DOCSLIB.ORG

President Uribe's

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
President Uribe's BOLIVIA'S DIVISIONS: TOO DEEP TO HEAL? 6 July 2004 Latin America Report N°7 Quito/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. HISTORICAL SYNOPSIS ............................................................................................ 2 III. THE MESA ADMINISTRATION ............................................................................... 4 IV. THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL OPPOSITION ...................................................... 7 A. EVO'S EVOLUTION AND THE MAS TODAY...............................................................................7 B. LABOUR ORGANISATIONS: THE STREET-BASED OPPOSITION.................................................8 C. OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES...................................................................................................9 D. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND NGOS ..................................................................................10 V. SPARKS THAT COULD SET THE COUNTRY AFLAME ................................... 11 A. NATURAL GAS ....................................................................................................................13 B. CAMBAS AND COLLAS ........................................................................................................14 C. THE COCA LEAF .................................................................................................................17 D. THE ECONOMY ...................................................................................................................18 VI. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 20 APPENDICES A. MAP OF BOLIVIA.................................................................................................................22 B. GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................23 ICG Latin America Report N°7 6 July 2004 BOLIVIA'S DIVISIONS: TOO DEEP TO HEAL? EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Bolivia is in the midst of its most dangerous power highlands are determined to stop them from struggle since the mid-1980s and still smarting exporting the gas located in their region. Business from the violence of 2003, which left nearly 100 interests in Santa Cruz and Tarija have little choice people dead and forced the resignation and flight of but to go on the political offensive if they want to President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada after barely open export markets for the gas. Until now, their six months in office. A series of highly divisive calls for secession have been more rhetorical than issues, particularly over the extraction and export real. If the referendum turns current laws, contracts, of natural gas, demand swift resolution. Unless the and policies upside down, however, the rhetoric may Mesa government, with sympathetic assistance lead to action. especially from the U.S., can forge a new public consensus, the country's hard pressed democracy, Indigenous movements are gaining strength and perhaps its continued unity will be in doubt. throughout the Andes, and the Bolivian movement has already shown the potential for violence. The social contract underpinning that democracy is Populist movements are taking issue with the shredded and further violence is a constant threat. current political and economic rules of the game, In addition to natural gas, polarising issues include which have largely been written by foreign interests the country's economic model; regional autonomy; and domestic elites. Animated and angry, they are demands by the majority indigenous peoples for clear about what they oppose -- economic policies greater representation; and reconciling respect for that are at best trickle-down and at worst exacerbate traditional coca practices with international income inequality -- but they are not offering mandates, pressed by the U.S., against illicit drug practical alternatives, and are shedding more heat trafficking. than light on the important economic and social issues. Contentious debates on all of these issues allow little room for mediation and reconciliation. If The challenges for the Mesa government are middle grounds cannot be defined and agreed, enormous. Keeping a political course that satisfies Bolivia is headed for tumultuous times. The all sectors of society seems impossible. A major country's direction could change overnight with the effort at making policy more transparent, including 18 July 2004 referendum on the gas issue, the an effective public explanation of the hydrocarbon elections for a constituent assembly that is expected industry's complexities, seems the only way to to write a new constitution in 2005 or, in the worst prevent Bolivia from coming to blows or breaking case, through non-democratic means. up over its newfound treasure. Addressing multiple economic, ethnic, and social problems requires The growing split between Bolivia's regions has political parties, social movements, and business been amplified by the confusion and conflict over associations to forge a new national consensus on the ownership, sale, and beneficiaries of the natural how to use natural resources for the development of gas reserves. Santa Cruz and other commercially- the entire nation and substantial poverty reduction. oriented lowland cities often prefer to ignore the politics of La Paz, but radical movements in the Bolivia's Divisions: Too Deep to Heal? ICG Latin America Report N°7, 6 July 2004 ii RECOMMENDATIONS To the Catholic Church: To the Government of Bolivia: 7. Continue to promote dialogue and be available for mediation, reach out to extremist parties as 1. Invest political and financial capital in a well as the silent, moderate majority of nationwide grassroots communication effort to Bolivians who desire peaceful and democratic demonstrate to the Bolivian people how the solutions, and, if asked, join the high level production and sale of natural gas can be commission on hydrocarbons management. harnessed to jump-start economic development, and benefit the country's poorest citizens. To the U.S. Government: 2. Create a high level commission on hydrocarbons 8. Support an independent study to determine how management composed of recognised and much coca is required to meet legal demand. respected personalities to: 9. Ensure that USAID alternative development (a) supervise negotiations on gas issues, programs keep pace with coca crop eradication including exports, transparently; and complement support for Bolivian law (b) ensure that all revenues are fully accounted enforcement and interdiction of drug for and not less than half are dedicated to trafficking, and Inter-American and United social programs responsive to local needs, Nations drug control efforts, with greater particularly in the highlands; and emphasis on education and treatment programs to reduce domestic demand for cocaine and (c) study the feasibility of, and the steps other illicit drugs. necessary for, using natural gas for domestic industrialisation projects. 10. Respect the outcome of the 18 July 2004 referendum and work with the government and 3. Promote political decentralisation by restoring civil society to help implement the gas popular participation in elected local management alternative that Bolivians decide governments capable of addressing local needs to be most conducive to integral development and able to obtain the resources (from federal on behalf of the poor. revenue-sharing or local tax revenues) to finance their operations, but with mechanisms 11. Engage in dialogue with all parties -- including of transparency and accountability. the MAS -- that respect democratic norms and reject violence. 4. Reach out to business groups from Santa Cruz, Tarija, and elsewhere, and demonstrate that their To the IFIs (World Bank, IMF and IDB): fundamental interests are not threatened by changes in national legislation that regulates the 12. Undertake, in conjunction with the government natural gas industry. and civil society, a communications effort to enhance the transparency and effectiveness of To the MAS Party: IFI programs, and explore additional ways to promote greater investment in human 5. Play by democratic rules and publicly reject development, more emphasis on poverty the possibility of coming to power by other reduction, and reduction of inequalities as part means, strengthen internal party consensus of economic development policy reform and democratically to establish a clear public lending programs. position on core issues, such as natural gas, and shape the debate in rural and indigenous 13. Produce a rural poverty impact statement to communities about what can realistically be help the international community and the done with that gas to promote both government better understand the impact on the development and reconciliation. rural poor of proposed trade, macroeconomic, and natural resource policies; develop 6. Open the party to democratic, grassroots complementary programs; and encourage participation, including in the selection of its indigenous participation in the management of leaders and candidates and determining its those programs. platform. Bolivia's Divisions: Too Deep to Heal? ICG Latin America Report N°7, 6 July 2004 iii 14. Assess the adequacy of the current rural 16. Offer explicit and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Changing Ethnic Boundaries
    Changing Ethnic Boundaries: Politics and Identity in Bolivia, 2000–2010 Submitted by Anaïd Flesken to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Ethno–Political Studies in October 2012 This thesis is available for library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other university. Signature: …………………………………………………………. Abstract The politicization of ethnic diversity has long been regarded as perilous to ethnic peace and national unity, its detrimental impact memorably illustrated in Northern Ireland, former Yugo- slavia or Rwanda. The process of indigenous mobilization followed by regional mobilizations in Bolivia over the past decade has hence been seen with some concern by observers in policy and academia alike. Yet these assessments are based on assumptions as to the nature of the causal mechanisms between politicization and ethnic tensions; few studies have examined them di- rectly. This thesis systematically analyzes the impact of ethnic mobilizations in Bolivia: to what extent did they affect ethnic identification, ethnic relations, and national unity? I answer this question through a time-series analysis of indigenous and regional identification in political discourse and citizens’ attitudes in Bolivia and its department of Santa Cruz from 2000 to 2010. Bringing together literature on ethnicity from across the social sciences, my thesis first develops a framework for the analysis of ethnic change, arguing that changes in the attributes, meanings, and actions associated with an ethnic category need to be analyzed separately, as do changes in dynamics within an in-group and towards an out-group and supra-group, the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • In Bolivia: the Political Activities of Branko Marinković Rajković, Ana
    www.ssoar.info Opposing the policy of the twenty-first century socialism in Bolivia: the political activities of Branko Marinković Rajković, Ana Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Rajković, A. (2015). Opposing the policy of the twenty-first century socialism in Bolivia: the political activities of Branko Marinković. Südosteuropäische Hefte, 4(2), 37-47. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-454920 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Ana Rajković – Opposing the Policy of the Twenty-First Century Socialism in Bolivia Ana Rajković Opposing the Policy of the Twenty-First Century Socialism1 in Bolivia The Political Activities of Branko Marinković Abstract The Marinković family, which originated from the island of Brač, immigrated to the eastern Bolivian province of Santa Cruz in the mid-1950s. Thanks to a successful agricultural business, among other things, the family has become one of the richest and most influential families in Bolivia. Some analysts link Branko Marinković's origins with his oppositional activities in Bolivia. This is due to the fact that Marinković compares the contemporary “Twenty-first century socialism” policies of Bolivian president Evo Morales with the communist policies of Tito in Yugoslavia.
    [Show full text]
  • Bolivia's Divisions
    BOLIVIA'S DIVISIONS: TOO DEEP TO HEAL? 6 July 2004 Latin America Report N°7 Quito/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. HISTORICAL SYNOPSIS ............................................................................................ 2 III. THE MESA ADMINISTRATION ............................................................................... 4 IV. THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL OPPOSITION ...................................................... 7 A. EVO'S EVOLUTION AND THE MAS TODAY...............................................................................7 B. LABOUR ORGANISATIONS: THE STREET-BASED OPPOSITION.................................................8 C. OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES...................................................................................................9 D. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND NGOS ..................................................................................10 V. SPARKS THAT COULD SET THE COUNTRY AFLAME ................................... 11 A. NATURAL GAS ....................................................................................................................13 B. CAMBAS AND COLLAS ........................................................................................................14 C. THE COCA LEAF .................................................................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Mari Tørå Hagli
    Mari Tørå Hagli From Christopher Columbus to Evo Morales Indigenous exclusion and inclusion in urban education in El Alto, Bolivia Master thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree Master of Multicultural and International Education (MIE) Spring, 2009 i Abstract This thesis looks into the educational system in Bolivia, with a main focus on the implementation of intercultural and bilingual education (EIB) in the urban areas. According to the current educational reform from 1994, Reforma Educativa, the education in the country is supposed to be intercultural and bilingual; however, little progress has been done to achieve this in the urban schools. The reasons for this are many, and there seemed to be a combination between a vague reform, a misconception of intercultural and bilingual education being meant for rural schools only, lack of competence and commitment from the teachers and resistance from the parents. Consequently, in the migrant city of El Alto, Aymara children do not receive the education they are entitled to. Moreover, they are deprived of their indigenous language, culture and traditions, both in the school and, for many, in the homes. The result is an already observable language and cultural shift among the migrant population. Another consequence is that the castellanización or forced assimilation process towards the indigenous groups continues through alienation and exclusion of their language, culture, history and knowledge. In addition, the learners seem to be victims of an oppressive, monolingual and monocultural education where they learn to listen and repeat the teachers‘ ―Truth‖, rather than discuss and think critically. However, the table seems to be turning.
    [Show full text]
  • NPRC) VIP List, 2009
    Description of document: National Archives National Personnel Records Center (NPRC) VIP list, 2009 Requested date: December 2007 Released date: March 2008 Posted date: 04-January-2010 Source of document: National Personnel Records Center Military Personnel Records 9700 Page Avenue St. Louis, MO 63132-5100 Note: NPRC staff has compiled a list of prominent persons whose military records files they hold. They call this their VIP Listing. You can ask for a copy of any of these files simply by submitting a Freedom of Information Act request to the address above. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website.
    [Show full text]
  • Indians of Eastern Bolivia Aspects of Their Present Situation
    IWGIA Document Jurgen Riester: Indians of Eastern Bolivia • • Aspects of their Present Situation Jurgen Riester, anthropologist, carried out field work in Eastern Bolivia, 1963-1966, 1970-1972, mainly among the Chiquitano, the Pauserna-Guarasug'w£ and the Chimane Indians. In 1973 and 1974 he worked in Eastern Peru, among the Tikuna Indians and the de- tribalized Indians in the Department of Loreto, Province of Maynas. He is presently teaching anthropology at the Catholic University, Lima. This report has been'written especially for the IWGIA DOCUMENT Series. We are grateful to Mr. Jorgen Ulrich for drawing the maps. The views expressed in IWGIA DOCUMENTS are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of the organization. Copenhagen, January 1975 For the Secretariat of IWGIA Peter S. Aaby Helge Kleivan Jens Erik Knardrup-Larsen Editors of the Series IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs - is a nonpolitical and nonreligious organization concerned with the oppression of ethnic groups in various countries IWGIA DOCUMENTS can be obtained through subscription or can be purchased separately. The subscription fee for the 3rd series of Documents (no. 18- ) for individuals is US $ 6.00 or the equivalent in other currencies. The subscription fee for in­ stitutions is US /£ 10.00 or the equivalent in other currencies. Please, make your check or international money order payable to: The Secretariat of IWGIA Frederiksholms Kanal 4 A, DK-1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Jurgen Riester INDIANS OF EASTERN BOLIVIA: ASPECTS OF THEIR PRESENT SITUATION "The Indians were taken on Ascension Day in church while hearing mass. All the Indians captured were scourged, and along with the anguish of whipping, were forced to declare how much they loved their torturers.
    [Show full text]
  • Bolivia's Regional Elections 2010
    Ethnopolitics Papers June 2010 | No. 2 Bolivia’s Regional Elections 2010 Anaïd Flesken PhD Candidate in Ethnopolitics | Exeter Centre for Ethno-Political Studies | University of Exeter, UK E-mail address for correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Following closely the national elections of December 2009, Bolivia’s regional elections of April 2010 determined two outcomes: On the one hand, they decided the size and strength of the opposition towards current president Evo Morales and his political organization, Movement towards Socialism (MAS). On the other hand, they decided the distribution of power during the implementation of the country’s new constitution. This will establish, amongst other issues, the level of regional, municipal, as well as indigenous autonomy. Here, the plans of the indigenous- based MAS face opposition from the relatively affluent and mainly white and mixed-race region in the eastern lowlands of the country. The election results indicate that the MAS maintained widespread support among Bolivians. It secured the majority of departments and municipalities, yet had to record some losses at the local level. The right-wing opposition won in the departments of the eastern lowlands, which indicates a deepening regional cleavage. ISSN: 2048-075X Copyright © 2010 by Ethnopolitics Papers. All rights reserved. Edited by Dr Annemarie Peen Rodt, University of Southern Denmark PhD candidate Anaïd Flesken, University of Exeter We welcome contributions to and comments on Ethnopolitics Papers to [email protected]. Ethnopolitics Papers are available online at http://www.ethnopolitics.org/ethnopoliticspapers.htm Ethnopolitics Papers are supported by Exeter Centre for Ethno-Political Studies, University of Exeter http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/exceps/ Ethnopolitics Papers | No.
    [Show full text]
  • Justice Rising
    Vol 2, #3 Fall 2006 Justice Rising Grassroots Solutions to Corporate Domination Corporate Origins of War and The war machine will get your Grassroot Struggles for Peace children, if not by Jim Tarbell now, then your ur world is at war. Battles over resources and and 2006 and so far this year Lockheed Martin and grandchildren Omarket access on a planet with escalating Northrop Gruman have each contributed over $1 Cindy Sheehan, page 2 demand and fixed supply will be endless until a new million. The Center on Responsive politics points paradigm is in place. Four hundred years ago the first out that "most defense sector contributions are con- corporations formed armies and led the charge in the centrated on members of the House and Senate Overall, the battles for global resources. Four centuries later we are Appropriations Defense subcommittees, which allo- given a choice of unilateral pre-emptive war by an cate federal defense money, and the Armed Service concentrated administration steeped in corporate influence or a committees, which influence military policy." political power of seemingly more benign global corporate government Corporate benefits and control of the American the military- ruled by free trade agreements where money is power. war machine go beyond arms sales and campaign industrial This latter option, however, raised protests in the contributions. Antonia Juhasz in The Bush Agenda: complex has streets of Seattle at the turn of the millennium and Invading the World One Economy at a Time points out weakened promises to engender such inequality and environ- that corporate personnel from Bechtel, Chevron, American society mental destruction that the human struggle for sur- Halliburton and Lockheed Martin, now in key to its core.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals
    ZOONOSES AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES COMMON TO MAN AND ANIMALS Third Edition Volume I Bacterioses and Mycoses Scientific and Technical Publication No. 580 PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 525 Twenty-third Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 U.S.A. 2001 Also published in Spanish (2001) with the title: Zoonosis y enfermedades transmisibles comunes al hombre a los animales ISBN 92 75 31580 9 PAHO Cataloguing-in-Publication Pan American Health Organization Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: PAHO, © 2001. 3 vol.—(Scientific and Technical Publication No. 580) ISBN 92 75 11580 X I. Title II. Series 1. ZOONOSES 2. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AND MYCOSES 3. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL 4. FOOD CONTAMINATION 5. PUBLIC HEALTH VETERINARY 6. DISEASE RESERVOIRS NLM WC950.P187 2001 En The Pan American Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to the Publications Program, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. ©Pan American Health Organization, 2001 Publications of the Pan American Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights are reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Pan American Health Organization concerning the status of any country, ter- ritory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • S Ü Dosteurop Ä Ische
    Hanseri S ü d o s t e u r o p ä i s c h e HEFTE • Berlin • 2015 • Jg. 4 • Nr. 2 • 2 Impressum Herausgeber: Đorđe Tomić Redaktion: Dr. Marija Vulesica, Janis Nalbadidacis, Ruža Fotiadis, Đorđe Tomić Redaktionskollegium: Krunoslav Stojaković, Roland Zschächner Online-Ausgabe: http://www.suedosteuropaeische-hefte.org/ Südosteuropäische Hefte ISSN 2194-3710 Kontakt: [email protected] Adresse: Südosteuropäische Hefte z.H. Đorđe Tomić Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für Geschichtswissenschaften Lehrstuhl für Südosteuropäische Geschichte Mohrenstraße 40/41 D-10117 Berlin Berlin 2015 Die in diesem Band veröffentlichten Beiträge stellen ausschließlich die Meinung der Autorinnen und Autoren dar. Die Zeitschrift Südosteuropäische Hefte erscheint mit freundlicher Unterstützung des Lehrstuhls für Südosteuropäische Geschichte der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Prof. Dr. Hannes Grandits. Sämtliche Inhalte der Online-Zeitschrift Südosteuropäische Hefte stehen unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung-NichtKommerziell-KeineBearbeitung 3.0 Deutschland Lizenz. Beruht auf einem Inhalt unter www.suedosteuropaeische-hefte.org. 3 Themenheft: Verbindungen zwischen Südosteuropa und Lateinamerika Mitherausgeber Janis Nalbadidacis Südosteuropäische Hefte • Berlin • 2015 • Jg. 4 • Nr. 2 • 4 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis Editorial ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Thema Andeas Guidi Patterns of Jewish mobility between Rhodes and Buenos
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix-G.Pdf
    Appendix G: Bibliography of ECOTOX Open Literature Not Evaluated Acceptable for ECOTOX and OPP (November 2004) Abdel-Hamid, M. I. (96). Development and Application of a Simple Procedure for Toxicity Testing Using Immobilized Algae. Water Sci.Technol. 33: 129-74. EcoReference No.: 69584 User Define 2: REPS,WASH,CALF,CORE SENT Chemical of Concern: SZ,ATZ,GYP,DMT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP. Rejection Code: Less sensitive endpoint. Bednarz, T. (81). The Effect of Pesticides on the Growth of Green and Blue-Green Algae Cultures. Acta Hydrobiol. 23: 155-172. EcoReference No.: 17259 User Define 2: REPS,WASH,CALF,CORE,SENT Chemical of Concern: 24DXY,ATZ,DU,SZ,MXC,DDT; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP,CEL. Rejection Code: Less sensitive endpoint. Bonilla, S., Conde, D., and Blanck, H. (98). The Photosynthetic Responses of Marine Phytoplankton, Periphyton and Epipsammon to the Herbicides Paraquat and Simazine. Ecotoxicology 7: 99- 105.EcoReference No.: 62031 User Define 2: REPS,WASH,CALF,CORE,SENT Chemical of Concern: SZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: PHY. Rejection code: Endpoints associated with marine algal communities are not relevant for this assessment. Less sensitive endpoint. Brack, W. and Frank, H. (98). Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Tool for the Investigation of Toxic Effects in the Photosynthetic Apparatus. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 40: 34-41. EcoReference No.: 19272 User Define 2: REPS,WASH,CALF,CORE,SENT Chemical of Concern: SZ,PAQT,FML,3CE,PCP,ETHB,TOL,4CE,NYP; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: BCM. Rejection Code: Less sensitive endpoint. Brust, G. E. (90). Direct and Indirect Effects of Four Herbicides on the Activity of Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae).
    [Show full text]
  • Governing Poor Whites Race, Philanthropy and Transnational Governmentality Between the United States and South Africa
    Governing Poor Whites Race, philanthropy and transnational governmentality between the United States and South Africa Edward-John Bottomley Department of Geography, University of Cambridge This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Emmanuel College October 2016 For Milla, of course 2 Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University of similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text It does not exceed the prescribed word limit of 80,000 set by the Degree Committee for Earth Sciences and Geography. Edward-John Bottomley October 2016 3 Acknowledgements My PhD research, and time at Cambridge, was funded by a Commonwealth Scholarship provided by the UK government. It simply would not have been possible without the extremely generous support of the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission and the Cambridge Trusts. I also received financial support from the Rockefeller Foundation’s Grant-in-aid programme; the Smuts Memorial Fund, in memory of Jan Christiaan Smuts; and Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
    [Show full text]