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Thesis.Pdf (11.86Mb) Faculty of Science and Technology Neoglacial plateau ice cap behaviour in Central Spitsbergen constrained by subglacially preserved vegetation. Amélie Roche Master’s thesis in Geology - GEO-3900 June 2021 Abstract Cold-based glacial ice is well known to preserve underlying landforms produced by earlier processes but can also preserve pre-existing organic material and vegetated ground. With current rapid climate warming, overall glacier retreat in the Arctic is exposing formerly ice-buried in situ vegetation at the margin of cold-based ice bodies. Radiocarbon dating of this vegetation constrains the timing of advance of ice over the specific location where the vegetation was collected. Widespread sampling, identification, and dating of vegetation emerging from various ice bodies can permit the reconstruction of the conditions and timing of the latest ice advance in a specific region. While this method has been used in a range of places in the North American Arctic, its application elsewhere has hitherto been limited. Here 11 samples of in situ preserved bryophyte patches from the margins of three plateau ice caps are presented: Bassen, Foxfonna, and Frostisen, in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard. While it cannot be stated when their Neoglacial ice growth initiated, we found that Bassen was already advancing between 2.2 and 1.5 cal. ka BP, and Foxfonna and Frostisen between 1.5 and 1.2 cal. ka BP, the ice caps being as large as today already before these periods, implying an earlier onset of the Neoglaciation. All available published data in relation to vegetation buried by glaciers in Svalbard were gathered within the VEGLAS database allowing for a wider comprehension of neoglacial advances in Svalbard. Two main advance phases are identified in this dataset. A first advance between 1650 and 1150 BP, corresponding to the Dark Ages Cold Period, and a second advance between 850 and 500 BP, corresponding to the first half of the Little Ice Age. A high frequency of ice caps not behaving according to these general ice advance phases has been observed, revealing the existence of an unexpected disparity in glacial dynamics for the ice caps present in Svalbard. Reconstructing constraining ages on the timing and style of Late Holocene glacier readvances enables a clearer understanding of cold-based ice cap responses to climate change and can therefore contribute in developing more nuanced projections for future ice caps behaviour. i Acknowledgements While finalizing this master thesis, I take measure of the number of people that have been assisting me with different aspects of my work during the past year. I am grateful for all your help and consequently would like to acknowledge: Mark Furze for your guidance and supervision before and during my thesis. I don’t have the words to say how thankful I am for everything you did to help me! Anders Schomacker for your supervision and your valuable comments on the manuscript. Jóhanna, Tenna, Mark, Marjolein and Andy for unfailing assistance during long and challenging field days. Charlie, Audun and Sara Mollie for remarkable boat driving while dropping off, picking up (or attempting to) and rescuing the desperate, wet, and exhausted field team in challenging weather and sea conditions. Thanks for not letting us sleep out there! Simone Lang for thorough work with species identification of the mosses, lichens and angiosperms collected in the field, and Matthias Ahrens as he helped with identifying the most difficult ones. Sönke Szidat, from the Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS of the University of Bern, Switzerland, for your collaboration to the project and the realization of all the radiocarbon measurements. Wesley Farnsworth for providing the GPS track from 2015 for the ice margin position of Bassen ice cap and for your attempt to supply additional samples to the study. Andy Hodson for providing the two samples collected in 2019 at Foxfonna. Marjolein Gevers for being by my side while we were both going through the long process of writing our respective theses. Joe Buckby for your helpfulness and your comments on the manuscript. Erik S. Manerfelt for interesting long-distance discussions about my results, though I miss the face to face ones that we used to have in pre-corona times. Covid-19 for greatly limiting everything that I could have been doing besides working on my thesis during the past year, therefore making me very dedicated to my task. The Department of Arctic Geology of the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) and the Research Council of Norway (Svalbard Science Forum). This project would not have been possible without the funding they allocated me (Arctic Field Grant ES668276). And last but not least, thanks to my friends Mari, Charlie, Marie, Elise and Jessica for your support and help with making my life easier during the final phase of this thesis, even when not aware of doing so. ii Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 Background and theory ...................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction to Svalbard geology and geography ........................................................ 5 2.2 Svalbard glacier cover extent and climate history since the Last Glacial Maximum .... 6 2.2.1 From the Last Glacial Maximum to the beginning of the Holocene ..................... 6 2.2.2 Early Holocene (11.7 – 8.2 ka BP) and Holocene Thermal Maximum ................... 6 2.2.3 Mid-Holocene (8.2 – 4.2 ka BP) and Holocene Glacial Minimum ......................... 8 2.2.4 Late Holocene (4.2 ka BP – Present day) and Holocene Glacial Maximum .......... 9 2.2.5 Present day climate evolution ............................................................................ 11 2.3 Ice-buried vegetation ................................................................................................. 13 2.3.1 Cold ice, an exceptional landscape preservation material ................................. 13 2.3.2 Multidisciplinary importance of artefacts and organic remains exposed by the ongoing melt of glaciers and ice patches .......................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Ice advance timing constrained by dating of formerly ice-buried vegetation .... 16 2.3.4 Moss “superpowers”: Cryptobiosis, Totipotency and Poikilohydrie ................... 17 2.4 Study area .................................................................................................................. 19 2.4.1 Neoglacial snowline descent timing in Svalbard ................................................. 19 2.4.2 Bassen ................................................................................................................. 20 2.4.3 Foxfonna ............................................................................................................. 20 2.4.4 Frostisen South Basin.......................................................................................... 20 3 Methods ........................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Site selection .............................................................................................................. 21 3.2 Fieldwork.................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.1 Sampling ............................................................................................................. 21 3.2.2 Sample storage and conservation ...................................................................... 22 3.3 Lab work ..................................................................................................................... 22 3.3.1 Species identification and abundance quantification ......................................... 22 3.3.2 Choice of the material to date ............................................................................ 23 3.3.3 Sample preparation ............................................................................................ 23 iii 3.3.4 Radiocarbon dating ............................................................................................. 23 3.3.4.1 The formation of ¹⁴퐶 ................................................................................... 24 3.3.4.2 The radiocarbon dating method .................................................................. 25 3.3.4.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) ........................................................ 26 3.3.4.4 Calibration ................................................................................................... 26 3.4 Ice retreat mapping ................................................................................................... 28 3.4.1 Ice marginal positions ......................................................................................... 28 3.4.1.1 Bassen ......................................................................................................... 28 3.4.1.2 Frostisen ...................................................................................................... 28 3.4.1.3 Foxfonna ...................................................................................................... 28 3.4.2 Retreat and area loss rates and ice cap survival estimates ................................ 29 3.5 Database ...................................................................................................................
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