Comunicarea Internațională

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Comunicarea Internațională UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT DIN MOLDOVA Facultatea de Jurnalism și Științe ale Comunicării Constantin MARIN COMUNICAREA INTERNAȚIONALĂ Chișinău-2017 CZU 659.39(100)+004.7 M 39 Studiul monografic a fost examinat în cadrul Departamentului Comunicare și Teoria Informării și a fost recomandat pentru publicare de Consiliul Facultății de Jurnalism și Științe ale Comunicării a Universității de Stat din Moldova Publicarea lucrării a fost aprobată de Senatul USM Recenzenți: Profesor-cercetător, dr.hab. Victor JUC (Academia de Științe a Moldovei) Prof.univ., dr.hab. Victor SACA (USM) Prof.univ., dr.hab. Grigore VASILESCU (USM) Descrierea CIP a Camerei Naționale a Cărții Marin, Constantin. Comunicarea internaţională / Constantin Marin; Univ. de Stat din Moldova, Fac. de Jurnalism şi Ştiinţe ale Comunicării. – Chişinău: CEP USM, 2017. – 369 p.: tab. Bibliogr.: p. 301-336 (437 tit.). – 50 ex. ISBN 978-9975-71-922-3. 659.39(100)+004.7 M 39 ISBN 978-9975-71-922-3 © C. Marin, 2017 © CEP USM, 2017 Distinsului pedagog Radion CUCEREANU, om al demnității și al creației 3 CUPRINS Introducere ........................................................................................................ 6 Capitolul I. Comunicarea internaţională: considerente generale ................... 13 Capitolul II. Guvernarea fluxului media internaţional ..................................... 35 Capitolul III. Teorii ale comunicării internaţionale .......................................... 64 Capitolul IV. Comunicarea internaţională: abordări pragmatice ................. 100 Capitolul V. „Galaxia Gutenberg” la scară mondială ..................................... 125 Capitolul VI. Radiodifuziunea internaţională ................................................ 159 Capitolul VII. Televiziunea transfrontalieră ................................................... 193 Capitolul VIII. Comunicarea internaţională în spaţiul digital global .............. 223 Capitolul IX. Globalizarea şi glocalizarea comunicării internaţionale ............ 257 În loc de încheiere. Comunicarea internaţională vs securitatea informaţională naţională ............................................................................... 292 Bibliografie .................................................................................................... 301 Anexe: Anexa 1. Jaloane cronologice ale comunicării internaţionale ....................... 337 Anexa 2. Posturile internaţionale de radio şi televiziune .............................. 354 Anexa 3. Ariile şi ritmurile de penetrare a internetului pe mapamond ......... 361 Anexa 4. WEB site-uri ................................................................................... 365 4 ACRONIME Asociația Mondială a Serviciilor de Radio (World Association for AMARC Community Radio Broadcasters) Consiliul European pentru cercetare nucleară (The European CERN Organization for Nuclear Research) Alianţa Europeană a Agenţiilor de Ştiri (European Alliance of EANA News Agencies) Acordul General pentru Tarife şi Comerţ (General Agreement on GATT Tariffs and Trade) Asociaţia Internaţională pentru cercetări media şi comunicare IAMCR (International Association for Media and Communication Research) Noua Ordine Mondială a Informării şi Comunicării (The New NOMIC/NWICO World Information and Communication Order) Organizaţia Internaţională a Jurnaliştilor (International Organiza- OIJ tion of Journalists) OMC/WTO Organizaţia Mondială a Comerţului (World Trade Organisation) ONU /UN Organizaţia Naţiunilor Unite / United Nations Programul Internaţional pentru dezvoltarea comunicării PIDC /IPDC (International Programme for the Development of Communica- tions) Acordul privind aspectele comerciale ale drepturilor de TRIPS proprietate intelectuală (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) UE /EU Uniunea Europeană (European Union) Uniunea Europeană de Radiodifuziune (European Broadcasting UER/EBU Union) Uniunea Internaţională pentru Telecomunicaţii (International UIT/ITU Telecommunication Union) Organizaţia Naţiunilor Unite pentru Educaţie, Ştiinţă şi Cultură (The UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Conferinţa Mondială de Administrare Radio (The World WARC Administrative Radio Conference) Organizaţia mondială pentru proprietatea intelectuală (The WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization) Comitetului Mondial pentru Libertatea Presei (World Press WPFEC Freedom Committee) Summit-ul mondial privind Societatea Informaţională (World WSIS Summit on the Information Society) 5 Introducere Comunicarea internaţională, exprimând şi promovând pregnant opţiunea umanităţii spre apropiere, cunoaştere şi conlucrare, asigură schimbul informaţional la scară planetară între state, entităţi şi cetăţeni. În virtutea acestei misiuni, ea este tratată drept substanţa şi catalizatorul relaţiilor internaţionale, liantul parteneriatelor multinaţionale şi al proiectelor regionale, promotorul co- operării interumane. Comunicarea internaţională reprezintă una dintre dimensi- unile raporturilor interstatale, alături de cele diplomatice, economiceş i militare, estimează cercetătoarea italiană Patrizia Laurano. Comunicarea respectivă, no- tează ea, se realizează prin „producerea şi orientarea informaţiei în scop persu- asiv şi e ghidată de sferele politică şi militară” [179:19]. Sociologul belgian Armand Mattelart, în prefaţa la ediţia italiană a cărţii sale [202], afirma că după ce în sec. XVIII comunicarea a fost în avangarda schimbări- lor naţionale, iar în sec. XIX s-a produs în calitate de agent al civilizării. La finele sec. XX ea s-a înscris în paradigma noii „societăţi globale” şi în economia fluxuri- lor imateriale [202:9-10]. În această ordine de idei, semnificativă, în viziunea lui, a fost Expoziţia Universală din 1992 de la Siviglia (Spania) unde comunicarea de talie globală a avut, în premieră, propriul pavilion [202:11]. Retrospectiva dată, remarcă Mattelart, fixează etapele istorice ale procesului de internaţionalizare a comunicării ce a devenit progresiv un mod de organizare a lumii. „Comunicarea şi nu puterea structurează lumea internaţională”. Acest ver- dict, oferit de J. Burton, specialist în relaţii internaţionale, cu aproape jumătate de secol în urmă [apud: 153:59], rămâne valabil şi astăzi. „În condiţiile actua- le, marcate de opţiunea pentru valorile societăţii deschise şi de mondializare a comunităţii umane, comunicarea internaţională, în virtutea efectului coagulant al acţiunii sale, remarcau cercetătorul Constantin Eşanu şi subsemnatul, obţine statutul atât de atribut imanent şi iminent al relaţiilor internaţionale şi al pro- ceselor de condensare a lumii la scară globală, cât şi de factor catalizator al lor. Din această perspectivă, comunicarea internaţională este interpretată în prezent deopotrivă ca instrument al politicii naţionale şi internaţionale şi ca obiect de interes ştiinţific şi educaţional” [193:69]. Comunicarea internaţională este un fenomen polivalent şi multiform. Ea încorporează o multitudine de fluxuri informaţionale, generate de un nu- măr ascendent de emiţători – actori internaţionali (uniuni de state, guverne, corporaţii, asociaţii obşteşti, biserici, mass-media, mai nou – cetăţeni). Fluxurile informaţionale diplomatice au determinat conţinutul tradiţional şi iniţial al co- municării internaţionale, scrie unul dintre cei mai cunoscuţi cercetători ai aces- 6 tui fenomen, Hamid Mowlana. Mai apoi, comunicarea internaţională a luat albia propagandei, iar mai recent – a diplomaţiei publice [227:8,11]. Comunicarea internaţională se desfăşoară pe multiple platforme. De pes- te un secol şi jumătate, ea este prezentă pe platforma mediatică. În acest sens reţinem spusele profesorului britanic Jonathan Hardy care nota: „Deşi comu- nicarea este cunoscută cel puţin cu cinci mii de ani înainte de Cristos, odată cu inventarea scrisului, totuşi, abia în 1920 oamenii au început să vorbească despre mass-media (…). Noţiunea „media” devine uzuală odată cu apariţia televiziunii, în anii 50” [147:4]. La începuturi, comunicarea internaţională a fost efectuată de presa scrisă, agenţiile de ştiri, iar ulterior – de radiodifuziune şi televiziune, ele în ansam- blu creând ceea ce sociologul canadian Marshall McLuhan a denumit Galaxia Gutenberg. Aceasta, în estimarea cunoscutului sociolog Manuel Castells, a re- prezentat o lume a comunicării univoce, o extensiune a producţiei de masă, a logicii industriale. Presa scrisă şi cea electronică, uzitate, în particular, în câmpul comunicării internaţionale, au fost limitate însă de caracterul lor unidirecţional şi neinteractiv. Galaxia Gutenberg, potrivit lui Castells, „nu a putut să exprime cultura erei informaţiei” [55:396]. La sfârşitul sec. XX, comunicarea internaţională a căzut sub incidenţa unei galaxii noi, denumită de Castells Galaxia Internetului. Aceasta, în opinia lui, a marcat formarea unui nou sistem de comunicare electronică, în urma fuzionării mass-media globalizate şi personalizate cu comunicarea mediatizată prin com- puter. Potrivit lui Castells, „noul sistem de comunicare care aplică din ce în ce mai mult un limbaj digital universal, este determinat să îmbunătăţească în cir- cumstanţa globală producţia şi distribuţia de cuvinte, sunete şi imagini a culturii noastre. Reţelele interactive cresc exponenţial, creează noi forme şi canale de comunicare, de modelare a vieţii…” [55:2]. Prezenţele ascendente în viaţa publică naţională şi mondială ale comunicării, precum şi impactul ei crescând asupra climatului relaţional la scară planetară, au generat interesul cercetătorilor
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