TNA Guidebook Series TNA Guidebook Series Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation – Transport Sector – Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Transport Sector for Climate Change Mitigation: Transport Technologies This guidebook covers a range of transport technologies and practices that can significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and help achieve key development goals at the same time. All the options are dealt with in simple language, and approaches for implementing these technologies are also provided. This guidebook would be used by the national TNA teams which consist of stakeholders from government, non-government organisations and the private sector. The publication is edited by Dr. Robert Salter, Dr. Subash Dhar and Professor Peter Newman with contributions from other experts in the transport sector. The contributing authors combine their expertise in the transport sector and climate change to provide a balanced description of technologies from a developmental and climate perspective. This publication is one of the adaptation and mitigation technology guidebooks, produced as part of the GEF-funded Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) project. This project is undertaken by UNEP and URC in 36 developing countries. UNEP Risø Centre Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy http://www.uneprisoe.org/ http://tech-action.org/ Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation – Transport Sector – Edited by: Robert Salter Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute Subash Dhar UNEP Risø Centre Peter Newman Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute Reviewed by: Dario Hidalgo EMBARQ, The World Resources Institute Center for Sustainable Transport Todd Litman Victoria Transport Policy Institute Jorge Rogat UNEP Risoe Centre March 2011 UNEP Risø Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy P.O. Box 49, 4000, Roskilde Denmark Phone +45 4677 5129 Fax +45 4632 1999 http://www.uneprisoe.org/ http://tech-action.org/ ISBN: 978-87-550-3901-8 Design, pre-production and printing: Magnum Custom Publishing New Delhi, India [email protected] Photo acknowledgement: Front cover photo—Cyclists on cycle tracks in Concepion, Chile Courtesy of Solutiva Consultores Back cover photo— Light Rail (Tram) from Nice, France Courtesy of Subash Dhar This guidebook can be downloaded from http://tech-action.org/ Disclaimer: This Guidebook is intended to be a starting point for developing country governments, transport planners, and stakeholders who are doing technology needs assessment and technology action plans for mitigation in transport sector to climate change. The findings, suggestions, and conclusions presented in this publication are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) which funded the production of this publication. Contents List of Figures and Tables v Abbreviations ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Executive Summary xv 1. Introduction and Outline 1 A range of policy options 2 Some questions to consider 3 Focusing on what you can do and need to do 4 What’s in the chapters that follow 5 2. Evaluating the Transport Sector’s Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption 7 How do cities vary in their transport greenhouse emissions? 10 How does transport greenhouse vary by mode? 11 Patterns of transport energy use 13 Calculating greenhouse gas savings from sustainable low carbon policies 17 3. Description of Concrete Mitigation Technologies and Practices in the Transport Sector 25 Increasing Use of Low Carbon Modes 26 A. The Walkable Locality 27 B. Supporting Cycling 37 C. Mass Transit 48 D. Influencing Travel Choices 58 Reducing Overall Travel 70 E. Transit Oriented Development 71 F. Reducing the Need to Travel 85 iii Making Current Modes Low Carbon 96 G. Private Vehicle Demand Management 97 H. Improving Private Vehicle Operating Standards 107 I. Traffic Management 117 J. Electric Vehicles 125 K. Vehicle and Fuel Technologies 139 L. Motorised Three-Wheeler Taxis 155 Low Carbon Freight 164 M. Freight Transport 165 Low Carbon Air and Water Transport 178 N. Air Transport 179 O. Water Transport 188 4. Implementation of Technologies and Practices 200 Research and consultation 200 The need for an integrated approach 201 Piloting innovations 202 Ownership and management 202 Legislation and governance 203 Public oversight 204 The status of sustainable transport 204 The power of persuasion, education and support 205 Funding transport improvements 205 Capacity building 209 Periodic reviews of transport systems 209 5. Conclusion 211 Appendix I: Glossary 213 Appendix II: Further Readings 216 Appendix III: Is My Area Walkable? 226 iv List of Figures and Tables List of Figures Figure 2.1: Transport-related well-to-wheels CO2 emissions 8 Figure 2.2: Per capita emissions of CO2 from passenger transport In 84 cities (private and public transport) 10 Figure 2.3: Private passenger transport energy use per person, 1995 14 Figure 2.4: Proportion of motorised passenger kilometres on public transport, 1995 15 Figure 2.5: Urban density, 1995 (persons/Ha) 16 Figure 2.6: Urban density versus private passenger car travel per person 17 Figure 2.7: Total transport energy use versus activity intensity in Sydney, 2002 17 Figure 2.8: Miles of freeway and delay are not correlated in US cities 18 Figure 2.9: The trade-off between fuel efficient vehicles and fuel efficient cities as demonstrated in Perth, Western Australia 19 Figure 2.10: Two models of understanding how freeing congestion leads to fuel savings (Model 1) and to increases in fuel use (Model 2) 20 Figure 2.11: Average road traffic speed versus per capita car use in 58 cities 21 Figure 2.12: Car use decreases exponentially with increases in public transport use due to ‘transit leverage’ 22 Figure 3.1: Rua XV de Novembro, Curituba also known as the Street of Flowers 27 Figure 3.2: Levels of non-motorised transport as a percentage of all transport in cities of different regions (1995) 28 Figure 3.3: An elevated walkway in Bangkok, sometimes the only solution to help pedestrians avoid the traffic 32 Figure 3.4 The Istiklal is a pedestrian-only street in the Beyoglu area of Istanbul, Turkey. The street has restaurants, coffee shops, clubs, shopping, movie theatres and embassies 33 Figure 3.5 Pedestrians feel at home in this Transit Oriented Development in Bogotá 34 Figure 3.6 The relationship between GDP and motorised personal transport 38 Figure 3.7 California bikes used in South Africa’s Shova Kalula (Ride Easy) program 42 Figure 3.8 Cycles are a practical solution for small cargo loads in local areas as well as carrying people 43 v Figure 3.9 Light-rail, trains and buses are all key parts of the global transport future 48 Figure 3.10 Tainan High Speed Rail Station, Taiwan 51 Figure 3.11 Luas Light Rail Train in Dublin 52 Figure 3.12 Bus Rapid Transit can, as this Bangkok street scene demonstrates, move passengers to their destination much faster than ordinary buses – and private vehicles 53 Figure 3.13 Modern metro station in Shanghai 54 Figure 3.14 Modern BRT station in Guadalajara, México 54 Figure 3.15 In Antwerp, Belgium, a digital display advertises when the next buses will arrive in real time 60 Figure 3.16 Google Transit can plan a multi-modal journey from departure point to destination 61 Figure 3.17 TravelSmart programs have delivered real reductions in car use across the developed world 64 Figure 3.18 Walking School Buses provide safe, healthy travel to and from school and thus provide a grounding for the young in sustainable transport 65 Figure 3.19 Adding value to the Octopus Card in Hong Kong. The card can be used on any form of public transport (e.g., bus, metro, train, mini-bus, tram and ferry) 66 Figure 3.20 Fruitvale Transit Village, Oakland, California 75 Figure 3.21 Pioneer Place in Portland, Oregon, incorporates the transit station directly into the design of this 10,000 square metre mixed use TOD in the heart of downtown Portland 76 Figure 3.22 The Embarcadero line in San Francisco is part of a TOD design that has moderate to high densities, a mix of uses, development at a pedestrian scale, and the creation of a defined centre and civic spaces 77 Figure 3.23 Chawri Bazar Merto Station amidst very dense urban development 80 Figure 3.24 Kowloon Station, Hong Kong 81 Figure 3.25 Christchurch Bus Xchange 83 Figure 3.26 Reducing the space devoted to parking here would lead to greater urban density and more human-scale community spaces 87 Figure 3.27 Residents can still reap the benefits of attractive gardens when living in high density communities 89 Figure 3.28 A pedestrian only shopping district in Curitiba 92 Figure 3.29 Teleconferencing means businesses generate fewer emissions from road and air travel 93 Figure 3.30 London’s Congestion Charging Zones clearly marked on the roads 100 Figure 3.31 Per capita GDP versus gasoline prices in different countries 101 vi Figure 3.32 Calle Florida Street, Buenos Aires, like pedestrian streets the world over, is an attractive, multi-purpose living space, and not just a walking route 102 Figure 3.33 Many local councils provide car share schemes with dedicated parking spots 104 Figure 3.34 Transport fuel prices across countries 105 Figure 3.35 The Toyota Prius allows you to monitor your emissions output 111 Figure 3.36 In Cairo and elsewhere in the world older vehicles need to be replaced to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and local pollutants 113 Figure 3.37 New drivers need to learn how to take care of their car as well as how to drive it 114 Figure 3.38 In Brisbane, the narrowing of streets is intended to slow traffic 120 Figure 3.39 In Kunming, these centre lanes are for buses only 121 Figure 3.40 This illustrates how traffic signal can give buses a head start at intersections 122 Figure 3.41 Cheonggyecheon stream: The 6 km stream has now become a modern public recreational space 123 Figure 3.42 Indian Electric Cars: REVANXG which is sold locally and also exported to Europe and Brazil (left ).