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Morphology and Sexual Dimorphism of the Jagor's Water Snake, Enhydris

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Morphology and Sexual Dimorphism of the Jagor's Water Snake, Enhydris MORPHOLOGY AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF THE JAGOR’S WATER SNAKE, Enhydris jagorii AT BUNG KA LOH WETLAND, UTTARADIT PROVINCE, THAILAND Chattraphas Pongcharoen1,2, Harold K. Voris3, Anak Pattanavibool4 & Kumthorn Thirakhupt2* ABSTRACT The Jagor’s water snake, Enhydris jagorii is belonging to Family Homalopsidae is an endemic species restricted to the Chao Phraya - Ta Chin basin in the central plain of Thailand. This freshwater snake has been facing the population decline due to its freshwater habitats have been changed dramatically and disturbed by many human activities. In order to help protecting this little known endemic species from being threaten, the basic information regarding its biological aspects is needed. The aim of this research is to investigate the morphology and sexual dimorphism of this freshwater snake collected from Bung Ka Loh wetland located in the northern part of Chao Phraya - Ta Chin basin. In this study, 6 morphological characteristics were employed and measured and 5 characters of scale rows were counted and calculated from male and female specimens collected from this wetland during October, 2010 to August, 2012. The data of sexual dimorphism recorded in this study was the first report of this freshwater homalopsid species. The results indicated that females exhibited larger and heavier than males in term of overall body size and weight, but not tail length. Males showed the significant difference by longer in tail length at the same size of SVL than female one. Furthermore, morphological characteristics measurements were taken on neonates. This first attempt resulted in success in this study. This basic information is very important in term of setting up conservation and management procedures in order to help protecting this endemic species from threats by controling the mesh-size of trapping gill nets which is effected to population decline of Jagor’s water snake in its habitat in this wetland. Key words: Homalopsidae, morphology, scalation, sexual dimorphism, freshwater snake, Enhydris jagorii, neonate 1 Biological Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 3 Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA. 4 Department of Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand * Corresponding Author E-mail; [email protected] วารสารสัตว์ป่าเมืองไทย ปีที่ 22 ฉบับที่ 1 พ.ศ. 2558 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol. 22 No. 1, 2015 48 INTRODUCTION The Oriental-Australian rear-fanged water snakes were classified into Subfamily Homalopsinae in Family Colubridae but recent evidences on molecular phylogenetic analyses elevate this clade from subfamilies to familial status. They are opisthroglyphous and have venom glands with deeply grooved rear fangs for delivering hemotoxic and proteolytic venom to their prey. Therefore, 53 species of homalopsid snakes in 27 genera are classified into Family Homalopsidae, sister group to Family Colubridae and Elapidae. Homalopsid snakes are relatively small in length, snout-vented length (SVL) usually less than 1 meter. These snakes have a widely distribution range along northeast -southwest axis from Pakistan’s Indus river of Pakistan and Indian subcontinent across Southeast Asia upward to China and eastward to Micronesia and Queensland of Australia (Gyi, 1970; Cox, 1991; Murphy et al., 1999; Karns et al., 2005; Murphy & Voris, 2005; Fry et al., 2006; Murphy, 2007; Pongcharoen, 2008a,b ; Karns et al., 2010; Cox et al., 2013; Murphy & Voris, 2014). This monophyletic group is semi- aquatic snakes, primarily nocturnal and usually associated with mud substrates. They can be separated into 2 groups according to their different habitats which are marine and freshwater species. Marine species live in mangrove forests, tidal mudflats, near-shored coastal waters and estuarine habitats. They feed mainly on fish and crustaceans. Freshwater species are piscivorous but tadpoles and frogs were reported as prey items. This group of snakes can be found in ponds, wallows, canals, streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands and agricultural areas. According to lifestyle, they spend most of their life time in aquatic habitats. Homalopsid snakes are viviparous and distinguished from other snakes by a suite of shared anatomical characteristics related to their habitats including crescent-shaped valvular nostrils, relatively small and dorsally oriented eyes, tightly fitting rostral and labial scales and some have slightly compressed tails (Voris & Murphy, 2002; Murphy, 2007, Pongcharoen, 2008; Karns et al., 2010). Nevertheless, while the anatomy, taxonomy and geographic distribution of these snakes have been studied in certain aspects, few has been done on their natural history, consisting primarily of ecological notes and anecdotes. Hence, information on morphology, diets, reproduction and population biology are virtually unknown. (Murphy et al., 1999). Since the widespread of freshwater resources occur throughout Thailand, high biodiversity of aquatic fauna and flora are existed in this country, especially at the Chao Phraya - Ta Chin basin. Sixteen species in 10 genera of homalopsid snakes were reported from Thailand, of which 10 species in 5 genera live in freshwater habitats (Gyi, 1970; Cox, 1991; Karns et al., 2005; Murphy & Voris, 2005; Murphy, 2007; Pongcharoen, 2008; Karns et al., 2010; Cox et al., 2013; Murphy & Voris, 2014). These snakes are recognized as important indicator species serve for measured the health of environment and as important predators for maintaining biodiversity of the wetlands. They may comprise a significant proportion of the vertebrate biomass and occupy important role in trophic dynamics of wetland ecosystems in the Southeast Asia (Karns et al., 1999; Murphy, 2007; Karns et al., 2010). However, some freshwater homalopsid snakes have extremely restricted distribution and being endemic to specific drainage systems (Murphy, 2007). Information on natural history of these restricted species is usually poorly known and still unclear. For example, all of freshwater homalopsid snakes found in Thailand, the Jagor’s water snake, Enhydris jagorii is one of the excellent example for threatened species (Murphy, 2007) (Figure 1). According to Murphy & Voris (2014), This freshwater species belongs to the “Enhydris group” that includes a total of six species belonging to the genus Enhydris, a species which has been reported as an endemic species restricted to the Chao Phraya - Ta Chin basin inside the central plain of Thailand (Murphy, 2007; Karns et al., 2010; Cox et al., 2013; Murphy & Voris, 2014). Holotype of this freshwater snake was first described by Peters in 1863. Type locality of this species was documented as “Siam” which might be restricted to วารสารสัตว์ป่าเมืองไทย ปีที่ 22 ฉบับที่ 1 พ.ศ. 2558 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol. 22 No. 1, 2015 49 the vicinity of Bangkok, Thailand. Later in the 19th century, this freshwater snake was documented in some reports but there is confusion with other related species. The only information of this mysterious freshwater snake is its distribution which is widely scattered in literatures. Until Karns et al. (2010) updated the new localities of this freshwater homalopsid snake at the Bung Ka Loh wetland at Uttaradit Province (Figure 2). Unfortunately, a large area of this wetland is disturbed by many human activities. Uncontrolled fishery is the main problem affected to this freshwater snake population, as well as habitat change and destruction in this wetland. Trapping fish with various mesh-sizes of gill nets is one of the serious treats to population of this freshwater snake. In order to prevent the decline in this freshwater population, investigation on the basic information of this freshwater snake is necessary. In this study, morphology of the Jagor’s water snake, Enhydris jagorii is described based on specimens collected from this wetland. Morphological characteristics of males and females were investigated by taking measurements and calculations. Sexual dimorphism is also determined. Furthermore, information on morphological characteristics of neonates from gravid females is first described and reported in this study. a. 1 cm b. Figure 1 Photographs of the Jagor’s water snake, Enhydris jagorii, an endemic species in Chao Phraya - Ta Chin basin in the central plain of Thailand. (a.) whole body and (b.) head from side view. วารสารสัตว์ป่าเมืองไทย ปีที่ 22 ฉบับที่ 1 พ.ศ. 2558 Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol. 22 No. 1, 2015 50 a. b. Figure 2 Photographs of Bung ka Loh wetland, Pa Sao and Khung Taphao Subdistrict, Meuang District, Uttaradit Province, Thailand. (a.) Arial view of Bung Ka Loh wetland location, close to the 11th highway, Nan River and the downtown of Meuang Uttaradit (Google Earth, 2013) and (b.) Photograph of the wetland during preliminary survey in 2008. METHODOLOGY Investigation on morphology of the Jagor’s water snake, Enhydris jagorii was conducted at the Bung Ka Loh wetland in the period between October 2010 and August 2012 (for the duration of 23 months). Specimens were obtained from those that were regularly trapped in local fishermen’s fishing gears, including multiple size of gill nets and funnel traps. Fish traps were regularly set and checked for everyday by local fishermen during the period of investigation. Collected specimens (dead or live) from fish traps were
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