is well known for his devotion to teaching and to the educational process and to advancing tax law. Mr. Caplin taught tax law at U.Va. from 1950-61, while serving as president of the Atlantic Coast Conference. -
Unification of Italy 1792 to 1925 French Revolutionary Wars to Mussolini
UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1792 TO 1925 FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS TO MUSSOLINI ERA SUMMARY – UNIFICATION OF ITALY Divided Italy—From the Age of Charlemagne to the 19th century, Italy was divided into northern, central and, southern kingdoms. Northern Italy was composed of independent duchies and city-states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Papal States of central Italy were ruled by the Pope; and southern Italy had been ruled as an independent Kingdom since the Norman conquest of 1059. The language, culture, and government of each region developed independently so the idea of a united Italy did not gain popularity until the 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars wreaked havoc on the traditional order. Italian Unification, also known as "Risorgimento", refers to the period between 1848 and 1870 during which all the kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula were united under a single ruler. The most well-known character associated with the unification of Italy is Garibaldi, an Italian hero who fought dozens of battles for Italy and overthrew the kingdom of Sicily with a small band of patriots, but this romantic story obscures a much more complicated history. The real masterminds of Italian unity were not revolutionaries, but a group of ministers from the kingdom of Sardinia who managed to bring about an Italian political union governed by ITALY BEFORE UNIFICATION, 1792 B.C. themselves. Military expeditions played an important role in the creation of a United Italy, but so did secret societies, bribery, back-room agreements, foreign alliances, and financial opportunism. Italy and the French Revolution—The real story of the Unification of Italy began with the French conquest of Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars. -
A Virtual Train Journey Along the Mare Ligure from Ventimiglia to Rome
Italian Culture Newsletter Number 22 A Virtual Train Journey along the Mare Ligure from Ventimiglia to Rome. Marie and I have made this journey on a number of occasions. In doing so we have either made the journey in a single day albeit with a change of train, usually at Genova. On other occasions, we have spent an evening or even a few days at Genova and/or at Livorno or Pisa. The journey described will involve more stops on the way but could be more interesting on that account. The trip begins in Ventimiglia where we stayed overnight on our last day of our last holiday in Italy. This had been occasioned by the French railway strike which prevented any trains from running from Ventimiglia to Nice on the day of our arrival from Rome into the city at the Italian- French border in Liguria. Our first visit to Ventimiglia was in 2006 when some Italian friends from Cuneo, due north of Ventimiglia, in Piemonte, met us at the rail station in Ventimiglia to take us for a short stay at their apartment in Nice. On that occasion we didn’t see much of the city except for part of the old medieval town, which now mostly is the home of many of the southerners from Naples, Calabria and Sicily who moved north seeking employment after WWII. The old town is perched high above the new city with its long sea-front promenade and railway station. Ventimiglia is the ancient Albium Intemelium, the capital of the Intemelii, a Ligurian tribe which long resisted the Romans, until in 115 BC it was forced to submit to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. -
Origin and Development of Florence
Origin and development of Florence Located in the central Italian region of Tuscany, itself as a free Comune in a happy balance Florence is one of the most breathtaking cities between the authority of the Popes and that of in Europe. Celebrated as the birthplace of the the Emperors, thus leaving behind the uneasy Renaissance, the city is home to many of its internal struggles between the Guelphs and most famous artistic treasures. Ghibellines. Between the thirteenth and fourteenth century, at the time of Dante and The ancient Roman colony of Florentia - in Boccaccio, Giotto and Arnolfo di Cambio, which the Forum at the centre of the castrum when some of the iconic buildings like the corresponded to the point where Piazza della Palazzo Vecchio and the Duomo (Cathedral) Repubblica is located today - was founded were built, Florence enjoyed a fertile cultural in 59 BC. The rapid territorial expansion soon period, coinciding with an extraordinary came to include the nearby Etruscan settlement economic development thanks to its artisans, of Fiesole. merchants and bankers, who were organized After the decline of the barbaric ages, the city, into the famous Arts and Crafts Guilds - the Arts from the eleventh century, began to establish of Calimala and Wool, related to the processing and marketing of famous textiles, some of the Luca della Robbia in sculpture, at the height of most powerful of the corporations - Florence which were the two great talents of Leonardo confirmed its economic power in Europe, da Vinci and Michelangelo. particularly with the introduction of the gold In the fifteenth century, thanks to Cosimo the florin, the first truly international currency. -
Isabel Clara Eugenia and Peter Paul Rubens’S the Triumph of the Eucharist Tapestry Series
ABSTRACT Title of Document: PIETY, POLITICS, AND PATRONAGE: ISABEL CLARA EUGENIA AND PETER PAUL RUBENS’S THE TRIUMPH OF THE EUCHARIST TAPESTRY SERIES Alexandra Billington Libby, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Directed By: Professor Arthur K. Wheelock, Jr., Department of Art History and Archeology This dissertation explores the circumstances that inspired the Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia, Princess of Spain, Archduchess of Austria, and Governess General of the Southern Netherlands to commission Peter Paul Rubens’s The Triumph of the Eucharist tapestry series for the Madrid convent of the Descalzas Reales. It traces the commission of the twenty large-scale tapestries that comprise the series to the aftermath of an important victory of the Infanta’s army over the Dutch in the town of Breda. Relying on contemporary literature, studies of the Infanta’s upbringing, and the tapestries themselves, it argues that the cycle was likely conceived as an ex-voto, or gift of thanks to God for the military triumph. In my discussion, I highlight previously unrecognized temporal and thematic connections between Isabel’s many other gestures of thanks in the wake of the victory and The Triumph of the Eucharist series. I further show how Rubens invested the tapestries with imagery and a conceptual conceit that celebrated the Eucharist in ways that symbolically evoked the triumph at Breda. My study also explores the motivations behind Isabel’s decision to give the series to the Descalzas Reales. It discusses how as an ex-voto, the tapestries implicitly credited her for the triumph and, thereby, affirmed her terrestrial authority. Drawing on the history of the convent and its use by the king of Spain as both a religious and political dynastic center, it shows that the series was not only a gift to the convent, but also a gift to the king, a man with whom the Infanta had developed a tense relationship over the question of her political autonomy. -
Ambassadors to and from England
p.1: Prominent Foreigners. p.25: French hostages in England, 1559-1564. p.26: Other Foreigners in England. p.30: Refugees in England. p.33-85: Ambassadors to and from England. Prominent Foreigners. Principal suitors to the Queen: Archduke Charles of Austria: see ‘Emperors, Holy Roman’. France: King Charles IX; Henri, Duke of Anjou; François, Duke of Alençon. Sweden: King Eric XIV. Notable visitors to England: from Bohemia: Baron Waldstein (1600). from Denmark: Duke of Holstein (1560). from France: Duke of Alençon (1579, 1581-1582); Prince of Condé (1580); Duke of Biron (1601); Duke of Nevers (1602). from Germany: Duke Casimir (1579); Count Mompelgart (1592); Duke of Bavaria (1600); Duke of Stettin (1602). from Italy: Giordano Bruno (1583-1585); Orsino, Duke of Bracciano (1601). from Poland: Count Alasco (1583). from Portugal: Don Antonio, former King (1581, Refugee: 1585-1593). from Sweden: John Duke of Finland (1559-1560); Princess Cecilia (1565-1566). Bohemia; Denmark; Emperors, Holy Roman; France; Germans; Italians; Low Countries; Navarre; Papal State; Poland; Portugal; Russia; Savoy; Spain; Sweden; Transylvania; Turkey. Bohemia. Slavata, Baron Michael: 1576 April 26: in England, Philip Sidney’s friend; May 1: to leave. Slavata, Baron William (1572-1652): 1598 Aug 21: arrived in London with Paul Hentzner; Aug 27: at court; Sept 12: left for France. Waldstein, Baron (1581-1623): 1600 June 20: arrived, in London, sightseeing; June 29: met Queen at Greenwich Palace; June 30: his travels; July 16: in London; July 25: left for France. Also quoted: 1599 Aug 16; Beddington. Denmark. King Christian III (1503-1 Jan 1559): 1559 April 6: Queen Dorothy, widow, exchanged condolences with Elizabeth. -
Enjoy Your Visit!!!
declared war on Austria, in alliance with the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and attacked the weakened Austria in her Italian possessions. embarked to Sicily to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the But Piedmontese Army was defeated by Radetzky; Charles Albert abdicated Bourbons. Garibaldi gathered 1.089 volunteers: they were poorly armed in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel, who signed the peace treaty on 6th with dated muskets and were dressed in a minimalist uniform consisting of August 1849. Austria reoccupied Northern Italy. Sardinia wasn’t able to beat red shirts and grey trousers. On 5th May they seized two steamships, which Austria alone, so it had to look for an alliance with European powers. they renamed Il Piemonte and Il Lombardo, at Quarto, near Genoa. On 11th May they landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily; on 15th they Room 8 defeated Neapolitan troops at Calatafimi, than they conquered Palermo on PALAZZO MORIGGIA the 29th , after three days of violent clashes. Following the victory at Milazzo (29th May) they were able to control all the island. The last battle took MUSEO DEL RISORGIMENTO THE DECADE OF PREPARATION 1849-1859 place on 1st October at Volturno, where twenty-one thousand Garibaldini The Decade of Preparation 1849-1859 (Decennio defeated thirty thousand Bourbons soldiers. The feat was a success: Naples di Preparazione) took place during the last years of and Sicily were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia by a plebiscite. MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY LABORATORY Risorgimento, ended in 1861 with the proclamation CIVIC HISTORICAL COLLECTION of the Kingdom of Italy, guided by Vittorio Emanuele Room 13-14 II. -
The Philippines
WORKING PAPERS OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS COMPARATIVE NONPROFIT SECTOR PROJECT Lester M. Salamon Director Defining the Nonprofit Sector: The Philippines Ledivina V. Cariño and the PNSP Project Staff 2001 Ugnayan ng Pahinungod (Oblation Corps) University of the Philippines Suggested form of citation: Cariño, Ledivina V. and the PNSP Project Staff. “Volunteering in Cross-National Perspective: Evidence From 24 Countries.” Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, no. 39. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 2001. ISBN 1-886333-46-7 © The Johns Hopkins University Center for Civil Society Studies, 2001 All rights reserved Center for Civil Society Studies Institute for Policy Studies The Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2688 USA Institute for Policy Studies Wyman Park Building / 3400 North Charles Street / Baltimore, MD 21218-2688 410-516-7174 / FAX 410-516-8233 / E-mail: [email protected] Center for Civil Society Studies Preface This is one in a series of working papers produced under the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project (CNP), a collaborative effort by scholars around the world to understand the scope, structure, and role of the nonprofit sector using a common framework and approach. Begun in 1989 in 13 countries, the Project continues to expand, currently encompassing about 40 countries. The working papers provide a vehicle for the initial dissemination of the work of the Project to an international audience of scholars, practitioners and policy analysts interested in the social and economic role played by nonprofit organizations in different countries, and in the comparative analysis of these important, but often neglected, institutions. -
A Constellation of Courts the Courts and Households of Habsburg Europe, 1555-1665
A Constellation of Courts The Courts and Households of Habsburg Europe, 1555-1665 A Constellation of Courts The Courts and Households of Habsburg Europe, 1555-1665 Edited by René Vermeir, Dries Raeymaekers, and José Eloy Hortal Muñoz © 2014 by Leuven University Press / Presses Universitaires de Louvain / Universitaire Pers Leuven. Minderbroedersstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium) All rights reserved. Except in those cases expressly determined by law, no part of this publication may be multiplied, saved in an automated datafile or made public in any way whatsoever without the express prior written consent of the publishers. ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 e-ISBN 978 94 6166 132 6 D / 2014 / 1869 / 47 NUR: 685, 697 Cover illustration: Lucas I van Valckenborgh, “Frühlingslandschaft (Mai)”, (inv. Nr. GG 1065), Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna Contents Courts and households of the Habsburg dynasty: history and historiography José Eloy Hortal Muñoz, Dries Raeymaekers and René Vermeir 7 The political configuration of the Spanish Monarchy: the court and royal households José Martínez Millán 21 The court of Madrid and the courts of the viceroys Manuel Rivero 59 The economic foundations of the royal household of the Spanish Habsburgs, 1556–1621 Carlos Javier de Carlos Morales 77 The household of archduke Albert of Austria from his arrival in Madrid until his election as governor of the Low Countries: 1570–1595 José Eloy Hortal Muñoz 101 Flemish elites under Philip III’s patronage (1598-1621): household, court and territory in the Spanish Habsburg Monarchy* -
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Journal of early modern history (2021) 1-36 brill.com/jemh Lepanto in the Americas: Global Storytelling and Mediterranean History Stefan Hanß | ORCID: 0000-0002-7597-6599 The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK [email protected] Abstract This paper reveals the voices, logics, and consequences of sixteenth-century American storytelling about the Battle of Lepanto; an approach that decenters our perspective on the history of that battle. Central and South American storytelling about Lepanto, I argue, should prompt a reconsideration of historians’ Mediterranean-centered sto- rytelling about Lepanto—the event—by studying the social dynamics of its event- making in light of early modern global connections. Studying the circulation of news, the symbolic power of festivities, indigenous responses to Lepanto, and the autobi- ographical storytelling of global protagonists participating at that battle, this paper reveals how storytelling about Lepanto burgeoned in the Spanish overseas territories. Keywords Battle of Lepanto – connected histories – production of history – global history – Mediterranean – Ottoman Empire – Spanish Empire – storytelling Connecting Lepanto On October 7, 1571, an allied Spanish, Papal, and Venetian fleet—supported by several smaller Catholic principalities and military entrepreneurs—achieved a major victory over the Ottoman navy in the Ionian Sea. Between four hundred and five hundred galleys and up to 140,000 people were involved in one of the largest naval battles in history, fighting each other on the west coast of Greece.1 1 Alessandro Barbero, Lepanto: la battaglia dei tre imperi, 3rd ed. (Rome, 2010), 623-634; Hugh Bicheno, Crescent and Cross: the Battle of Lepanto 1571 (London, 2003), 300-318; Peter Pierson, © Stefan Hanss, 2021 | doi:10.1163/15700658-bja10039 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0Downloaded license.