Chemical and Biological Properties of the World's Most Expensive Spice: Saffron
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Assessment of the Effects of Some Bacterial Isolates and Hormones on Corm Formation and Some Plant Properties in Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.)
Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi Journal of Agricultural Sciences Tar. Bil. Der. Dergi web sayfası: Journal homepage: www.agri.ankara.edu.tr/dergi www.agri.ankara.edu.tr/journal Assessment of the Effects of Some Bacterial Isolates and Hormones on Corm Formation and Some Plant Properties in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Fazilet PARLAKOVA KARAGÖZa, Atilla DURSUNa, Recep KOTANb, Melek EKİNCİa, Ertan YILDIRIMa, Parisa MOHAMMADIb aAtatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 25240, Erzurum, TURKEY bAtatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 25240, Erzurum, TURKEY 22 (2016) 500-511 ARTICLE INFO Research Article DOI: 10.1501/Tarimbil_0000001408 Corresponding Author: Fazilet PARLAKOVA KARAGÖZ, E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +90 (507) 640 25 07 Received: 20 April 2015, Received in Revised Form: 10 July 2015, Accepted: 10 July 2015 ABSTRACT The saffron, from the Iridaceae family and an autumn-flowering geophytes, is one of cormous plants. The biggest obstacle in the development of this plant, production having the most economic value as one of the medicinal and aromatic plants, is the insufficient bulbous used for propagation. Bacterial isolates showing capacity to grow in nitrogen-free conditions, for hormones production (IAA, GA3) and to solubilise phosphate as microbial fertilizer were used to reproduce the corms of saffron plants. Thus, the disappearance of saffron from the species that are under threat of extinction can be prevented and the continuation of the species can be provided -
Protective Effect of Crocin Against Blue Light– and White Light–Mediated Photoreceptor Cell Death in Bovine and Primate Retinal Primary Cell Culture
Protective Effect of Crocin against Blue Light– and White Light–Mediated Photoreceptor Cell Death in Bovine and Primate Retinal Primary Cell Culture Aicha Laabich, Ganesh P. Vissvesvaran, Kuo L. Lieu, Kyoko Murata, Tim E. McGinn, Corinne C. Manmoto, John R. Sinclair, Ibrahim Karliga, David W. Leung, Ahmad Fawzi, and Ryo Kubota PURPOSE. The present study was performed to investigate the major blue light–absorbing fluorophores of lipofuscin in the effect of crocin on blue light– and white light–induced rod and RPE believed to be associated with AMD pathogenesis.7 Several cone death in primary retinal cell cultures. epidemiologic studies suggest that long-term history of expo- 8 METHODS. Primary retinal cell cultures were prepared from sure to light may have some impact on the incidence of AMD. Exposure to intense light causes photoreceptor death. Light- primate and bovine retinas. Fifteen-day-old cultures were ex- 9 posed to blue actinic light or to white fluorescent light for 24 induced photoreceptor death is mediated by rhodopsin, and the extent of its bleaching and its regeneration and visual hours. Cultures were treated by the addition of different con- 10,11 centrations of crocin for 24 hours before light exposure or for transduction proteins determine the degree of damage. Blue light– and white light–induced damage of retinal cells 8 hours after light exposure. Cultures kept in the dark were 12,13 used as controls. Green nucleic acid stain assay was used to have been widely used as in vivo models. Although the abnormality of the retinal pigment epithelium is thought to evaluate cell death. -
Protective Effects of Crocetin on Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Hepatic
Drug Design, Development and Therapy Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Protective Effects of Crocetin on Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Hepatic Injury: Involvement of Suppression in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Through Activation of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Rats This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy Yanshuang Liu, 1,2,* Purpose: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been shown to induce hepatic injury. Crocetin is Yingran Liang,3,* a primary constituent of saffron, which has been verified to have antioxidant and anti- Bin Zheng,3 Li Chu,3 inflammatory effects. In the current experiment, we evaluated the efficacy of crocetin against Donglai Ma, 3 ATO-induced hepatic injury and explored the potential molecular mechanisms in rats. Hongfang Wang,3 Xi Chu,4 Methods: Rats were pretreated with 25 or 50 mg/kg crocetin 6 h prior to treating with 5 mg/ kg ATO to induce hepatic injury daily for 7 days. Jianping Zhang2,5 Results: Treatment with crocetin attenuated ATO-induced body weight loss, decreases in 1 Department of Diagnostics, School of food and water consumption, and improved ATO-induced hepatic pathological damage. Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Crocetin significantly inhibited ATO-induced alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate ’ Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050200, People s aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increases. Crocetin prevented Republic of China; 2Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney ATO-induced liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Patterns, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Crocetin abrogated the ATO-induced decrease of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei (SOD) activity. -
Association of Crocus Sativus with Cognitive Dysfunctions and Alzheimer’S Disease: a Systematic Review
Review Volume 11, Issue 1, 2021, 7468 - 7492 https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC111.74687492 Association of Crocus sativus with Cognitive Dysfunctions and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review 1 2 3,* Marjan Talebi , Mohsen Talebi , Saeed Samarghandian 1 Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; [email protected]; 2 Food Safety Net Services, San Antonio, Texas 78216, USA; [email protected]; 3 Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; [email protected]; * Correspondence: [email protected]; Scopus Author ID 6507632790 Received: 8.05.2020; Revised: 10.06.2020; Accepted: 13.06.2020; Published: 17.06.2020 Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is known as a principle basis of cognitive impairment in the elderly population. Current available therapeutic approaches are not applicable enough for the reason of intolerable side effects, low patients’ compliance due to the short half-life, and biopharmaceutical limitations. Therefore discovery alternative and multi-targeted therapeutic approaches are sought. Crocus sativus is a distinguished medicinal plant with a wide range of biological and pharmacological belongings, exclusively antioxidant and anti-inflammatory possessions. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted by search in Electronic databases comprising Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase using the keywords cognitive OR cognition OR memory OR nootropic OR Alzheimer OR amnesia OR dementia AND “Crocus sativus” OR saffron OR crocin OR crocetin OR safranal until 21st February 2020. The results display that saffron and its major constituents are capable of having remarkable properties on memory and cognitive deficiency. -
Historical Uses of Saffron: Identifying Potential New Avenues for Modern Research
id8484906 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ISSN : 0974 - 7508 Volume 7 Issue 4 NNaattuurraall PPrrAoon dIdnduuian ccJotutrnssal Trade Science Inc. Full Paper NPAIJ, 7(4), 2011 [174-180] Historical uses of saffron: Identifying potential new avenues for modern research S.Zeinab Mousavi1, S.Zahra Bathaie2* 1Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, (IRAN) 2Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, (IRAN) E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received: 20th June, 2011 ; Accepted: 20th July, 2011 ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Background: During the ancient times, saffron (Crocus sativus L.) had Saffron; many uses around the world; however, some of them were forgotten Iran; ’s uses came back into attention during throughout the history. But saffron Ancient medicine; the past few decades, when a new interest in natural active compounds Herbal medicine; arose. It is supposed that understanding different uses of saffron in past Traditional medicine. can help us in finding the best uses for today. Objective: Our objective was to review different uses of saffron throughout the history among different nations. Results: Saffron has been known since more than 3000 years ago by many nations. It was valued not only as a culinary condiment, but also as a dye, perfume and as a medicinal herb. Its medicinal uses ranged from eye problems to genitourinary and many other diseases in various cul- tures. It was also used as a tonic agent and antidepressant drug among many nations. Conclusion(s): Saffron has had many different uses such as being used as a food additive along with being a palliative agent for many human diseases. -
Hofmann-De Keijzer R Et Al. 2013.Pdf
Kapitel 6: Expertenberichte 6.1 Die Farben und Färbetechniken der prähistorischen Textilien aus dem Salzbergbau Hallstatt Chapter 6: Analysis reports 6.1 The colours and dyeing techniques of prehistoric textiles from the salt mines of Hallstatt REGINA HOFMANN-DE KEIJZER, Maarten R. van BOMMEL, INEKE JOOSTEN, ANNA Hartl, Art NÉSS PROAÑO GAIBOR, ANDREAS G. HEISS, Robert KRALOFSKY, RUDOLF ERLACH, SUZAN DE GROOT Die blauen, gelben, grünen, olivgrünen, Blue, yellow, green, olive-green, red-brown, rotbraunen, dunkelbrauen und schwarzen dark brown and black – the textile finds from Hallstätter Textilfunde der Bronze- und Eisenzeit Bronze and Iron Age Hallstatt display the sind Zeugnisse der Farbenvielfalt prähistorischer colour diversity of prehistoric textiles. These Textilien. Dank der konservierenden Wirkung des objects and their colours have survived due to Salzes und des im Salzbergwerk herrschenden the preservative effects of salt and the constant konstanten Klimas blieben die Textilien und ihre climatic conditions in the mines. They allow Farben erhalten. Sie ermöglichen einen Blick in throwing a glance on the beginnings of textile den Anfang der Textilfärberei im europäischen dyeing in Europe. Raum. The Hallstatt textiles first underwent dye Im Jahre 2001 fanden die ersten analysis in 2001 (WALTON ROGERS 2001). farbstoffanalytischen Untersuchungen an Subsequently, between 2002 and 2012, various Hallstatt-Textilien statt (WALTON ROGERS interdisciplinary research projects examined 2001). Zwischen 2002 und 2012 widmeten coloured Bronze and Iron Age textile fragments sich verschiedene interdisziplinäre Forschungs- from the Hallstatt salt mines. The projects projekte der Untersuchung von farbigen bronze- brought together the Natural History Museum und eisenzeitlichen Textilfragmenten aus dem Vienna, the University of Applied Arts Vienna, Salzbergbau Hallstatt. -
Saffron: Chemical Composition and Neuroprotective Activity
molecules Article Saffron: Chemical Composition and Neuroprotective Activity Maria Anna Maggi 1,2,*, Silvia Bisti 3,4 and Cristiana Picco 4,5 1 Hortus Novus srl, via Campo Sportivo 2, 67050 Canistro, Italy 2 Department of Phyisical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, Italy 3 Department of Biotecnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, DISCAB, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, Italy; [email protected] 4 National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystem (INBB), V. le Medaglie D’Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy; [email protected] 5 Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editors: Nikolaos Pitsikas and Konstantinos Dimas Received: 14 October 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 29 November 2020 Abstract: Crocus sativus L. belongs to the Iridaceae family and it is commonly known as saffron. The different cultures together with the geoclimatic characteristics of the territory determine a different chemical composition that characterizes the final product. This is why a complete knowledge of this product is fundamental, from which more than 150 chemical compounds have been extracted from, but only about one third of them have been identified. The chemical composition of saffron has been studied in relation to its efficacy in coping with neurodegenerative retinal diseases. Accordingly, experimental results provide evidence of a strict correlation between chemical composition and neuroprotective capacity. We found that saffron’s ability to cope with retinal neurodegeneration is related to: (1) the presence of specific crocins and (2) the contribution of other saffron components. -
Upregulation of TIPE2 Attenuates Macrophage Activation and Neuroinfammation After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice
Upregulation of TIPE2 attenuates macrophage activation and neuroinammation after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice Shudong Liu Universitatsklinikum Munster Klinik fur Neurologie mit Institut fur Translationale Neurologie Jie Wang Universitatsklinikum Munster Klinik fur Neurologie mit Institut fur Translationale Neurologie Wenyan Li Universitatsklinikum Munster Klinik fur Neurologie mit Institut fur Translationale Neurologie Hui Shi Universitatsklinikum Munster Klinik fur Neurologie mit Institut fur Translationale Neurologie Changlong Zhou Universitatsklinikum Munster Klinik fur Neurologie mit Institut fur Translationale Neurologie Ge Tang neurology Jiangwei Zhang Institut National de Neurologie Mongi-Ben Hamida zhao yang ( [email protected] ) Universitatsklinikum Zentrum fur Neurologie Research Keywords: TIPE2, macrophage, neuroinammation, ICH Posted Date: August 10th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-54788/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/20 Abstract Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious disease with high mortality and morbidity, and effective treatment is limited. A large amount of evidence suggests that the inammatory response contributes to secondary brain damage following ICH. TIPE2 is an essential negative regulator of both innate and adaptive immunity, and depletion of TIPE2 causes inammatory disease. However, the possible role of TIPE2 following ICH has not been reported. Methods: In this study, we investigated TIPE2 levels and inammation in macrophages treated with erythrocyte lysate in vitro, and we observed proinammatory cytokine production, BBB disruption, cerebral water content and neurological damage in ICH mice in vivo. Results: We found that TIPE2 levels were signicantly decreased in erythrocyte lysate-treated macrophages compared to control macrophages. Upregulation of TIPE2 decreased macrophage activation and cytokine production and accelerated brain damage in ICH mice. -
Recent Advances on Nanoparticle Based Strategies for Improving Carotenoid Stability and Biological Activity
antioxidants Review Recent Advances on Nanoparticle Based Strategies for Improving Carotenoid Stability and Biological Activity Kandi Sridhar , Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj and Bing-Huei Chen * Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] or [email protected] (B.S.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-2905-3626 Abstract: Carotenoids are natural pigments widely used in food industries due to their health- promoting properties. However, the presence of long-chain conjugated double bonds are responsible for chemical instability, poor water solubility, low bioavailability and high susceptibility to oxidation. The application of a nanoencapsulation technique has thus become a vital means to enhance stability of carotenoids under physiological conditions due to their small particle size, high aqueous solubility and improved bioavailability. This review intends to overview the advances in preparation, charac- terization, biocompatibility and application of nanocarotenoids reported in research/review papers published in peer-reviewed journals over the last five years. More specifically, nanocarotenoids were prepared from both carotenoid extracts and standards by employing various preparation techniques to yield different nanostructures including nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, polymeric/biopolymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid nanoparticles, supercritical fluid-based nanoparticles and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles. Stability studies involved evaluation of physical stability and/or chemical stability under different storage conditions and heating temperatures for Citation: Sridhar, K.; Inbaraj, B.S.; varied lengths of time, while the release behavior and bioaccessibility were determined by various Chen, B.-H. Recent Advances on in vitro digestion and absorption models as well as bioavailability through elucidating pharma- Nanoparticle Based Strategies for cokinetics in an animal model. -
Rotenone-Induced Inner Retinal Degeneration Via Presynaptic
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Rotenone-induced inner retinal degeneration via presynaptic activation of voltage-dependent sodium and L-type calcium channels in rats Masaaki Sasaoka, Takashi Ota & Masaaki Kageyama* Rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, causes retinal degeneration via unknown mechanisms. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its action, we further characterized a rat model of rotenone- induced retinal degeneration. Intravitreal injection of rotenone (2 nmol/eye) damaged mainly the inner retinal layers, including cell loss in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers, which were very similar to those induced by 10 nmol/eye N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). These morphological changes were accompanied by the reduced b-wave amplitude of electroretinogram, and increased immunostaining of 2,4-dinitrophenyl, an oxidative stress marker. Rotenone also downregulated expression of neuroflament light-chain gene (Nf) as a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) marker. This efect was prevented by simultaneous injection of rotenone with antioxidants or NMDA receptor antagonists. More importantly, voltage-dependent sodium and L-type calcium channel blockers and intracellular calcium signaling modulators remarkably suppressed rotenone-induced Nf downregulation, whereas none of these agents modifed NMDA-induced Nf downregulation. These results suggest that rotenone-induced inner retinal degeneration stems from indirect postsynaptic NMDA stimulation that is triggered by oxidative stress-mediated presynaptic intracellular calcium signaling via activation of voltage-dependent sodium and L-type calcium channels. Rotenone is a naturally occurring and broad-spectrum pesticide that inhibits the activity of NADH dehydroge- nase in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I1. Because of this unique biological activity, rotenone has been used as a versatile tool to study involvement of mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress in neuronal cell death. -
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Italian, Iranian and Spanish Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) Accessions
Torricelli et al.: Morphological and molecular characterization of Italian, Iranian and Spanish saffron - 1875 - MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ITALIAN, IRANIAN AND SPANISH SAFFRON (CROCUS SATIVUS L.) ACCESSIONS TORRICELLI, R.1 – YOUSEFI JAVAN, I.2* – ALBERTINI, E.3 – VENANZONI, R.3 – HOSSEINZADEH, Y. G.3 1Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia Borgo XX, Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy 2Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran (ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6906-8626; phone: +98-51-51240177) 3Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] (Received 27th Oct 2018; accepted 11th Jan 2019) Abstract. The use of saffron dates back to ancient times. It is commonly used in medicine, as well as the function of dye and spice in the food industry. The oldest documents about the edible use of saffron are recorded by Polyen (in the 2nd century BC), a Greek military writer who, in his graduation thesis entitled “Stratagemes” reports a list of foods consumed by the court of the Persian Achemenide dynasty (550-330 BC), which had been carved on a bronze column in front of the kitchen (Abrishami, 2004). Its cost is variable according to the production vintage and drying methodologies, it can reach up to 20,000 euros per kilo. The reason for the very limited genetic diversity in cultivated saffron is explained by its asexual mode of reproduction. The AFLP technique could be a good choice to investigate the genetic diversity because of its high-multiplex-ratio which allows detecting differences even between samples sharing most of the genetic material, and it is still one of the most used tools for the molecular characterization of genetic variability in cultivated plants. -
Saffron Value Chains
A13 Saba Naeli Luigi Orsi SaVron Value Chains Insights from Iran Aracne editrice www.aracneeditrice.it [email protected] Copyright © MMXX Gioacchino Onorati editore S.r.l. – unipersonale www.gioacchinoonoratieditore.it [email protected] via Vittorio Veneto, 20 00020 Canterano (RM) (06) 45551463 isbn 978-88-255-3415-3 No part of this book may be reproduced by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche, or any other means, without publisher’s authorization. Ist edition: June 2020 Contents 11 Abstract 13 Introduction 15 Chapter I The Importance of the Global Value Chain 1.1. Picture of SaVron Products, 16 – 1.1.1. Application and Usage of Saf- fron, 16 – 1.1.2. The Increasing Importance in Health Sector , 17 – 1.2. Global Trade in the SaVron Value Chain and Lead Players, 18 – 1.2.1. Major Ex- porter, 18 – 1.2.2. Major Importer, 20 – 1.2.3. Lead Players and Their Market Dynamics, 20 – 1.3. SaVron Key Global Trends, 24 – 1.4. SaVron Value Chain Development in Iran, 25. 31 Chapter II Global Value Chain Conceptual Framework 2.1. Input–Output Structure, 31 – 2.2. The Geographic Scope, 32 – 2.3. Trans- actions and Transaction Costs, 32 – 2.4. The Governance of the Value Chain, 32 – 2.5. Transaction Costs and Governance, 34 – 2.6. Deter- minants of Transaction Costs Analysis, 34 – 2.7. Market Power and Governance Structure, 35 – 2.8. Upgrading, 36 – 2.9. Local Institutional Context, 36 – 2.10. Stakeholders Analysis, 37. 39 Chapter III Research Setting and Methodological Approach 3.1. Data Collection, 40 – 3.2. Interview Structure, 40 – 3.2.1.