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Waste Cement and Concrete Management As Cost- Effective and Environment Friendly: Principles and Perspectives

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Waste Cement and Concrete Management As Cost- Effective and Environment Friendly: Principles and Perspectives CD08-002 WASTE CEMENT AND CONCRETE MANAGEMENT AS COST- EFFECTIVE AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY: PRINCIPLES AND PERSPECTIVES I.M. Kelayeh1, A.A. Mounesan2, K. Siamardi3, M.M. Khodavirdi Zanjani3 1 Member of Management Association, Assistant of Technology & Development, Civil 2Civil Engineer, Sharif University of Technology, General Manager of Atisaz Company 3Civil Engineer, Concrete Research Center, Atisaz Company ABSTRACT The use of recycled aggregates in concrete opens a whole new range of possibilities in the reuse of materials in the building industry. The utilization of recycled aggregates is a good solution to the problem of an excess of waste material, provided that the desired final product quality is reached. The studies on the use of recycled aggregates have been going on for 50 years. In fact, none of the results showed that recycled aggregates are unsuitable for structural use. Using the recycled aggregate is a cost-affective and environmental friendly solution which is required general waste concrete management knowledge. This paper is focusing on waste cement and concrete management for optimizing the construction costs. The ways for reducing the green house gases (GHG) at cement and batch plants are suggested. A comparison among Iran industrial utilized cement volume and other countries was performed. Finally, it can be concluded that application of recycling concrete could reduce the costs by reducing truck traffic, providing the Non- Renewable Resource, Better Trucking Utilization (Reduced Costs), Allow down to 10% Deleterious Materials in Iran. Keywords: waste concrete management, utilized cement volume, cement plants, concrete recycling, GHG reduction. 1. INTRODUCTION The amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) has increased considerably over the last few years. The recycling and the reuse of this material is necessary, considering the impact that the use of natural resources and non use of CDW is causing. This would not happen if the use of recycled material were possible. The largest CDW obtained is concrete [1, 2], and it is the most used construction material nowadays. The studies with respect to the applicability of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) are extended around the world. Furthermore, Industrial waste is causing more and more environmental pollution. Dirty water and poisonous gases are released from factories and workplaces in ever increasing quantities. This has led to a new appraisal of a company’s obligation to society. A company is now seen as having as much responsibility for avoiding 1116 / Waste Cement and Concrete Management…. ––––––––––––––––––––– environmental pollution outside the factory as for maintaining cleanliness inside. Companies must establish standards for disposing of their waste in a way that will not pollute the environment. The application of waste materials in cement and concrete industry can improve the ecology cycle and prevent environmental pollution. So, waste cement and aggregate for generating new types of waste concrete is needed to total management. 2. COMPARING IRAN UTILIZED CEMENT AND CONCRETE STATUS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES Unfortunately, new concrete technology is applied rarely except special or national construction projects in Iran. Existing structures are almost heavy and low strength and advanced concrete knowledge haven’t utilized in design and construction of structures that causes in vulnerable structures subjected to ground shaking. Relation between research centers of universities and construction industry could be optimum alternative for implementation of new concrete technology in real scales. Used cement is just 10.8 % in Iran Industry. Used cement in ready mixed concrete part is 8.64% of total used cement in Iran. 2.16 % of used cement is subjected to construction of concrete segments while Japan used cement is 86.4% which for ready mix concrete and concrete segments is 73.2 and 13.2% respectively. United states used cement volume is 66.7% too and according this, 55.7% and 11% of cement is related to ready mix concrete and concrete segments part respectively. Turkey and Russia used cement volume in industry is 74.4 and 71.3% respectively. 62 and 52 % of used cement in mentioned countries is assigned to ready mix concrete and 12.4 and 19.3% is assigned to concrete segment respectively [3]. Comparison of industrial used cement volumes among countries is shown in figure 1. ) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Iran United Turky Russia Japan Industrialused cement volume(% state ready mixed concrete concrete segments Figure 1. Comparison of industrial used cement volumes among countries On the other hand, utilized cement infrastructure is still incorrect in Iran. Significant part of utilized cement generate by hand. Failed structures in past ––––––––––––––––––––––– 3rd International Conference on Concrete & Development / 1117 strong earthquakes have proved that existing structures is vulnerable especially in Tehran metropolitan. Past Tehran earthquakes have occurred each 150 years. Forcing the ready mixed concrete plants for issuing quality justification is effective solution as more than 75% of ready mixed concrete plants have received standard certificate. In addition, light weight structures construction for improving the seismic performance of structures is important while 20% of light weight building materials utilized in country and remained materials is exported to out of country. Application of light weight concrete in buildings is required the three administration of managers, investors and illuminates cooperation. 3. MANAGEMENT PRNCIPLES IMPORTANCE 3.1. Improves Understanding about Cement and Concrete Industry From the knowledge of principles managers get indication on how to manage the waste concrete industry. The principles enable managers to decide what should be done to accomplish given tasks and to handle situations which may arise in waste concrete management. These principles make managers more efficient. 3.2. Direction for Training of Managers Principles of management provide understanding of management process what managers would do to accomplish what. Thus, these are helpful in identifying the areas of management in which existing & future managers should be trained. 3.3. Role of Management Management principles makes the role of managers sensitive. Therefore these principles act as ready reference to the managers to check whether their decisions are appropriate. Besides these principles define managerial activities in practical terms. They tell what a manager is expected to do in specific situation. 3.4. Guide to Research in Management The body of management principles indicate lines along which research should be undertaken to make management practical and more effective. The principles guide managers in decision making and action. The researchers can examine whether the guidelines are useful or not. Anything which makes management research more exact & pointed will help improve management practice. 4. CEMENT PRODUCTION RELEASE GHG PROCESS Cement production generates GHG from two main sources: calcination and fuel combustion. Calcination is the chemical process in which calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is heated to high temperatures, converting it to lime or calcium oxide (CaO), and releasing carbon dioxide (CO2). So it is not surprising that the main type of GHG from cement production is carbon dioxide (CO2). The amount of CO2 released due to the calcination process alone usually varies from 50 to 60 percent the total amount of CO2 released during cement production. The remaining 40 to 50 percent is mainly due to fuel combustion. The contribution of each of these sources (calcination and fuel combustion) depends on energy efficiency. The 1118 / Waste Cement and Concrete Management…. ––––––––––––––––––––– percent of CO2 released from fuel combustion in efficient cement plants tends to be lower since less fuel will be needed to produce the same amount of cement. Figure 2 shows the cement plant. Figure 2. Cement plant 4.1. Ways to Reduce Cement Ghg at Cement and Batch Plants 4.1.1. Blending SCM at cement plants Blending cement with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) reduces GHG emissions. Common SCMs in use include slag, fly ash, silica fume, and calcined clay. Using two or more SCMs together with portland cement is referred to as a ternary cement mix. Proper use of ternary mixes comprised of fly ash and slag produce not only less but also better quality concrete. The addition of SCM at cement plants has the potential to significantly impact GHG savings. 4.1.2. Environmentally friendly fuel for cement kilns Use of environmentally friendly fuels would reduce GHG emission by using less carbon intense fuels. Although coal is one of the most efficient and cost effective fuels for heating a kiln, it is also one of the most intense in terms of the CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is important to use alternative fuels instead, such as recycled materials. For example, In 2005, fuel combustion from coal constituted about 73 percent of all emissions from fuel combustion by cement plants in California. This number has decreased since 1990 when coal was responsible for about 85 percent of all fuel combustion emissions. 4.1.3. Using of interground limestone The limestone addition strategy consists of replacing cement with interground limestone. Since interground limestone is added at the end of the cement production line, the cement-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be reduced proportionally to the amount of limestone added. The
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