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Report on the Review Into the Treatment of Women at the Australian Defence Force Academy

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Report on the Review Into the Treatment of Women at the Australian Defence Force Academy Report on the Review into the Treatment of Women at the Australian Defence Force Academy Phase 1 of the Review into the Treatment of Women in the Australian Defence Force © Australian Human Rights Commission 2011. This work is protected by copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part may be used or reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Australian Human Rights Commission. Enquiries should be addressed to Communications Unit at: [email protected] ISBN 978-1-921449-23-9 Acknowledgements The Australian Human Rights Commission thanks the following people: Review Panel: Commissioner Elizabeth Broderick (Chair), Ms Samantha Mostyn, Mr Mark Ney, Dr Damian Powell Review Secretariat: Director: Alexandra Shehadie, Research Director: Marlene Krasovitsky, Executive Officer: Natasha de Silva, Lawyer: Jennifer Whelan Research Team: Elena Campbell, Michael Edwards, Patrick Haid, Tanaya Roy, Jane Seymour, Kylie Stephen Support Team: Elsa Chen, Sarah Haid, Renuka Peiris, Elizabeth Prior, Marcie Richards Consultants: Dr Stephen Mugford, Mr David Tan This publication can be found in electronic format on the Australian Human Rights Commission’s website at: http://www.humanrights.gov.au/defencereview For further information about the Australian Human Rights Commission please visit www.humanrights.gov.au or email: [email protected] You can also write to: Communications Unit Australian Human Rights Commission GPO Box 5218 Sydney NSW 2001 Design and layout Jo Clark Printing Paragon Printers Australasia Report on the Review into the Treatment of Women in the Australian Defence Force Academy Phase 1 of the Review into the Treatment of Women in the Australian Defence Force 21 October 2011 The Hon Robert McClelland MP Attorney-General Central Office 3-5 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 Dear Attorney, Review into the Treatment of Women in the Australian Defence Force – Phase 1 I am pleased to present to you the Commission’s report of the Review into the Treatment of Women at the Australian Defence Force Academy. This Report represents the first stage of a broader review into the Treatment of Women in the Australian Defence Force. The Report is the first independent review into the Academy since its inception in 1986 and has provided a significant opportunity to examine the importance of women to the future leadership of the Australian Defence Force. Yours sincerely, Elizabeth Broderick Sex Discrimination Commissioner Australian Human Rights Commission Australian Human Rights Commission Level 3, 175 Pitt Street, Sydney NSW 2000 GPO Box 5218, Sydney NSW 2001 Telephone: 02 9284 9600 Facsimile: 02 9284 9611 Website: www.humanrights.gov.au Contents Commissioner’s Message xi Terms of Reference xv Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Glossary of Cadet Terms xix Our methodology xxi Key findings xxi Executive Summary xxi (a) Commitment to ADFA xxii (b) Equity and diversity xxii (c) Selection, training and turnover of staff xxiii (d) Cadets as young people xxiii (e) Residential setting and supervision xxiv (f) Gender relations xxiv (g) Complaints process xxv (h) Sexual harassment and abuse xxv (i) Women’s health and wellbeing xxvi (j) A strong future for ADFA xxvi Table of Recommendations xxvii 1 ADFA: Description of Current Culture 1 1.1 Military culture 1 (a) What is culture? 1 (b) Subcultures and the military 1 (c) Cultures create identities and boundaries 2 1.2 The culture for women at ADFA 2 (a) Inclusion of women at ADFA 3 (b) Sexist and sexualised language and behaviours 4 (c) Women as a minority 5 (d) The myth of the ‘quota’ 6 1.3 Residential setting 7 (a) Supervision: limitations of the current physical setting 9 1.4 Diversity and inclusion 9 (a) Demographics and diversity of the cadet body 9 (b) General attitudes to diversity and inclusion at ADFA 11 1.5 Cadets: recruitment, induction, training and mentoring 11 (a) Cadets: recruitment 11 (b) Cadets: induction 13 (c) Cadets: training 14 (d) Cadets: mentoring 14 (e) Squadron restructure and semi-formal mentoring 15 1.6 Social context 16 (a) Adjusting to ADFA life 16 (b) Support networks 16 (c) Socialising outside ADFA 17 (d) Social context – themes 17 1.7 Alcohol 18 1.8 Reputation management 20 1.9 Illness and injury 22 1.10 Military staff: recruitment, induction and leadership 23 (a) Military staff: recruitment 23 (b) Military staff: induction 24 (c) Military staff: leadership 24 1.11 Removal of underperforming staff and cadets 26 2 Women at ADFA: Harassment, Abuse, Discrimination and Assault 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Cadets’ stated experiences of harassment, abuse, discrimination and assault: The ADFA Unacceptable Behaviour Survey 32 (a) About the survey 32 (b) Key findings 33 (c) Gender and sex-related harassment 33 (d) General harassment and discrimination 34 (e) Electronic harassment 34 (f) Opinions on unacceptable behaviour 35 (g) Impact of unwanted behaviour 35 (h) Management of unwanted behaviour 36 (i) Concluding comments 37 (j) Comparisons and trends 38 2.3 Incidents of sexual harassment, discrimination and assault 42 (a) Sexual assault and related offences 42 (b) Sexual harassment and sex discrimination 43 (c) Qualitative data 43 2.4 Current policies, procedures and training in relation to complaints of sexual harassment, discrimination, abuse and assault of women at ADFA 45 (a) Reporting sexual harassment, discrimination, abuse and assault of women 45 (b) Complaints/incidents policy framework 49 (c) Flow Chart Tool: application of policies 52 (d) Options for resolution of complaints 52 (e) Training on Making and Managing Complaints 54 (f) Record keeping practices 55 (g) Conclusion 57 3 Women at ADFA: Measures to Promote Gender Equality and Assessment of their Adequacy 61 3.1 Gender equality 61 3.2 Measures to promote Gender Equality and Assessment of their Adequacy 62 (a) Equity and diversity at ADFA 62 (b) Fraternisation and room policies 67 (c) Gender briefings 69 (d) Physical standards 72 4 A strong future for ADFA: Initiatives required to drive cultural change in the treatment of women 77 4.1 Lessons from international research 77 (a) Inclusive defence services: greater integration of women 77 (b) Strong statements from leadership 78 (c) Leadership practices: leading by example 78 (d) Clear policies and effective training 78 (e) Cultural change essential 79 4.2 ADFA’s role and purpose 80 4.3 Equity and diversity 82 (a) The business case for diversity 82 (b) Implementing equity and diversity principles 83 4.4 ADFA’s structure and staffing 85 4.5 Midshipmen and cadets are young people and future leaders 89 4.6 Alcohol 92 4.7 Residential setting and supervision 93 (a) Improving supervision and women’s safety 93 (b) Integrating staff support in the residential setting 94 4.8 Minimising risk and managing incidents: education 95 4.9 Minimising risk and managing incidents: advice and referral 98 4.10 Minimising risk and managing incidents: data 99 4.11 Minimising risk and managing incidents: injury, health and wellbeing 101 4.12 Implementation of the Review’s recommendations 103 Appendix A – Brief Description of ADFA 107 Appendix B – Scope of Research and Methodology 113 Appendix C – 2011 ADFA Unacceptable Behaviour Survey Administered 14 June 2011 119 Appendix D – Survey Method and Analysis 135 Appendix E – 2011 ADFA Unacceptable Behaviour Survey Results 141 Appendix F – Diversity of the Cadet Body at ADFA 157 Appendix G – After Hours Supervision – the Academy Duty Officer System 159 Appendix H – Physical Fitness Standards 161 Appendix I – Cadet Boards of Review 163 Appendix J – Examples of Best Practice from International Contexts 165 Appendix K – Focus Group Schedule 179 Appendix L – List of Consultations (Interviews and Briefings) 183 Appendix M – Written Submissions 187 Bibliography 189 Commissioner’s Elizabeth Broderick Sex Discrimination Commissioner Message Australian Human Rights Commission I am pleased to present the Report of the cultural review into the Treatment of Women at the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA). This report concludes Phase One of the Review. Phase Two of the Review will examine the treatment of women across the broader Australian Defence Force (ADF). I wish to thank my fellow Review Panellists – Sam Mostyn, Mark Ney and Damian Powell – for their wise and insightful observations and for being actively involved in the Review process. Each panellist brought to the Review a depth of experience in cultural change programs, the operation of residential colleges in educational settings, command and control environments, sex discrimination and gender. The Review Panel was ably assisted by a small but highly skilled secretariat led by Alexandra Shehadie. The Review was initiated by the Australian Human Rights Commission at the request of the Minister for Defence, the Hon Stephen Smith MP. The Commission developed the Terms of Reference and appointed the Panel members who, after extensive consultation, designed the methodology. Our Review represents the first independent examination of ADFA since its inception in 1986. This is an important distinction between this Review and previous reviews as it has enabled us to bring a broad societal context to this Review. The work of the Review was fully supported by senior military and academic personnel and the leadership team at ADFA. Requests by the Review received expeditious and comprehensive responses. I wish to acknowledge the significant contribution and advice over the course of the last five months from former Chief of the Defence Force ACM Angus Houston AC, AFC and his successor GEN David Hurley, AC, DSC. In addition the Review benefited from the assistance and insights of MAJGEN Craig Orme, AM, CSC, Commander Australian Defence College; MAJGEN Mick Crane, AM, DSC, Head, Defence Cultural Reviews Secretariat; RADM James Goldrick, Acting Commandant, ADFA; COL Paul Petersen, Deputy Commandant, ADFA; SQNLDR Glenn van der Kolk, Liaison Officer, Reviews and Inquiries; and Ms. Annebelle Davis, Director General, Strategic Integration, Department of Defence; Professor Frater, Rector and Professor Arnold, Deputy Rector.
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