Cloud Photography from the Gemini 4 Spaceflight
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Gemini 4 an Astronaut Steps Into the Void
springer.com Popular Science : Popular Science in Astronomy Shayler, David J. Gemini 4 An Astronaut Steps into the Void Details the first American spacewalk in a leap forward from the Mercury program Follows each detail of Gemini's extended duration flight, NASA's first, relying extensively on archives Continues the Pioneers in Early Spaceflight series which looks one-by-one at the Mercury and Gemini flights The flight of Gemini 4 in June 1965 was conducted barely four years after the first Americans flew in space. It was a bold step by NASA to accomplish the first American spacewalk and to extend the U.S. flight duration record to four days. This would be double the experience gained from the six Mercury missions combined. This daring mission was the first to be directed from Springer the new Mission Control at the Manned Spacecraft Center near Houston, Texas. It also revealed 1st ed. 2018, XXV, 378 p. that: Working outside the spacecraft would require further study. Developing the techniques to 1st 81 illus., 46 illus. in color. rendezvous with another object in space would not be as straightforward as NASA had hoped. edition Living in a small spacecraft for several days was a challenging but necessary step in the quest for even longer flights.Despite the risks, the gamble that astronauts Jim McDivitt and Ed White undertook paid off. Gemini 4 gave NASA the confidence to attempt an even longer flight the Printed book next time. That next mission would simulate the planned eight-day duration of an Apollo lunar Softcover voyage. -
Appendix a Apollo 15: “The Problem We Brought Back from the Moon”
Appendix A Apollo 15: “The Problem We Brought Back From the Moon” Postal Covers Carried on Apollo 151 Among the best known collectables from the Apollo Era are the covers flown onboard the Apollo 15 mission in 1971, mainly because of what the mission’s Lunar Module Pilot, Jim Irwin, called “the problem we brought back from the Moon.” [1] The crew of Apollo 15 carried out one of the most complete scientific explorations of the Moon and accomplished several firsts, including the first lunar roving vehicle that was operated on the Moon to extend the range of exploration. Some 81 kilograms (180 pounds) of lunar surface samples were returned for anal- ysis, and a battery of very productive lunar surface and orbital experiments were conducted, including the first EVA in deep space. [2] Yet the Apollo 15 crew are best remembered for carrying envelopes to the Moon, and the mission is remem- bered for the “great postal caper.” [3] As noted in Chapter 7, Apollo 15 was not the first mission to carry covers. Dozens were carried on each flight from Apollo 11 onwards (see Table 1 for the complete list) and, as Apollo 15 Commander Dave Scott recalled in his book, the whole business had probably been building since Mercury, through Gemini and into Apollo. [4] People had a fascination with objects that had been carried into space, and that became more and more popular – and valuable – as the programs progressed. Right from the start of the Mercury program, each astronaut had been allowed to carry a certain number of personal items onboard, with NASA’s permission, in 1 A first version of this material was issued as Apollo 15 Cover Scandal in Orbit No. -
John F. Kennedy Space Center
1 . :- /G .. .. '-1 ,.. 1- & 5 .\"T!-! LJ~,.", - -,-,c JOHN F. KENNEDY ', , .,,. ,- r-/ ;7 7,-,- ;\-, - [J'.?:? ,t:!, ;+$, , , , 1-1-,> .irI,,,,r I ! - ? /;i?(. ,7! ; ., -, -?-I ,:-. ... 8 -, , .. '',:I> !r,5, SPACE CENTER , , .>. r-, - -- Tp:c:,r, ,!- ' :u kc - - &te -- - 12rr!2L,D //I, ,Jp - - -- - - _ Lb:, N(, A St~mmaryof MAJOR NASA LAUNCHINGS Eastern Test Range Western Test Range (ETR) (WTR) October 1, 1958 - Septeniber 30, 1968 Historical and Library Services Branch John F. Kennedy Space Center "ational Aeronautics and Space Administration l<ennecly Space Center, Florida October 1968 GP 381 September 30, 1968 (Rev. January 27, 1969) SATCIEN S.I!STC)RY DCCCIivlENT University uf A!;b:,rno Rr=-?rrh Zn~tituta Histcry of Sciecce & Technc;oGy Group ERR4TA SHEET GP 381, "A Strmmary of Major MSA Zaunchings, Eastern Test Range and Western Test Range,'" dated September 30, 1968, was considered to be accurate ag of the date of publication. Hmever, additianal research has brought to light new informetion on the official mission designations for Project Apollo. Therefore, in the interest of accuracy it was believed necessary ta issue revfsed pages, rather than wait until the next complete revision of the publiatlion to correct the errors. Holders of copies of thia brochure ate requested to remove and destroy the existing pages 81, 82, 83, and 84, and insert the attached revised pages 81, 82, 83, 84, 8U, and 84B in theh place. William A. Lackyer, 3r. PROJECT MOLL0 (FLIGHTS AND TESTS) (continued) Launch NASA Name -Date Vehicle -Code Sitelpad Remarks/Results ORBITAL (lnaMANNED) 5 Jul 66 Uprated SA-203 ETR Unmanned flight to test launch vehicle Saturn 1 3 7B second (S-IVB) stage and instrment (IU) , which reflected Saturn V con- figuration. -
String Combiners for Solar Photovoltaic Systems a Plug & Play Solution For
Australian catalogue | April 2017 String combiners for solar photovoltaic systems A plug & play solution for photovoltaic solar installations String combiners for solar photovoltaic systems Summary String combiners ......................................................................... 2 A complete set of information, a touch away from your fingers .... 4 Exemples of photovoltaic applications Residential systems ................................................................ 8 Commercial systems ............................................................. 10 Utility scale systems .............................................................. 12 Range plus ................................................................................ 14 String combiner 1000V DC Technical features ................................................................. 16 Order code - for ungrounded or floating earthing systems ..... 17 Order code - for grounded earthing systems ......................... 18 String combiner 1500V DC Technical features ................................................................. 19 Order code ........................................................................... 20 Overall dimensions .................................................................... 21 Connection examples Single output ......................................................................... 22 Multi-output .......................................................................... 27 Products ................................................................................... -
GEMINI MANNED FLIGHT PROGRAM to DATE by LT
GEMINI MANNED FLIGHT PROGRAM TO DATE bY LT. COL. JAMES A. McDIVITT, USAF (M) Astronaut - NASA/MSC NEIL A. ARMSTRONG Astronaut - NASA/MSC SHEPARD: We'd like to talk during this part of the presentation aboui the Gemini program and tu give you a current status report on the last three flights which we have completed this year. A few days ago, a Marine colleague of mine and I were having a discussion in the control center at Houston. This Marine colleague is now a soft drink salesman but he happened to be there for the occasion of the receni eight-day mission which we completed. We were discussing a flight which occurred in May of 1961. The flight plan indicated so many seconds of control and rate command, SO many seconds of control in manual, so many seconds to look out the window, so many seconds for this, so many seconds for that, a completely chalked full flight plan. In the meantime on the control center floor discussion was going on between the ground and the pilots and they were saying "well if we don't get this thing done Tuesday we can do it Thursday." We have two gentlemen here to present the last part of this session for you. I could spend a great deal of time introducing both of them. They both have wide experience, varied backgrounds, with emphasis of course in the aero- space and aeronautical professions. They both I think are fairly well known to you so I won't take too much time in enumerating the many accomplishments which they have achieved to date. -
NASA History Fact Sheet
NASA History Fact Sheet National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Policy and Plans NASA History Office NASA History Fact Sheet A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION by Stephen J. Garber and Roger D. Launius Launching NASA "An Act to provide for research into the problems of flight within and outside the Earth's atmosphere, and for other purposes." With this simple preamble, the Congress and the President of the United States created the national Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on October 1, 1958. NASA's birth was directly related to the pressures of national defense. After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in the Cold War, a broad contest over the ideologies and allegiances of the nonaligned nations. During this period, space exploration emerged as a major area of contest and became known as the space race. During the late 1940s, the Department of Defense pursued research and rocketry and upper atmospheric sciences as a means of assuring American leadership in technology. A major step forward came when President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a plan to orbit a scientific satellite as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) for the period, July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958, a cooperative effort to gather scientific data about the Earth. The Soviet Union quickly followed suit, announcing plans to orbit its own satellite. The Naval Research Laboratory's Project Vanguard was chosen on 9 September 1955 to support the IGY effort, largely because it did not interfere with high-priority ballistic missile development programs. -
Gemini 4 by John Pollock
5-Cent GEMINI 4 Stamps By John Pollock This is a preamble to the following short article. In 1965, as part of the Space Race with Russia, aerospace companies in the country operated at full capacity in an effort to put a man on the moon. Such was the case in Southern California. As a design engineer at that time, I lived in Fountain Valley, after moving from Los Angeles in that same year because of racial eruptions. My involvement in the Space Race is that I was one of the engineers for a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) project at Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station. The project consisted of several buildings designed and constructed for the assembly, as well as systems testing of the second stage rocket S-II for the Apollo 11 Saturn V moon rocket. The second stage was designed and fabricated by North American Aviation Company in nearby Downey. When Commander Neil A. Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. of the Apollo 11 mission landed on the moon on July 20, 1969, the United States achieved the goal of winning the race. After landing on the moon, a statistician estimated that this achievement was supported by the efforts of about half a million Americans involved. On the heels of the successful NASA Mercury flights to space, the Gemini Program was the next intermediate step, and was recognized as a bridge to the Apollo missions. In other words, it was a training ground for the lunar landing. Specifically, Gemini 4’s objective was to increase the time in space to days rather than hours, because of the need to execute a booster rendezvous, extra vehicular activity (EVA) to include maneuvers outside of the space craft, plus a multitude of scientific experiments. -
2020-03-16T19:18:24+00:00Z C
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19660017402 2020-03-16T19:18:24+00:00Z c Distribution of this document is unlimited. RADIATION MONITORING WITH NUCLEAR EMULSIONS ON PROJECT GEMINI 1. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND EVALUATION PROCEDURES: PARTIAL RESULTS ON MISSIONS 4 AND 5" Hermann J . Schaefer and Jeremiah J. Sullivan Bureau of Medicine and Surgery MFO 22.03.02-500 1 -33 Approved by Released by Captain Ashton Graybiel, MC, USN Captain H. C. Hunley, MC, USN Director of Research Commanding Officer 18 February 1966 *This work was conducted under contmct with the Manned Spacecraft Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administmtion, Houston, Texas. U. S. NAVAL AEROSPACE MEDICAL INSTITUTE U.S. NAVAL AVIATION MEDICAL CENTER PENSACOIA, FLORIDA . SUMMARY PAGE THE PROBLEM Small packs of nuclear and ordinary film badge emulsions, combined with thermoluminescent and other radiation sensors to compact pliable units, were worn by both astronauts on Gemini missions 4 and 5 in the helmet, on left and right sternum, and in the thigh pocket. Previous measurements with emulsions on Mercury missions 8 and 9 had shown that a large part of the total ionization dosage was due to exposure to trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly. A quantitative analysis of the energy spectrum of these protons required a sustained resolution for protons of several hundred down to zero Mev. This objective was accomplished by the use of pairs of 200 micra llford G.5 and K.2 emulsions in the packs. FINDI NGS The track populations in the processed emulsions were evaluated by microscopic track and grain counting of selected small areas in each emulsion sheet. -
42881041.Pdf
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760066765 2020-03-22T13:30:13+00:00Z NA1IONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION TELS. WASHINGTON. D.C. 20546 WO 'l-',9?rj FOR RELEASE: MONDAY P.M. November 29, 1965 RELEASE NO: 65-362 KtS»8 ,'W ^\ PROJECT: GEMINI 7/6 R ^ .^ ^ fcT FEB 1976 & RECEIVED C_W^\ ^ NASA STI FACILITY. ^2 INPUT BRANCH. E X %JU^ CONTENTS o 00 (A «j cr> Title Page 7 r-t r O m C! S GENERAL NEWS RELEASE ' 1-3 a D T- Launch Vehicle Countdown 4 00 CT> ; Nominal Mission Plan - Gemini 7 5-6 X o Gemini 7 Experiments . • 7-l4 o Experiments Flown on Earlier Missions 7 S In-Flight Exerciser 7-8 & In-Flight Phonocardiogram 8 £ Bone Demineralization 8-9 • H Human Otolith Function 9 *> « Proton-Electron Spectrometer 9-10 Xp Tri-Axis Magnetometer 10 Celestial Radiometry Space Object Radiometry-10-11 & & Simple Navigation 11 ^ 2 Synoptic Terrain Photography 11-12 g Synoptic Weather Photography -12 10 Visual Acuity Astronaut Visibility 12-14 ^g Experiments to be Flown for the First Time 15-20 ™ ^ K Bioassays Body Fluids : . 15 ^ w Calcium Balance Study 15 in a a 1 v In-Flight Sleep Analysis 5-l6 f^PO Optical Communication 16-18 o> oo Landmark Contrast Measurements 18 " CM I Star Occultation Navigation 18-20 ^ g ^ Camera Equipment for Gemini 7 and 6 Missions 21-22 o> H m 16 MM Maurer Movie Camera 21 f S a 70 MM Hasselblad Camera 22 £ ,-, ~ 0) H S5 Gemini 7 to be launched no earlier than Dec. -
Gemini 4 Press
J I NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION wo 7-41 55 WASHINGTON, D C 20546 lELS wo 1-09? 5 FOR RELEASE: FRIDAY PPI's May 21, 1965 P RELEASE NO: 65-158 R E CONTENTS S GENERAL NEWS RELEASE. .......................... 14 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Possible Extravehicular Activity.......**... Primary Objectives .......................... 2 Secondary Objectives........................ 6 Mission Description .........................7-12 S Flight Data ..................*......*~......12 Weather Requirements..... ...................12-14 Countdown........................ ........... 15-16 Flight Crew Activities ...................... 17-18 Immediate Preflight Crew Activities ......18-19 Flight Activities ........................l9-22 Post Flight Activities.... ...............2 3 Crew Safety ........................*........24 During Launch ............................24-2 7 Abort Procedures (Illustration) ..........25 Inflight.................................28-2 9 Reentry, Landing, Recovery ...............29-33 K Parachute Landing Sequence (Illustration)31 Gemini Survival Package ..................... 34-36 Manned Space Flight Tracking Network ........3 7-38 Goddard Computer Support .................38-39 Mission Control Center, Cape Kennedy .....39 -40 I MASA Communications Network. .............40-42 Spacecraft Communications................ 42 Network Responsibility.. .................43-44 Network, Configuration, Capability .......45 Medical Checks ..............................46 Cardiovascular Effects of Space Flight.. .46-47 Gemin" -
The Space Race Documented Through Front Pages of Newspapers from Around North America
The News Frontier The Space Race documented through front pages of newspapers from around North America Newspapers and patches generously donated to the McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center by Jerrid Kenney After the end of World War II, a new battle began: the Cold War. In the mid-20th century, the United States and the Soviet Union were each trying to prove they were better than the other. Both sides wanted to show the superiority of their technology, military, and, by extension, their political systems. Starting in the late 1950s, the battlefront reached space. The United States and the Soviet Union fought to first achieve milestones in space exploration—starting in 1957 with the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik I, continuing through the U.S.’s landing astronauts on the Moon in 1969, and ending with a handshake in space between American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts in 1975. Witness the fight for extraterrestrial might by reading about the United States and the Soviet Union’s major feats of the Space Race, as recorded in American and Canadian newspapers in real time. The Space Race Over Time July 15-24, 1975 February 20, 1962 May 28, 1964 The Space Race comes October 4, 1957 April 12, 1961 July 20, 1969 John Glenn becomes NASA launches to an end with the Soviet Union Yuri Gagarin Neil Armstrong first American to unmanned Saturn I Apollo-Soyuz Test launches first becomes first becomes the first orbit the Earth rocket as first step Project, the in-orbit artificial satellite human in space human to walk on of the Apollo the Moon docking of U.S. -
Aerospace Facts and Figures
AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC. • COMPILED BY THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS Director • Carlyle H. Jones Editor • Gerald J. McAllister Associate Editor • Richard Balentine Economist • Gerson Chanowitz Senior Statistician • Teressa Smith Consultant • Rudolf Modley Art Director • James J. Fisher Library of Congress Card 46·25007 ©Aerospace Industries Association, Inc., 1969 Published by Aero Pubfi6herJ, !Jnc. 329 AVIATION ROAD, FALLBROOK , CALIF. 92028 EDITOR 'S NOTE-Title of this publication burs the copyright. Aerospace Industries Association welcomes editorial use ot all text and statistical data in the book providing credit for such use is given to the Aerospace Industries Association. $4.00 Per Copy FOREWORD The statistical measurements of the aerospace industry's activities in 1968 continued to show a pattern of sustained growth. These are: • Sales of industry products and services reached $29.5 billion in 1968, an 8.1 percent gain over 1967 sales of $27.3 billion. Civil transport type aircraft accounted for the major share of this increase. However, sales in the category are expected to decline in 1969 as current models are phased out before deliveries of the third generation jet transports are made in substantial quantities. • Although total sales of the industry are expected to decline slightly in 1969 (estimate: $28.7 billion), the backlog of the aerospace industry at year's end for 60 major companies was $31 billion. This is approxi mately two and one half times the backlog reported only eight years ago. • During 1968, the aerospace industry remained in its position as the nation's largest manufacturing employer with more than 1.4 million work ers.