Heart of the Mayan World GUATEMALA
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Proyecto Arqueológico Lago De Atitlán
PROYECTO ARQUEOLÓGICO LAGO DE ATITLÁN RECONOCIMIENTO EN LA ORILLA OESTE DEL LAGO ATITLÁN, TEMPORADA 2015 TOMO 3: CERAMICA, ARTEFACTOS Y MONUMENTOS Gavin R. Davies, Director, Universidad de Kentucky María de los Ángeles Corado Mena, Codirectora Universidad del Valle de Guatemala CONTENIDO LISTA DE Tablas y Figuras ................................................................................................. 3 15. CERÁMICA Y CRONOLOGÍA ....................................................................................... 5 15.1 PRECLáSICO MEDIO A TARDíO (c. 400 AC – 0 Dc) ............................................. 5 GRUPO: CAFÉ PULIDO .................................................................................................. 6 GRUPO: NEGRO Y CAFÉ-NEGRO ................................................................................... 6 GRUPO: ROJO SOBRE CREMA ....................................................................................... 7 GRUPO: ZONADO PRECLÁSICO..................................................................................... 7 GRUPO: SAN JUAN LOCAL .......................................................................................... 10 TIPOS PRECLASICOS NO DEFINIDOS ........................................................................... 11 15.2 EL PROTOCLÁSICO (100 DC – 300 dc) .............................................................. 12 GRUPO: NEGRO PULIDO ............................................................................................ 12 GRUPO: CAFÉ-NEGRO PRECLÁSICO -
Determination of Late Postclassic Kaqchikel Maya Diet, Disease, and Cause of Death Through Analysis of Skeletons from Iximché, Guatemala
FAMSI © 1999: Stephen L. Whittington Determination of Late Postclassic Kaqchikel Maya Diet, Disease, and Cause of Death through Analysis of Skeletons from Iximché, Guatemala Research Year : 1995 Culture : Maya Chronology : Late Postclassic Location : Guatemala Site : Iximché Table of Contents Introduction Fieldwork Analysis List of Figures Sources Cited Introduction Iximché was the capital of the Kaqchikel realm, founded by refugees from the Quiché kingdom in the 1470s or 1480s ( Figure 1 ). The Quiché attacked and tried to conquer the city at least once. This attempt met with failure and the Kaqchikel captured many Quiché warriors. Spaniards under Pedro de Alvarado arrived in the highlands in 1524. With the Kaqchikel as allies, they conquered the Guatemalan polities which had been enemies of Iximché. On July 25, Alvarado founded the first colonial capital of Guatemala near Iximché. This action led to the outbreak of hostilities between the Kaqchikel and the Spanish and the ultimate destruction and abandonment of Iximché in 1526. George Guillemin, a Swiss archaeologist, excavated Iximché between the late 1950s and the early 1970s. His main interest was architecture, and his crews uncovered large expanses of the site, exposing and then restoring plazas, palaces, altars, and temples. Unfortunately, Guillemin was much less interested in analyzing the large amounts of materials that came from the digging. His excavation notes, archived at the Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamerica (CIRMA) in Antigua, do not mention the location, associated artifacts, or basic layout of some complete skeletons. Even worse, for years the excavated materials were stored in what was essentially a chicken coop. Bags broke open, artifacts and bones from various contexts became mixed together, and tags with provenience information rotted away or became separated from their bags. -
Chwa Nima Ab'aj ( Mixco Viejo)
1 2 Chwa Nima Ab’aj ( Mixco Viejo) “Recordación Florida”, o, “Historia del Reyno de Goathemala”, es una obra escrita por el Capitán Francisco Fuentes y Guzmán en 1690, o sea unos 165 años después de que fuerzas invasoras españolas ocuparan el territorio de la actual Guatemala. A Fuentes y Guzmán se le considera el primer historiador criollo guatemalteco, ya que en esta obra narra lo que se acredita como la primera historia general del país. Por los cargos ocupados: Cronista de Ciudad nombrado por el Rey, Regidor Perpetuo del Ayuntamiento y Alcalde Mayor tuvo acceso a numerosos documentos (muchos desaparecidos) que le permitió hacer esa monumental obra. Hoy día, con la aparición de otros antiguos documentos con narraciones tanto de indígenas, como de españoles y mestizos, algunos de los datos y hechos consignados en la famosa “Recordación Florida” han sido refutados, negados o impugnados, sin que por esos casos se ponga en cuestión la trascendencia de la obra del “Cronista de la Ciudad”. Esta obra es de capital importancia pues en ella se consigna por vez primera la existencia de Mixco, (Chwa Nima Ab’aj) así como los sucesos acaecidos en la batalla que finalizó con su destrucción por parte de los españoles. Sin embargo, a pesar de la autenticidad narrativa de Fuentes y Guzmán sobre la batalla librada para ocupar Mixco, el nombre que le dio a esta inigualable ciudadela ceremonial, así como los datos sobre la etnia indígena que la habitaba y defendió ante la invasión española, los Pokomames, han sido impugnados sobre la base de estudios antropológicos, arqueológicos y documentos indígenas escritos recién terminada la conquista. -
Central America
Zone 1: Central America Martin Künne Ethnologisches Museum Berlin The paper consists of two different sections. The first part has a descriptive character and gives a general impression of Central American rock art. The second part collects all detailed information in tables and registers. I. The first section is organized as follows: 1. Profile of the Zone: environments, culture areas and chronologies 2. Known Sites: modes of iconographic representation and geographic context 3. Chronological sequences and stylistic analyses 4. Documentation and Known Sites: national inventories, systematic documentation and most prominent rock art sites 5. Legislation and institutional frameworks 6. Rock art and indigenous groups 7. Active site management 8. Conclusion II. The second section includes: table 1 Archaeological chronologies table 2 Periods, wares, horizons and traditions table 3 Legislation and National Archaeological Commissions table 4 Rock art sites, National Parks and National Monuments table 5 World Heritage Sites table 6 World Heritage Tentative List (2005) table 7 Indigenous territories including rock art sites appendix: Archaeological regions and rock art Recommended literature References Illustrations 1 Profile of the Zone: environments, culture areas and chronologies: Central America, as treated in this report, runs from Guatemala and Belize in the north-west to Panama in the south-east (the northern Bridge of Tehuantepec and the Yucatan peninsula are described by Mr William Breen Murray in Zone 1: Mexico (including Baja California)). The whole region is characterized by common geomorphologic features, constituting three different natural environments. In the Atlantic east predominates extensive lowlands cut by a multitude of branched rivers. They cover a karstic underground formed by unfolded limestone. -
96 Metal Artifacts from South Coastal Guatemala
96 METAL ARTIFACTS FROM SOUTH COASTAL GUATEMALA Elisa Mencos Regina Moraga Keywords: Maya archaeology, Guatemala, Escuintla, Pacific Coast, South Coast, metals, copper, Postclassic, Pipil Project, Carolina, Gomera The sites of Carolina and Gomera are located in the township of La Gomera, department of Escuintla. These lands are now used for sugar cane plantations and cattle breeding. During the excavations carried out by the South Coast Regional Archaeological Project (Pipil Project) in that zone, a number of copper artifacts were found, located in the central area and in apparent elite residential contexts (Figure 1). Figure 1. Map of Postclassic sites in Escuintla (provided by Frederick Bove, Pipil Project). 1 Figure 2. Representation of Xipe Totec (taken from the Diccionario de Mitología y Religión de Mesoamérica, 2002). HISTORIC BACKGROUNDS The Postclassic period begins around 900 AD, and extends to 1520 AD. It is characterized by struggles between the different cultural groups that populated Mesoamerica, by constant migrations, and the militarization of society. A large number of cities within this time frame present some type of defensive system as a consequence of the different conflicts between populations. The political, economical and religious power was concentrated on the ruler, who in turn had the support of a dominant class integrated by the nobility. In the religious aspect, human sacrifices became more frequent in relation with the gods and mostly with warfare. The trade networks were intensified and could reach farther away through terrestrial and maritime routes. 2 The Postclassic period is frequently subdivided in two parts: the Early Postclassic (900 to 1250 AD), and the Late Postclassic (1250 AD and up to the Spanish arrival). -
Found.1 the Two Best Known Examples Are Copan and Quirigua, and in Each Case Local Stones Were Quarried
VI. TWO UNUSUAL MAYA STELAE John A. Graham and Howel Williams As is generally known, the Maya lowlands comprise a vast province of massive limestone deposits. Since these limestones are usually exposed or only slightly buried, ready material in unlimited abundance was ordinarily available for the cutting of building stone, for reduction to lime for mortar, and for the carving of sculptures and other monuments. At a number of Maya lowland sites quarries have been observed in the sites, or their immediate vicinity, and there has been little reason to suspect the long distance transport of large and heavy stone for monuments as was characteristic of the ancient Olmec civilization in its principal sites of La Venta and San Lorenzo. For the most part it is only on the peripheries of the Maya lowlands that major non-limestone monuments and architectural constructions are found.1 The two best known examples are Copan and Quirigua, and in each case local stones were quarried. At Quirigua in the lower Motagua Valley, separated from the Maya lowlands proper by the Santa Cruz range, ignimbrites, not immediately available but probably transported from no great distance, and local sandstones were employed in monument carving as well as in archi- tecture. At Copan in the foothills of southwestern Honduras, even farther removed from the true Maya lowlands, ignimbrite from the Copan Valley was preferred to the local limestone. At Maya sites within the lowlands proper, non-limestone monuments or architectural constructions are very rare, and the major example is Altar de Sacrificios on the lower Pasion where during the Early Classic period local sandstone supplied the material for both monuments and architecture until after 9.10.0.0.0 (A.D. -
A Study of Two Maya Tenons from Corozal
A Study of two Maya Tenons from Corozal By Ben Ward Anthropology 281 (Seeds of Divinity), Spring 2019 This paper concerns two Maya tenons that reside in the Williams College Museum of Art (WCMA). One, with accession number 1870.1.1 shows an anthropomorphic face with a peaked headdress, while the other, 1870.1.2., sports a zoomorphic face with humanoid head emerging from its jaws. These two sculptures were collected by Williams students during a trip to Honduras and Belize in 1870-1871, sponsored by the Williams Lyceum. Beyond this, very little is known about these sculptures due to the same reason that they are in the museum’s possession. While these students were in Central America two of the students went on a short trip to the small agricultural town of Corozal where they acQuired these two stone tenons and brought them back to Williams College. The detail we are given on the acQuisition of these pieces is both frustratingly vague and very telling for the times: Among the collections from Corozal were two stone heads, or images, exhumed near that town. They exhibit great antiQuity, and are evidently of the same origin as the sculptures found amid the ruins of the ancient temples and cities scattered throughout Central America, and are viewed with such intense interest by all travelers to this seat of fallen civilization.1 The only real useful information we get from this passage is that these tenons come from a Maya site near the town of Corozal.2 There seems to have been no interest in the sculptures’ true origin point and it is not even stated whether these statues were bought in Corozal or taken by these students directly from a site. -
An Isthmian Presence on the Pacific Piedmont of Guatemala
Glyph Dwellers Report 65 October 2020 An Isthmian Presence on the Pacific Piedmont of Guatemala Martha J. Macri Professor Emerita, Department of Native American Studies University of California, Davis A dichotomy between Olmec and Maya art styles on the stone monuments of the Guatemalan site of Tak'alik Ab'aj was proposed a number of years ago (e.g., Graham 1979). Researchers now recognize a more nuanced division between Olmec and developing Isthmian/Maya1 traditions (Graham 1989; Mora- Marín 2005; Popenoe de Hatch, Schieber de Lavarreda, and Orrego Corzo 2011; Schieber de Lavarreda 2020; Schieber de Lavarreda and Orrego Corzo 2010). John Graham proposed the term "Early Isthmian" rather than "Olmec" to describe examples of the Preclassic texts of southern Mesoamerica (Graham 1971:134). In this paper the term "Isthmian" is restricted to the script found on the Tuxtla Statuette (Holmes 1907), La Mojarra Stela 1 (Winfield Capitaine 1988), and related texts. Internal evidence within Isthmian texts themselves, specifically variation in both sign use and sign form, suggests that the origin of the Isthmian script dates significantly earlier than the long count dates on the two earliest known examples: La Mojarra Stela 1 and the Tuxtla Statuette (Macri 2017a). Two items of stratigraphic evidence from Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas show a presence of the script at that site, beyond the Gulf region, pushing the origin of the script even further back in time (Macri 2017b). This report considers several texts from the Guatemalan site of Tak'alik Ab'aj, specifically two monuments, that have long count dates only slightly earlier those on La Mojarra Stela 1 and the Tuxtla Statuette, to suggest an even broader geographic and temporal range for the Isthmian script tradition. -
Foundation for Maya Cultural and Natural Heritage
Our mission is to coordinate efforts Foundation for Maya Cultural and provide resources to identify, and Natural Heritage lead, and promote projects that protect and maintain the cultural Fundación Patrimonio Cultural y Natural Maya and natural heritage of Guatemala. 2 # nombre de sección “What is in play is immense” HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco he Maya Biosphere Reserve is located in the heart of the Selva Maya, the Maya Jungle. It is an ecological treasure that covers one fifth of Guatemala’s landmass (21,602 Tsquare kilometers). Much of the area remains intact. It was established to preserve—for present and future generations— one of the most spectacular areas of natural and cultural heritage in the world. The Maya Biosphere Reserve is Guatemala’s last stronghold for large-bodied, wide-ranging endangered species, including the jaguar, puma, tapir, and black howler monkey. It also holds the highest concentration of Maya ruins. Clockwise from bottomleft José Pivaral (President of Pacunam), Prince Albert II of Monaco (sponsor), Mel Gibson (sponsor), Richard Hansen (Director of Mirador The year 2012 marks the emblematic change of an era in the ancient calendar of the Maya. This Archaeological Project) at El Mirador momentous event has sparked global interest in environmental and cultural issues in Guatemala. After decades of hard work by archaeologists, environmentalists, biologists, epigraphers, and other scientists dedicated to understanding the ancient Maya civilization, the eyes of the whole Pacunam Overview and Objectives 2 world are now focused on our country. Maya Biosphere Reserve 4 This provides us with an unprecedented opportunity to share with the world our pressing cause: Why is it important? the Maya Biosphere Reserve is in great danger. -
Latepostclassicperiodceramics Ofthewesternhighlands,Guatemala
Yaxchilan Us um a c G in r t ij a Maya Archaeology Reports a Bonampak R lv i a v R e iv r er LatePostclassicPeriodCeramics ChiapasHighlands AltardeSacrificios DosPilas of theWesternHighlands,Guatemala Greg Borgstede Chinkultic MEXICO GUATEMALA Cancuen HUEHUETENANGO Lagartero ELQUICHE ALTAVERAPAZ – SanMiguelAcatan HUISTA ACATECREGION Jacaltenango Cuchumatan Mountains NorthernHighlands SanRafaelPetzal Nebaj Zaculeu SierraMadre Tajumulco his report describes the ceramics of the Late Postclassic 1986, Culbert 1965, Ichon 1987, Nance 2003a, Nance 2003b, and BAJAVERAPAZ Utatlan/Chisalin or Protohistoric period (AD 1200 to 1500) uncovered in a Weeks 1983. recent archaeological investigation in the western Maya The Late Postclassic period remains one of the most intensely highlands. The Proyecto Arqueológico de la Región Huista- studied in the Maya highlands, in terms of archaeology and CentralHighlands MixcoViejo T Acateco, directed by the author, investigated the region in the ethnohistory. The existence of competing Maya kingdoms, Iximche Cuchumatan Mountains currently occupied by the Huista and including those of the K’iche’, the Kaqchikel, and the Mam, Acatec Maya (Figure 1), documenting 150 archaeological sites and coupled with the persistence of written documentation LakeAtitlan GuatemalaCity an occupation sequence spanning the Terminal Preclassic to Late immediately prior to, during, and after the Spanish invasion, Postclassic/Protohistoric periods, AD 100 to 1525 (see Borgstede provide the Protohistoric period with an abundance of 2004). The modern towns of Jacaltenango and San Miguel Acatan anthropological data for understanding this complex era. are the center of the region. Archaeological evidence, particularly ceramics, has played a The ceramics described here are from the Late Postclassic role in interpreting the cultures, histories, and structures of these Archaeologicalsites period, also known as the “Protohistoric” period in the societies. -
Departamento De Quetzaltenango Municipio De San Martín Sacatepéquez
^ ^ AMENAZA CODIGO: AMENAZA POR DESLIZAMIENTOS E INUNDACIONES POR DESLIZAMIENTOS DEPARTAMENTO DE QUETZALTENANGO La pred ic c ión d e esta a m ena za utiliza la m eto d o lo gía rec o no c id a 912 d e M o ra -V a hrso n, pa ra estim a r la s a m ena za s d e d esliza m iento s a s un nivel d e d eta lle d e 1 kilóm etro . Esta c o m pleja m o d ela c ión utiliza n o una c o m b ina c ión d e d a to s so b re la lito lo gía , la hum ed a d d el suelo , .000000 .000000 MUNICIP.000I000O DE SAN MARTÍN SACATEPÉQ.00000U0 EZ .000000 pend iente y pro nóstic o s d e tiem po en este c a so prec ipita c ión a 365000 370000 375000 380000 385000 c " S 91°45'W 91°42'W 91°39'W 91°36'W ^ 91°33'W a c um ula d a que CAT HALAC genera d ia ria m ente a tra vés d el r " " " R " " m o d elo m eso sc a le PSU /NCAR, el M M 5. í Tuichpech San El Condominio o l Cruz Residenciales " a e Concepcion Río Eschaquichoj La Floresta L gu Los Mateo Los Sauces LAadelanto a i "De Pacaya Chiquirichapa CONCEPCION Se estim a esta a m ena za en térm ino s d e ‘Ba ja ’, ‘M ed ia ’ y ‘Alta ‘. -
Zooarchaeological Habitat Analysis of Ancient Maya Landscape Changes
Journal of Ethnobiology 28(2): 154–178 Fall/Winter 2008 ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT MAYA LANDSCAPE CHANGES KITTY F. EMERYa and ERIN KENNEDY THORNTONb a Environmental Archaeology, Florida Museum of Natural History, Dickinson Hall, Museum Road, 117800 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800 ^[email protected]& b Department of Anthropology, 117305 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7305 ^[email protected]& ABSTRACT.—Consensus has not yet been reached regarding the role of human- caused environmental change in the history of Classic Maya civilization. On one side of the debate, researchers argue that growing populations and agricultural expansion resulted in environmental over-exploitation that contributedto societal collapse. Researchers on the other side of the debate propose more gradual environmental change resulting from intentional and sustainable landscape management practices. In this study, we use zooarchaeological data from 23 archaeological sites in 11 inland drainage systems to evaluate the hypothesis of reduction of forest cover due to anthropogenic activities across the temporal and spatial span of the ancient Maya world. Habitat fidelity statistics derived from zooarchaeological data are presented as a proxy for the abundance of various habitat types across the landscape. The results of this analysis do not support a model of extensive land clearance and instead suggest considerable chronological and regional stability in the presence of animals from both mature and secondary forest habitats. Despite relative stability, some chronological variation in land cover was observed, but the variation does not fit expected patterns of increased forest disturbance during periods of greatest population expansion. These findings indicate a complex relationship between the ancient Maya and the forested landscape.