Sedimentology, Facies and Diagenesis of Warm-Temperate Carbonates on a Tectonically Structured Island Shelf: Key Studies from Rhodes, Greece

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Sedimentology, Facies and Diagenesis of Warm-Temperate Carbonates on a Tectonically Structured Island Shelf: Key Studies from Rhodes, Greece Sedimentology, facies and diagenesis of warm-temperate carbonates on a tectonically structured island shelf: key studies from Rhodes, Greece Den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades vorgelegt von Jürgen Paul Herbert Titschack aus Darmstadt Als Dissertation genehmigt von den Naturwissen- schaftlichen Fakultäten der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 3.11.2006 Vorsitzender der Promotionskommission: Prof. Dr. D.-P. Häder Erstberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. A. Freiwald Zweitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. W. Buggisch Drittberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. T. Brachert To my father Zusammenfassung Rezente und fossile Kaltwasserkarbonate, besonders von off enen Schelfen, repräsentieren ein zentrales Forschungsgebiet während der letzten Jahrzehnte. Im Gegensatz dazu sind Untersuchungen von tektonisch aktiven Gebieten mit einem rapide veränderlichen Relief bis heute selten. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit umfaßt drei Fallstudien verschiedener Ablagerungsräume: (1) gebunden an submarine Steilwände, (2) gebunden an submarine Höhen und (3) subaerische Ablagerungsräume. Ziel war es, einen detaillierten Einblick in die Faziesvariabilität, die sedimentären Prozesse und die kontrollierenden Parameter dieser sedimentären Systeme zu geben. Bedingt durch die Variabilität der untersuchten Ablagerungsräume und der Fazies mußte eine angepaßte Methodik für jede Fallstudie verwendet werden. Die plio-pleistozänen warm-temperierten Karbonate von Rhodos wurden in einer tektonisch aktiven Region nahe dem hellenischen Bogen, an dem die afrikanische unter die europäische Platte subduziert wird, abgelagert. Diese tektonisch dynamische Umgebung beeinfl ußte die stratigraphische, topographische und sedimentologische Geschichte der Insel. Dies spiegelt sich ebenfalls in dem stark strukturierten Inselschelf mit einem steilen Paläorelief wider, das durch die NW-SE verlaufenden Mikrograbensysteme hervorgerufen wird. Die plio-pleistozäne Stratigraphie beschreibt einen übergeordneten Transgressions-Regressions-Zyklus, der während der maximalen Überfl utung bathyale Tiefen im frühen Pleistozän erreichte. Der regressive Halbzyklus dauert bis heute an. Dieser Zyklus ist in Mittel- und Kleinzyklen unterteilt, die tektonische Veränderungen oder glazial-interglaziale M eeresspiegelschwankungen widerspiegeln. Ablagerungen auf dem tektonisch strukturierten Schelf von Rhodos bildeten sich entlang submariner Steilwände, auf submarinen Höhen sowie unter subaerischen Bedingungen entlang der Küste. Sedimentäre Systeme gebunden an submarine Steilwände (Fallstudie 1) wurden entlang einer Steilwand nahe Lindos, östliches Rhodos, untersucht. Der Aufschluß weist Ablagerungssysteme auf, die in Mikrogräben, am Fuß von Steilwänden und in Spalten sowie Vertiefungen im Untergrund auft reten. Karbonatproduktionsstätten waren an den submarinen Steilwänden entwickelt, die Substrat zur Besiedlung bereitstellten. Die gebildeten Karbonate unterlagen einer wiederkehrenden Umlagerung. Die ausgebildeten Sedimenttransportprozesse hingen hauptsächlich von dem Gefälle und der Verfügbarkeit von feinem Matrixsediment ab. Als Umlagerungsprozesse konnten ‘rock falls’, ‘debris falls’, ‘grain fl ows’ und ‘debris fl ows’ unterschieden werden. Autochthone Karbonatproduktionsstätten herrschten auf submarinen Hochs vor. Das untersuchte warm-temperierte Rotalgenriff vom ‘Coralligène-Typ’ und der überlagernde Maerl von Plimiri (Fallstudie 2), südöstliches Rhodos, konnten mit der Elektronen-Spin-Resonanz Methode datiert werden. Die Alter des primären Aragonites und neomorphen Kalzitsparites der Muschel Spondylus gaederopus, unterstützt durch die Untersuchung der stabilen Sauerstoff - und Kohlenstoffi sotope dieser Muschel, erlaubten die Korrelation der beobachteten Kleinzyklen mit spätpleistozänen Meeresspiegelschwankungen (Marines Isotopenstadium (MIS) 5 – 1). Des weiteren konnte ein Intervall meteorischer Diagenese zeitlich dem MIS 4 zugeordnet werden. Im subaerischen Ablagerungsraum entwickelten sich unter anderem äolische Systeme entlang der Küste. Der untersuchte Äolianit nahe Kattavia (Fallstudie 3), südwestliches Rhodos, weist eine fl ache, schichtförmige Morphologie auf. Er ist in drei äolische Sequenzen durch ‘super (bounding) surfaces’ unterteilt, die als Bodenhorizonte ausgebildet sind. Das Auft reten von Ooiden, als häufi ger Sedimentbestandteil, wird als wichtige Beobachtung für die Paläoumwelt- und stratigraphische Interpretation der Ablagerungen genutzt. Das Ooidvorkommen bei Kattavia stellt sowohl eines der nördlichsten Ooidvorkommen im Quartär dar, als auch im gesamten Phanerozoikum und legt subtropische bis tropische Bedingungen während der Ooidbildung nahe. Folglich wird eine interglaziale Bildung der Ooide und anschließende glaziale Bildung der Äolianite angenommen, da durch die glaziale Meeresspiegelabsenkung die Ooide zu diesem Zeitpunkt für einen äolischen Transport zur Verfügung standen. Das Vorkommen von Ooiden in allen äolischen Sequenzen deutet auf mehrere Bildungsphasen (während Warmzeiten) hin. Alle untersuchten Ablagerungssysteme weisen eine starke Beeinfl ussung durch das Paläorelief auf. Das Relief des Untergrundes kontrollierte wo, wie, wieviel und wie schnell Sediment abgelagert wurde. Hierbei wurde der Akkommodationsraum der Ablagerungssysteme entlang submariner Steilwände eher durch die Hangneigung der Ablagerungen als durch den Meeresspiegel bestimmt. Dagegen VI Zusammenfassung wurde der Akkommodationsraum sedimentärer Systeme auf submarinen Höhen durch Meeresspiege lschwankungen und in subaerisch äolischen Systemen durch das Klima kontrolliert. Folglich sollte in sedimentären Systemen auf strukturierten Schelfen die bathymetrische Position und das sedimentäre Milieu berücksichtigt werden. Das komplexe Paläorelief des Untergrundes stellte Substrat und diverse ökologische Nischen zur Verfügung, in denen sich hochdiverse warm-temperierte Biozönosen (Biodetritus Assoziationen) bilden konnten, was sich auch in der hohen Faziesvariabilität widerspiegelt. Bedingt durch die laterale Diskontinuität der Sedimente war die Integration mehrerer Aufschlüsse für die Rekonstruktion der stratigraphischen Entwicklung notwendig. Das Fehlen tropischer Faunenelemente in den marinen plio-pleistozänen Ablagerungen von Rhodos ist überraschend, wenn man das Vorkommen der spätpleistozänen ooid-führenden Äolianite in Betracht zieht, die, wenn auch nur zeitweise, subtropische bis tropische Verhältnisse nahe legen. Am wahrscheinlichsten ist, daß die Einwanderung tropischer Faunenelemente zum einen durch die spezifi schen paläogeographischen Konfi gurationen des Mittelmeeres und zum anderen durch die permanent warm- temperierten Verhältnisse im westlichen Mittelmeer und angrenzenden Atlantik verhindert wurde. Eine Beobachtung, die man bei der Interpretation sedimentärer Systeme in Randmeeren, sowohl heute als auch im Fossilen, berücksichtigen sollte. Summary Cool-water carbonates in modern as well as ancient environments, especially from open shelf settings, have become a central topic of research during the last decades. Studies from tectonically active regions, which are strongly infl uenced by a rapidly changing relief are rare today. Within this PhD thesis three key studies were selected from Plio-Pleistocene warm-temperate deposits from the island of Rhodes in diff erent palaeoenvironmental settings: (1) submarine cliff related, (2) submarine high related and (3) subaerial environments, so that a detailed insight into the facies variability, sedimentary processes and controlling parameters of sedimentary setting on highly structured island shelves could be given. Due to the variability of the studied palaeoenvironments and facies each key study requested an adapted method. Th e Plio-Pleistocene warm-temperate carbonates of Rhodes were deposited in a tectonically active region in the vicinity of the Hellenic Arc, where the African plate is progressively subducted underneath the European plate. Th us, the stratigraphic, topographic and depositional history of Rhodes is largely aff ected by the dynamic tectonic setting. Th is is also refl ected in the highly structured island shelf with a steep palaeorelief accentuated by NW-SE oriented micrograben systems. Th e Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphy records a large-scale transgressive-regressive cycle with maximal fl ooding conditions reaching bathyal depth during the early Pleistocene. Th e regressive hemicycle lasts until today. Th is cycle is subdivided into medium- and small-scale cycles refl ecting tectonic changes or glacial-interglacial sea-level fl uctuations. Deposition on the tectonically structured shelf of Rhodes took place along submarine cliff faces, on submarine highs and under subaerial conditions along the coast. Sedimentary systems related to submarine cliff faces (key study 1) were studied along a basement rock cliff close to Lindos, eastern Rhodes. Th e outcrop exhibits depositional systems, which are related to micrograbens, to the foot of steep cliff s, to neptunian dykes and depressions in the basement rocks. Carbonate factories developed on the fl anks, which provided substrates for organism settlement, and underwent frequent redeposition. Redepositional events were most likely caused by earthquakes. Th e process of redeposition depended predominantly on the slope angle and the availability of fi ne matrix sediment. Redeposition via rock falls, debris falls, grain fl ows and debris fl ows are distinguished. On the top of submarine highs autochthonous
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