DOCSLIB.ORG

Saffron) and Its Constituents on Nervous System: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Saffron) and Its Constituents on Nervous System: a Review Review Article The effects of Crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituents on nervous system: A review Mohammad Reza Khazdair1, 2, Mohammad Hossein Boskabady1, Mahmoud Hosseini3*, Ramin Rezaee4, Aristidis M. Tsatsakis5 1Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Postal Code 9177948564, Iran 2Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 3Neurocognitive Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Postal Code 9177948564, Iran 4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran 5Center of Toxicology Science and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece Article history: Abstract Received: Apr 1, 2015 Saffron or Crocus sativus L. (C. sativus) has been widely used as a Received in revised form: Jun7, 2015 medicinal plant to promote human health, especially in Asia. The Accepted: Jun19, 2015 main components of saffron are crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. Vol. 5, No. 5, Sep-Oct 2015, The median lethal doses (LD50) of C. sativus are 200 mg/ml and 376-391. 20.7 g/kg in vitro and in animal studies, respectively. Saffron has been suggested to be effective in the treatment of a wide range of * Corresponding Author: disorders including coronary artery diseases, hypertension, Tel:+98513800222 stomach disorders, dysmenorrhea and learning and memory Fax:+985138828564 impairments. In addition, different studies have indicated that ‎[email protected] saffron has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, antigenotoxic and cytotoxic activities. Antitussive effects of stigmas and petals Keywords: Crocus sativus of C. sativus and its components, safranal and crocin have also Nervous system been demonstrated. The anticonvulsant and anti-Alzheimer Safranal properties of saffron extract were shown in human and animal Crocin studies. The efficacy of C. sativus in the treatment of mild to Saffron moderate depression was also reported in clinical trial. Administration of C. sativus and its constituents increased glutamate and dopamine levels in the brain in a dose-dependent manner. It also interacts with the opioid system to reduce withdrawal syndrome. Therefore, in the present article, the effects of C. sativus and its constituents on the nervous system and the possible underlying mechanisms are reviewed. Our literature review showed that C. sativus and its components can be considered as promising agents in the treatment of nervous system disorders. Please cite this paper as: Khazdair MR, Boskabady MH, Hosseini M, Rezaee R, Tsatsakis AM. The effects of Crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituents on nervous system: A review. Avicenna J Phytomed, 2015; 5 (5): 376-391. AJP, Vol. 5, No. 5, Sep-Oct 2015 376 Crocus sativus (saffron) and nervous system Introduction total peripheral resistance or both (Fatehi Crocus sativus L (C. sativus), et al., 2003). In rats isolated vas deferens, commonly known as saffron, is a small contractile responses to electrical field perennial plant belonging to the family of stimulation (EFS) were decreased by the Iridaceas. This plant is cultivated in many petals extracts (Fatehi et al., 2003). EFS- countries including Iran, Afghanistan, induced contractions of vas deferens were Turkey and Spain (Abdullaev, 1993). The shown to be mediated by noradrenaline stigmas of C. sativus are known to contain and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released carotenoids, α-crocetin and glycoside as co-transmitters from sympathetic nerves crocin (responsible for saffron yellow (Hoyle and Burnstock, 1991). The color) and picrocrocin, the ethanolic extract made more pronounced aglyconesafranal (responsible for saffron changes in EFS in rats isolated vas aroma) (Fernández and Pandalai, 2004; deferens whereas in guinea pig ileum, the Champalab et al., 2011), the antioxidant aqueous extract of the plant was more carotenoids lycopene and zeaxanthin and effective (Fatehi et al., 2003). Crocin vitamin B2(Vijaya Bhargava, 2011). analogs isolated from saffron remarkably It has been shown that C. sativus stigma increased the blood flow in the retina and aqueous extract and its constituents, crocin choroid and facilitated retinal function but not safranal enhanced the sexual recovery; therefore, it could be used to activity in male rats (Hosseinzadeh et al., treat ischemic retinopathy and/or age- 2008). Saffron and its constituentscrocin related macular degeneration (Xuan, and safranal are also shown to be potent 1999). One study suggested that saffron oxygen radical scavengers (Assimopoulou exerted a significant cardioprotective et al., 2005; Mashmoul et al., 2013; effect by preserving hemodynamics and Farahmand et al., 2013). left ventricular functions (Sachdeva et al., In traditional medicine, C. sativus has 2012). Administration of C. sativus been frequently used as an herbal sedative, extractinpatients who had normal white antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, blood cells (WBC) count, significantly expectorant, stimulant, stomachic, increased WBC compared to crocin or anticatarrhal, eupeptic, gingival sedative placebo. Moreover, other hematologic and emmenagogue (Nemati et al., 2008). factors were not changed significantly C. sativus was experimentally shown to be during 3 months of the study (Mousavi et effective in relieving symptoms of al., 2015). premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Following A potent stimulatory effect of C. sativus administration of saffron, a significant extract and safranal on β2-adrenoreceptors effect was observed in cycles 3 and 4 in has also been reported (Nemati et al., the Total Premenstrual Daily Symptoms 2008; Boskabady et al., 2010). In addition, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale blocking effect of safranal on muscarinic which indicates the efficacy of C. sativus receptors (Boskabady et al., 2010) and the in the treatment of PMS (Agha-Hosseini et inhibitory effect of C. sativus on histamine al., 2008). (H1) receptors was reported, which Aqueous (500 mg/kg) and ethanolic proposed a competitive antagonistic effect extracts of C. sativus petals reduced blood for C. sativus on histamine (H1) receptors pressure in a dose-dependent manner in (Boskabady et al., 2010). rats (Fatehi et al., 2003). Administration of An in vitro study showed the inhibitory the aqueous extract of saffron petals (500 activity of saffron and crocin on amyloid mg/kg) reduced blood pressure from beta-peptide fibrillogenesis and its 133.5±3.9 to 117±2.1 mmHg in rats. This protective action against H2O2–induced reduction was postulated to be due to the toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells effect of the extracts on the heart itself, (Papandreou et al., 2006, 2011). AJP, Vol. 5, No. 5, Sep-Oct 2015 377 Khazdair et al. Additionally, administration of saffron (60 acid (anionic) dye for biological staining mg/kg body weight, i.p.) to normal and because it has a carboxyl group at each aged mice for one week, significantly end of the polyene chain which is easily improved learning and memory dissolved in aqueous alkali solutions at pH (Papandreou et al., 2011). Also, in vitro ≥ 9. Crocetin is mostly present as trans studies have confirmed the neuroprotective isomer but cis-crocetin and its glycosides effects of saffron and its constituents in are also present in saffron as minor amnesic and ischemic rat models components (Melnyk et al., 2010). (Hosseinzadeh and Sadeghnia, 2005; Crocin belongs to a group of natural Ochiai et al., 2007). carotenoid commercially obtained from Considering clinical and animal the dried stigma of C. sativus. It has a deep experimental studies, the present review red color, forms crystals with a melting explores the important effects of C. sativus point of 186 oC and is easily soluble in and its constituents on nervous system. water. Crocin is responsible for the color of saffron. Structure of crocin was elucidated by Karreeet al (1935). It is the Methods main pigment of saffron (approx. 80% of Information of this review article was pigment content). Pure crocin can be collected by searching for the key-words isolated from saffron extract and is directly "Crocus sativus", "nervous system", crystallized (Karrer et al., 1932). Crocin is "clinical application", "animal studies", not orally absorbed. Crocins are "crocin", "crocetin" and "safranal" in hydrolyzed to crocetin before or during databases namely ISI Web of Knowledge, intestinal absorption, and the absorbed Medline/ Pubmed, Science direct, Scopus, crocetin is partly metabolized to mono and Google Scholar, Embase, Biological diglucuronide conjugates (Asai et al., Abstracts and Chemical Abstracts. 2005). Crocins, accounting for almost 6–16% C. sativus constituents of saffron dry weight (Gregory et al., More than 150 compounds have been 2005), are hydrophilic chemicals. α – identified in saffron stigma including crocin (crocin 1) is a carotenoid which colored carotenoids (e.g. crocetin and comprises the majority of crocins found in crocins as glycosidic derivatives), saffron. It could be so easily dissolved in colorless monoterpene aldehydes, volatile water that is used as color additive agents (e.g. safranal and picrocrocin which (Melnyk et al., 2010). The other color are the bitter components), etc. (Bathaie compounds of saffron are carotenoids and and Mousavi, 2010). The traces of non- glycosidic, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, glycosylated carotenoids
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Protective Effects of Crocetin on Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Hepatic
    Drug Design, Development and Therapy Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Protective Effects of Crocetin on Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Hepatic Injury: Involvement of Suppression in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Through Activation of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Rats This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy Yanshuang Liu, 1,2,* Purpose: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been shown to induce hepatic injury. Crocetin is Yingran Liang,3,* a primary constituent of saffron, which has been verified to have antioxidant and anti- Bin Zheng,3 Li Chu,3 inflammatory effects. In the current experiment, we evaluated the efficacy of crocetin against Donglai Ma, 3 ATO-induced hepatic injury and explored the potential molecular mechanisms in rats. Hongfang Wang,3 Xi Chu,4 Methods: Rats were pretreated with 25 or 50 mg/kg crocetin 6 h prior to treating with 5 mg/ kg ATO to induce hepatic injury daily for 7 days. Jianping Zhang2,5 Results: Treatment with crocetin attenuated ATO-induced body weight loss, decreases in 1 Department of Diagnostics, School of food and water consumption, and improved ATO-induced hepatic pathological damage. Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Crocetin significantly inhibited ATO-induced alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate ’ Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050200, People s aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increases. Crocetin prevented Republic of China; 2Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney ATO-induced liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Patterns, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Crocetin abrogated the ATO-induced decrease of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei (SOD) activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of Crocus Sativus with Cognitive Dysfunctions and Alzheimer’S Disease: a Systematic Review
    Review Volume 11, Issue 1, 2021, 7468 - 7492 https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC111.74687492 Association of Crocus sativus with Cognitive Dysfunctions and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review 1 2 3,* Marjan Talebi , Mohsen Talebi , Saeed Samarghandian 1 Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; [email protected]; 2 Food Safety Net Services, San Antonio, Texas 78216, USA; [email protected]; 3 Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; [email protected]; * Correspondence: [email protected]; Scopus Author ID 6507632790 Received: 8.05.2020; Revised: 10.06.2020; Accepted: 13.06.2020; Published: 17.06.2020 Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is known as a principle basis of cognitive impairment in the elderly population. Current available therapeutic approaches are not applicable enough for the reason of intolerable side effects, low patients’ compliance due to the short half-life, and biopharmaceutical limitations. Therefore discovery alternative and multi-targeted therapeutic approaches are sought. Crocus sativus is a distinguished medicinal plant with a wide range of biological and pharmacological belongings, exclusively antioxidant and anti-inflammatory possessions. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted by search in Electronic databases comprising Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase using the keywords cognitive OR cognition OR memory OR nootropic OR Alzheimer OR amnesia OR dementia AND “Crocus sativus” OR saffron OR crocin OR crocetin OR safranal until 21st February 2020. The results display that saffron and its major constituents are capable of having remarkable properties on memory and cognitive deficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Saffron: Chemical Composition and Neuroprotective Activity
    molecules Article Saffron: Chemical Composition and Neuroprotective Activity Maria Anna Maggi 1,2,*, Silvia Bisti 3,4 and Cristiana Picco 4,5 1 Hortus Novus srl, via Campo Sportivo 2, 67050 Canistro, Italy 2 Department of Phyisical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, Italy 3 Department of Biotecnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, DISCAB, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, Italy; [email protected] 4 National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystem (INBB), V. le Medaglie D’Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy; [email protected] 5 Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editors: Nikolaos Pitsikas and Konstantinos Dimas Received: 14 October 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 29 November 2020 Abstract: Crocus sativus L. belongs to the Iridaceae family and it is commonly known as saffron. The different cultures together with the geoclimatic characteristics of the territory determine a different chemical composition that characterizes the final product. This is why a complete knowledge of this product is fundamental, from which more than 150 chemical compounds have been extracted from, but only about one third of them have been identified. The chemical composition of saffron has been studied in relation to its efficacy in coping with neurodegenerative retinal diseases. Accordingly, experimental results provide evidence of a strict correlation between chemical composition and neuroprotective capacity. We found that saffron’s ability to cope with retinal neurodegeneration is related to: (1) the presence of specific crocins and (2) the contribution of other saffron components.
    [Show full text]
  • Upregulation of TIPE2 Attenuates Macrophage Activation and Neuroinfammation After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice
    Upregulation of TIPE2 attenuates macrophage activation and neuroinammation after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice Shudong Liu Universitatsklinikum Munster Klinik fur Neurologie mit Institut fur Translationale Neurologie Jie Wang Universitatsklinikum Munster Klinik fur Neurologie mit Institut fur Translationale Neurologie Wenyan Li Universitatsklinikum Munster Klinik fur Neurologie mit Institut fur Translationale Neurologie Hui Shi Universitatsklinikum Munster Klinik fur Neurologie mit Institut fur Translationale Neurologie Changlong Zhou Universitatsklinikum Munster Klinik fur Neurologie mit Institut fur Translationale Neurologie Ge Tang neurology Jiangwei Zhang Institut National de Neurologie Mongi-Ben Hamida zhao yang ( [email protected] ) Universitatsklinikum Zentrum fur Neurologie Research Keywords: TIPE2, macrophage, neuroinammation, ICH Posted Date: August 10th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-54788/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/20 Abstract Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious disease with high mortality and morbidity, and effective treatment is limited. A large amount of evidence suggests that the inammatory response contributes to secondary brain damage following ICH. TIPE2 is an essential negative regulator of both innate and adaptive immunity, and depletion of TIPE2 causes inammatory disease. However, the possible role of TIPE2 following ICH has not been reported. Methods: In this study, we investigated TIPE2 levels and inammation in macrophages treated with erythrocyte lysate in vitro, and we observed proinammatory cytokine production, BBB disruption, cerebral water content and neurological damage in ICH mice in vivo. Results: We found that TIPE2 levels were signicantly decreased in erythrocyte lysate-treated macrophages compared to control macrophages. Upregulation of TIPE2 decreased macrophage activation and cytokine production and accelerated brain damage in ICH mice.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Chemotaxonomic Analysis of Saffron Crocus Tepal And
    Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 184 (2020) 113183 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpba Comprehensive chemotaxonomic analysis of saffron crocus tepal and stamen samples, as raw materials with potential antidepressant activity a b a Javad Mottaghipisheh , Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani , Tivadar Kiss , a a c d a,∗ Attila Horváth , Barbara Tóth , Mehdi Ayanmanesh , Amin Khamushi , Dezso˝ Csupor a Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary b Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, 61357-43311, Iran c Department of Horticultural Science, Islamic Azad University, Estahban Branch No. 69, Niroo Av., Satarkhan Str., 14536-33143, Tehran, Iran d Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Saffron crocus (Crocus sativus L.) has been widely grown in Iran. Its stigma is considered as the most Received 5 December 2019 valuable spice for which several pharmacological activities have been reported in preclinical and clinical Received in revised form 22 January 2020 studies, the antidepressant effect being the most thoroughly studied and confirmed. This plant part Accepted 17 February 2020 contains several characteristic secondary metabolites, including the carotenoids crocetin and crocin, and Available online 18 February 2020 the monoterpenoid glucoside picrocrocin, and safranal. Since only the stigma is utilized industrially, huge amount of saffron crocus by-product remains unused. Recently, the number of papers dealing with the Keywords: chemical and pharmacological analysis of saffron is increasing; however, there are no systematic studies Crocus sativus Saffron on the chemical variability of the major by-products.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotenone-Induced Inner Retinal Degeneration Via Presynaptic
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Rotenone-induced inner retinal degeneration via presynaptic activation of voltage-dependent sodium and L-type calcium channels in rats Masaaki Sasaoka, Takashi Ota & Masaaki Kageyama* Rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, causes retinal degeneration via unknown mechanisms. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its action, we further characterized a rat model of rotenone- induced retinal degeneration. Intravitreal injection of rotenone (2 nmol/eye) damaged mainly the inner retinal layers, including cell loss in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers, which were very similar to those induced by 10 nmol/eye N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). These morphological changes were accompanied by the reduced b-wave amplitude of electroretinogram, and increased immunostaining of 2,4-dinitrophenyl, an oxidative stress marker. Rotenone also downregulated expression of neuroflament light-chain gene (Nf) as a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) marker. This efect was prevented by simultaneous injection of rotenone with antioxidants or NMDA receptor antagonists. More importantly, voltage-dependent sodium and L-type calcium channel blockers and intracellular calcium signaling modulators remarkably suppressed rotenone-induced Nf downregulation, whereas none of these agents modifed NMDA-induced Nf downregulation. These results suggest that rotenone-induced inner retinal degeneration stems from indirect postsynaptic NMDA stimulation that is triggered by oxidative stress-mediated presynaptic intracellular calcium signaling via activation of voltage-dependent sodium and L-type calcium channels. Rotenone is a naturally occurring and broad-spectrum pesticide that inhibits the activity of NADH dehydroge- nase in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I1. Because of this unique biological activity, rotenone has been used as a versatile tool to study involvement of mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress in neuronal cell death.
    [Show full text]
  • Namenverzeichnis. Index of Names. Index Des Auteurs
    Namenverzeichnis. Index of Names. Index des Auteurs. ABE, S. Il6. ANTIA, N. J. 160, 17I. ABRAMS, G. J. v. 399, 417. ApPLEGATE, f[. G. 403, 417. ACHER, R. I04, 107. ApPLING, J. W. 5 14, 536. ACKER, L. 515, 529. ARCHIBALD, W. J. 450, 495· ACKERMANN, D. 89, 100, 101, 106-108, AR1S0N, B. f[. 416, 417. Il3· ARMBRUST, K. I06, Il5. ADAMS, J. 5°9, 5 Il, 5 12, 515, 5 18, 53I. ARMSTRONG, M. D. 95, 110. ADLER, N. 393, 426. ARR1GONI, O. 404, 426. AHMAD, B. 332, 334. ASANO, N. Il6. AHMAD, R. 249, 316, 322, 334. ASCHAFFENBURG, R. 461, 484, 495. AHMED, Z. F. 514, 529. ASEEVA, 1. V. 351, 424. AHRENS, R. 253, 329, 330, 339· ASERO, B. 60, 78. AlSENBERG, A. C. 512, 53!. Aso, K. 352, 356-358, 361, 432, 433. AITKEN, R. A. 515, 529. ASPINALL, G. O. 510, 5I1, 514, 515, 521, AKAMATSU, S. 108. 529, 536 . AKELEY, D. F. 460, 495. ASPREY, G. F. 411, 417. AKHTAR, M. 275, 3°1, 334. ASTWOOD, E. B. 141, 151, 163, 169, 17I. ALBERTI, C. G. 60, 78. AUDIA, \V. V. 41 I, 426. ALBERTY, R. A. 460, 482, 495. AURET, B. J. 5 Il, 529. ALCORN, J. W. S. 405, 421. AUSTIN, M. J. 514, 532. ALCORN, S. M. 410, 417. AVERY, O. T. 504, 5IO-513, 516, 529-531. ALDAG, f[. J. 253, 260, 261,275, 3°5, 338 . AYTOUN, R. S. C. 414, 417. ALEXANDER, H. E. 518, 536. ALLAN, J. D. 106, 108. BABERs, F. f[. 512, 516, 529, 530.
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Seminar Abstracts
    1 I B R.AR.Y OF THE UN IVER.SITY Of 1LLI NOIS 547 l938/39 : aanc\ D ssariSSSK" University^in»^^ Lir.i mi SEMINAR TOPICS I Semester 1938-39 Page Structure of Gossypol 1 Roger Adams Some New Synthetic Methods 6 William S. Emerson The Mechanism of Substitution at a Saturated Carbon Atom 8 C. C. Price Diene Syntheses of Polycyclic Compounds 10 T. A. Geissman and C. K. Bradsher Structure of the Triterpenes 14 L. N. Whitehill and E. H. Riddle The Associating Effect of the Hydrogen Atom 23 L. Dankert Splitting of FUrans with Aromatic Amines 25 C. R. Lee Tautomerism of Pyridine Homologs, Pyridine Series Syntheses 28 E. C. Horning Reactivities of Substituted ^A -Chloro Ketones and the ^echanism of 31 Certain Reactions E. H. ^obratz Synthesis of Polyenes from Acetylene and Diacetylene 36 R. V. Lindsey, Jr. Eydrobenzoinic Rearrangements with Replacement of One or Two Aryl Groups 40 by Other Radicals S. L. Scott Anesthetic Effectlof 2-Alkoxy Quinolines 45 B. R. Baker Polyazobenzenes 50 J. W. Shackleton The Reduction of Organic Compounds on the Dropping Mercury Cathode 52 H. M. teeter A New Rearrangement and Its Use in the Preparation of Esters of 55 Amino Alcohols Hugh W. Stewart . )? Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/organicsemi38391univ . 6U? s 2 I*? Paee The Friedel-Crafts Reaction 59 Joseph Dec and ^. S. L ng Vitamin D2 67 D Burney The Chemical Substances Responsible for the Copulation of the ^ex 72 Cells of the Chlamydomonas ^ugametos in Light W.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase Catalyzes the First Dedicated Step in Saffron Crocin Biosynthesis
    Novel carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase catalyzes the first dedicated step in saffron crocin biosynthesis Sarah Frusciantea,b, Gianfranco Direttoa, Mark Brunoc, Paola Ferrantea, Marco Pietrellaa, Alfonso Prado-Cabrerod, Angela Rubio-Moragae, Peter Beyerc, Lourdes Gomez-Gomeze, Salim Al-Babilic,d, and Giovanni Giulianoa,1 aItalian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy; bSapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; cFaculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; dCenter for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; and eInstituto Botánico, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla–La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain Edited by Rodney B. Croteau, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, and approved July 3, 2014 (received for review March 16, 2014) Crocus sativus stigmas are the source of the saffron spice and responsible for the synthesis of crocins have been characterized accumulate the apocarotenoids crocetin, crocins, picrocrocin, and in saffron and in Gardenia (5, 6). safranal, responsible for its color, taste, and aroma. Through deep Plant CCDs can be classified in five subfamilies according to transcriptome sequencing, we identified a novel dioxygenase, ca- the cleavage position and/or their substrate preference: CCD1, rotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2 (CCD2), expressed early during CCD4, CCD7, CCD8, and nine-cis-epoxy-carotenoid dioxygen- stigma development and closely related to, but distinct from, the ases (NCEDs) (7–9). NCEDs solely cleave the 11,12 double CCD1 dioxygenase family. CCD2 is the only identified member of bond of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids to produce the ABA precursor a novel CCD clade, presents the structural features of a bona fide xanthoxin.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical Classification of Italian Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) by Multi-Block Treatments of UV-Vis and IR Spectroscopic Data
    molecules Article Geographical Classification of Italian Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by Multi-Block Treatments of UV-Vis and IR Spectroscopic Data Alessandra Biancolillo * , Martina Foschi and Angelo Antonio D’Archivio Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (A.A.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editors: Emanuela Zanardi, Lenka Husáková and Jose Miguel Hernandez-Hierro Received: 27 April 2020; Accepted: 15 May 2020; Published: 16 May 2020 Abstract: One-hundred and fourteen samples of saffron harvested in four different Italian areas (three in Central Italy and one in the South) were investigated by IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies. Two different multi-block strategies, Sequential and Orthogonalized Partial Least Squares Linear Discriminant Analysis (SO-PLS-LDA) and Sequential and Orthogonalized Covariance Selection Linear Discriminant Analysis (SO-CovSel-LDA), were used to simultaneously handle the two data blocks and classify samples according to their geographical origin. Both multi-block approaches provided very satisfying results. Each model was investigated in order to understand which spectral variables contribute the most to the discrimination of samples, i.e., to the characterization of saffron harvested in the four different areas. The most accurate solution was provided by SO-PLS-LDA, which only misclassified three test samples over 31 (in external validation). Keywords: saffron; infrared; ultraviolet; classification; multi-block; data fusion; SO-PLS; SO-CovSel 1. Introduction Saffron, the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., has been used since ancient times as a spice, food dye, or herbal medicinal.
    [Show full text]
  • Type of the Paper (Article
    Nutrients 2019: Nutritional Advances in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Disease AXA Convention Centre Barcelona, Spain 25 – 27 September 2019 Conference Chairs Prof. Lluis Serra Majem Prof. María Luz Fernández Organised by Conference Secretariat Sara Martínez Pablo Velázquez Facundo Santomé Xiaocen Zhang Lucia Russo Nutrients 2019 Conference 1 #Nutrients2019 CONTENTS Abridged Programme 5 Conference Programme 6 Welcome 15 General Information 17 Abstracts – Session 1 27 Nutritional Advances in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Disease Abstracts – Session 2 63 Nutrients and the Microbiome Abstracts – Special Session 73 Cognitive and Mental Health (sponsored by the California Walnuts Commission) Abstracts – Session 3 77 Bioactive/Functional Foods (sponsored by the journal Foods) Abstracts – Session 4 97 Mediterranean Diet Abstracts – Session 5 117 Nutrient and Lifestyle Interactions Abstracts – Session 6 127 Nutrient for Ageing Populations Abstracts – Session 7 135 Polyphenols and Antioxidants Abstracts – Session 8 149 Dietary Assessment Abstracts – Poster Exhibition 163 Nutrients 2019 Conference 3 Nutrients 2019 – Nutritional Advances in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Disease 25 – 27 September 2019, Barcelona, Spain Wednesday Thursday Friday 25 September 2019 26 September 2019 27 September 2019 Session 2 Check-in Session 5 Special Session Opening Ceremony Coffee Break Coffee Break Morning Session 6 Session 1. Part I Session 3 Session 7 Lunch & Lunch & Lunch Poster Session A Poster Session B Session 1. Part II Session
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Crocetin Derivatives and Their Potent Inhibition in Multiple
    Wang et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2020) 20:29 BMC Complementary https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2831-y Medicine and Therapies RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Synthesis of crocetin derivatives and their potent inhibition in multiple tumor cells proliferation and inflammatory property of macrophage Mao-Ze Wang1†, Jin Gao2,3,4†, Yang Chu1, Jie Niu1, Ming Chen2, Qiang Shang3,4, Li-Hua Peng1,2* and Zhi-Hong Jiang2* Abstract Background: Crocetin is a major active component of saffron, which has a wide range of pharmacological effects. However, due to its low solubility, the pharmacological effects of crocetin cannot be better utilized. Methods: In this study, we modified the chemical structure of crocetin by conjugating with ethylamine and 4- Fluorbenzylamine to enhance its solubility and biological activities. The solubility and the influence of synthesized derivatives on the proliferation of tumor cells and the inflammatory effect of macrophage were investigated. Results: It was shown that, compared with the crocetin, the synthesized derivatives have much higher solubility. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the derivatives on varieties of tumor cells, including human ovarian carcinoma cell line, human lung cancer cell line, rat melanoma cell line was enhanced after the modification. Besides that, the derivatives were improved for the anti-inflammatory efficacy with the cytotoxicity decreased. Conclusions: The synthesized derivatives were shown for their good solubility and the great potential in tumor and inflammation treatment. Keywords: Solubility, Crocetin derivatives, Anti-tumor effect, Inflammation inhibition Background one of the main effective components [2], with polyunsat- Saffron, a spice and a food colorant derived from the urated conjugate oleic acid structure.
    [Show full text]