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A Ficção Histórica De Goethe Do Sturm Und Drang À Revolução Francesa

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A Ficção Histórica De Goethe Do Sturm Und Drang À Revolução Francesa UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LITERATURA ALEMÃ FELIPE VALE DA SILVA A ficção histórica de Goethe Do Sturm und Drang à Revolução Francesa São Paulo 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LITERATURA ALEMÃ A ficção histórica de Goethe Do Sturm und Drang à Revolução Francesa FELIPE VALE DA SILVA Trabalho apresentado ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Literatura Alemã do Departamento de Letras Modernas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Helmut Paul Erich Galle São Paulo 2016 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Silva, Felipe Vale da S586f A ficção histórica de Goethe. Do Sturm und Drang à Revolução Francesa / Felipe Vale da Silva ; orientador Helmut Paul Erich Galle. - São Paulo, 2016. 355 f. Tese (Doutorado)- Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Letras Modernas. Área de concentração: Língua e Literatura Alemã. 1. Goethe. 2. Ficção Histórica. 3. Sturm und Drang. 4. Classicismo de Weimar. 5. Iluminismo. I. Galle, Helmut Paul Erich, orient. II. Título. Nome: SILVA, Felipe Vale da Título: A ficção histórica de Goethe. Do Sturm und Drang à Revolução Francesa Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras (Literatura Alemã) Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof.(a) Dr.(a) ______________________ Instituição: __________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: __________________________ Prof.(a) Dr.(a) ______________________ Instituição: __________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: __________________________ Prof.(a) Dr.(a) ______________________ Instituição: __________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: __________________________ AGRADECIMENTOS Sabrine Ferreira da Costa pacientemente revisou os manuscritos deste trabalho e acompanhou sua concepção desde a primeira página. Sem seus comentários e estímulo, este teria sido um empreendimento incompleto. Igualmente, devo muito à atenção e conhecimento do professor Helmut Paul Erich Galle. Seus questionamentos, sobretudo relativos à metodologia, influenciaram diretamente na forma que a tese tomou corpo. Dentre os vários professores que deixaram sua marca pessoal na pesquisa estão: Daniel Fulda (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), que me coorientou em Halle (Saale); Jorge de Almeida e Tércio Redondo (USP), que fizeram contribuições importantes no exame de qualificação; além de Franklin Matos (USP) e Miguel Vedda (Universidad de Buenos Aires). Esta pesquisa foi financiada pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) e pelo Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD). RESUMO SILVA, Felipe Vale da. A ficção histórica de Goethe. Do Sturm und Drang à Revolução Francesa. 2016. 355 f. Tese (Doutorado) - Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. Este trabalho trata da ficção histórica de Goethe em duas fases de sua obra. Em primeiro lugar se ocupa do drama pioneiro do Sturm und Drang, Götz von Berlichingen (1773), para então se voltar às Revolutionsdichtungen — conjunto de obras produzidas entre 1791 e 1803, período auge do Classicismo de Weimar, em que o autor emitiu juízos sobre diferentes fases da Revolução Francesa. Ao optar por tal tema, visou-se resgatar Goethe como um importante participante do debate histórico-filosófico que começa com os iluministas e culmina no pensamento político da Restauração. Por esse motivo a pesquisa se iniciou com uma busca dos antecedentes do drama histórico do Sturm und Drang, voltando a Gottsched e Lessing. Geralmente o desenvolvimento da ficção histórica do século XVIII é tomado como passivo em relação aos avanços da filosofia ilustrada, como se uma consciência histórica propriamente moderna houvesse aflorado em certos escritores a partir das leituras que fizeram de novas teorias da época. Contra tal suposição, defendeu-se que há na beletrística alemã da virada do século algumas formulações acerca da relação entre indivíduo e processo histórico que, antes de tudo, desafiaram o progressismo dos iluministas tardios, para os quais o advento da Revolução Francesa marcava o próximo passo no aperfeiçoamento da humanidade. Acompanhar o modo como a história foi tratada nas obras do Sturm und Drang até as do Classicismo de Weimar permite-nos, ademais, constatar a radical atualização da missão da cultura literária, que deveria então lidar com as emergências do presente. A literatura almejada naquele contexto deveria funcionar como uma contracorrente do senso comum e um veículo intelectual autônomo, capaz de erguer-se além das paixões partidárias e posicionar corretivos para as contradições contemporâneas. Tais corretivos traziam o diferencial de serem desvinculados das ciências, religião, cultura política ou sabedoria popular — a nova arte deveria, assim, ser tomada como autônoma na medida em que podia cindir radicalmente com a cultura do presente em crise, tornando possível o surgimento de um ideal renovado de humanidade e de vida conjunta que a própria Revolução Francesa não foi capaz de concretizar. Aqui reside o que há de mais polêmico —e moderno— nas chamadas Revolutionsdichtungen e no Classicismo de Weimar como um todo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Goethe, Ficção Histórica, Sturm und Drang, Classicismo de Weimar, Iluminismo. ABSTRACT SILVA, Felipe Vale da. Goethe’s historical fiction. From the Sturm und Drang to the French Revolution. 2016, 355 p. PhD thesis - Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. The following research deals with Goethe's historical fiction in two distinct phases of his career. First off, it handles with the pioneering Sturm und Drang drama, Götz von Berlichingen (1773), and then with the so-called Revolutionsdichtungen — a group of works produced between 1791 and 1803, the heyday of the Weimar Classicism, in which the author made judgments about different aspects of the French Revolution. In choosing such a theme, I expect to highlight the importance of Goethe in the historical-philosophical debate which ranges from the works of Enlightenment intellectuals to the political thinking of the Restauration. Thus, the research sets out with a quest for the predecessors of the historical drama of the Sturm Drang, coming across to figures like Gottsched and Lessing. The development of the historical fiction from the 18th century is commonly taken for granted as somewhat passive towards the advances of the Enlightenment philosophy, as if a properly modern historical consciousness had flourished in certain writers after the readings they made from contemporary theories. Against such a presupposition, I claim that in the German belletristic from the turning of the century one can find interesting formulations about the relation between individual and historical process which, above all, cast doubt on the progressism of late Enlightenment philosophers, to whom the advent of the French Revolution marked the next step toward an evolving mankind. Moreover, following the tracks of how history was portrayed from the Sturm und Drang to the Weimar Classicism allows us to verify a radical reformulation of the mission of literary culture, which thenceforth should respond to the emergencies of the present. The literature of that context should work against the common sense, being thus an autonomous cultural medium able to reach beyond the partisan leanings and offer correctives to contemporary contradictions. Such correctives would have the advantage of being independent of the sciences, religion, political culture or popular wisdom — a new art therefore should be called autonomous inasmuch as it could split with the culture of a problematic present, allowing for the emergence of a renewed ideal of humanity and communitary life that the French Revolution itself was incapable of materializing. Therein lies what is most polemical —and modern— in the so-called Revolutionsdichtungen and in the Weimar Classicism as a whole. KEYWORDS: Goethe, Historical fiction, Sturm und Drang, Weimar Classicism, Enlightenment. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG SILVA, Felipe Vale da. Goethes historische Fiktion. Vom Sturm und Drang zur Französischen Revolution. 355 S. Dissertation - Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. Die im Folgenden entfaltete Analyse behandelt die historische Fiktion Goethes in zwei verschiedene Phasen von dessen literarischer Tätigkeit. Erst einmal geht es darin um das bahnbrechende Schauspiel des Sturm und Drang »Götz von Berlichingen« (1773), und dann um die sogenannten Revolutionsdichtungen — eine Gruppe von zwischen 1791 und 1803 konzipierten Werken, also in der Hochphase der Weimar Klassik, in welcher der Autor verschiedene Aspekte der Französischen Revolution behandelte. Die Wahl eines solchen Themas läßt vermuten, dass Goethe eine ausschlaggebende Figur inmitten
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