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Timeline: Indian History

7500 BC : Civilization at Gulf of Khambar 320-335 : Reign of Chandragupta-I. 2500-1500 BC: Indus Valley Civilisation. 335-380 : Reign of known as Indian 2000-1500: arrive from central Asia. Napoleon. 380-414 : Reign of Chandragupta II (). 1500-1000: The Early Vedic Age – . 405-411 : The visit of the Chinese pilgrim Fa-hien 1000-500: Later - , to . and , 500-527 : Rule of Huns over . , , , early 606-647 : Vardhana of Kanauj. Hiuen-Tsang and . visited India (AD 630-644). 563-483 : – born at Lumbini 500-757 : First of Vatapi (Nepal); attainment of knowledge – 630 : Harsha's clash with PulakesinII Bodh Gaya (); first sermon – 973-1190 : Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani , near (UP); – Kusinagar (Gorakhpur, ). 760-1142 : Palas of Eastern India. 985-1014 : Reign of Rajaraja, the Great. Starts a 540-468 : – born at Kundagrama near great land survey (AD 1000). Vaishali (Bihar) and nirvana at Pavapuri (, Bihar). 1014-1044 : Reign of Rajendra Chola. Naval cam- paign against Sri Vijaya kingdom. 492-460 : Rule of Ajatasatru, son of Bimbisara, 788-820 : Sankaracharya and his philosophy of king of . Advaita. 364-321 : Rule of Nandas of Magadha 712 : Arabs occupy Sindh. 326 : of India by Alexander Battle 871-1173 : Imperial cholas of Tanjore. of Hydaspes. 916-1203 : Construction of Khajuraho Temples. 322-298 : Reign of , the 1000-1027: Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni. founder of the Mauryan dynasty. 1191 : Prithviraj III, defeated Muhammad Ghori 273-232 : Reign of , son of Bindusara in the first battle of Tarain . 261 : Kalinga war. 1192 : Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj in 257 : Asoka's conversion to Budhism by theSecond Battle of Tarain in 1192. Upagupta. 1206 : Foundation of the Sultanate of Delhi by 250 : Third Buddhist council at Qutub-ud-din Aibak. 90 : invade India. 1210 : Death of Qutub-ud-din Aibak. 58 : The Vikrama Samvat (vikram era) intro- 1210-1236: Reign of Iltutmish. duced by King Vikramaditya of . 1221 : Mongol invasion under Chenghis Khan. 20-46 AD : Gondophernes, the king of Indo- 1231 : Iltumish completed the construction of Parthians. Qutub Minar at Delhi. 78 : Accession of , The era begins. 1236-1240: Reign of Empress Raziya, daughter of Iltutmish, the first and last woman ruler 100-300 : The Sangam Age in . of . 50 BC-250 AD : in the Deccan. 1266-1287: Reign of Sultan Balban.

36 3 1288-1293: Visit of Marco Polo in India. 1540 : Humayun’s defeat near Kanauj. 1290-1296 : Sultan Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khalji, founder 1542 : Birth of Akbar. of the . 1545 : Battle of Kalinjar. 1296 : Alauddin Khalji invades Devagiri. 1545 : Death of Sher Shah. 1296-1316: Reign of Sultan Alauddin Khalji. 1555 : Battle of Sirhind. Sikandur Suri was de- 1309-1311: Malik Kafur's expedition into South India. feated by Humayun, Humayun recov- 1320-1325: Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (Ghazi Malik), ers the throne of Delhi. founder of the . 1556 : Death of Humayun and accession of 1325-1351: Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. Transferred Akbar. Second Battle of Panipat. the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad- 1556-1605: Akbar's reign. 1327. Issue of token currency – 1329. 1564 : Abolition of Jezyah. 1333 : Ibn Batuta arrives in India. 1565 : Battle of Talikota Vijayanagar destroyed. 1351-1388: Sultan Firuz Tughlaq. 1571 : Foundation of Fatehpur Sikri. 1398 : Invasion of Timur during the reign of 1576 : Battle of Haldighati and defeat of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Maharana Pratap. 1414-1451: Reign of Sayyid dynasty. 1579 : Infalliability decree issued by Akbar. 1420 : Visit of Nicolo Conti. 1581 : Din-i-Ilahi promulgated by Akbar. 1451-1526: Bahlul Lodhi (1451-89), Sikandar Lodhi 1600 : Deccan expedition and siege of (1489-1517), and Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-26) Ahmadnagar 1526 : The first Battle of Panipat (1526) Babur : Charter to British . defeats Ibrahim Lodhi. 1605 : Death of Akbar and accession of 1336 : Foundation of the empire of Vijayanagar Jahangir. by Harihara and Bukka 1605-1627: Reign of Jahangir. 1438-1468: Reign of Rana kumbha in Mewar. 1609 : William Hawking visited Jahangir. 1509-1530: Reign of Krishnadeva Raya, the great- 1615 : Sir Thomas Roe in the court of Jahangir. est king of Vijayanagar. 1627 : Death of Jahangir. 1565 : Battle of Talikota, decline of the empire 1628 : Shah Jahan proclaimed Emperor. of Vijayanagar. 1631 : Death of Mumtaz Mahal. 1346 : Foundation of the Bahmani kingdom by 1636 : Treaties with Bijapur and Golcunda. Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah (1347- 1658 : Coronation of Aurangzeb. 1358). 1498 : Vasco da Gama arrives at Calicut 1659 : Murder of Afzal Khan by Shivaji. 1663 : Death of Mir Jumla. 1505 : De Almeida, the first Viceroy of Portuguese in India : Attack on Poona by Shivaji. 1510 : Conquest of Goa from the Adilshahi Sul- : Shaista Khan appointed Governor of Ben- tan of Bijapur – 1510. gal. 1526 : Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodhi at the first 1665 : Conclusion of the treaty of Purandhar - battle of Panipat. Formation of Mughal signed between Sivaji and Jai Singh. empire. 1666 : Death of Shah Jahan. 1527 : Battle of Khanwa. Babur defeats Rana 1674 : Sivaji's Coronation and assumption of Sanga of Mewar. the title of Chatrapati. 1530 : Accession of Humayun. 1675 : Execution of Tegh Bahadur. 1538 : Death of . 1679 : Jeziah imposed on the by 1539 : Sher Shah defeats Humayun at Chausa Aurangzeb. and assumes . 1680 : Death of Sivaji.

36 4 1686 : Conquest of Bijapur by Aurangzeb. : Pitt’s Act passed, Setting up Board of Con- 1687 : Golconda annexed to the . trol for East India Company. 1707 : Death of Aurangzeb at Ahmadnagar. : Asiatic Society of founded by Sir 1739 : Invasion of Nadirshah. William Jones. 1740-1761: Peshwaship of Balaji Baji Rao (Nana 1786-93 : Lord Cornwalis, Governor-General. Saheb). 1790-92 : Third Mysore War. 1746-48 : First Carnatic war. 1792 : Treaty of Srirangapatnam signed be- 1748-54 : Second Carnatic war. tween Tipu and English. 1756-63 : Third Carnatic war. 1793-98 : Sir John Shore, Governor-General. 1757 : . 1793 : The Permanent Zamindari Settlement of 1760 : Battle of Wandiwash. Bengal. 1761 : Third Battle of Panipat: The Marathas 1798 : Lord Wellesley as Governor-General and defeated by the combined troops of brought subsidiary alliance. Ahmad Shah Abdali; the Mughals, and 1799 : Fourth Mysore War. Fall of Srirangapat- other Muslim chiefs of India. nam. Death of Tipu. 1764 : Battle of Buxar. The English defeat Shah 1800 : Establishment of the College of Fort Will- Alam, Shuja-ud-daulah and . iam. 1765 : Grant of the ‘Diwani’ of Bengal, Bihar, 1802 : The Treaty of Bassein between Peshwa and Orissa to the East India Company and English. by Shah Alam II under Treaty of 1803 : Occupation of Delhi by Lord Lake. Allahabad. 1803-05 : Second Anglo-Maratha War. : Clive, Company’s Governor in Bengal. 1807-13 : Lord Minto as Governor-General. 1765-72 : Dual of Bengal. 1809 : Treaty of Amritsar- and Brit- 1767-69 : The First Anglo Mysore War. ish sign treaty of perpetual amity. 1770 : The Great Bengal Famine. 1813-23 : Lord Hastings as Governor-General. 1771 : Marathas occupy Delhi and restore Shah 1814-16 : Anglo-Gurkha War. Alam who was till then under English 1817-18 : Pindari War – Peshwa defeated at protection at Allahabad. Kirkee. 1772-73 : as Governor of Bengal. 1818-19 : Last Anglo-Maratha War. : Abolition of Dual Government of Bengal 1823-28 : Lord Amherst Governor-General. (1772). 1824-26 : First Burmese War. 1773 : The Regulating Act was passed, bring- 1828-35 : Lord William Bentinck as Governor- ing the company partially under General. Parliament’s control and the Presidencies 1829 : Prohibition of . under Calcutta’s control. 1829-37 : Suppression of Thuggee. 1773-85 : Warren Hastings Governor-General. 1833 : Renewal of Company’s charter. Abolition : Establishment of Supreme Court, of the Company’s trading rights. Calcutta. 1835-36 : Sir Charles Metcalf Governor-General. 1775-82 : The First Anglo-Maratha War. 1835 : Macaulay’s Education Resolution. English 1776 : Treaty of Purandar made official language instead of Per- 1780-84 : Second Mysore War. sian. 1783 : Fox’s India Bills give more powers to Par- 1835 : Foundation of Calcutta Medical College. liament and to the Governor-General. 1836-1842: Lord Auckland as Governor-General. 1784 : Treaty of Mangalore between Tipu and the 1839 : Death of Ranjit Singh. English. 1842-44 : Lord Ellenborough as Governor-General.

36 5 1844-48 : Lord Hardinge as Governor-General. 1883-84 : Ilbert Bill controversy. 1845-46 : First Anglo-Sikh War. Treaty of Lahore. 1884-88 : Lord Dufferin Viceroy. 1848-49 : Second Anglo-Sikh War. Defeat of Sikhs 1885 : First session of the Indian National Con- and annexation of the . gress held at Bombay. : Opening of a Hindu Girls’ School in Cal- 1887 : Queen Victoria's Jubilee. cutta by Bethune. 1888-93 : Lord Landsdowne Viceroy. 1848-56 : Lord Dalhousie as Governor-General. 1892 : Indian Councils Act. 1852 : Second Anglo-Burmese War. 1894-99 : Lord Elgin II Viceroy. 1853 : Railway opened from Bombay to Thana. 1896 : Mission founded. Telegraph line from Calcutta to Agra. 1899-1905: Lord Curzon Viceroy. 1854 : Charles Wood’s despatch on Education. 1905 : Partition of Bengal. 1855 : Santhal insurrection in Bihar. 1905-10 : Lord Minto II Viceroy. 1856 : Annexation of Awadh. Indian Univer- 1906 : Muslim League formed at Dacca. sity Act. Hindu Widow’s Remarriage 1907 : Surat Congress, moderates-extremists Act. clash. 1856-58 : Lord Canning – Governor-General. 1908 : Newspapers Act. Tilak convicted of sedi- 1857-58 : Revolt of 1857. Revolt at Meerut begins tion. on May 10, 1857. 1909 : Morley-Minto Reforms. 1858 : British India placed under the direct gov- : Indian Councils Act passed. ernment of the Crown. Queen Victoria’s 1910-16 : Lord Hardinge II Viceroy. Proclamation. 1911 : Delhi Durbar. 1858-62 : Lord Canning as Viceroy. : Partition of Bengal annulled. Census of In- 1861 : Indian Councils Act. dia. : Archaeological Survey of India set up. : Transfer of Capital to Delhi announced : Indian Civil Service Act. 1914 : Gandhi arrives in India. : Introduction of the Penal code. 1916 : Lucknow Pact of Indian National Con- 1862-63 : Lord Elgin as Viceroy. gress and All-India Muslim League. 1864-69 : Sir John Lawrence Viceroy. : Foundation of Women’s University at 1865 : Telegraphic communication with Poona. opened. : The Home Rule League founded. 1869-72 : Lord Mayo as Viceroy. 1916-21 : Lord Chelmsford as Viceroy. 1875 : Visit of the Prince of Wales. 1919 : Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. : founded by Swami : Rowlatt Act passed. Dayananda. : Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar 1877 : Lord Lytton held Durbar at Delhi where (April 13). Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress 1920 : Khilafat Movement and Non Co-opera- of India. tion Movement. 1878 : Vernacular Press Act. 1921 : Moplah Rebellion and Wagon Tragedy. 1879 : Theosophical Society at Adayar, (was 1921-26 : Lord Reading Viceroy. set up) Madras. 1921 : Harappa excavations begin. 1880-84 : Lord Ripon as Viceroy. 1922 : Mohenjodaro excavations begin. 1881 : Factory Act. : Chauri Chaura incident. 1883 : Indian National Conference held in 1923 : Swarajists in Indian Councils. Calcutta. 1926-31 : Lord Irwin Viceroy.

36 6 1927 : Appointment of Simon Commission. 1947 : Announcement of Lord Mountbatten’s 1928 : Simon Commission comes to India. plan for (June 3). : Death of Lala Lajpat Rai following po- : Indian Independence Act passed (July). lice assault. Nehru Report. : Creation of free India and on 1929 : Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt drops midnight of August 14/15, 1947 as do- bombs in the Legislative Assembly. minions. 1947-64 : Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister of In- : Congress on at Lahore de- dia. claring its objective of Poora Swaraj for 1948 : of India. (January 30). 1930 : Gandhiji’s Dandi March. Civil Disobedi- : Raja-gopalachari appointed first Indian ence Movement. Governor-General (June 21). 1930-31 : First Round Table Conference. 1949 : New Constitution of India adopted and 1931 : Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed. signed (November 26). : Second Round Table Conference. 1950 : India become a . New Consti- 1931-36 : Lord Wellingdon Viceroy. tution comes into force (January 26). 1932 : Third Round Table Conference. : Dr. Rajendra Prasad, first President of : Communal Award announced. Indian Republic. : Poona Pact signed. : Planning Commission was set up 1951 : Inauguration of First Five Year Plan. 1934 : Civil Disobedience Movement called off. 1952 : First General in India 1935 : Government of India Act, 1935 passed : National Development Council (NDC) by British Parliament. set up. 1936-44 : Lord Linlithgow Viceroy. : Family Planning is launched. 1937 : Inauguration of Provincial Autonomy. 1953 : Conquest of Mount Everest. Congress Ministries formed in seven out : University Grants Commission (UGC) is of eleven provinces. set up 1938 : Haripura session of the Congress. : CBI is set up 1939 : Second World War begins (September). : Formation of on 1940 : Pakistan resolution passed by Muslim linquiestic basis League at Lahore. 1954 : Chou En-lai, the Chinese Premier visits 1941 : Subhash Chandra Bose escapes from In- India. dia. : Panchashila signed between and In- dia. 1942 : Cripps comes to India with his propos- 1955 : Hindu Marriage Act and Indian Citizen- als in March. ship Act. : Congress rejects Cripps Proposal (11 1956 : Reorganisation of Indian States on lin- April). guistic basis : “Quit India” resolution passed by Con- : 2nd Five Year Plan launched. gress on August 8. : Nationalisation of companies. 1944-47 : Lord Wavell Viceroy. 1957 : Second General election. Introduction of 1944 : INA reaches Indian soil. decimal system of coinage. 1945 : Labour Government in Britain. INA sur- : National Calender based on Saka era renders to the British (May). First trial adopted. of INA men (November 5). 1959 : Dalai Lama reaches India for political 1946 : Cabinet Mission’s plans announced asylum, Indo-Chinese relations worsen. (June 16). : Panchayat Raj introduced in . 1947-48 : Lord Mountbatten Viceroy. 1961 : Goa, Daman and Diu liberated from Portu-

36 7 guese possession. to scale Mount Everest. : Arjuna Award introduced : Indira Gandhi assassinated 1962 : Indo-China War. : Rajiv Gandhi sworn in as new Prime 1964 : Death of Jawaharlal Nehru Minister. : Lal Bahadur Shastri becomes Prime Minis- : Bhopal Gas tragedy ter. 1985 : Centenary celebrations of Indian Na- 1965 : Indo-Pak War. tional Congress held. 1966 : Tashkent Declaration : Dhronachary Award instituted : Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri 1986 : Centre and Laldenga sign Mizo Accord. : Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister. 1987 : Frontier Gandhi, Khan Abdul Gaffar 1969 : First Nationalisation of 14 Banks. Khan given Bharat Ratna. First foreigner : First Dada Sahib Phalke Award was to get Bharatratna. given to Davika Rani 1988 : Bharat Ratna conferred on M.G. 1971 : Indo-Pak War Ramachandran. : Birth of . : Contingent of Indian Army flown to 1972 : Shimla Agreement between India and Maldives to help President Abdul Pakistan. Gayoom. 1973 : Project Tiger : Lok Sabha passes Constitutional 1974 : Underground nuclear explosion carried Amendment Bill reducing age out at Pokhran (May 18). from 21 to 18 years. 1975 : Emergency declared in the country. 1989 : V.P. Singh sworn in as seventh Prime : Aryabhatta goes to orbit. Minister with Lal as his Deputy. 1977 : Janata Party comes to power. 1990 : Nelson Mandela honoured with Bharat : Vajpayee address UNO in . Ratna. 1978 : Denomination of high value notes of Rs. : V.P. Singh resigns after losing vote of 1,000, Rs. 5,000 and Rs. 10,000 confidence in Lok Sabha. demonetised. : Chandra Shekhar is sworn as New Prime 1979 : Morarji Desai resigns as Prime Minister. Minister. : Charan Singh becomes Prime Minister. 1991 : Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated at Sriperum : Death of Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan. budur in . : Bhakara I launched : Bharat Ratna is conferred on Morarji Desai. 1980 : Mother Theresa gets Bharat Ratna. Rajiv Gandhi and Sardar Patel are awarded : Six more commercial banks nationalised. Bharat Ratna posthumously. 1981 : Apple was launched 1992 : Maulana Azad posthumously awarded : First Indian Antartic Expedition to Bharat Ratna. Qusim. Dakshin Gangothri, India’s first : Kar Sevaks demolished Babri Masjid in permanent station at Antartica was set up. 1993 : Battle tank “Arjun” inducted into Indian 1983 : Bharat Ratna posthumously awarded to Army. Vinoba Bhave. : Job Quota for OBC’s becomes operative. : INSAT-IB successfully launched. : Earth quake at Lathur, 1984 : Sqn. Ldr. Rakesh Sharma becomes first In- 1994 : Panchayati Raj Act becomes operational. dian cosmonaut to go into space. 1995 : Morarji Desai, dies. Bombay becomes : Bachendri Pal becomes first Indian woman . 1996 : Atal Behari Vajpayee becomes Prime

36 8 Minister on May 16 and resigns on May : Former Indian Air Force Chief, Arjan 28. Singh, is made the first ever marshal of : H.D. Deve Gowda becomes Prime Min- the IAF. ister on June 1. Madras becomes : A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 11th President Chennai. : Bhairon Singh Shekhawat is sworn in 1997 : Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C1) is the 12th Vice-President. launched from Sriharikota (Andhra : The first exclusive 1,060 kg. meteoro- Pradesh). logical satellite (METSAT) is success- : Roy bagged the 29th Booker fully launched from the Sriharikotta by Prize, PSLV. : Chawla became the first Indian- : Justice V.N. Khare is sworn in Chief Jus- born US woman to go into space. tice of India. 1998 : India’s second (May 11) and third (May 2003 : L.K. Advani is appointed Deputy Prime 13) nuclear explosion at Pokhran. Minister. : M.S. Subhalekshmi and Jaya Prakash : INSAT 3E, was launched (September 28) Narayan win Bharat Ratna. : Air Marshal T.M. Asthana is named the : Vajpayee becomes 12 Prime Minister first Commander-in-Chief of the Strate- of India. gic Forces Command. : Param 10000 India’s new super computer : The Prime Minister A.B. Vajpayee Chris- unveailed. tens METSAT, Kalpana I after Kalpana : Konkan Railway (760 km) inaugurated. Chawla. 1999 : INSAT 2E was launched on April 3 : Mehbooba Mufti takes over as president : PSLV-C2 launched IRS P4. of the Peoples Democratic Party thus be- : India becomes leading producer of milk coming the first woman to head a politi- in the world. cal party in J and K. : Amarthya Sen wins Bharat Ratna. : INS Talwar the Navy’s first stealth war- ship is inducted into western fleet. : India launched Operation Vijay to repel the Pak intruders from Kargil. : G. Madhavan Nair assumes office as Chairman, Space Commission and ISRO 2000 : Bill Clinton visits India. : The government constitutes the 17th : Lara of India becomes Miss Uni- Commission with Justice M. verse. Jayannatha Rao as Chairman. : Formation of the states of Chhattisgarh, : The LokSabha passes the POTA Jharkhand and Uttaranchal. Amendment Bill, 2003, providing for safe- : Karnam Malleswary wins bronze medal guard against misuse. in Sydney olympics. : Rajya Sabha passes dual citizenship bill. : Priyanka Chopra of India becomes Miss 2004 : India becomes the first developing coun- world. try to import LNG. 2001 : GSLV D1 launches GSAT. Indian parlia- : India wins its first ever test series in Pa- ment attacked. kistan. 2002 : Ms. Poornima Advani is appointed Chair- : Major Rajya Vardhan Singh Rathore gets person of the National Commission for the silver medal for India in shooting women. (double trap category) at the Olympic

36 9 Games. : The Government comes out with the first : EDUSAT - India’s first exclusive satel- ever Outcome Budget. lite for educational services, placed in : The trial-run, of the first Amritsar- Lahore orbit. service begins linking the two cities for : Tata Motors becomes the first company the first time nearly six decades. in the Indian engineering sector to list 2006 : India’s first rubber dam is installed across its securities on the New York Stock Ex- the Janjhavati river in Andhra Pradesh’s change. Vizianagaram district. : ’s Palakkad district collectorate is : Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy is the first in India to be totally computer- awarded the 2005 Sahitya Akademi ised. Award for English for her book of es- : The Mahatma Gandhi International says The Algebra of Infinite Justice. Peace Award to the former Botswana : The first-ever-Lahore- Amritsar bus ser- President Sir Ketimile Masire. : Over 80,000 people are killed following vice begins. an undersea earthquake off Sumatra in : The world’s longest rail is flagged off , over 19,000 people are killed from Bhilai steel plant. in India. : The President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, re- : ‘Lakshya’ pilotless target aircraft, test turns the Office of Profit Bill for recon- flown. sideration 2005 : Cabinet decided to offer dual citizenship : A.P.J. Abdul Kalam becomes the first for all overseas Indians who migrated af- President to make a sortie in a combat ter January 26, 1950. aircraft after flying in a Sukhoi-30 MKT : President’s rule was imposed on Goa and after take off from Lahegaon airbase, the Assembly kept under suspended Pune. animation, even after the Pratapsingh : N. Gopalaswami takes over as the new Rane Government wins the trust vote. Chief Election Commissioner. : Tamil writer D. Jayakanthan is selected : The GSLV - FO2 launch from Sriharikota, for the 38th Jnanapith Award for 2002. Andhra Pradesh ends in failure after the He is the second Tamil author after P.V. vehicle crashes into the Bay of Bengal. Akhilandan to receive the honour. : Social activist Arvind Kajriwal is elected : Dandi March route (384 km) is declared for the 2006 Ramon Magsaysay Award a heritage path and the Prime Minister, in the Emergent Leadership category. Manmohan Singh, announces a Rs 10 : The President A.P.J Abdul Kalam, con- crore package for Sabarmati Gandhi fers the 39th Jnanapith Award on Ashram renovation, on the 75th anniver- Marathi writer Vinda Karandikar. sary day of the breaking of the salt act : Actor Shabana Azmi is chosen for the by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi International Peace Prize 2006. : India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle : The protection of women from Domestic PSLVC-6 is launched from the spaceport in Sriharikota, and it injects two satel- Violence Act 2006 comes into effect. lites CARTOSAT - 1 and HAMSAT into : The Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, their orbits. presents the 21st Indira Gandhi Prize for : The Lok Sabha passes the Right to in- National Integration to lyricist Javed formation Bill. Akhtar. : The Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, : Sri Lankan President, Mahinda launches the National Knowledge Com- Rajapaksa inaugurates the three - day mission. first Asian Mayor’s meet in Dehra Dun.

37 0 INDIAN HISTORY

Pre-Historic Period Banarjee. It is situated in the Larkhana district in Sind on the right bank of river Indus (Now in  The earliest traces of human existence in India so Pakistan) far discovered is between 4,00,000 and 2,00,000  The Great Granery, the Great Bath a piece of BC from Sohan valley (now in Pakistan) woven cotton, a beared man in steatite and a  Neolithic settlements in are bronze dancing girl are found from Mohanjedaro. not older than 4000 BC.  An assembly hall was also discovered from  Wheat and barley were the first cereals grown by Mohanjodaro. Indians.  The most important feature of Harappan  The name India was derived from the rivername civilisation was town planning and urbanism. Sindhu which is also known as Indus.  The word Mohanjedaro in Sindi language means  India was originally considered as a part of a larger ‘the mount of the dead’. area called Jambu-dvipa (The continent of Jambu  Mohanjodaro was believed to have destructed tree) by flood.  Krita, Treta, Dwapara and are the four ages  Harappans knew the art of growing cereals, wheat of traditional Hindu thought. and barley. Gulf of Cambut Culture  Banawali is situated in Hariyana.  Chanhudaro, discovered by N. Gopal Majundar  The Gulf of Cambut culture which was discov- and Mackey, is situated in Sind on the bank of ered recently from the Bay of Cambut in river Indus. dates back to 7500 BC.  Kalibangan, another famous Indus city discov-  This was found out by the National Institute of ered in 1953 by A Ghosh, is situated in Rajasthan Open Technology (NIOT). on the banks of River Ghaggar. Kalibangan stands Indus Valley Civilisation for black bangles.  Lothal, first man made port in the world and dock-  The Harappan culture spread over the whole of yard made of burnt bricks, was discovered in 1953 Sind, Baluchistan, almost the whole of Punjab, by S.R. Rao is situated in Gujarat on Bhogava northern Rajasthan, Kathiawar and Gujarat. river near Gulf of Cambay.  Harappa the first Indus site, was discovered by  Ropar is the site situated in Punjab on the banks Dayaram Sahni in 1921. It is situated in the prov- of river Sutlej. It was discovered in 1953 by ince of West Punjab, Montgeomery district in Pa- Y.D.Sharma. kistan.  Harappan people were the earliest people in the  Harappa is located on the bank of river Ravi. world to grow cotton and rice.  Mohanjedaro was excavated in 1922 by R.D.  People cultivated rice at Lothal and Rangpur and

37 1 barley at Benawali. river Indus, aridity of the area, or drying up of  Harappan people domesticated oxen, buffaloes, river Ghaggar, the invasion of Aryans are the sup- goats, camel, sheeps, domestic fowls and pigs. posed reasons for the decline of the civilisation Humped bulls were given special importance. towards 1500 BC. Horses were unknown to the Harappan people. Vedic Age  Indus people had trade contacts with Persian Gulf and .  Vedic Age is the period of Aryans in India from  The ancient name given to Indus region was 1500 - 500 BC. Meluha.  Most Probable Home of the Aryans is Central  Indus people used a gold - silver mixture called Asia. This theory is of Max Muller. Electrum.  The word literally means high born, but it  They used bronze and copper but iron was un- generally refers to language. known to them.  The word ‘Veda’ is derived from the word ‘vid’  Indus people were the first to use copper in India. which means knowledge.  Harappans used a system of weights and mea-  are the oldest literary works of mankind. sures based on 16 and its multiples. Vedas are four in number, they are Rig Veda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharva Veda. Rig veda  The chief male deity of the Indus people was is the oldest veda. Pasupati Mahadeva (Porto Siva).  Vedas are collectively known as Sruti  Their Chief female deity was the Mother Goddess.  are collectively known as  They also worshipped fire, pipal trees and Uni- corn.  Vedangas are six in number. They are,  Harappan script was Pictographic in nature, which Siksha - Phonetic has not been desciphered so far. -  Harappan seals were made of Terra - Cotta. - Grammar  Chess - like game of Harappans was called Sent. - Etymology  Indus Valley civilisation belongs to the Chhanda - Metrics and period dated between 3000 BC and Jyotisha - Astronomy 1500 BC. It is a Bronze Age civilisation or a proto  There are 1028 hymns in Rigveda. It is divided Historic civilisation. into ten (Chapters).  The largest number of Harappan sites in post in-  Rig Vedic Hymns sung by priests were called dependent India have been discovered from Hotris. Gujarat.  ‘Sruti’ literature belonged to the Sathyayuga,  Harappan civilisation extended from in the Smriti belonged to Treatayuga, belonged North to Narmada in the South and from Makran to Dwaparayuga and Thanthra literature belonged coast of Baluchistan in the West to Meerat in the to Kaliyuga. East.  Rigveda starts with the line ‘Agnimele Purohitam’  The Northern most point of Indus valley  Famous Gayatri is contained in the civilisation was Gumla in Jammu and the South- Rigveda (It is believed to have composed by ernmost was Daimbad. Vishwamitra)  Floods and Earthquakes, change in the course of  Yajurveda deals with sacrifices and .

37 2  Yajurvedic hymns are meant to be sung by priests  ‘Visah’ was a cluster of gramas. called ‘Adhavaryu’.  Important tribal assemblies of the Rig Vedic pe-  Yajurveda is derived into two: SuklaYajurveda riod were Sabha, Samiti, Vidhata and Gana. (White Yajurveda) and Yajur Veda (Black  The Aghanya mentioned in many passages of Yajurveda) Rigveda applies to cows.  Sama Veda deals with Music.  The Rigvedic religion was primitive animism.  Sama Vedic hymns are meant to be sung by priests  was the greatest God of Aryans and called Udgatri. occupied second position.  Atharva veda is a collection of spells and incan-  was God of water and was the Lord tations. is a part of Atharva Veda, which of dead. deals with medicine.  Savitri was a solar diety to whom the famous  The saying, ‘‘War begins in the minds of men’’ is is attributed to. from Atharva Veda.  Prithvi was Earth Godess.  The 10th of Rigveda contain the  The battle of ten kings mentioned in the Rig Veda Sukta hymn which tells about the ori- was fought on the division of water of river Ravi. gin of caste system. It was fought on the banks of River Ravi  Upanishads are 108 in number. Upanishads are (Purushni). philosophical works  Indra was known as Purandara.  Upanishads are known as the Jnanakantas of  The people called , during the Vedic period Vedas. were cattle breeders.  The words ‘Sathyameva Jayate’ have been taken  The Vedic God in charge of and moral order from ‘’ was Varuna.  Brahdaranya Upanishad was the first to give the  Indra Played the role of the Warlord. He is also doctrine of Transmigration of Soul and . considered as the rain god.  Puranas are the part of Smriti literature. They are  The two priests who played a major part during 18 in number 6 vishnupuranas, 6 sivapuranas and the Rig Vedic period were Vasishta and 6 Brahmapuranas. Visvamitra.  Bhagvata purana is divided into 18 skandas The 10th skanda mentions about the childhood of Sri Later Vedic Period Krishna.  The period assigned to Later Vedic Phase is 1000  Skanda purana is considered as the largest BC to 600 BC. purana.  Later Vedic people used particular type of pot-  Brahmapurana is also known as Adipurana. tery called Painted Grey Ware (PGW)  Adhyatma is included in the  The Later Vedic Aryans were familiar with two Brahmantapurana. seas, the and the Indian Ocean.  Cattle was the chief measure of wealth of the vedic  Rice became the staple diet of dur- period. ing the Later Vedic Period.  Rigvedic tribe was referred to as Jana .  The term ‘Rashtra’ which indicates territory first appeared in the later vedic period.  Many (vis) formed a tribe.  Mention of the word ‘Sudras’ - Rigveda (10th  The basic unit of society was kula or the family Mandala) and Kulapa was the head of the family.

37 3  Mention of the ‘’ is found in the  Each Tribal republic was headed by Ganapati or Atharvaveda. Jyeshtha.  Origin of Kingship is found in Aitareya  The Vedic Education system revealed through . ‘Frog Hymn’ in the Rigveda and ‘Wedding Hymn’  ‘’ was an intoxicating drink mentioned in describe the oldest marriage rituals. the 9th Mandala of the Rig Veda.  Max Mullar was the first person to speak of ‘Ary-  Mention of the word is found in Rigveda. ans’ as a race.  The fourfold division of the society is found in Epics the 10th Mandala of the Rigveda.  has two epics Ramayana and  Mention about the Varnashranadhrama is found in the Jabla Upanishad. .  Mahabharata was written by ‘’.Mahabharata  The Doctrine of is found in the Maitrayani Upanishad. is also known as Jayasamhita, Satasahasri and the fifth veda.  Mention about the origin of Universe is found in the Rig Veda (10th Mandala).  Mahabharata has 1,17,000 hymns in it.  Mahabharata is divided into 18 Purvas, an -  Purohita Senani and Vrajapati were the impor- tant functionaries who assisted the king in day- pendix is considered as 19th Purva. to-day administration.  12th Purva is the largest and 7th is the smallest.  The officer who enjoyed authority over the pas-  It describes the 18 days battle of . ture land was called Vrajapati.  Stories of Sakuntalam, Pralayam, Ramcharitam,  The king’s power increased during the Later Vedic Rishysringan, Satyavan Savitri,Nala and Period. Damayanthi etc are included in the Mahabharata.  First law giver of ancient India was . He  is the author of Ramayana. wrote ‘Manusmrithi’.  Ramayana has 24000 hymns and is divided into  Manusmrithi was translated into English by Wil- Seven Skandas (Kandas) liam Jones.  Bhagavatgita is included in the Bhishma Purva of  Shyma Shastri translated Arthasastra into En- Mahabharata. It is divided into 18 chapters and glish has about 700 hymns.  Bali was a tax, which the king used to collect from the people of the Vedic period.  Aryans used iron for the first time India.  Vardhamana Mahavira was believed to have born in 540 BC in Kundala Grama in Vaishali the capital  Horse, Iron, Sugarcane, Pulses etc reached India by the coming of Aryans. Six systems of  The God who occupied supreme position in the  Samkya ...... Sage Later Vedic Period was .  ...... was regarded as preserver and protector of the people.  ...... Kannada  The most important functionary who assisted the  ...... Akshapada (Gautama) Vedic king was Purohita.  and Shankaracharya.  Manarchy was the normal form of Government in  Mimamsa...... the vedic period.

37 4 of . Now it is in Mussafar district in Bihar.  ‘ Paramo ’ is the sacred hymn of  He belonged to Jnatrika . Jainism.  Ahimsa, , Asateya, Aparigriha and  Mahavira’s family was connected with the royal Brahmacharya are the five major principles of family of Magadha. Jainism.  The word ‘Jaina’ was originated from the word  Brahmacharya is the principle added by Mahavira. ‘Jina’ which means conqueror.  Mahavira taught the three Jewels of Jainism  Jainism speaks about 24 thinthankaras. Mahavira (Triratna) - Right Faith, Right Knowledge and was the 24th Thirthankara, who is considered as Right Conduct. the founder of Jainism.  The Jains repudiated the authority or infallibility  Rishabha was the first Thirthankara. Neminath of the vedas. The Jains rejected the concept of and Parswanatha were the 22nd and 23rd Universal soul or a supreme power as the creator Thirthankaras respectively. and sustainer of the Universe.  Bhagavatapurana, Vishnupurana, Vayupurana,  Jainism does not condemn the Varna system. etc mentions about Rishabhadeva. Mahavira believed that all individuals irrespec- tive of caste can strive for liberation through good  Sidhartha, ruler of Nandadynasty which ruled deeds and living. Kundalapuri, was the father of Vardhmana  First Jain council was held at Pataliputra in the Mahavira. fourth century BC under the leadership of  Mahavira’s mother was Trissala and Yasodha was Stulabahu. his wife.  Second Jain council was held at Vallabhipur in  Jameli was the daughter of Mahavira. third Century BC under the leadership of Aryaskandil Suri.  Mahavira is also known as ‘Vaishalia’ as he was born in Vaishali.  Third Jain council was held at Vallabhipur in Gujarat in 5th Century AD under the leadership  He got Kaivalya at the age of 42 under a Sal tree of Devardhi Kshamasramana. on the bank of river Rajpalika near Village  Jainism was divided into two sects Swetambaras Jimbhrikagrama. and Digambaras after the first Jain Council.  At first Mahavira followed the practice of an as-  Digambaras are sky-clad or naked and cetic group called Nirgrandhas , which earlier led swetambaras are clad in white. by Parswanath.  Gomateshwara statue is  Makhali Gosala was a companion of Mahavira. situated in Sravana Who later founded the Ajivika sect. belgola.  Mahavira attained Nirvana at the age of 72 at  ‘Syad Vada’ is a Jain phi- Pavapuri near Rajagriha in 468 BC. losophy of Knowledge.  Jains observe the day of his nirvana as Dipavali.  Kharavela of Kalinga gave patronage to  Gautama Indrabhuti is considered as his first Jainism. desciple.  Mahavir Jayanti and  Jain sacred texts are called . Rakshabandan are the  Jain texts were written under Bhadrabahu in BC festive occassions of Gomateshwara 296. Jainism.  Jain texts were written in the Prakrit language of  Temple on the Mount Abu in Rajasthan is a fa- Ardhamagadhi. mous centre of Jain worship.

37 5  Jain Temple at Sravanabelgola in Hassan district  Buddha made his first sermon after enlightenment in Mysore is known as ‘Kasi of the Jains’. at a deer park at Saranath in Uttar Pradesh. This  Names of Rishabhadeva and Arishtanemi are also incident is known as ‘Dharmachakra mentioned in the Rigveda. pravarthana’.  Chandragupta Maurya the founder of the  Buddha’s first teacher was Alara Kalama and sec- Mauryan Empire, abdicated the throne towards ond teacher Udraka Ramaputra. the end of his life, accepted Jainism reached  During his first sermon at Sarnath, Buddha de- Sravanabelgola and died there. scribed the ‘four noble ’ and the eight fold path.  Buddha made his sermons in Pali language and  Buddhism originated in the 6th century BC. the early Buddhist texts were also written in Pali  Gautama Buddha the founder of Buddhism was language. born in Lumbini in Kapilavasthu on the border of  Buddha died at the age of 80 in 483 BC at Nepal in 563 BC. Kushinagara in UP. This was known as Parinirvana. Buddha died by consuming poi-  Buddha’s mother soned meat or poisoned mushroom. Mahamaya died seven days after his birth. He  Last meals of Buddha was served by a blacksmith was brought up by his ‘Chunda’. aunt Mahaprajpati  His last words were All composite things decay, Gautami, hence he got strive diligently. the name ‘Gautama’.  Four noble truths of Buddhism are:  First Buddhist nun was life is full of misery, desire is the cause of mis- Gautami ery, killing desires would kill sorrows, Desire can be killed by following the eight-told path.  Budha’s birth place is Gautama Buddha  The eight fold path of Buddhism are: now known as Binla. Right Belief, Right Thought, Right Speech,  Budhas orginal name was Sidhartha.  Buddha belonged to the Sakhya clan of JAIN THIRTHANKARAS .  His father was Subhodhana. 1. Rishabhdev 13. Vimalnath  Buddha’s wife was Yasodhara and his son was 2. Ajitnath 14. Anandanath Rahulan. 3. Sambhavnath 15. Dharmanath  Four sights changed his mind and initiated him to 4. Abhinandan 16. Shantinath spiritual life they were death, old age, sadness 5. Sumitnath 17. Kunthunath and sufferings. 6. Padmaprabhu 18. Arnath  He left home at the age of 29 along with his chari- 7. Suparsavanath 19. Mallinath oteer Channa and favourite horse Kandaka. This 8. Suridhi 20. Munisuvrata incident is known as Mahanishkramana. 9. Chandraprabh 21. Neminath  Buddha got enlightenment at Bodha Gaya, on the banks of Niranjana river in Bihar at the Age of 35. 10. Sheetal Nath 22. Arishtanemi  After enlightenment Buddha came to be known 11. Shreyanshanath 23. Parshvanath as ‘thadhagatha’. He is also known as 12. Vasupujya 24. Mahavira ‘Sakhyamuni’.

37 6 Right Action, Right Living, Right Effort, Righ  Buddhist worshipping centre is known as Pagoda. Recollection, Right Meditation  Viharas are the Buddhist monastries.  Buddhism does not recognise the existence of  Vajrayana was a sect of Buddhism which believed God and Soul () in achieving salvation through and  Buddha accepted the traditional belief in transmi- spells. gration of the soul and law of Karma.  ‘Jataka stories’ describe the stories related to  The ‘three jewels’of Buddhism are – Buddha, the birth of Buddha. They are 500 in number. Dhamma and Sangha.  Holy book of Buddhism is Tripitika- Vinayapitika,  The first Buddhist council was held in 483 BC at Sattaparni (Rajagriha) under the presidentship Suddhapitika and Abhidhamapitika are collec- of Mahakashyapa and under the patronage of king tively known as Tripitika. Ajatasatru of Magadha..  Bimbisara of Magadha was a contemporary of  Vinayapitaka and Suddhapitaka were codified at Buddha. the first council.  Kanishka who worked to spread Buddhism like  Second Buddhist council was held in 383 BC at Ashoka is known a Second Ashoka. Vaishali under the presidentship of Sabhakami  Ashoka sent his son and daughter, Mahendra and under the patronage of king Kalashoka. and Sanghamitra to SriLanka to spread Bud-  At the second Buddhist council Buddhism was dhism. divided into two Staviravadins and  Sri Buddha is known as the ‘Light of Asia’ He Mahasankikas which later came to be known a was named as such by Edvin Arnold. Hinayana and respectively.  Edvin Arnold’s ‘Light of Asia’ was translated into  Third council of Buddhism was held in 250 BC at by Nalappad Narayanamenon. Pataliputhra under the presidentship of  Hinayanism is wide spread in Sri Lanka. Mogaliputta Tissa and under the patronage of  The Bodhi tree at Gaya was cut down by Sasanka, Ashoka the Great. a Bengal ruler.  Abhidhamma Pitika was codified at the third council.  The chief Buddhist monastery was at Nalanda,  At the third council decision was also taken to which was under the patronage of Pala kings. send missionaries to spread Buddhism.  Previous Buddhas are known as ‘Bodhisatvas’.  The fourth Buddhist council was held in the first  Milandapanho a book of Nagasena describes how century AD at Kundalavana in under Greek king Menandar accepted Buddhism. the President-ship of Vasumithra and Ashvagosha and under the patronage of Kanishka. Sangham Age  Clear division of Buddhism into Hinayana and Mahayana tookplace at the fourth council.  First five centuries of the Christian Era are com- monly known as Sangham Age.  Upagupta converted Ashoka to Buddhism.  Ashvagosha was the first biographer of Buddha 5 SYMBOLS OF BUDDHA who wrote Budhacharitam in . Birth ...... Lotus and Bull  Vasubandu is known as Second Buddha. Renunciation ...... Horse  Ashoka is known as the Constantine of Bud- Enlightenment ...... Bodhitree dhism. First Sermon ...... Dharma  Ashoka accepted Buddhism after the battle of Kalinga in BC 261. Nirvana (Death) ...... Foot prints

37 7  Sangham was an Assembly of literature held at  II and XIII rock edicts of Ashoka mention about Madhurai. the South Indian kingdoms.  References to the Sangham Age can be found in  Karikala most prominent among is the inscriptions of Ashoka, and Kharavela of known as the master of seven notes of music. Kalinga and in the of Megastenese.  ‘Bharatam’ was a Tamil version of Mahabharata  The literature of the Sangham Age was written sung by Perundevanar. mostly in the form of Poetry.  ‘Manimekhalai’ is looked upon as the Tamil Od-  In the Sangham Age, the most common form of yssey. government was hereditary . The vil-  Thirukkural is known as Tamil compiled lage was the fundamental unit of administration. by . His statue is seen near  Small village Assemblies during the Sangham Age Vivekanandappara in Kanyakumari. were known as Arai.  The greatest of the Chera rulers was  Tradition refers to three sangham lasting for 9,900 Senguttuvanchera also known as ‘Red Chera’.He years. built a temple for Kannaki.  Language of the Sangham literature was Tamil  The famous Chera port Muziris was a great cen-  People of the Sangham Age mainly worshiped tre of Indo-Roman Trade. ‘Murugan’.  The largest single tax collected during the Sangha  The greatest work of the Tamil literature of the period was the land tax called Karai. Sangham Age is Tholkappium written by Tholkappiyar.  The founder of later Cholas was Rajaraja I The most important ruler of this dynasty was Rajendra  Tholkappium is considered as the earliest sur- Chola. viving Tamil literary work. It is a book on Tamil grammar.  Rajendra Chola is also known as ‘Gagaikonda  The Capital of the Pandyas was at Madhurai. Chola’ He later named his capital as ‘Gangaikonda Cholapuram’.  Uraiyur was the capital of Cholas, known for cot- ton trade.  RajaRaja I built ‘Brihadeswara temple’ at Tanjore.  Vanchi was the capital of Cheras.  Cholas were well known for their naval supremacy  Silappadigaram, Manimegalai and and efficient village administration. Jeevakachintamani are the three epics of  The Utharameroor inscription tells about the lo- Sangham literature. cal self government under the cholas.  Korkai was the main seaport of the Pandyas.  Thirukkural of Thiruvalluvar is the Tamil work  Megastanese described Pandya Kingdom as which is known also as the fifth Veda. ‘Pearl’ as it was ruled by women.  Jivaka Chintamani the third epic of the Tamil was  Kaveripumpatnam was the main sea port of the written by Tirukkadevar. Cholas. FAMOUS ERAS  Silappatigaram as written by Ilango Adikal. It describes the love story of Kovalan and Kannaki Vikram Era ...... 58 BC  Nedujezhian is the Pandyan king mentioned in Saka Era ...... 78 AD Silapadigaram. Gupta Era ...... 320 AD  Satanar wrote ‘Manimekhalai’ which is also an Hijra Era ...... 622 AD epic and tells about the story of the daughter of Kannaki and Kovalan. Kollam Era ...... 825 AD  Manimekhalai gives reference about Buddhism. Illahi Era ...... 1583 AD

37 8  Roman king built a temple of at  Vasavadatta ...... Subandu Muziris.  Brihat Kathamanjari ...... Kshemendra Literary Activities in Ancient India  Kathasaritsagara ...... Somadeva  Panchathantra ...... Vishnusharma  Ashtadhyayi by Panini (5th C.BC) the earliest grammar book also called Bhagavati .  Hitopadesha ...... Narayan Pandit  Mahabhashya was written by Patanjali.  Kamasutra and Arya Manjushree ..... Vatsyayana  was a law book composed between  Pavandhoot ...... Dhoyi 200 BC and 200AD.  Swapna Vasavadatta ...... Bhasa  by Kautilya deals with statecrafts  Matavilasa Prahasana ...... is a major source of Mauryan administration.  Indica by ‘Megastenes’ is a source of Mauryan  Si-yu-ki ...... Hiuen Tsang society and administration.  Fo-kuoki ...... Fa-hien  Chandsutra was written by Pingala.  Panchasidhantika ...... Varahamihir  Buddhacharita by Aswaghosha is the earliest  Suryasidhantika and Aryabhatiyam.... Aryabhatta biography of Buddha. It was written in Pali lan- guage.  Nitisara ...... Kamandaka  Raghuvamsa by Kalidasa is an epic based on  Charak Samhita ...... Charaka Mahabharata.  Hastayurveda ...... Palkapya  Naishad Charita by Sri Harsha contains story of  Mitakshara ...... Vigneswara Nala and Damayanti.  Dayabhaga ...... Jimutavahana Drama  Sidhanta Siromani ...... Bhaskaracharya

 Natyashastra by Bharatamuni is the earliest  Nighantu ...... known work in Sanskrit.  ...... Vishakadatta  Malavikagnimithram, Vikramorvashiyan and  Prabhanda Chintamani ...... Meruthunga Abhinjana Syakuntalam are dramas written by  Geography of India ...... Ptolemy Kalidasa.  Brihat Kathakosh ...... Harisena  Ratnavali, Nagananda and Priyadarshika are dra-  Mrichakatika ...... Sudraka mas written by Harshavardhana.  Prithviraj Vijaya ...... Jayanak Lyric Poetry  Nala Vemba ...... Pugalendi  Meghadutam by Kalidasa Magadhan Empire  Srinagarashataka, Nitishataka and Vairagyasataka were written by Bhartrihari.  In the 6th century BC there originated 16 in North India  Gita Govinda was written by Jayadeva.  Four prominent royal dynasties stand out promi- Historical writing nently out of these . They were Haryankas of Magadha, the Ikshvakus of ,  Harshacharita - Written by Banabhatta the Pauravas of and the Pradyotas of .  Vikramamangadeva charita - written by Bilhana.  Haryanka is the name of a new dynasty founded in Magadha by Bimbisara. Prose Literature  Bimbisara founded the dynasty by defeating the Brihadrathas.  Dasakumaracharitam ...... Dandin

37 9  Bimbisara was a contemporary of Buddha.  Alexander died of Malaria at the age of 33 in 323  Magadha became a supreme power in North In- BC while he was in . dia under Ajatasatru. So Ajatasatru is consid-  Alexander was cremated at . ered as the founder of Magadhan Supremacy.  Alexander was known as Shehansha in Persia and  Pataliputra and Rajagriha were the capitals of Sikhandar-I-Asam in Indo-Pak region. Magadhan kingdom.  The Last general of Alexander in India was  Magadha falls in the Patna region of Bihar. Eudamas.  Haryankas were overthrown by Sisunaga and he founded the Sisunaga dynasty there.  Alexander’s first General in India was Selucus Nikator.  Kalasoka the son and successor of Sisunaga was succeeded by Mahapadma Nanda and he  Alexander IV succeeded Alexander as the founded the Nanda dynasty. Masedonian King.  Ajatasatru’s successor Udayin was the founder  Alexander’s teacher is considered as the of the city of Pataliputra. father of , Biology, Taxonomy and the Sci- ence of Logic. Persian Invasion Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC)  The Achaemenian king of Persia, Darius (522 - 486 BC) captured some territories the east of  Major sources for the study of Mauryan Empire Sindhu in 518 BC. are the Arthasastra of Kautilya and Indika of  The Persian domination over Indian territory . lasted upto 330 BC.  Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of  Xerxes was the persian ruler who enlisted Indi- Mauryan Empire. ans in his army.  Details about his early life are not available  The Kharoshti script was brought to India by  He is believed to have belonged to Moriya Clan, Persians. hence got the name Maurya.  It is also said that his mother was Mura a women Alexander’s Invasion of lower birth hence got the name Maurya.  Alexander was born in 356 BC as the son of King  In some texts he is referred to as Vrishala and II of Mascedonia. Kulahina.  or was Alexanders mother.  He conspired with (Kautilya or  Aristotle was Alexander’s teacher. Vishnugupta) the minister of Nanda to overthrew the last Nanda ruler DhanaNanda.  He became the king in 336 BC  Chandragupta Maurya ascended the throne in  He defeated the Persian ruler Darius III. BC 321.  Alexander founded the city of Alexandria in  He fought against Selucus in 305 BC. Selucus Egypt surrendered before him and sent an ambassador,  In 326 BC Alexander defeated Megasthenese to the court of Chandragupta (Purushothama) the ruler of Punjab and Captured Maurya. through the battle of Hydaspes on the  Chandragupta’s Governor Pushygupta con- banks of river Jhelum. structed the famous Sudarshana lake.  Ambhi the ruler of Taxila invited Alexander to In-  ChandraGupta Maurya was converted to Jainism, dia. abdicated the throne in favour of his son Bindusara, passed his last days at

38 0 Sravanabelagola (Near Mysore) where he died in adopted from the four lion capital of one of 298 BC. Ashokas pillars which is located in Saranath.  Chandragupa Maurya was responsible for the po-  Rock-cut architecture in India made a beginning litical unification of North India for the first time. during Ashoka’s reign.  Bindusara was a follower of Ajivika sect.  Brihadratha the last Mauryan ruler was killed by  Bindusara was known as Amitragatha. Pushyamitra Sunga who founded the Sunga Dy- nasty in 185 BC.  Ashoka ascended the throne in 273BC and ruled upto 232 BC.  Megasthenese the first foreign traveller to India mentions about the existence of seven castes in  He was known as ‘Devanampriya priyadarsi the India during the Mauryan period. beautiful one who was the beloved of Gods.  Stanika in Mauryan administration refers to tax  Maski and Gujara Edicts of Ashoka gave the collector. name Devanampriya Priyadarsi.  Buddhist tradition says Ashoka killed 99 of his Post Mauryan Period brothers to capture the throne.  Ashoka was the first king in Indian history who Sunga Dynasty (185-71 BC) had left his records engraved on stones.  Sunga Dynasty was founded by Pushyamitra  Ashokan inscriptions were written in Kharoshti Sunga the commander-in-chief of last Mauryan and Brahmi scripts. king, Brihadratha.  Ashoka fought the Kalinga war in 261 BC Kalinga  Kalidasa’s drama Malavikagnimitram is about the is in modern Orissa. love story of Pushyamitra’s son Agnimitra and  Ashokan inscriptions were deciphered by James Malavika. Princep.  Last ling of sunga dynasty was Devabhuti.  After the battle of Kalinga Ashoka became a Bud- dhist, being shocked by the horrors of the war. (72 BC - 27 BC)  Ashoka was initiated to Buddhism by Upagupta  Kanva dynasty was founded by Kanva or Nigrodha a disciple of Buddha. in 72 BC after defeating the last Sunga ruler  For the propagation of Buddhism Ashoka started Devabhuti. the institution of Dharmamahamatras.  The IV Major Rock Edict of Ashoka tells about  This dynasty ruled for a period of 45 years. the practice of Dharma  Vasudeva, Bhumimitra, and Susuman  The Major Rock Edict XII of Ahoka deals with were the rulers of Kanva dynasty. the conquest of Kalinga.  Ashoka held the third Buddhist council at his Cheta (Cheti) Dynasty of Kalinga capital Pataliputra in 250BC under the  The Cheti Dynasty was believed to have founded presidentship of Moggaliputa Tissa. by Maha Meghavahana  He sent his son and daughter to Sri Lanka for the spread of Buddhism (Mahendra and Sanghamitra)  The Hatigumbha inscription of Kharavela, of the  Ashoka spread Buddhism to SriLanka and Nepal. Important Mauryan Officers  He is known as the Constantine of Buddhism. Samaharta ...... Collector of Revenue  In his Kalinga Edict he mentions ‘‘All man are as my children’’. Sannidata ...... Head of Treasury Dandapala ...... Head of Police  Ceylones ruler Devanmpriya Tissa was Ashoka’s first convert to Buddhism. Pala ...... Head of Royal Fort Pradeshikas .... Head of District Administration  Ashoka ruled for 40 years and died in 232 BC. Prashasti ...... Head of Prisons  The emblem of the Indian Republic has been

38 1 Kalinga ruler gives details about the Chedis of Alauddin Khilji) Kalinga.  Indo-Greeks were the first to introduce military  Kharavela was a follower of Jainism. governorship in India. Satavahanas (235 BC - 100BC) The Parthians (19 - 45 AD)

 Satavahanas were the most powerful ruling dy-  Parthians also known as Pahalavas were Iranian nasty after the Mauryas. People.  Satavahanas were also known as Andhras.  Gondophernes was the greatest of the Parthian  Satavahanas were the Indian rulers who prefixed rulers. their mother’s name along with their names.  St. Thomas is said to have came to India for the  Most important Satavahana ruler was propagation of Christianity during the period of . Gondophernes.  Satavahanas were Brahmanas. The Sakas (90 BC - Ist AD)  Nagarjuna Konda and Amaravati in Andhrapradesh became important seats of Bud-  Sakas were also known as Scythians. dhist culture under the Satavahanas.  The first Saka king in India was Maues or Moga  The two common structures of Satavahanas were who established Saka power in . the temple called Chaitya and the monastery called  The most famous of the Saka rulers in Western Vihara. India was Rudra Daman I. His achievements are  Satavahanas mostly issued lead coins. highlighted in his Junagarh inscription written in 150 AD.  The official language of the Satavahanas was Prakrit  Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman was the first inscription in Sanskrit. Indo Greeks  Ujjayini was the capital of Rudradaman.  First to invade India were the Greeks who were Kushans called Indo-Greeks.  The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander  Kushans are also known as Yuch-chis or with his Capital at Sakala in Punjab (Modern Tocharians. Sialkot)  Kushans came to India from North Central Asia.  The Indo-Greeks were the first to issue gold coins  First great Kushana king was Kujala Kadphises in India. or Kadphises I.  The most famous  The introduction of Hellenistic art features into Kushana ruler was India were also the contribution of Indo-Greek rule. Kanishka.  Menander was converted into a Buddhist by Bud-  He became the ruler in 78 dhist monk Nagasena (Nagarjuna) AD and started Saka Era  Indo-Greeks were the first to issue coins bearing in 78 AD. the figure of kings.  The Capital of Kanishka  Demitrius, the king of Bacteria invaded India was Peshawar or Kanishka about 190BC. He is considered as Second Purushapura. Alexander (But the Indian ruler who accepted the  Kanishka convened the fourth Buddhist council name second Alexander (Sikandar-i-sani) was in Kashmir.

38 2  Scholars like, Parsva, , Ashvaghosha,  Sanskrit was the court language of the Guptas. Charaka and Nagarjuna were the courtiers of  India became ‘‘’’ under Samudra Kanishka. Gupta.  The Gandhara School of Art received royal pa-  Samudra Gupta was an accomplished Veena tronage under the Kushans. player.  Kanishka patronised Mahayana form of Bud- dhism.  Chandragupta II the greatest of Gupta rulers was popularly known as Vikramaditya.  Kanishka is righty called the ‘Second Ashoka’  Kanishka was the first king who inscribed the image of Lord Buddha on his coins. Historically Important Places  Kanishka started the Saka era in 78 AD. The first Ayodhya Birth place of Sri (UP) month of Saka era is Chaithra and the last month Amber Palace Rajasthan is Phalguna. Aghakhan Palace Pune (Maharashtra)  Vasudeva was the last great king of Kushana (Gandhi and Kasturba were Dynasty. kept in prison here)  Kushana school of art is also referred to as the Kedarnath Holy place of Hindus school. (Utharanchal) (320 - 540 AD) Amarnath Pilgrim centre (Kashmir) Near Mumbai  Gupta Empire was founded by Sri Gupta. Maharashtra - 34 cavetemples  was the second ruler. (Hindu, Buddha - Jaina)  Chandra Gupta I was the real founder of the Gupta Rajgir Jain Temple in Bihar Empire. He came to the throne in 320 AD. Golden Temple Amritsar - Harmandir Sahib of  He was the first ruler to adopt the title Sikhs Maharajadhiraja. Golgumbus Bijapur (Karnataka)  He laid the foundation of Gupta Era on 26 Febru- Tomb of Muhammed Adil Shah ary 320 AD. Tanjore Capital of Cholas -  Samudra Gupta succeeded in 335 Brihadveswara Temple AD. Charminar Hyderabad (Monument of Plague eradication)  The Allahabad Pillar inscription composed by Harisena contains information about Konark Temple Orissa ( Temple) Samudragupta’s conquests. Qutab Minar Delhi  Allahabad Pillar inscription is also known as Khajuraho Near Bhopal (M.P.) 80 temples ‘Prayagaprasasti’. Mahabalipuram Centre of Pallava architecture  Samudra Gupta is also known as ‘Linchchavi (Tamil Nadu) Dauhitra’’. (son of the daughter Kumaradevi of Kurukshetra Battle of Mahabarata (in Lichchavis) )  Samudra Gupta is described as ‘Indian Napoleon’ TajMahal Agra (UP) Built by Shah Jahan by V.A. Smith. Sanchi Buddhist Stupa (Madhya  Samudra Gupta composed ‘‘Vahukabita’’ and had Pradesh) the title ‘‘Kaviraja’’. Haridwar Holy Place of Hindus (Uttaranchal)

38 3  He adopted the title ‘Sakari’ after his victory over belonged to the Gupta period. Aryabhatta was Rudradaman II of Gujarat. the first to use Decimal System.  Fa hein, the Chinese traveller, visited India dur-  Panchsidhanta, Brihat Jataka, Laghu Jataka and ing his period. Brihat Samhita are the works of Varahamihira.  The exploits of Chandragupta II are glorified in  The best specimen of the Gupta paintings are seen an iron pillar inscription fixed near Qutub Minar. at Ajanta caves and the Bhaga caves.  Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya  The Gupta period marked the beginning of Indian as a mark of his victory over the Sakakshatraps. temple architecture.  ‘Nine gems’ or ‘Navratnas’ was a famous Scho-  Guptas issued large number of gold coins in In- lastic Assembly in the court of Chandragupta II. dia. The members in the Ninegems were - Kalidasa,  Guptas largely patronised art and architecture. Kadakarbhara, Kshapanaka, Varahmihira,  Guptas patronised the Gandhara school of art, , Vethalabhatta, Dhanvantari, Madhura School of Art and the Andhra School Ammarasimha, Sanku. of Art.  Chandragupta II was succeeded by his son  The Fresco paintings in the Ajanta caves are ex- . amples of the art of the Guptas.  Vikramaditya was the last great  The chief source of income was land revenue. ruler of Gupta Empire.  The position of women declined during the Gupta  Skandagupta Vikramaditya was the only hero in period. Asia and Europe who defeated the Hunas in their glorious period.  A renowned physician of the Gupta period was  Gupta was the last ruler who died in 570 Vaghbhatta AD.  Nalanda and Taxila were  Mantriparishad assisted the king in administra- the two universities of this tion. period.  Most important Industry of the Gupta period was  Kalidasa is generally textile. called ‘‘Indian  Period of the Gupta is compared to ‘Periclean Shakespeare’ and the Kalidasa Age of ’, ‘Augustan Age of ’ and ‘Prince of Indian Poets’. ‘Elzabethan Age of England’.  Period of the Guptas is considered as the Golden Books on Sciences Age in the . Chandra Vyakaran ......  Earlier Guptas had their capital at Prayag in Allahabad, later it was shifted to Ujjain by Amar Kosh ...... Amar Singh Chandragupta II. Niti ...... Kamandak  The most important officers in the Gupta empire Kamasutra ...... Vatsya yana were Kumaramatyas. Panchasiddhantika...... Varahamihira  The royal seal of the Guptas bore the emblem of Ashtanga Hridaya ...... Vaghbhatta Garuda. Hastyaurveda ...... Pulkapya  Aryabhatta was the first to treat Mathematics as Sankhyakarika ...... Iswarkrishna a separate subject. He wrote Aryabhattiyam. He

38 4  Patanjali founded ‘Yoga Shastra’, a school of  He made Kanauj his new capital from Taneswar. during this period.  Original name of Harsha was Siladitya.  Chinese traveller Hieun Tsang visited India dur- The Hunas ing his reign.  The Huns were a nomadic and barberic race of  Harsha summoned a religious assembly at Prayag. Central Asia.  Hieun Tsang said Indians were ‘‘Truthful people  They were defeated by Skanda Gupta. although quick tempered’’  In the last quarter of the 5th century AD, the  Harsha’s biography ‘Harsha Charita’ was writ- Hunas established an independent kingdom in ten by his court poet Banabhatta. He also wrote the Punjab. ‘Kadambari’.  Toramana and Mihirakula were important Huna  Harsha Vardhana was a poet and dramatist. leaders. Ratnavali, Priyadarshika and Nagananda are the  In 510 AD Bhanu Gupta defeated Toramana. works of Harshavardhana.  Narasimha Gupta defeated Mihirakula.  Harsha Vardhana was defeated by the Chalukyan  The Hunas gave rise to the Kshatriya Rajaputs. king Pulikeshin II in AD 634.  Sialkot was Mihirakula’s capital.  Harshavardhanas empire was the last Buddhist empire in India. The Maitrakas of Valabhi  After Harsha, the Karkotas of Kashmir established  They were of Iranian origin, they ruled Gujarat. their power.  Valabhi was their Capital.  Mahendravarman I and Pulikeshin II were the contemporaries of Harshavardhana.  Siladitya I (606 - 612 AD) was the first indepen- dent king of Maithrakas.  Matanga, Divakar, Jayasena and Bhartrihari were the famous scholars in the court of The Vakatakas (250-500 AD) Harshavadhana.  Harsha founded the Harsha Era in 606 AD.  The Vakatakas established their power in Deccan.  Their capital was Vidarbha. Chalukyas of Badami  The founder of the dynasty was Vindhyasakthi.  In 535 Pulikeshin I founded a small kingdom with  Vakatakas were . the Capital at Vatapipura (Modern Badami)  Vakatakas were later defeated by the Chalukyas  He was succeeded by Kirtivarman and of Badani. Mangaleshna. Harsha Vardhana (606 - 647AD)  Pulikeshin II was the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty.  The last Hindu Emperor of North India was  The greatest achievement of Pulikeshin II was Harshavardhana (Last Hindu king of Delhi was the defeat he inflicted on Harshavardhana. Prithviraj )  The Pallava king Narasimhavarman captured  Harshavardhana belonged to the Pushyabhuti Vatapi and adopted the title ‘Vatapikonda’. Dynasty, also known as Vardhana Dynasty.  Pulikeshin II defated the Pallavas and captured  The Pushyabhuti dynasty was founded by Kanchi. He also defeated Cheras, Cholas and Pushyabhuti. Pandyas.  Harsha came to power in 606 AD (Harsha Era)  Kirtivarman, the last ruler of this dynasty was defeated by the Rashtrakutas and the Chalukyan

38 5 Rashtrakutas

was founded by Dandidurga in 753 AD. With the capital at Manyakhed or Malkhed.  Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghavarsha I wrote ‘Kavirajamarga’ which is the earliest Kannada work on poetics. He also wrote Prasnottarmalika.  The Kailasanath Temple at Ellora was founded by the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna I. Elephanta caves  Krishna III (940 -968) was the last great ruler of Rashtrakuta dynasty. rule came to an end in 757 AD.  The Rashtrakuta power was overthrown by Thiala  The magnificient temples of Belur and Halebid II. and the Elephanta caves were constructed during the Chalukyan period. Pratiharas

 From the Chronological point of view Chalukyas  The Pratiharas are also called Gurjara - Pratiharas can be divided into four - belonging to the 36 clans of . The Chalukyas of Vatapi (535 - 642 AD)  The dynasty was founded by Nagabhatta I (725- The later Chalukyas of Vatapi (655 - 753 AD) 740) The of Vengi (615 - 1076)  Nagabhatta II made Kanauj his capital.  Pratihara ruler Mihir Bhoja adopted the title The Later Western Chalukyas of Kalyani (973- ‘Adivaraha’. 1190 AD)  Yashpal was the last ruler of this dynasty. Pallavas  Sulthan Muhammed of Ghazni entred Kanauj dur- ing the period of the Pratiharas.  was the founder of the Pallava dy- nasty. Palas  Narasimhavarman , a Pallava ruler, defeated Pulikeshin II and adopted the title Vatapikonda.  The was founded by Gopala in 750 AD.  was called Mahamalla which  Famous Odandapuri University was founded by meants a wrestler. Gopala.  The book Mattavilasa Prahasana was written by  The Vikramsila and Sompur Universities were Narashimvarman I. founded by the Pala king Dharmapala.  The Ratha temples at Mahabalipuram (Seven Pa-  The Pala power was destroyed by Vijayasena who godas) were created by Narasimhavarman I. founded the .  Dandin the author of Dasakumaracharitam, lived in the court of Narasimhavarman II. Senas

 Narasimhavarman II was the most important ruler  The Sena dynasty was founded by Vijayasena of the . towards to end of . (1093)  He founded Kailasanatha Temple and the Shore  Senas had a capital in Vikrampura and another Temple at Mahabalipuram. in Vijayapura.  About the middle of 13th century the senas were overthrown by the dynasty.

38 6  Jayadeva, the author of Gitagovinda was patron- Eminent Personalities of Ancient ized by Sena ruler Lakshmana Sena. India

Chauhans  Alexander : he was the ruler of Macedonia in Greece. He attacked India in 326 BC and captured  The four Agnikula Rajputs were the Pratiharas, Chau-hans the Solankis and Paramaras. upto river Bias.  had their capital at Ajmer and Delhi.  Ajatasatru : Son of Bimbisara. He established the city of Pataliputra.  Ajayaraya established the city of Ajayameru or Ajmer.  Arien : Greek historian who wrote about  The most prominent ruler was Prithviraj III (1177- Alexander’s Indian invasion. 1192). He defeated Muhammed of Ghore in the  Ashwaghosh : Buddhist monk who initiated First Battle of Tarain (1191). But Ghore defeated Kaniskha to Buddhism wrote Buddha charita, and killed him in the Second Battle of Tarain (1192). Sutralankar and Sandaranand.  Prithviraj Chauhan III was the last Hindu ruler  AmarSimha : Sanskrit scholar in the court of of Delhi. Chandragupta who wrote Amarakosha.  Prithvi Raj Rao is the historical Kavya written by  Aryabhatta : He analysed the reasons for Solar Chand Bardai. and Lunar eclipses and declared that the Earth is The Chandelas of Bundelkhand round. Wrote Aryabhattiyam.  Bimbisar : Founded the Magadhan Empire or  The Chandela dynasty was founded by Haryanka dynasty. He was the first influential king Yasovarman with Mahobas as the Capital of ancient India.  The Khajuraho temples are the best examples of  Banabhatta : Court poet of Harshavardhana and the Chandela art. author of Harsha Charita and Kadambari. Cholas  Charak : He was an Ayurvedic expert wrote Charak-Samhita and established the Aitereya  Vijayalaya was the founder of the Chola empire. branch of Ayurvedic medicines. He was a feudatory of the Pallavas of Kanchi.  Amoghavarsha : He was a famous Rashtrakuta  Raja Raja I (985 - 1014) adopted the titles of ruler. Arumudivarman, Mammudichodadeva, Jaykonda, Marthanda Chola, Mamudichola etc. Temples and Builders  He built the Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjavur. Kailas Temple at Ellora ...... Krishna I which is called the RajaRajeswara temple. Chunnakesava Temple, Belur .... Vishnuvardhana  Rajendra I led an expedition to North India, de- Rathas at Mahabilipuram ... Narashimhavarman I feated the Pala ruler Mahipala I and adtoped the Brihadeswara Temple, Tanjavur ...RajaRaja Chola title, Gangaikondachola and established a new Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram ... Narasimha VarmanII Capital, Gangai Konda Cholapuram. Lingaraja Temple, Bhavaneswar ......  Cholas maintained a well established local - self ...... Eastern Gangarubs government system. Ur, Sabha or Mahasabha - Karjuraho Temples ...... Chandellas and Nagaram were the assemblies for local ad- ministration. Rajarajeshwara Temple, Tanjavur ...... Raja raja I Meenakshi Temple at Madhurai .. Nayaka Rulers  The Uttaramerur inscription of Dantivarman Pallava gives details about the local self government. Temple at Tanjavur ...... Raja Raja Chola

38 7  Dhanananda : He was a powerful king of  Mihirkula : Huna conqueror defeated by Magadha. Alexander did not go forward to in- Yashodharma. vade Magadha only after hearing his reputation.  Skand Gupt : Last mighty Gupta ruler.  Darius I : The ruler of (Persia) who invaded  Shushrut : He was a doctor of Ayurvedic medi- India in 6th century BC. cine. He started the Dhanwantri branch and was  Gautami Putra Shatakarni : He was the most an expert in Plastic Surgery. famous Satavahana king in 2nd Century.  Pulikeshin II. Most powerful king of Chalukyas  Harisena : He was the writer of Pryaga Prashasti of Vatapi who defeated Harshavardhana in North or Allahabad Pillar Inscription. and Mahendravarman of South.  Kharavel : Ruler of Kalinga in I century AD. The  Pushya Mitra sunga : He killed the last Mauryan Famous Hathigumbha inscription belonged to ruler and laid the foundation of Sunga dynasty in him. 185 BC.  Kanishka : (I century AD) : Most powerful  Pliny : He was a Roman historian who wrote the Kushan king. Started Shaka Era. Organised fourth Natural History. He wrote about the Mauryas of Buddhist council at Kundalvan near Kashmir. India.  Karikala : Chola ruler who founded the city of  Panini : Sanskrit scholar specially of Grammar. Puhar (Kaveri patanam) in I century BC. He wrote Ashtadyayi.  Kautilya : also known as Vishnugupta or  Varahamihira : He was famous astronomer who Chanakya. He wrote Arthasasthra, which is com- wrote Brihat Samhita. pared to ‘The prince’ of Machiavelli.  Sankaracharya : He was born in Kaladi in Kerala.  Kalidas : Famous Sanskrit poet who wrote, He propagated Advaita Philosophy. Raghuvamsa, Kumara Sambhavam, Abhigyana Shakuntalam, Vikramorvashiyam and Selected Questions from Malavikagnimitram. He also wrote Ancient Indian History Meghadootam and Ritusamharam.  The source of symbol  Kamban : A Tamil poet of 11th century who wrote Indus Valley Ramayan in Tamil.  Who is considered as the father of Indian  Mihir Bhoja : Famous Prathihara ruler of 9th cen- archaeoloy tury. Alexander Cunningham  - Famous Kashmiri poet and historian.He  Meter scale has been discovered from ...... wrote Raja Tarangini. Harappa  Marco Polo : Venitian Traveller to India in 13th  Weapon never used by the Indus people century. Sword  Menander : He came to India as a foreign aggres-  What was the major industry in Chanhudaro? sor in II Century BC. MilindaPanho, a book writ- Bead making ten by Nagasena, is about him.  The word ‘Sindhan’ used by the Indus people  Nagarjuna : Famous Buddhist monk. He denoted popounded the philosophy known as Cotton Madhyamika.  Evidence of fractional burial has been excavated  Makkali Gosala : Philosopher of 6th Century BC. from H was the founder of Ajivika sect. Harappa

38 8  The word ‘godhume’ used in the vedic period  First town in the vedic period to use burned bricks denote Kausambi Wheat  First reference about lending money for interest  ‘Yava’ denoted can be found in Barley Satpatha Brahmana  Term used to denote rice in the vedic text  Rigvedic paintings have been discovered from Vrihi Bhagvanpura. It is in which state ‘  Vedic term denoted Hariyana Ploughed field  Upanishad which mentions about police system  Which veda mentions about wheel Brihadaranyaka Upanishads Rigveda  God who was considered as God of Gods  Vedi terms ‘Urvara’ or ‘kshetra’ denoted Varuna Cultivated field  Community which was considered as untouch- ables by the Buddhists.  The famous frog hymn in Rig Veda throws light to Chandalas Vedic education  The language used by the Jains to spread their religion  Who was considered as the god of the vedas? Prakrit Varuna  Who is considered as the St.John of Buddhism  Rigvedic term ‘Duhitri’ denoted Ananda Milker of cows  Who is considered as Devil by the Buddhists  Method used to calculate the number of cows in the Vedic period Mara Ashtakarni  Three daughters of ‘Mara’  Part of which veda has prose part lust, emotion and desire Yajur Veda  The ruler who persecuted Buddhists  Who spread Aryan religion in South India Pushyamitrasunga Agasthya  Major philosophic school of Bhagvatism  Vedic term ‘Aghanya’ denotes Cows  Earliest reference about Srikrishna can be found in  The term ‘’ and ‘Bharatavarsha’ were first used in Chandoghya Upanishad Rig Veda  Hindu God who found place in Greek literature  Upanishad which mentions the four Ashramas of Sri Krishna Vedic period  Jain Thirthankara, who was related to Sri Krishna Rishabhadeva (Ist Thirthankara)  Largest number of hymns in Rigveda a are in  Tamil god of the Sangham age for War and Vic- praise of tory Indra Kottavai

38 9  Saint who founded the Saivism  The Arab conquest of Sindh was led by Lakulisa Muhammed Bin Kassim.  Tamil kingdom of the Sangham Age which sent  Muhammed Bin Khasim was the nephew of Al- an ambassador to the court of Roman Emperor Hajaj, the governor of the Arab province of Basra. Augusts  Dahir, a was the ruler of Punjab at that Pandyas time. He was killed by Kassim.  First Sangham was founded by  The Arabs lost control over Sindh in 779 AD. Saint Agasthya  Arab conquest of Sindh resulted in the spread of Islam to North India.  Famous poetess of the Sangham period  But Islam was first introduced in India by Malik Avvaiyar Ibn Dinar in Kerala in 644 AD.  Greeco-Roman traders who visited South India during the Sangham period were denoted with Turkish the term  Ghazni in was ruled by a Turkish Yavanas family called Gamini of Ghaznavid dynasty.  Sangham work which describes about Buddhism  Muhammed Ghazni was the first Turkish con- Manimekhalai queror of North India.  The word used by Ashoka to denote Buddha  Muhammad Ghazni’s father was Subu ktigin. Bhagavati  He attacked India only for want of wealth.  Ashokan inscriptions were desciphered by James  He attacked India seventeen times between 1000 prince in the year and 1027 AD. He made all the raids in the guise of 1837 Jihad.  Indo-Greek ruler who had his boundaries upto  First Invasion was in 1001 AD. Pataliputra  He defeated Jaipal and Anandpal of Shahi dy- Menander nasty in 1001 and 1009 respectively.  Yuchi ruler who introduced gold coins for the first  The most important raid of Muhammed was the time Somanath expedition. It was in 1025. He completely Vima Kadphesus distroyed the temple. Somanath Temple was on the sea coast of Gujarat.  Edict which mentions about the relation between India and China  Muhammed Ghazni died in 30th April 1030. Nagarjunakonda  Later his son Masud attacked India and caputred Kashmir.  The famous Persian poet Firdausi who wrote MEDIEVAL INDIA ‘Shahnama’ (The Book of Kings) lived in his court.  Alberuni, an Arab Historian, who wrote Tarikh- Arab Conquest of Sindh ul-Hind (Reality of Hindustan), accompanied  During the Khaliphate of Omar, Arab forces made Muhammed Ghazni to India. fertile attempts to get Bombay  Al-Firdausi is known as ‘Indian Homer’, ‘Per-  Arabs captured Sindh in 712 AD. sian Homer’, or ‘The Immortal Homer of the East’.

39 0  Muhammed of Ghore attacked India betwen 1175  He was known as ‘Lakh Baksh’ or ‘giver of lakhs’ and 1206 AD. or ‘giver of favours’ for his magnanimity.  Muhammed Ghori made his first expedition to In-  Hasan Nizami was a famous historian in the court dia and captured multan in 1175 AD. of the Aibak.  In the First Battle Tarain in 1191 (near Taneswar)  Qutub-ud-din Aibak started the construction of Muhammed Ghori was defeated by the Qutub Minar in 1199 in Delhi in memory of the forces under Prithviraj Chauhan III. Sufi saint Quaja Qutub - ud-din Bhaktiar Kaki.  In the Second Battle of Tarain (1192 AD) Its construction was completed by Ithumish. It is Muhammed Ghori assisted by Qutub -ud-din a five storied building. Aibek a slave, defeated Prithviraj Chauhan III and  Qutub-ud-din Aibak died 1210 by falling from killed him. horseback while playing Polo.  In 1193 Muhamed Ghori attacked Jaichand, fa- ther in law of Prithviraj . III at Kanauj, Jaichand  After the death of Qutubuddin, Aram Shah as- was defeated. cended the throne but he was deposed by Ilthumish and  Muhammed Ghori returned from India by intrust- crowned himself the Sulthan. ing his territories in India in the hands of Qutub- Uddin Aibak.  During the period of Ilthumish (1210-1236) Chengizkhan, the  After the death of Ghori in 1206 Aibek founded the Slave Dynasty. Mongole conqueror attacked India (1221).  Muhammed Ghoris Indian invasion resulted in Chengizkhan the foundation of Islamic rule in India. Important Court Scholars Kalidasa ...... Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)  The five dynasties which founded subsequently Banabhatta ...... Harshavardhana after the Turkish invasion were collectively known Alberuni ...... Muhammed Ghazni as Delhi sulthanate. They are: Firdausi ...... Muhammad Ghazni Slave Dynasty ...... 1206 - 1290 Amir Khusru ...... Alauddin Khilji Khilji Dynasty ...... 1290 - 1320 Todarmal ...... Akbar Tughlaq Dynasty ...... 1320 - 1412 Tansen ...... Akbar Sayyid Dynasty ...... 1414 - 1451 Birbal ...... Akbar ...... 1451 - 1526 Mansingh ...... Akbar Slave Dynasty (1206 - 1290) Abul Fazal ...... Akbar Ashva Ghosha ...... Kanishka  Slave Dynasty was also called Ilbari Dynasty, Yamini Dynasty or . Amara Simha ...... Chandragupta II  Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a slave of Muhammed Chand Bardai ...... Prithviraj Chauhan Ghori and he founded the Slave Dynasty in 1206 Revikirti...... Pulikeshin II AD. Dhanwantari ...... Chandragupta II  Aibak was the first Muslim ruler of India. Harisen ...... Samudra Gupta  The capital of Qutub-ud-din Aibak was at Lahore Tenali Rama ...... Krishnadeva Raya

39 1  Ilthumish is considered as the real founder of  The Chalisa or forty established by Ilthumish was Delhi Sulthanate. abolished by Balban.  Ilthumish is considered as the real founder of  His are considered to be ‘Draconian’. Delhi Sulthanate  He started the Iranian system of Sajda and Piabos.  Ilthumish was the first Sulthan of Delhi to get  He was a patron of men of letters and showed recognition of the Khalif of Bagdad. special favour to the poet Amir Khusrau.  Ilthumish was also the first Sulthan to make Delhi  After Balban’s death in 1286, Kayqubad (1287 -90) his capital. became the Sulthan.  He issued a purely Arabic coinage of Silver and  Madhavacharya of the Dwaita Philosophy got help was the first to do so. from Balban.  Coins introdued by Ilthumish, ‘Silver Thanka’  Balban’s Tomb is situated in Delhi. It was con- and ‘Copper Jital’ were the two basic coins of structed by Balban himself. the Sulthanate period.  Kayqubad was the last Slave Sulthan. (Kayumars  He organised the ‘Chalisa’ or the famous Turk- who ruled for a term of three months was actually ish forty to help him in the administration. the last Slave Sulthan. He was killed by Jalaluddin  Iltumish completed the construction of Qutub Khilji) and founded the Khilji Dynasty. Minar.  The revenue system of the Sulthanate ‘Iqta sys- Khilji Dynasty (1290 -1320) tem’, was introduced by Ilthumish.  Khilji dynasty was founded by Malik Firoz in  Ilthumish was succeeded by his son Ruknuddin 1290 and assumed the title Jalaluddin Khilji (1290- Firoz Shah. But he was later executed and Razia 96) became the sulthan (daughter of Ilthumish)  In 1292 the Mongols under Abdulla accepted de-  Sulthana Raziya, the only women ruler of, the feat from Jalaluddin Khilji. Sultanate came to power in 1236 and reigned till  Alauddin Khilji, the nephew 1240. of Jalaluddin Khilji, killed him  Sulthana Raizya rejected the Pardah, she adorned after his victory on Devagiri the male dress and held open courts. in 1296.  In October 14, 1240 both Razia and Altunia who  Alauddin Khilji’s early name earlier raised arms against Razia but later joined was Ali Gurushap. with her were, beheaded at Kaithal.  He became the Sulthan in  After Raizya Behran Shah (1240 - 42) Allaud-din- 1296 AD and ruled till 1316 Masudshah (1242 - 46) and Naziruddin AD. Alauddin Khilji Muhammad (1246 - 1266) ruled and Balban, the  In 1303 Alauddin Khilji attacked Chittor, the capi- founder of the second Ilban dynasty, became the tal of Mewar, to marry Padmini the wife of Chittor Sulthan. king Ratna Singh.  Ghiasuddin Balban ‘a slave water carreer, hunts-  But Padmini and other Rajput women committed man, noble, statesman became the Sulthan of Delhi Juhar (Juhar is a mass suicide by Jumping into in 1266 and continued in power till 1686 AD. fire, committed by Rajput women to escape from  Balban is considered as the founder of Second being polluted by others) Ilbary Dynasty.  Padmavat is a historical kavya about Padmini epi-  Balban described himself as ‘shadow of God’ or sode written by Malik Muhammed Jayasi. the ‘viceregent of God on Earth’ (Zil-i-illahi)  Malik Muhammed Jayasi was the court poet of  Balban because of his autocratic rule is consid- Shersha Suri. ered as a ‘typical oriental despot’.  Alauddin Khilji was the first Muslim ruler to at-

39 2 tack South India.  Khilji dynasty came to an end when the Mubarak  Malik Kafur was Alauddin Khilji’s Commander shah Khilji was killed by Khusrau Khan. who attacked South India.  Some historians consider Khusrau Khan as the  Alauddin Khilji was the most famous ruler of the last Khilji Sulthan. Khilji Dynasty.  Alauddin was the Sulthan of Delhi who banned Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 - 1412) the use of liquor.  Tughlaq Dynasty was founded by Ghiazuddin  Alauddin had a dream of a World Conquest so he Tughlaq. His real name was Ghazi Malik. assumed the title ‘Sikhandar-i-sani’ or Second  Ghiasuddin Tughlaq founded the dynasty after Alexander. killing Khuzru Khan in 1320.  Demitrius a Bactrian ruler is popularly known as Second Alexander. IMPORTANT DYNASTIES  Alauddin abolished the Zamindari System and IN INDIAN HISTOY imposed tax on cattle. MAURYAN EMPIRE...... 322 BC - 185 BC  He was the first muslim ruler of Delhi to introduce Chandragupta Maurya ...... BC 322 - 297 BC measurement of land for tax assessment. Bindusara ...... 297 BC - 274 BC  His market regulations were to get goods at con- Ashoka ...... 274 BC - 237 BC trolled price to the people of Delhi. KUSHANA EMPIRE ...... 20 AD - 225 AD  Alauddin Khilji was the first Sulthan of Delhi who Kanishka ...... 78 AD - 120 AD separated religion from politics. Gupta Empire ...... 320 AD - 606 AD  He was also the first to proclaim ‘‘I am the Chandragupta I ...... 320 AD - 330 AD Khalifa’’. Samudra Gupta ...... 330 AD - 380 AD  Alauddin constructed Alai Darwaza the gate way Chandra Gupta II ...... 380 AD - 413 AD of Qutub Minar. VARDHANA DYNASTY ...... 580 AD - 647 AD  He built the city of Siri, the second of the seven Harsha Vardhana ...... 606 AD - 647 AD cities of Delhi, near Qutub Minar. SLAVE DYNASTY ...... 1206 AD - 1290 AD  The first marriage between a muslim ruler and a Qutubuddin Aibak ...... 1206 - 1210 AD Hindu princess was between Alauddin and Ka- Ilthumish ...... 1210 - 1236 AD mala Devi, the widow of the ruler of Gujarat. Raziya Sulthana ...... 1236 - 1240 AD  Alauddin Khilji was killed by his commander Balban ...... 1266 - 1286 AD Malik Kafur by poisoning. KHILJI DYNASTY ...... 1290 - 1320 AD  Amir Khusru was the court poet of Alauddin Alauddin Khilji ...... 1296 - 1316 AD TUGHLAQ DYNASTY ...... 1320 - 1412 AD  Amir Khusru is known as the ‘Parrot of India’ Muhammed Bin Tughlaq...... 1325 - 1351 AD  He is considered as the father of Urdu language LODHI DYNASTY ...... 1451 - 1526 AD and the inventor of Sitar. Ibrahim Lodi ...... 1517 -1526 AD  Laila Majnu and Tughlaq Nama are the famous MUGHAL EMPIRE ...... 1526 - 1540, 1555-1857 works of Amir Khusru. Babar ...... 1526 - 1530 AD  Alauddin khilji was the first Sulthan to maintain a Humayun ...... 1530-1540, 1555-1556 AD permanent . Akbar ...... 1556 - 1605 AD  Alauddin Khilji was responsible for the introduc- Jahangir ...... 1605 - 1627 AD tion of postal system in medieval India. Shahjahan ...... 1628-1658 AD  Mubarak shah khilji was the last ruler of the Aurangazeb...... 1658 - 1707 AD khilji Dynasty. Bahadurshah II ...... 1837 - 1857 AD

39 3  Ghiazuddin died by the collapse of a pavilion. the Lame or Tamerlain a Turkish conqueror of  He built the Tughlaqabad Fort in Delhi the third Tartar tribe from Samarkhand attacked India in city of Delhi to the east of Qutub complex. 1398.  Ghiassudhin Tughlaq was the first Sulthan to start  Timur appointed Khizr Khan, the governor of irrigation works. Multan his authority in India.  GhiassuddinTughlaq was succeeded by his son Sayyid Dynasty (1414 - 1451) Jauna Khan, popularly known as Muhammed Bin Tughlaq.  Sayyid Dynasty was founded by Khizr Khan in  Muhammed Bin Tughlaq is considered as the 1414. single most responsible person for the decline of  Last Sayyid Sulthan was Alauddin Alamshah or Delhi Sulthanate. Shah Alam I. He was killed by Bahalol Lodhi in  Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was known as a mix- 1451. ture of opposites, wisest fool, Pagal padushah, unfortunate idealogue and the predecessor of Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526) Akbar in intellectual and religious matters.  Lodhi dynasty was founded by Bahlol Lodhi in  Ibn Batuta called him ‘‘an illstared idealist’’. 1451. The dynasty lasted upto 1526.  He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri  Lodhi dynasty was the first Afghan dynasty or (Daulatabad) in 1327. first Pathan dynasty in India.  Sikhandar Lodhi, who ruled from 1489 to 1517  In 1330 he introduced token currency of bronze shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra. and copper.  Sikhandar Lodhi is considered as the Maker of  Moroccan Traveller Ibn Batuta visited India dur- Agra City. ing his period.  Last Lodhi Sulthan or last Delhi Sulthan was  Edward Thanas described him as ‘prince of Ibrahim Lodhi. Rana Sangram Singh of Mewar moneyers’. defeated him. His brother Daulat Khan Lodhi in- vited Babar to India to defeat Ibrahim Lodhi in  Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was succeeded by his 1524. elderly cousin, Firoz Shah Tughlaq.  Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle  Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first Sulthan of Delhi of Panipat in 1526 April 21. to impose Jaziya. It was a religious tax for the  The title Sulthan was started by the Turkish rul- freedom of worship. He imposed it only upon Brah- ers. Muhammed Ghazni was the first to assume mins. the title Sulthan.  He built the city of Firozbad in Delhi. The Firoz  The official language of the Delhi Sulthanate was shah Kotla was also built by him. The gate way of Persian. Firozshah Kottla is Khooni Darwaza, or blood stained gate. It was constructed by Shersha Suri. Bahmani and Vijayanagara Kingdoms  He transplanted two Ashokan Pillars to Firozabad.  The decline of the Sulthanate of Delhi gave birth to two mighty states in South India the Bahmani  He is the author of Fatuhat -i- Firozshahi Kingdom of Gulbaraga and the Vijayanagara Em-  After Firozshah Tughlaq Muhammed Shah pire. Tughlaq or Naziruddin Muhammed came to the  The Bahmanis were Muslim rulers, while the rul- throne. ers of the Vijayanagar were Hindus.  It was during the period of his reign that Timur  The Bahmani kingdom was founded by Zafar Khan (Hassan) who took the title of Alauddin

39 4 Bahman Shah. He selected Gulbaraga as its capi-  He wrote Ushaparinayam and Amuktamalyada tal and renamed it Ahsanabad.  Allasani Peddanna, a Telugu poet was a courtier  There were total eighteen Sulthans and they ruled of Krishna Deva Raya. He is considered as the from 1347 to 1527. ‘‘Andra Kavita Pitamaha’’ the Grand Father of  Muhammed Gawan was the famous minister of Telugu poetry. Bahmini kingdom.  ‘Ashtadiggajas’ was the famous Scholastic As-  The last prince of the Bahmani Kingdom was Kalimullah. sembly in the court of Krishna Deva Raya.  By 1527, the Bahmani kingdom was split up into  Vijayanagar Empire was visited by many foreign five independent principalities. travellers.  The Adil Shahis of Bijapur -founder - Yusuf  Nicolo Conti - Venitian traveller, visited during Adilshah (1489 - 90) the reign of Devaraya I.  The Nizam Shahis of Ahamadnagar - founder -  Abdur Razzak : Ambassador of Sulthan Malik Ahmad (1499) ShahRukh to the court of Devaraya II.  The Imadshahis of Berar - founder -Fateh Ulla Imadshanti (1490)  Damingos Paes : He visited Krishna Devaraya’s  The Qutubshahi kingdom of Golconda - founder court. - Qutabshah (1512)  Ferona Nuniz : A Portuguese who visited during  The Baridshahis of Bidar - founder - Amir Ali Achyuta Raya’s reign. Barid (1527).  Durate Barbosa : A portuguese who visited Krishnadeva Raya’s court. Vijaya Nagara Empire  Athenasius Nikitin (1415) : He was a Russian,  The founders of Vijaya Nagar Empire were who visited during Deva Raya I’s period He wrote, Harihara and Bukka Rai, the revenue officers of ‘Voyage to India’. the Kakatiya ruler Pratap Rudra Deva II of Warrangal. The Mughal Empire

 They founded the dynasty in 1336 with the capi-  The Mughals were originally Turks. tal as Vijaya Nagara on the banks of Tungbhadra  They belonged to the Chaghtai branch of the river witht the help of Saint . Turkish race.  Vijayanagara kingdom lasted for 230 years and  Period of the Mughal empire is known as Second produced four dynasties. Classical Age. First Classical Age is the period Sangama (1336 - 1485) Guptas. Saluva - (1485 - 1505)  Mughal Empire is also known as Timurid Empire Tuluva (1505 - 1565) and because of its relation to Amir Timur. Aravidu (1565 - 1672)  Mughal Emperors are 20 in number. They ruled  Krishna Deva Raya (1509 - India from 1526 to 1857. Only six are considered 1529) belonged to the great They are: Tuluva dynasty. The Ital-  Zahiruddin Muhammed Babur (1526 - 1530) ian traveller Nicolocont  Naziruddin Mirza Muhammed Humayun (1530 - visited his court. 40 & 1555 - 1556)  Krishnadeva Rayar is  Jalaluddin Muhammed Akbar - (1556 - 1605) known as ‘Andhra Bhoja’  Nuruddin Muhammed Jahangir (1605 - 1627) Krishnadeva Rayar

39 5  Shahabuddin Muhammed Shah Jahan (1628 -  Babur said ‘I dont like India and Indians’. 1658)  Babur was the first Mughal ruler to keep in hand  Muhiyuddin Muhammed Aurangazeb Alamgir the Kohinur . (1658 - 1707)  Babur was a contemporary of Krishnadeva Raya of Vijaya Nagara Empire. Babur

 Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was Humayun the fifth descendant of Timur  Humayun was born in 1507 in as the son of on Father’s side and the four- Babur and Mahim Sulthana. teenth descendant of  He became the Mughal Em- Chengizkhan on mothers side. peror on 29 December 1530 at  Babur was born in Farghana in the age of 23. on 14 Feb. 1483 as the  He divided the empire among som of Umer Sheik Mirza ad Babur Qulik Nigarkhanum. his brothers - Askari, Hindal and Kamran.  Babur’s father Umershiek Mirza was the grand son of Amir Timur and the ruler of Farghana.  The word ‘Humayun’ means Humayun ‘fortunate’ But Human is con-  Babur became the ruler of Samarkhand at the Age of 11. sidered as the most unfortunate Mughal ruler.  He captured Kabul in 1504.  Human was an accomplished mathematician and astronomer.  Then Babur attacked India 5 times for want of wealth.  In 1539 by the Battle of Chausa, Humayun was  Babur’s first Attack of India was in 1519 Bhera defeated for the first time by Shershah Suri. was the first place captured by Babur.  In the next year (1540) Shershah completely de-  In 1524 Daulatkhan, Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother in- feated Humayun in the battle of Kanauj and vited Babur to India. founded the Sur dynasty.  On 21 April 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi,  After the lapse of 15 years Humayun re-captured the last Lodhi Sulthan in the First Battle of the Empire by defeating the last Sur ruler Panipat. Sikhandar Shah Suri by the battle of Sirhindh in  On 16 March 1527 he defeated Rana Sangha of 1555, July. Mewar, in the Battle of Khanwa.  After the restoration Humayun ruled for only six  The Rajputs in 1528 under Medini Raj of months. fought against Babur in the Battle of Chanderi,  The period from 1540 to 1555 is known as the but were defeated. period of temporary eclipse of the Mughal.  In 1529 the Afghans under Muhammed Lodhi  Humayun died by an accidental fall from the fought against Babur in the Battle of Ghaghra straicase of his Library ‘Shermandal’ at the but were defeated. Puranakwila in Delhi on 24 January 1556.  In 1530 December 26, Babur died and was cre-  The Purnakwila was constructed by Humayun but mated at Kabul. its construction was completed by Shershah.  Babur was the first to use Artillery in India.  Humayun’s biography Humayun Namah was writ-  His memoirs or autobiography ‘Tuzuk-i-Baburi ten by Humayun’s sister Gulbadan Begum. The or Baburnamah was written in Turkish language, language used to write this biography was a mix- Babur’s mothertongue. ture of Turkish and Persian.

39 6  In 1533 Humayun built the city of Dinpana (world  In 1575 Akbar constructed a prayer house in refuge) in Delhi. Fathepur Sikri known as Ibadatkhana.  Humayun’s tomb is situated in Delhi (first build-  In 1579 he issued the Infallibility Decree by which ing in India having double domes) he made himself the supreme head in religious matters.  Humayun tomb is known as predecessor of Tajmahal, because Taj was modelled after this,  In 1580 the first Jesuit missionaries arrived at the also known as a dormitory of the house of Timur. court of Akbar. Mirak Mirza Ghias is its architect.  In 1585 Ralph Fitch the first English man to reach India, reached Akbar’s court. Akbar the Great  Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer English man or torch bearer Englishman.  Father - Humayun  In 1582 Akbar founded a new religion for univer-  Mother - Hamida Bhanu Begum sal peace and monotheism known as ‘Din Ilahi’  Step mother - Magam Anaga means Divine Faith.  Guardian - Bairam Khan  In 1583 he started a new called Ilahi  First Guardian - Munim Khan Calendar.  In 1576 Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap of  Akbar was born at Amarkot in Akbar Sindh in 23 Nov. 1542. Mewar in the battle of Haldighat. Haldighat is a mountain pass in the Aravally hills in Rajasthan.  He came to the throne on February 14, 1556 at the age of 14 at Kalanur.  The Portuguese introduced tobacco for the first time in India in the court of Akbar in 1604.  Hemu Prime Minister of Muhammed Adilshah of Bihar occupied Agra and accepted  Akbar was the Mughal Emperor when the En- the title Vikramaditya. glish East India Company was being founded in  Akbar killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Paniput 1600 December 31. in 1556 November 2.  Akbar died in 1605.  Akbar became an independent ruler at the age of  His tomb is situated at Sikhandra near Agra. 18 in 1560, after dismissing Bairamkhan.  Akbar was an illiterate person, but he was a pa-  Later he married Bairam Khans widow Salima tron of men of eminence. He maintained a Scho- Begum. lastic Assembly in his court. They included the  In 1561 he defeated the musician Sulthan of following personalities. Malwa - Baz Bahadur.  Abul Fazal : Akbar’s court historian who wrote  In 1562 Akbar married Joda Bhai, the daughter of Akbar’s biographical works Ain-i-Akbari and Raja Bharmal of Amber Akbar Namah..  In 1564, he abolished the religious tax Jaziya.  Abul Faizi : Persian poet and brother of Abul Jaziya was impossed for the first time by Firozshah Fazal. He translated Mahabharata into Persian in Tughlaq. name ‘Razam Namah’ and Bhaskaracharya’s  In 1572 he captured Gujarat and in memory of that mathematical work Leelavati into Persian. he built a new capital city Fathepur sikri (city of  Mian Tansen : His original name was Ram Thanu Victory) near Agra. Pande. He was the court Musician of Akbar. He  The early name of Fathepur Sikri was city of Sikri. composed a Raga, Rajdarbari in honour of Akbar.  Buland Darwaza is the gate way of Fathepur Sikri,  Birbal : His real name was Mahesh Das. He is the built by Akbar. court jester of Akbar.

39 7  Raja Todarmal : RajaTodarmal was Akbar’s fi-  In 1609, Jahangir received William Hawkins, an nance or revenue minister. He formulated Akbar’s envoy of King James I of England, who reached revenue system Zabti and Dashala systems. Raja India to obtain trade concession. Todermal also translated Bhagavatapurana into  In 1615 Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of Persian. Jahangir as the first ambassador of James I of  Maharaja Mansing : Akbar’s military commander. England in the court of Jahangir. As a result of  Badauni : a historian who translated Ramayana his efforts first English factory was established into Persian - Tarjuma -1-Ramayan. at Surat in Gujarat.  Tulasidas : Hindi poet who  Period of Jahangir is considered as the Golden wrote Ramacharitamanas. Age of Mughal Painting. Jahangir himself was a  Akbar’s military system was painter. Ustad Mansur and Abul Hassan were fa- known as Mansabdari system, mous painters in the court of Jahangir. which included Ranks from 10 - 7000  Jahangir built Shalimar and Nishant Gardens in .  Akbar was also responsible for the introduction Persian as  Jahangir suspended a chain of Justice known as the official language of Tulasidas Zndiri Adal infront of his court. Mughals.  Anarkali was Jahangair’s lover. Mughal-i-Asam  He divided the Mughal Empire into 12 Subahs directed by K. Asif is a famous film which tells (provinces) for the administrative conveniences. the love story of Jahangir and Anarkali.  Akbar was also the first ruler to organise Hajj.  Jahangir wrote his autobiography Tuzukh -i- at the government expense. The Port Jahangiri in Persian language. Cambay in Gujarat is known as the ‘Gate way to  Jahangir died in 1627 and was cremated at Mecca from Mughal India’. Shahdhara in Lahore.  Akbar was an accomplished Sitar player.  Mughal - Rajput friendly relation began during Shah Jahan the period of Akbar.  Shah Jahan was born on 5th January 1592 at Jahangir Lahore.  His mother was Jagat Gosain  Early name of Jahangir was Salim. Akbar called and his childhood name was him Sheika Baba. Khurram.  Jahangir came to the throne in  He married Arjumand Benu 1605. Begum, daughter of Asaf Khan,  Jahangir was the son of Akbar brother of Noor Jahan. She later Shah Jahan and Jodabai. came to be known as Mumtaz  He married Mehrunnisa, an Mahal which means beloved of the Palace. Afghan widow in 1611 Later he Jahangir  Shahjahan destroyed the Portuguese settlements gave her the titles, Noor Mahal at Hoogly. (light of the palace) Noor Jahan (light of the world)  Shah Jahan’s period is considered as the Golden and Padusha Begum. Age of Mughal Architecture and Shah Jahan is  In 1606 Jahangir executed fifth Sikh Guru Guru known as the Prince of Builders. Arjun Dev, because he helped Jahangir’s son  In 1631 he started the construction of Tajmahal Prince Khusru to rebel against him. in memory of his wife and completed in 1653. It is

39 8 situated on the banks of Yamuna river in Uttar  The famous Peacock Throne was built by Shah Pradesh. Utad Iza a Turkish/ Persian was its ar- Jahan. It was abducted from here by Nadirsha in chitect. British administrator Furgurson called it 1739 during his Indian invasion (Persian con- ‘a love in marble’. Now Sulphur Dioxide, emitted queror). Now it is kept at the London Tower Mu- by oil refinaries in Madhura after mixing with mois- seum, Britain. ture in the atmosphere forms Sulphuric Acid and  French travellers Bernier and Tavernier and Ital- damages the marble of Tajmahal. ian traveller Manucci visited India during  In 1638 Shah Jahan built his new capital Shah ShahJahan’s period. Jahanabad in Delhi and shifted the capital from Agra to there. Aurangazeb

 In 1639 he started the construction of Red fort in  Aurangazeb imprisoned his father and made him- Delhi on the model of Agrafort built by Akbar. Its self the Padushah in 1658. But his actual corona- construction was completed in 1648. The Diwan- tion was conducted in 1659. i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas and the Moti Masjid are situ-  Alamgir was the name ated inside the Red fort. The Mothi Masjid in adopted by Aurangazeb when Agra was constructed by ShahJahan. he became the Padusha.  The INA Trial in 1945 was conducted at the Red  Aurangazeb is known as Fort. ‘Zinda Pir’ or living saint be-  The Gateway of Redfort is the Lahore Gate. It is cause of his simple life. here at the Lahore Gate that the Prime Minister of  He banned music and dance. Aurangazeb India hoists the National Flag and addresses the  He ousted all the artists from nation on the independence day. his court. At the same time he was an accom-  In 1656 ShahJahan constructed the Juma Masjid plished Veena player. in Delhi. It is the biggest masjid in India. First  Aurangazeb was the last great Mughal Emperor. masjid in India was constructed at Kodungallur in Kerala (Cheraman Palli) in 644 AD by Malik Ibn  In 1675 he executed 9th Sikh Guru Guru Tej Dinar. Behadur because of his reluctance to accept Is- lam.  Shah Jahan’s period is known as the Golden Age of Mughal Empire.  Teg Behadur was executed at the Chandni Chauk.  The Portuguese introduced European painting in  In 1679 Aurangzeb constructed the tomb of his India during the reign of Shah Jahan only wife Rubiad Daurani at Aurangabad in Maharashtra. It is known as Bibi ka Makabara. It  In 1658 Shah Jahan was imprisoned by his son is otherwise known as Mini Tajmahal as it was Aurangazeb and he died in 1666, after eight years. the blind imitation of Tajmahal. In the same year His daughter Jahan Ara was also kept in prison he reimpossed Jasya upon all the non Muslims, along with him at the Agra fort. which was earlier abolished by Akbar.  Shah Jahan’s son Dhara Shukoe was a famous  Aurangazeb called Shivaji a ‘mountain ’ and scholar. He translated Bhagavat Gita and Sixty gave him the title Raja because of his guerilla tac- Upanishads into Persian. He also wrote a book tics. titled Mujm-ul-Behrain (Mingling of the Oceans)  In 1660 he entrusted Shaisthakhan to defeat He also translated Atharva Veda into Persian. Shivaji.  ShahJahan was a famous Lyricist. He wrote Lyr-  Later in 1665 the treaty of Purandar was signed ics in Hindi. between Maharaja Jaisingh of Amber and Shivaji Jaisingh was deputed by Aurangazeb.

39 9  The Mughal Rajput relation became worse dur-  His father was Hassan Khan ing the period of Aurangazeb.  His family came to India from Afghanistan.  Aurangazeb was the only Mughal Emperor who  He entered the service of Baharkhan Lohani of was not a drunkard. Behar from whom received the title of Sherkhan,  Aurangazeb is considered as religiously fanatic. for killing a lion single handed. He was also a temple breaker. He persecuted the Hindus and imposed prohibition against the free  Later he became a member of the Mughal court of exercise of and Divali. Babur.  Aurangazeb died in 1707 February 20,at  In 1539 by the battle of Chausa, Sherkhan de- Ahmednagar. Aurangazeb’s tomb is situated at feated Humayun for the first time and assumed Daulatabad in Maharashtra. the name Shershah.  Later in 1540 he completely defeated Humayun in Later Mughals in the battle of Kanauj and founded the Sur dy-  Bahadurshah I came to the throne after the death nasty. of Aurangazeb. His real name was Muassam.  While directing the operations of his artillery at  In 1739 Nadirshah Quli the Persian conqueror Kalanjar against the ruler of Bundelkhand Raja attacked India during the period of the Mughal Kirat Singh, Shershah was seriously wounded by Emperor Muhammed Shah or Rustan Khan a sudden fire from his own artillery and died on (1719-1748) and took away ShahJahan’s famous May 22, 1545. Peacock Throne and Kohinoor Diamond.  Shershah constructed the Grand Trunk Road from  Ahmedshah’s (1748 -1754) period saw the mighty Sohargaon to Attock (Calcutta to Amritsar) invasion of Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan.  He introduced the National Highway concept for  Akbar Shah II (1806 - 1837) conferred the title the first time in India. ‘‘Raja’’ upon Ram Mohan Roy.  Now the Grand Trunk Road is known as Shershah  Bahadurshah II (837-1862) was Suri Marg. Its part from Delhi to Amritsar is the last Mughal emperor. On known as National Highway -1. 17th May 1857 Bahadurshah II  Grand Trunk Road is also known a ‘Long Walk’. was declared the independent  He was the first ruler to introduce Silver Rupiya Emperor of India by the Muti- (one rupiya was equal to 64 dams) and gold coin neers. He was surrendered to Ashrafi. LtW.S.R. Hodson at Humayun’s Bahadurshah II  He built the Purana Qila in Delhi (its Construc- Tomb in Delhi. In 1859 he was tion was started by Humayun) and his own deported to Rangoon in December where he ex- Mousoleum (Tomb) at Sasaram in Bihar. pired on Nov. 7, 1862. The Tomb of Bahadurshah II is in Pwin Manah, the capital of .  He also constructed the Khooni Darwaza (blood stained gate) the gate way of Firozshah Kotla in  Bahadurshah II was also a famous Urdu Poet. Delhi.  Bahadurshah II was also known as Bahadurshah  Hindi poet Malik Muhammed Jayasi completed Zafar Zafar means gifted poet. his Padmavat, during his reign. Shershah Suri  His Revenue system was excellent and hence Akbar’s administrative reforms were modelled af-  Shershah’s original name was Farid. ter him. He is regarded as the forerunner of Akbar.  He was born in Hissar Firosa.  Shershah was succeeded by his son Islam Shah.

40 0  The last Sur ruler was Sikkandar Shah Sur. Who  Balaji Vishwanath (1712 - 1720) Baji Rao (1720 - was defeated by Humayun in 1555 by the battle 40) Balaji BajiRao I (1740 - 61) and Madhav Rao I of Sirhindh. (1761 - 1772) were the Peshwas who ruled Maharashtra. The Marathas  Baji Rao popularised the idea of Hindu Padpadshahi or Hindu Empire.  The first great leader of the Marathas was  Balaji Baji Rao’s period witnessed the Third Battle Chatrapathi Shivaji. of Panipat in 1761. In this battle Ahmed Shah  The Marathas became prominent in the later half Abdali of Afghanistan defeated the Marathas. of the 17th century.  Madhava Rao was the last great Peshwa.  Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle clan of the  Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II. Marathas.  Madhava Rao’s period witnessed the disintegra- tion of the Maratha power and the formation of in-  Shaji Bhonsle and Jiga Bai were the Parents of dependent kingdoms - Holkarofindor, Bhonsle of Shivaji. Nagpur, Sindhya of Gwalior and Gaekwad of Baroda.  He was born in 1627 February  Shivaji’s Council of Ministers was known as 19 at the fort of Shivner near Ashtapradhan. They were Peshwa, Pandit Rao, Junnar. Sumant, Sachiva, Senapathi, Amatya, Mantri and  His father was a military com- Nyayadhyaksha. mander under the Nizam Shahi  Peshwa was the Maratha Chief Minister. rulers of Ahmedanagar and  Chaudh and Sardesh Mukhi were two special laxes Shivaji later of Bijapur. collected by the Marathas.  Shivaji’s tutor was Dadaji Kondadev.  The first Maratha war (1775 -82) Swai Madhav Rao Vs Raghunath Rao with English support.  Shivaji received the help of Malavi tribe to cap-  Second Maratha war 1803 - 05. ture the territories of Bijapur Sulthan.  Third Maratha war 1816 - 19.  Torna was the first place captured by Shivaji in 1646.  The last great Soldier and statesman of Maratha was Nana Phadavnis (1800)  Shivaji came to conflict with the Mughals for the  The Maratha script was called Modiscript. first time in 1657, during the period of Shah Jahan.  Peshwaship was abolished in 1818  In 1659 Bijapur Sulthan Ali Adilshah sent Afzal  Baji Rao was the ablest of the Peshwas. Khan to kill Shivaji. But he killed Afsal Khan.  Shivaji did not allow women in his military camp.  In 1660 Aurangazeb deputed his viceroy of Deccan, Shaisthakhan to kill Shivaji.  The Marathas were equipped with an efficient naval system under Shivaji.  1665, Shivaji signed the treaty of Purandar with Raja Jai Singh of Ambher, who was deputed by Aurangazeb. Sikhism  In 1666 Shivaji visited Aurangazeb in his court at  ‘Sikh’ is a sanskrit word which means ‘desciple’ Agra. But he and his son Sambaji were impris-  Sikh religion was founded by oned by Aurangazeb in the Jaipur Bhavan. GuruNanak.  On 16th June 1674 Shivaji crowned himself an  Guru Nanak was born was born independent Hindu king became the Chatrapathi at Talwandi in Lahore, belonged and assumed the title ‘Haidavadhasmodharak’. to the Khatri Caste (Mercantile  Shivaji died in 1680 at the age of 53. Community)  Shahu became the Chatrapathi in 1708 and his  Nanak called his creed as GuruNanak period witnessed the rise of Peshwaship. Gurumat or Guru’s wisdom.

40 1  GuruNanak was born in 1469 and died in 1538.  Kartarpur Dabir is the root form of Guru Grandh  He was the first Guru of the Sikhs. Sahib.  Nanak preached only in Punjabi.  Govind Singh proclaimed the Grandh Sahib as the eternal Guru.  Nanak nominated Guru Angad as his successor.  Guru Angad introduced Gurumukhi Script. He Renjith Singh (1780 - 1836) also compiled Guru Nanak’s biography Janam Sakis.  Renjith Singh became the ruler of Punjab in 1799.  Langar or free community dining was also intro-  He assumed the title Maharaja duced by Guru Angad. in 1801.  Third Sikh Guru was Amar Das. He started the  The 1809 the British and Renjith Manji system ie, branches for the propagation of Singh made the Treaty of Sikhs. He made Guruship hereditory. Amritsar during the period of  Guru Ramdas was the fourth Sikh Guru. He Lord Minto founded the city of Amritsar. The place for the  In 1809 Shah Shuja the grand- Renjith Singh city was donated by Akbar. son of Ahmedshah Abdali pre-  Under the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjun Dev, sented the Kohinoor diamond to Ranjith Singh. Sikhism became an organised religion. He com-  Later Punjab was annexed to the British territo- piled the ‘Adi Grandh’ the sacred book of the ries by Lord Dalhousie in 1849. Sir John Lawrence Sikhs. He built a temple at Amritsar , (later the became the first Chief Commissioner of Punjab. Golden Temple) Har Mandir Sahib. He helped Jahangir’s son Prince Khusru to rebel against the  The Sikhs fought two wars against the English Emperor So he was executed by Jahangir at Lahore First Anglo-Sikh War (1845- 1846) and the Sec- in 1606 AD. ond Anglo-Sikh war (1848 - 1849)  The sixth Guru Hargovind, created a Sikh army and turned against Shah Jahan. He founded a The Movement palace opposite to Harmandir Sahib known as  Love and devotion to one is the ‘Akaltakt’. He also adopted the title Sacha basic concept of Bhakti. Padusha, which means true ruler. (the title was not adopted by Teg Bahadur)  The or Vaishanava saints and or Saivite, saints became the promoters of Bhakti  Seventh Guru was Har Rai. He was succeeded movement in South India. by Guru Harkishan. Har Kishan became the Guru  , a Vaishana saint of 12th century AD, at the age of five, hence he is the youngest Sikh was born at Sriperumbathur and founded philoso- Guru. phy of Vishistadvaita or qualified monism.  The 10th and the last Guru, Govind Singh formed the Khalsa or the Sikh brotherhood. Sikh Guru  He introduced ‘Panchkakar’ of Sikhism -ie Kesh Guru Nanak ...... 1469-1538 (long hair) Kanga (Comb) Kripan (Sword), Kachha Guru Angad ...... 1538 - 1552 (Underwear) and Kara (Iron bangk) Guru Amardas ...... 1552 - 1574  He introduced baptism and wanted every Sikh to Guru Ramdas ...... 1574 - 1581 bear community surname ‘Singh’ or lion. Guru Arjundev ...... 1581 - 1606 Guru Hargovind ...... 1606 - 1645  His aim was the establishment of a Sikh State af- Guru Har Rai ...... 1645 - 1661 ter overthrowing the Mughals. In 1708 he was Guru Har Kishan ...... 1661-1664 killed by an Afghan. Guru Teg Bahadur ...... 1664-1675  ‘Vichithra Natak’ is the autobiography of Guru Guru Govind Singh ...... 1675 - 1708 Govind Singh.

40 2  The leader of or Hindu revival-  Sufism declined in the 17th Century. ism was Sankaracharya. His philosophy was Advaita or pure monism. He wrote Commentary Famous Personalities in Medieval on Brahmasutra and Upanishad. He founded four India matts- Sringeri, Dwaraka, Puri and Badrinath.  Vallabhacharya promoted the philosophy of  Al Masudi - An Arabian traveller who came to Pushtimarga. He was the founder of Sudhadvaita. India in AD.  The North India the Bakti movement was pro-  Al Beruni - He came to India with Muhammed moted by two sects of thought - the Saguna and Ghazni, his book, Tahrik-ul-Hindh. Nirguna schools.  Abbas Khan Shervani : He was a historian of  Ramanand, born at Prayag preached Vaishnavaism. He was a followers of Ramanuja. Shershahs time. He wrote Tarikh-1-Shershahi.  (1398 -1458) a nirguna was born near  Abul Fazal : He was a a great scholar poet Histo- Benaras. His followers started the ‘Kabirpanthis’. rian in the court of Akbar. He wrote Akbarnamah  Tulasi (1532 - 1623) a worshipper of Rama and Ain-i- Akbari. compossed Ramcharithamanasa in Hindi. His  Bhaktiyar Khilji : Commander of Muhammed other works are Kavitavali and Gitavali. Ghori who conquered Bengal and crushed the  Mirabai (1498 - 1509) a Rajaput princess hailed Sena dynasty. from the Sisodiya dynasty of Chittoor was a devo- tee of Lord Krishna. Her lyrics were written in  Bhar Mal : He was the Rajput ruler of Amber. His Brijbhasha and in Rajasthani. daughter Jodabai was married to Akbar. Akbars  Jnanadeva, Namadeva, Eknatha and commanders Bhangavandas and Mansingh were Samarth Ram Das were the leading Maratha his son and grandson respectively. saints of Bhakti movement.  Chathaniya : He popularised ‘Bhakti’ in Bengal.  Jnanadeva founded the Maharashtra Dharma. His He was worshipper of Krishna. famous work ‘Jnaneswari’ is a commendarel on  Chand Bibi : She was the daughter of Nizam Shai Bhagavatgita. ruler of Ahmed Nagar and was married to the Adil  Ekanath promoted the custom of singing Shahi ruler of Bijapur. As a widow she fought Kirthana and he composed ‘abhangas’ or typical poems. with Mughals to save her dynasty.  Tukaram a contemporary of Shivaji was the pro-  Bairam Khan : He helped Akbar to defeat Hemu. moter of Maratha nationalism.  Firadusi : famous poet in the court of Muhammed  , the spiritual guide of Shivaji, Ghazni He wrote Shah Namah (The book of kings). wrote ‘Dasabhodha’. He is known as Indian Homer or Persian Homer. Sufism  Ibn Batuta : He was an African (Morocco) who visited the court of Muhammed bin Tughlaq and  Mythical movement of the Muslims was known wrote the book ‘Rihala’. as Suficism.  Hasan Gangu - founder of Bahmani dynasty un-  Sufi movement first came to India in the wake of der the name Alauddin Bahamanshah. Muhammed Ghazni’s invasion in the 11th cen-  Jai Chandra - He was the ruler of Kanauj, be- tury. longed to the Gahawala dynasty. He was defeated  Sufi orders are called Silsilahs. in 1194 by Muhammed Ghori in the battle of  Chishti Silsilah was founded by Khawaja Chandwar. Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmir.

40 3  Khawaja Moinuddin Chisti : He was a sufi saint Albuquerque. of 12th century who started the Chishtia sect at  Vasco-da-Gama arrived for the second time in 1502 Ajmir. and for the third chance in 1524. He died at Fort Cochin and was cremated at the St. Frnacis  Islam Shah : Second Sur ruler, son of Shersha He Church there. Later his remains were brought back codified the law and introduced an impartial sys- to Portugal. tem of Justice.  Don Francisco de’Almedia was the first Portu-  Lalitaditya of Karkota dynasty : He ruled over guese governor in the East. His was called Kashmir from 724 to 760. The famous Martand ‘‘the bluewater policy’’ which aimed at the establishement of strong navy. Mandir temple was built by him.  In 1507 the Portuguese arrived at Madras. The  Malik Kafur : He was an army commander of city finally got its name from their leader Madra. Alauddin Khilji - who conquered south India for  The greatest Portuguese governor to the East was him. He was converted to Islam from Hinduism. Albuquerque. He was the real founder of the Por-  Muhamed Gawan : He was a minister to the tuguese authority in India. Bahmani rulers.  Albuquerque tried to abolish Sati.  His policy mixed colony system was to encour-  Malik Amber : He was a Syrian slave who could age intermarriage between the Portuguese and became the Prime Minister of Ahmed Nagar. He Indians. administered the State very well fought against  They Portuguese religious policy was the Mughals and Marathas. Lantinisation of Kerala.  Mirza Ghias Beg : He was the father of Nur Jahan  The conflict for the establishment of Latin rite and received the title Etmatuddaula. His tomb is and syrian rite led to the Coonan Cross Oath in- cident in 1653. in Agra.  The Portuguese introduced agricultural products  : He was an independent such a cashew, coconut, custardapple, pineapple ruler of Bengal, who founded the city of etc in India. Murshidabad.  They introduced Tobacco in the court of Akbar  Rana Kumbha : He was a Rajput ruler of 15th in 1604. century He built a kirti Stambh at Chittar.  Portuguese authority in Indian seas remained upto 1595.  The Portuguese started the first press in India at MODERN INDIA Goa in 1556.  The first Portuguese fort in India was constructed at Cochin. Advent of the Europeans  Portuguese captured Goa from the Bijapur Sulthan  A new Sea route to India via Cape of Good Hope in 1510. (Southern tip of South Africa) by Vasco da Gama in 1498 AD marked the beginning of European The Dutch period in Indian History.  In 20 March 1602 the United East India Company  He first arrived at Kapad near Kozhikode in Kerala. of the Netherlands was formed. The Name of the  Saint Gabriel was the name of the ship in which Dutch Company was Vereenidge Oostindische Vasco-da-Gama landed at Kappad, the port of Companie (VOC) Zamorine of Calicut.  The most famous Portuguese men from the point  The Dutch set up their first factory at of view of India Vasco da Gama, Almeida and Masulipattanam in 1605.

40 4  In 1663 the Dutch captured Cochin.  The second Carnatic war was from 1748 to 1754.  In 1741 Marthandavarma, the ruler  was the Governor of the English defeated the Dutch in the Battle of Kolachal. during the Carnatic wars.  The came to be used through-  The final Collapse of the Dutch came with their out the British dominion in 1752. defeat by the English in the Battle of Bedara in 1759.  The Second Carnatic war ended with the treaty of Pondicherry in 1754. The English and the French  The Third Carnatic war was from 1758 to 1763.  At the Battle of Wandiwash Eyre Coot defeated  The English East India Company was formed by French general Lally in 1760. a group of Merchants known as ‘The Merchant Adventurers’ in 1599.  With the treaty of Paris in 1763 peace was settled between the French and English.  Early Name of the company was John Company.  The battle of Plassey was fought in the year 1757  English East India Company was formally estab- lished on 31st December 1600 by a Charter issued June 13. by Queen Elizabeth of the Tudor dynasty.  In 1756 Siraj-ud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal, at-  Hector, the first ship of the English East India tacked Calcutta and captured it. 146 British pris- company reached Surat on 24 August 1606. oners including their com-  In 1612 the Company became a joint stock com- mander John Zepheria Holwell pany. and four women were locked  Sir Thomas Roe, first ambassador of James I of in a small room. 123 of them England landed at Surat and met Jahangir in 1613 died inside due to suffication. and the first English factor, was established at This incident is known a Surat. Black-hole tragedy.  The company acquired Bombay from Charles II  Battle of Plassey was fought Siraj-ud-daula on lease which he got as dowry from Portugal. between Robert Clive and  The designation of ‘Chief Justice’ was introduced Siraj-ud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal. in India by the English in 1678.  Siraj-ud-daula was defeated in the battle.  Madras became the first presidency chartered as municipal corporation with Mayor’s court 1687.  Mir Zafar was made the Nawab of Bengal after the battle of Plassey.  Job Charnock founded the city of Calcutta.  After the battle of Plassey Robert Clive became  Colbert the minister of Louis XIV created the compangnile des Indes Orientales in 1664. the first Governor of Bengal.  Francis Carton set up the first French factory at  The Construction of fort William of Calcutta was Surat in 1668. started by Lord Clive.  The First French Governor of Ponicherry was  In 1764 the European Bengal Regiment mutinied Francois Martin. which was followed by the First Indian Sepoy  The arrival of Dupleix as French Governor in In- Mutiny against the British. dia in 1742 saw the beginning of Anglo- French  The combined forces of Mirkassim, Emperor of Conflict. Delhi and Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh were  The first Carnatic war between the French and defeated in the Battle of Buxar on October 23 the English for supremacy in South India occured 1764. in 1742. It ended in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la- Chapple.  Robert Clive introduced official postal system in India in 1766.

40 5  Robert Clive introduced ‘Dual government’ in  The third Anglo Maratha war was from 1817- Bengal. 1818. Thus by the end of third Maratha war the Maratha power disappeared and the English cre- Conquest of Mysore ated the State of Sathara.  Haider Ali was the son of Fatheh Muhammed.He Subsidiary Alliance system and other was born in 1722.  In 1766 he became the ruler of Mysore after the Policies death of Mysore Raja Krishna Wodeyar.  Subsidiary Alliance System was used by  First Mysore war between Haider Ali and the En- Wellesley to bring Indian States within the orbit glish started in 1767 and ended in 1769. of British political power.  First Anglo-Mysore war ended with the defeat of  First Indian ruler to join the Subsidiary Alliance English and the treaty of Madras. System was the Nizam of Hyderabad.  Second Mysore war was from 1780 to 1784.  Lord Wellesley is consdiered as the ‘Akbar of  Haider Ali died in 1782 and Tipu Sulthan became English East India Company’ by Marshman. the Mysore ruler.  Permanent Revenue Settlement was introduced  The second Mysore war ended by the treaty of in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and districts of Benaras Mangalore in 1784. and northern districts of Madras by Lord  Second Mysore war was fought during the pe- Cornwallis in 1793. It was planned by Johnshore. riod of Warren Hastings.  Ryotwari System was introduced in Bombay,  Third Mysore war started in 1790 and ended in Madras and Assam. This system was similar to 1792. Akbar’s revenue policy Zabti system.  The third war ended by the treaty of Seringapatnam on March 19th1792.  Mahalwari System was introduced in Awad re- gion, Punjab, NWFP and parts of Central India.  Fourth Anglo Mysore war was in 1799.  Fourth Mysore war was fought during the period Executors of British Policies of Governor general wellesley.  Warren Hastings : (1772-85) He introduced quin-  In this battle Tipu was killed in 1799 at Srerangapatanam by Col. Arthur Wellesley. quennial settlement of land revenue in 1772.  Tipu’s Capital was Srerangapatanam.  He codified the Hindu and Muslim .  Tipu is known as Mysore Tiger.  He founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal with  Fathul Mujahiddin is the book written by Tippu the help of William Jones in 1784. which describes about Rockets.  The trial of Maharaja Nandakumar (1775) and his Judicial Murder was during the period of Warren Maratha Wars Hastings.

 First Anglo Maratha war (1775-82) It ended by  He abolished the Dual Government in Bengal in the treaty of Salbai. 1772.  Second Anglo-Maratha War was from 1803 to  After his return to England he was impeached 1805. there in 1785.  The treaty of Bassein was signed between the  By the Regulating Act 1775 of appointed him last Peshwa Baji RaoII and the English in 1802. the first Governor General.  The second Maratha War was ended by the treaty  First Anglo - Maratha war took place during his of Rajghat, 1806. period.

40 6  In 1780 James Augustus Hickey started a weekly  Mahalwari System of land revenue was intro- paper called Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General duced in North West Province by James Thomson. Advertiser during the period of Warren Hastings.  Warren Hastings established a Muhammedan Lord William Bentinck (1828- 35) Madrasa in Calcutta.  First Governor General of India by the govern- ment of India Act of 1833. Lord Cornwallis (1786 - 93)  Known as benevolent Governor General.  He introduced in 1793.  Banned the practice of Sati in 1829. Suppressed  The Police system was introduced in India. Tughi in 1830.  Cornwallis Code was introduced. It was based  Banned female infanticide. on the .  Created the province of Agra in 1834. Lord Wellesley (1793 - 1798)  Made English to be the court language in higher court but Persian continued in Lower courts.  Described himself as Bengali Tiger.  Appointed Macaulay as president of the commit-  He created the Madras presidency. tee of public instruction, Mecaulays Minutes was  Introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance. submitted in 1835.  The first state to sign the Subsidiary Alliance sys- Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835 - 36) tem was Hyderabad in 1798. Then Mysore, Tanjore, Awadh, Peshwar, Bhonsle, Sindhia, Jodh-  Abolished restriction on press pur, Jaipur, Mecheri, Bundi, Bharatpur and Berar  He is called the ‘‘Liberator of Press’’ signed the subsidiary treaty.  First Afghan war was started during the Gover-  Lord Wellesley fought the second Maratha war. nor Generalship of Lord Auckland.  Raja Ram Mohan Roy wrote the Tuhfat-ul-  Slavery was abolished by Governor general Lord Muwahiddin (gift to the Monotheists) during his Ellenborough. period. Lord Dalhousie (1849 - 56) Lord Minto (1807-1813)  Introduced the policy of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’  Signed the treaty of Amritsar in 1809 between  Indian states annexed through the Doctrine of Ranjith Singh of Punjab and the English. Lapse were Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849) Baghatpur (1850), Udaipur (1852) Jhansi Lord Hastings (1813-23) (1853) and Nagpur (1854).  He was made Marques of Hastings due to his  Introduced the Woods Despatch known as the success in the Gorkhar war or the Anglo Nepalis Magnacarta of English Education in India pre- war. pared by Charles Wood in 1854.   He abolished the Peshwaship and annexed his Boosted up the development of Railways and laid the first Railway line in 1853 from Bombay to territories to the Bombay presidency after the third Thane and Second from Calcutta to Raniganj. Anglo-Maratha war (1818)  Gave a great impetus to Post and Telegraph. Tele-  Introduced the Ryotwari System in Madras presi- graphic lines were laid - first line from Calcutta to dency by Governor Thomas Munroe in 1820 un- Agra. der the governor generalship of Hastings.  Shimla was made summer Capital and Army Head Quarters.

40 7  Hindu Marriage Act was passed in 1856.  The Mughal Emperor Akbarshah II gave Ram  In 1853 started recruitment of the Covenanted Civil Mohan the title ‘Raja’. Service by competitive examination.  After the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy  A Post Office Act was passed in 1854. Postage Brahmasamaj was divided into several sects. stamps were issued for the first time.  Adi Brahmasamaj lead by Devendra Nath Tagore  In 1855 the Santhal Uprising took place and Bharatiya Brahmasamaj led by Keshav  Abolished the title of the Nawab of Carnatic. Chandra Sen were started in 1866.  Sadharana Samaj was started by Socio - Religious Reform Movements Anandmohan Bose in 1878. Rammohan Roy (1772 - 1883) and Brahmo Samaj  Devendra Nath Tagore was the founder of  Raja Ram Mohan Roy is Tatvabodhinisabha in Calcutta in 1839. known as the father of Mod-  Keshav Chandrasen started a paper called Indian ern India, ‘Herald of New Mirror in 1861. Age’, ‘ between Past  Brahmasamaj reached outside Bengal under and Future. ‘First Modern Keshav Chandra Sen. Man in India’ Father of In- dian Renaissance, Pathfinder  Keshav Chandra Sen was the first Indian who of his Century etc. Raja Ram Mohan Roy attempted to reform the society on an all India basis.  Believed in monotheism and opposed idol wor- ship.  Surendra Nath Banerjee was the first Indian to  Established the ‘Atmiya Sabha’ in Calcutta in 1815 took up his political activity on an all India basis. inorder to propagate monotheism and to fight  ‘Precepts to Jesus’ is a book written by Rajaram against the evil customs and practices in Hindu- Mohan Roy. ism.  Thuhafath ul - muvahiddin or Gift to Monothe-  He got legitimisation to his views from ists is also a work of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Upanishads.  In 1821 he started a paper called Samvat Kaumudi.  In 1822 he started Mirat-ul-Akbar, which was the  Founded in 1867 in Bombay by Dr. Atmaram first journal in Persian. Pandurang (not by MG Ranade) as an offshoot  In the same year Rammohan and Dwarakanath of the Brahmasamaj. Tagore jointly started a newspaper called Bangadatta.  It was later joined by M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar.  In 1825 he started the Vedanta College at Calcutta.  In 1828, August he founded the BrahmaSabha Arya samaj Later in 1845 the name Brahmasamaj was given  It was founded by Swami to it by Tagore. Dayanand Saraswathi in  Against the Brahmasabha orthodox Hindus lead 1875. by Raja Radhakant Deb started Dharmasabha.  He considered Vedas as  In 1829 December 4 Sati was abolished by gover- eternal and infalliable and nor general William Bentinck. said ‘Go back to Vedas’  Dayanand (1824  In 1831 he went to England to argue the case of - 1883) was a Sanyasi from Akbar II before the Board of Control. Swami Dayanand Gujarat. Saraswathi i

40 8  He was the first to teach an aggressive, reformed  He started two papers - the monthly Prabudha and militant Hinduism. Barat in English and Udbodhana a Bengali fort-  Dayanand, was known in his early life as Mul nightly. Shankar.  He is called the‘patriot saint of India’.  He founded the Arya Samaj at Bombay in 1575.  He was also described as a ‘‘Cyclonic Hindu’’.  He is known as Luther of Hinduism.  In 1898 , (Margaret Elizebth Noble)  He was the first to use the terms - Swarajya an Irish lady was initiated to brahmacharya by Swabhasha and Swadharma. Vivekananda.  He was the first to consider Hindi as a National Theosophical Society Language.  He started the Suddhi Movement to re-convert to  The Theosophical Society was founded by Ma- Hinduism those who were converted to other re- dame Blavatsky and Col. H.S.Olcott in Newyork ligions. in 1875.  His book Satyartha Prakash is a commentary on  In 1882 it shifted its head quarters to Adayar near Vedas. Madras.  He started Dayanand Anglo Vedic College in 1866.  Its philosophy was inspired by the Hindu Upanishads.  Aryaprakash was the news paper started by Dayanand Saraswati.  Dr.Annie Basant came to India in 1893, was its notable President.  In 1898 she started the Central Hindu School at Benaras, it later became Benaras Hindu Univer-  Shri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa (1834 - 1886) sity under Madan Mohan Malavya (1916). was born in Kumarpukur village in the Hoogly village of Bengal.  She was the first woman to become the president of INC in 1917.  His early name was Shuddirama Gadhadhar Chatterjee.  She started the Home Rule League with the Co- operation of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1916 with  He was a priest in the Dakshineswar Kali temple. Dadabhai Naoroji as its President. So he is called the Saint of Dakshineswar.  The most famous disciple of Young Bengal Movement Ramakrishna was Vivekananda (1861 - 1903).  Started by Henry Vivian Derozio, teacher in the Calcutta Hindu College.  Vivekananda was born in a Kayastha family of Calcutta.  His followers were known as the Derozians They  He attended the Parliament attacked the old traditions and decadant customs. of Reigions at Chicago in  In 1828 he started the Academic Association. 1893, September 11. Vivekananda  He was invited to the Congress of the History of Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Religions at Paris in 1900.  Reformer from Maharashtra he advocated the  He founded the Ramakrishana Mission on Ist May power of human reason. 1897.  He founded the Deccan Education Society at  1899 the or the centre of the mission was Poona in 1884 with Tilak, V.K. Chiplunkar and shifted to Belur. N M Joshi.

40 9 Jyotiba Phule  He founded the Rajmundri Social Reform Asso- ciation in 1878 with the principal objective of pro-  Belonging to the low caste of Mali from moting widow remarriage. Maharashtra, struggled against upper caste domi- nation and Brahamincal supremacy through his Muslim Reform Movements Sathyashodhak Samaj founded in 1873. Aligarh Movement  He wrote Ghulam-giri in 1872 exposing the con- ditions of the backward castes.  This movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817 - 98)  He pioneered the Widow Remarriage Movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education of  Sir Syed’s journal Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq advocated a women. rational approach towards religion.  He founded the Muhammadan Literarary Soci- Deva Samaj ety at Calcutta in 1863.  In 1875 he founded the Aligarh Muhammadan  It was started in 1887 by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri at Lahore. Anglo-Oriental College, (later Aligarh Muslim University)  The religious text of this Samaj was Deva Shastra and the teaching Devadharma.  Altaf Hussain Hali, Dr. Nazir Ahmad, Nawab Mutin Ul Mulk, Chirag Ali etc were the prominent NM Joshi leader of Aligarh Movement.  In 1866 Syed Ahmed Khan founded the Muslim  Initially a member of Ghoklale’s Servants of India Educational Conference. Society.  He founded the Social Service League at Bombay Ahmadia Movement in 1911.  Founded by Mirza Ahmad at Quadiani in Punjab.  He also founded the All India Trade Union Con- gress in 1920 at Bombay. Sikh Reform Movements  He left AITUC in 1929 and started the Indian Trades Union Federation.  In 1873 the Singh Sabha Movement was founded at Amritsar. HN Kunzru  The Akali Movement was also started for Sikh reform  He founded the Samiti at Allahabad in 1914 with the objective of organising social service  Kuka Movement was started with the aim of Sikh during the natural calamities and promoting edu- reform and restoration of Sikh sovereignty in cation sanitation, physical culture etc. Punjab by driving the British away.  Kuka movement was founded by Bagat Shri Ram Bajpal Jawaharmal, popularly known as Sian Sahib in the 19th century.  Founded the Seva Samiti Boys Scouts Associa- tion in 1914 at Bombay on the lines of world wide  Kukas recognised Guru Govind Singh as the only Baden Powell organisation, which at that time true Guru of the Sikhs. banned Indians from Joining it. Some other Reformers

Veerasalingam Pantulu  Prof. D.K. Karve who took the cause of widow  Most prominent social reformer of South India in remarriage started the Indian Women University the second half of the 19th Century. at Bombay in 1916.

41 0  B.M. Malabari started a Crusade against child  The revolt of 1857 ended in failure but it promoted marriage and his efforts were crowned by the en- the spirit of Nationalism and Patriotism. actment of the Age consent Act. 1891.  The 19th Native Infantry  Ahrar Movement was founded in 1910 under the at Berhampur which re- leadership of Maulana Mohamed Ali. fused to use the greased Cartridge and the enfield The Revolt of 1857 rifle, started mutiny in Feb-

 The Great Mutiny of 1857 took place during the ruary 26, 1857. period of Lord Canning.  The first shot was fired on  The Centres and Leaders of the Revolt March 29 by Mangal Lucknow - Begum Hazrat Mahal Pandey (of Ballia, UP) of Mangal Pandey Kanpur - Nana Saheb the 14th Bengal Infantry at Delhi - General Bhaktkhan Barrakpore of Bengal. Bihar - Kunwar Singh  Mangal Pandey was hanged to death on 29 March Jhansi - Rani Lekshmi Bai 1857. Faridabad - Maulavi Ahmmadulla  May 10, 1857 witnessed the real mutiny at Meerut then in Delhi on 11th May. Bareili - Khan Bahadur  The first British to loose his life was Col.Finnis Meerut. Major Tribal Movements  Bahadurshah II surren- Tribe Area Year dered to Lt. W.S.R. Hodson on Sep- Chuars W.Bengal 1768 - 1832 tember 21, 1957 at Humayun’s Tomb Bhils Khandesh 1818 - 1848 – Sevaram in Delhi. Hos Chotanagpur 1820-1832  The capture of Delhi and the proclamation of Bahadurshah as Kolis Sahyadri hillis 1824 - 48 the Emperor of Hindustan gave a Kharies Khasi hils 1829 - 32 – Tirut Singh and Barmanik positive political meaning to the re- Singh Phos Assam 1830 - 39 volt. Kols Chotanagpur 1831 - 32 – Budho Bagat  The immediate cause for Kayar Andhra Pradesh 1840 - 1924 – Alluri Sitaram Raju the 1857 revolt was the introduction Kachnagar Assam 1882 – Sambudhan of the greased Catridges. Ahom Assam 1828 - 33 – Gomdhar Konovar  Educated middle class section of Indian population did not Khonds Orissa 1846 - 1914 Chattre Bisayi support the revolt fo 1857. Santhals Rajmahal Hills 1855 - 56 Sidhu and Kanhu  As a result of the revolt Naikadas Gujarat 1858 - 68 Rup Singh Jogia Bhagat of 1857 the then Governor General Mundas Chotanagpur 1899 - 1900 Birsa Munda Lord Canning was appointed as the Bhils South Rajasthan 1933 Govind Guru Viceroy of India. Oraons Chotanagpur 1914 - 1915 Jatra Bhagat  On November 1, 1858 a proclamation was made by the Kukis Manipur 1917 - 19 Rani Gaidinlue Queen to the people of India in Rampa Andhra Pradesh 1916 – Alluri Sitaram Raju eighteeen languages.

41 1  ‘‘The best and the bravest mili-  The name Congress was suggested to the tary leader of the rebels’’ sir organisation by DadaBai Naoroji. Hugh Ross said this about Rani  Dadabai Naoroji founded the East Indian Asso- of Jhansi. ciation in 1866.  The original name of Rani of  A.O. Hume was the General Secretary of INC till Jhansi was Mani Karnika. 1892.  The administration by Indian Jhansi Rani  The Second Session of the INC met at Calcutta in civil service officers started as December 1886, under the presidentship of a result of the Queen’s proclamation. Dadabhai Naoroji. Here the National Conference  The revolt was completely crusted in 1858. merged itself with the INC.  Benjamin Disraeli described the revolt as a ‘‘Na-  The second session was attended by 436 del- tional Rising’’. egates and there were 2000 delegates in 1889.  V.D. Savarkar in his book ‘‘First war of Inde-  The period from 1885 to 1905 is known as the pendence’’ called it ‘‘The First War of Indepen- Moderate Phase of Indian National Congress. dence’’. Prominent leaders of this phase were Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji, Pheroz Shah Mehta,  ‘‘Eighteen Fifty Seven’’ is a book written by Surendra Nath Sen. Surendranath Banerjee, Gopalakrishna Gokhale etc. The Great Indian National Movement  ‘‘We do not ask favours, we only want justice’’, these were the words Dadabhai Naroji.  The most important events during Lord Duferin’s Period (1884-1888) were the third Anglo Burmese  Dadabhai Noaroji is the author of the book ‘‘Pov- War (1885-86) and the establishment of the first erty and UnBritish Rule in India’’ which con- All India organisation, the Indian National Con- tains the famous ‘‘drain theory’’. gress.  The British committee of INC was founded in 1889.  The INC was founded in December 28, 1885 at the  Aurobindo Ghosh called INC a ‘‘begging insti- Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay. tute’’  72 delegates participated in the first session of  Bibin Chandra Pal viewed ‘‘INC playing with the INC. bubble’’.  It was founded by A.O. Hume a retired Civil Ser- vant.  Tilak, the father of Indian unrest said ‘‘INC should distinguish between begging and claiming  W.C. Banerjee was the first president of INC. right’’ Tilak said ‘‘Rights are not begged they  The Indian Association of S.N. Banerjee and are claimed’’. Anand Mohan Bose, organised an All Indian Na- tional Conference in 1883  The congress sessions lasts only for three days December. They had a year. given a call for another  Dadabhai Naoroji is known as ‘‘The Grand Old conference in 1885. Man of India’’. He was the first Indian to become  The term ‘congress’ was a member of the House of Commons on the Lib- desired from the history eral Partys ticket. He became the president of INC of The United States of thrice, in 1886, 1893 and 1906. He founded ‘Gyan America. Prakash Mandali’ and Bombay Association in  ‘Congress’ means as- 1852. He is also known as father of Indian Eco- sembly of the people. DadaBai Naoroji nomics and Politics.

41 2  Badruddin Tyabji was the first Indian barrister at the ‘ of Maharahstra’. M.G. Ranade was Bombay High Court. He was the first Muslim the political guru of Gokhale. president of INC. He became the third president  Gokhale is considered as the political guru of of INC in Madras session in 1887. Gandhiji.  W.C. Banerjee founded the Bombay in  Sarojini Naidu was the first 1913 and the ‘Moderate school’. Indian woman to become the  S.N. Banerjee founded the Indian Association in president of Indian National 1876. He was the first President of Indian National Congress (1925 Kanpur ses- Liberal Federation (1918). sion)  Gopalakrishna Gokhale founded the ‘Servants  Nellin Sengupta became the of India Society in 1905. third woman President of INC,  K.T. Telang became the first ‘‘Hardworking sec- 1933 at the Calcutta Session. Sarojini Naidu retary’’ of INC. in 1906.  Jawaharlal Nehru observed the Early Congress  The word Swaraj was first used in the Calcutta to be ‘‘an English knowing upper class affair’’. session in1906.  George Yule was the first foreigner to become  First Joint session of Congress and Muslim the President of INC. (1888, Allahabad) League was held at Lucknow 1916.  Gopala Krishna Gokhale was populary known as EARLY ASSOCIATIONS Year.. Organisation Founder Place 1838 ... Landholders society ...... Dwaraknath Tagore ...... Calcutta 1839 ... British India Society...... William Adams ...... London 1851 ... British India Association...... Devendranath Tagore ...... Calcutta 1862 ... London India Committee ...... C.P. Mudaliar ...... London 1866 ... East India Association ...... Dadabhai Naoroji...... London 1867 ... National Indian Association ...... Mary Carpenter ...... London 1872 ... Indian Society ...... Anand Mohan Bose ...... London 1876 ... Indian Association ...... Anand Mohan Bose andS.N. Banerjee ...... Calcutta 1883 ... Indian National Society...... Shishir Chandra Bose ...... Calcutta 1884 ... Indian National Conference ...... S M Banerjee ...... Calcutta 1885 ... Bombay Presidency Association ...... Mehta and Telang ...... Bombay 1888 ... United India Patriotic Association ...... Sir Syed Ahmed Khan...... Aligarh 1905 ... Servants of India Society ...... G.K. Gokhale ...... Bombay 1920 ... Indian Trade Union Congress ...... NM Joshi (founder) ...... Lucknow Lala Lajpat Rai (President) 1924 ... All India Communist Party...... Satyabhakta ...... Kanpur 1928 ... Khudai Khidmatgar ...... Abdul Gaffar Khan ...... Peshwar 1936 ... All India Kisan Sabha ...... Sahajananda and N.J. Ranga ...... Lucknow 1940 ... Radical Democratic Party...... M.N. Roy ...... Calcutta

41 3  First session held in a village was 1937 session to takepart in election of 1937. held at Fazipur.  1938 session of Congress was held in a village  Only session presided over by Gandhi - Belgaum Haripura. (1924)  In the Ramagarh session (1904) decision was  Complete independence was demanded for the taken on Individual Satyagraha. first time (1929) at Lahore.  While Britishers tried to use Congress as a safety  For the first time National Song was sung in the valve, Indian leaders tried to use it as a lightning Calcutta session (1896) of INC ie Vande Mataram. conductor.  During the fourth session of INC (1888, Allahabad)  During the Tripura session (1939) Subash Chandra emphasise was given on the formation of its con- Bose defeated Pattabhi Sitaramayya (Gandhi’s stitution. candidate in presidential election) but later re- signed and Rajendra Prasad became the presi-  During the Nagpur session 1891, the word Na- dent. tional was added to congress.  During Calcutta session (1928) first All India  During the Poona session (1895) representives Youth Congress was established. for the second time discussed on the formation  During the Delhi session (1918) along with S.N. of its Constitution. Banerjee many liberals resigned and Rajendra  In the Lucknow session of the Congress (1916) Prasad became its president. the two factions of congress (extremists and mod-  Aurobindo published New Lamps For Old. It was erates) reunited. the first systematic critic of the Moderates.  During the special session of the congress in  The radical wing of the INC that emerged at the Calcutta (1920) Gandhi proposed to start Non-co end of the 19th century is referred to as the Ex- operation Movement. Instead of Constitutional tremist Group. self-government congress declared Swaraj Party  The main leaders of the Extremist Group were Lala in 1922. Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, B.C. Pal and  During the Delhi session (1923) Indian National Aurobindo Ghosh. Congress decided to establish All India Khadi  Tilak asserted Swaraj is my birthright and I shall Board. have it.  During the Guwahati session of INC (1926) wear-  Tilak started two newspapers the Mahratha in ing Khadi was made cumpulsory to its workers. English and the Kesari in Marathi. He started  During the Madras session (1908) its constitu- Sivaji festival to stimulate nationalism. tion was formed.  Lord Curzon Partitioned Bengal on 20th July 1905  In Madras session of the INC (1927) proposals as a part of the ‘Divide and Rule Policy’. for independence and to boycott Simon Com-  Rabindra Nath Tagore composed ‘Amer Sonar mission were passed Bengla’ as a part of ante  During the session (1931) Fundamental partition movement, Rights and proposals were which later became the passed. National Anthem of  During its 1932 and 1933 Sessions Government Bangladesh. had declared INC an illegal organisation.  Boycott of British prod-  During the Lucknow session (1936) Nehru ex- ucts was first sug- plained for the first time. gested by Krishna Kumar Mitra in  During Faizpur session (1937) Congress decided Sanjivani. Rabindra Nath Tagore

41 4  The Swadeshi Movement was started in 1905.  Muhammed Iqbal, who presided over the  ‘Charka’ (spinning wheel) came to typify the Allahabad session of the League in 1930 gave popular concern for country’s economic self suf- the idea of Separate Muslim State in North West ficiency. India. Hence Iqbal is known as the father of the  Swadesh Bandhav Samiti of Barisal founded by idea of Pakistan. But the name ‘Pakistan’ was Ashwini Dutt was the largest Volunteer body to framed by Rahmat Ali. support Swadeshi Movement.  Mohammed Ali Jinnah gave his famous Two Na-  First real labour union - The Printers Union was tion Theory in March 1940, at the Lahore session formed on October 1905. of the Muslim League.  Vande Mataram Movement was started by Chandra Pal in Madras  Sarojini Naidu called Jinnah the Prophet of Hindu-  Tilak began the Swadesh Vastra Pracharine Muslim Unity. Sabha to propagate Swadeshi Movement.  Later Jinhah became the first Governor General of  Savarkar founded ‘Mitra mela’. Pakistan. He is also known as the father of Paki-  Chakravarthi Vijiaraghavacharya was the first stan. Indian leader to undergo imprisonment in 1882. He was an extremist leader. He was the first In- Surat Split (1907) dian to draft a Swaraj constitution for India which was presented at the Madras session in 1927.  The clash between the Moderates and Extrem-  First congress leader to suffer severe terms of ists culminated in a split which occurred at Surat imprisonment for the sake of the country was Bal in 1907. Gangadhar Tilak.  Dr. Rash Bihari Bose was the INC President dur-  Tilak wrote ‘Gita Rahasya’. ing the Surat Split.  Bipin Chandrapal started an English weekly New India.  After the Surat Split the congress remained un- der the control of the Moderates.  Bipin Chandrapal founded Bande Mataram in 1906 (an organization)  The Moderates did not approve the boycott of  Lala Lajpat Rai is popularly known as Sher-e- foreign goods but the Extenmists favoured it. The Punjab (Lion of Punjab). He founded and edited Moderates continued to have faith in the good ‘‘The Punjabee’’, ‘The Vante Mataram’ and the intensions of the British government. They English weekly ‘‘The people’’. wanted self government in gradual stages, while  The Bengali daily Yugandar was started by the Extremists wanted complete autonomy at the Aurobindo Gosh. He also started weeklies earliest. ‘Karma Yogin’ and ‘Dharma’. Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 The Formation of the Muslim League (1906)  The Minto Morley Reforms for the first time tried to introduce communal representation (for  All India Muslim League was founded under the muslims) and a popular element in the govt. Leadership of Aga Khan to divert the Muslims  The real purpose of the reforms of 1909 was to from the National Political Movement. On Decem- confuse the Moderate nationalists and to check ber 30th Nawab Salimulla Khan of became the growth of unity among Indians. its first President.

41 5 Home Rule Movement (1916) Jalianwala Bagh Massacre - April 13,

 Home Rule Movement was started by Annie 1919 Besant and Tilak in 1916.  In 1919, Rowlatt Act, which authorised the gov-  Self government for India in British Empire and ernment to detain any person without trial was work for national education, social and political passed. reform etc were the aims of Home Rule League.  The Act was passed during the period of Lord  Annie Besnat was the first woman president of Chelmsford. INC (1917, Calcutta Session)  The official name of the Rowlatt Act was the An-  set up the newspapers -New India, archical and Revolutionary Crimes Act (1919). Common Weal and Young India (1916).  Sir Sydney Rowlatt was the president of the com-  Home Rule Movement marks the beginning for mittee to make proposals for the Act. the attainment of Swaraj.  C.Sankaran Nair was the only Indian official  The Montague declaration of 1917 was the great- member who supported the bill, while all the 22 est achievement of the Home Rule League. elected Indian members in the Imperial Legisla-  The Lucknow session of the Indian National Con- tive Council opposed the bill. gress in 1916 marked the re union of the Moder-  Gandhiji set up ‘Rowlatt Committee’ to protest ates and Extremists together at Lucknow in 1916. this act.  The Lucknow pact was executed between the  The protest against this ‘Black Act’ was the congress and Muslim League in 1916. strongest in Punjab where it led to the Massacre at ‘Jalianwala Bagh’ Amritsar on April 13, 1919. It Montegue - Chelmsford Reforms 1919 was on a Baishaki day. The British Officer Gen-

 It is also known as the Government of India Act eral Dyer ordered his troops to open fire at un- of 1919. armed gathering, who were gathered there to pro- test against the arrest of their popular leaders  In 1918, Edwin Montague, the Secretary of State Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal. and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy produced their  On this occasion Tagore renounced his Knight- scheme of constitutional reforms which led to the hood in protest. enactment of the Government of India Act of  Michael O’Dyer Governor of the Punjab prov- 1919. ince supported the incident and on March 15,  The Provincial Legislative Councils were enlarged Martial law was declared. and the majority of their members were to be  Gandhiji renounced the ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ medal elected. The provincial government were given given to him for his work during the Boer War. more powers under the system of dyarchy.  Hunter Committee was appointed to enquire into  Indian National Congress in a special session at the Jallianwallah Massacre (1920) Bombay in August 1918 criticised the reform as  Hunter Commissions report was described by ‘disappointing and unsatisfactory’. Gandhiji as a ‘white wash’.  The Montague Chelmsford reforms introduced  Sardar Udham Singh, who took the name Ram dyarchy in the provinces. Muhammed Singh, Sonak Murdered Dyer in En-  Provincial subjects were divided into ‘Reversed gland as a revenge to the Massacre. subjects’ and ‘‘Transferred Subjects’’.  The English House of Lords presented a jewelled sword to General in which was inscribed ‘‘sav-  Central was made bicameral by this iour of the Punjab’’. reform.

41 6 Events/Acts/Reforms ...... Viceroy/Governor Generals Provincial Autonomy (1937) ...... Lord Linlithgow Cripps Mission (1942) ...... Lord Linthgow Permanent Settlement (1793)...... Lord Cornwallis Quit India Movement ...... Lord Linlithgow Subsidiary Alliance (1798) ...... Lord Wellesley Cabinet Mission (1946) ...... Lord Wavell Abolition of Sati (1829) ...... Lord William Bentinck INA Trial (1945) ...... Lord Wavell Introduction of Civil service ...... Lord Cornwallis Indian Independence Act 1947) ...... Lord Mountbatten Doctrine of Lapse ...... Lord Dalhousie Partition of India (1947) ...... Lord Mountbatten Railways started in India ...... Lord Dalhousie Post and Telegraph ...... Lord Dalhousie Non-Co-operation Movement (1920) English Education in India .. Lord William Bentinck  Non Co-operation Movement was started with Vernacular Press Act (1878) ...... Lord Lytton the aim of the annulment of the Rowlatt Act, and Arms Act (1878) ...... Lord Lytton correcting the ‘Punjab wrong’ changing the Local Self Government (1882) ...... Lord Rippon ‘Khilafat wrong’ as well as moving towards the Ryotwari System ...... Lord Munro cherished goal of ‘swaraj’. Partition of Bengal (1905) ...... Lord Curzon  It was the first mass based political movement Rowlatt Act (1914) ...... Lord Chelmsford under Gandhiji. Simon Commission (1928) ... Lord William Bentinck  The movement was launched as per the resolu- Sepoy Mutiny (1857) ...... Lord Canning tion of Calcutta session and ratified in Nagpur session in December 1920. Queens Proclamation (1858) ...... Lord Canning  The main emphasise of the movement was on Factory Act (1881) ...... Lord Ripon boycott of schools, colleges, law courts and ad- Repeal of Vernacular Press Act (1881)Lord Canning vocacy of the use of Charka. Indian councils Act/Minto -Morley Reforms (1909)  The whole movement was called off on 11th Feb- ...... Lord Minto II ruary 1922 at Gandhi’s insistence following the Partition of Bengal revoked (1911) Lord Hardinge II news of burning alive of 22 English plicemen by Transfer Capital to Delhi (1911) ... Lord Hardinge II the angry peasants at ChauriChaura (Chauri Dyarchy in province (1919) ...... Lord Chelmsford Chaura Incident) in Gorakhpur district of Up on Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919).. Lord Chelmsford 5th February 1922. Non co-operation ...... Lord Chelmsford  The Non Cooperation movement converted the Poorna Swaraj resolution (Lahore 1929) . Lord Irwin national movement into a mass movement . It strengthened Hindu-Muslim unity. Frist Round Table Conference (1930) ..... Lord Irwin Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931) ...... Lord Irwin Khilafat Movement (1919) Communal Award (1932) ...... Lord Wellington  The main object of the Khilafat Movement was to Poona Pact (1932) ...... Lord Wellington force the British Government to change its atti- 2nd Round Table Conference(1931) .... Lord Wellington tude towards Turkey and restore the Turkish 3rd Round Table Conference (1932) ..... Lord Wellington Sulthan (Khalifa) to his former position. Separate Electorates (1932) ...... Lord Wellington  A Khilafat committee was formed under the Government of India Act (1935) .... Lord Wellington leadersip of Ali brothers Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal khan, and Hasrat Mohani.

41 7  The Khilafat Movement lost its relevance due to Some Commissions the reforms of Mustafa Kamal Pasha in Turkey.  Amini Commission on Land Revenue and Famine Pasha abolished Khilafat and made Turkey a secu- (1878) lar state.  Fraser Commission on Agriculture (1902)  On 1 June 1920 the Khilafat Committee at  Hunter Commission on Punjab Disturbance (1919) Allahabad unanimously accepted Gandhi’s sug- gestion of non co-operation and asked him to Books and Authors lead the Movement. Vande Mataram...... Aurobindo Ghosh New Lamps for Old ...... Aurobindo Ghosh Indian Working Class Bhavani Mandir ...... Aurobindo Ghosh Hind Swaraj ...... Mahatma Gandhi  First organised strike by any section of the work- Gora ...... Rabindranath Tagore ing class was the Signaler’s Strike in May 1899 Ghare Baiyare ...... Rabindranath Tagore in the ‘Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railway’. Gitanjali ...... Rabindranath Tagore  AITUC was formed in 1920 with Lala Lajpat Rai as Discovery of India ...... J.L. Nehru its first President and Dewan Chaman Lal as its Essays in Indian ...... M.G. Ranade General Secretary. Arctic Home of the Aryans ...... B.G. Tilak  Indian National Congress at its Gaya session of Geeta Rahasya ...... B.G. Tilak 1922 welcomed the formation of AITUC. Poverty and Un-British Rule in IndiaDada Bhai Naoroji  Government appointed the Royal Commission on We ...... M.S. Golwalkar Labour in 1929. Durgesh Nandini .... Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Bang Darshan...... Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Simon Commission Anand Math ...... Bankim Chandra Chatterjee  In November 1927, the British Government ap- India in Transition ...... M.N. Roy pointed the Indian Statutory Commission, popu- Economic History of British India ...... R.C. Dutt larly known as Simon Commission, to go it to the The Indian Struggle ...... Subhash Chandra Bose question of further constitution reform. Indian Musalmans ...... Hunter  The Congress passed a resolution to boycott the Gana Devta ...... Tarashankar Bandhopadhyaya Simon Commission at its Madras session 1927. Philosophy of the Bomb..... Bhagavati Charan Vohra  The day Simon landed at Mumbai ; 3 February Why Socialism ...... Jayaprakash Narayan 1928 all the major cities and towns observed a Gandhi Versus Lenin ...... S.A. Dange complete hartal. Problem of the East ...... Lord Curzon  The Madras session 1927 was presided over by Neel Darpam ...... Deen Bandu Mithra Dr. Ansari. India Today ...... R.P. Dutt  On the arrival of the Commission in Mumbai in India Wins Freedom ...... Abdul Kalam Azad 1928, it met with the slogan ‘‘Go back Simon’’. Indian Unrest ...... Valentine Chirol  There were Seven members in the Simon Com- Prachya Aur Paschchatya .... Swami Vivekanand mission. but no Indian. Gau Karunanidhi...... Swami Dyayanda Letters from Russia ...... Rabindranth Tagore  Lala Lajpat Rai was severely wounded in a po- lice Lathi charge and died while protesting against Wither India ...... J.L.Nehru the Commission. Soviet Asia ...... J.L. Nehru Pather Debi ...... Avanindranath Tagore  To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh shot dead General Saunders. History of Hindu Chemistry ...... P.C. Rai Peasantry of Bengal ...... R.C. Dutt

41 8  Rowlatt Commission on Sedition (1919)  Its early name was Congress Khilafat Swaraj  Butler Commission on Indian States (1927) Party.  Sapru Commission on Unemployment (1935)  C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru were the frist presi-  Whitley Commission on Labour (1939) dent and Secretary respectively of the Swaraj  Floud Commission on Tenancy in Bengal (1940) Party.  C.R. Das gave the slogan ‘Enter the Council’ Peasant Movements  Swaraj Party was formed at Allahabad. - 1860  The 1924 when Gandhi came out of Jail he sup-  The revolt was directed against the British Plant- ported the programme of Swaraj Party. ers who behaved like Feudal Lords in their estates.  The revolt began after Hemachandrakar deputy Trade Union Movement in India Magistrate, published on 17 August, 1859 a proc-  First Textile Mill : Bombay (1853) lamation to policmen that they should interefere with the rights of the peasants to saw whatever  First Jute Mill at Rishra in Bengal (1855) they preferred.  First Factory Act was passed in 1881.  It began at Govindpur village in Nadia and was  The Second Factory Act was passed in 1891. led by Digambar Bishwas and Bishnu Bishwas.  First Industrial Commission was appointed in  Din Bandu Mitra’s novel Neel Darpan protrayed 1875. this struggle.  The first real labour union was formed in October  An Indigo Commission was also appointed in 1860. 1901 in Calcutta called the Printers Union. Pabna Revolt (Bengal)  The Madras Labour Union was the first organisation with regular membership and was  In may 1874 an Agrarian League was formed in started by G. Ramanujalu Naidu, G. Challapathi Pabna. Main leader was Ishan Chandra Roy. The and was presided over by B.P. Wadia in 1918. revolt was against increased rent.  The All India Trade Union Congress was founded (1917) in 1920. The Indian National Congress President of the year was elected as its President.  The peasants in this region were forced to culti-  The Trade Union Act of 1926 organised trade vate indigo at the prices decided by the British. unions as legal Associations. This system was known as Tinkathia system.  The Jamshedpur Labour Association was  Gandhiji’s first Satyagraha in India was the Champaran in 1917. founded by S.N. Haldar and Byomkesh Chakravarthy in 1920. Kheda Satyagraha (1918)  In 1929, All India Trade Union Federation was formed under the leadership of NM Joshi.  Chiefly directed against the government.  The Congress Socialist Party was founded in  It was started by Madan Mohan Malavya later 1934. taken up by Gandhiji in 1918.  Kanpur Labour Enquiry Committee was founded Swaraj Party (1923) under the chairmanship of Rajendra Prasad.  In 1944 national leaders lead by Sardar Patel  C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru resigned from con- gress on 31 December 1922 and founded the organised the Indian National Trade Union Con- Swaraj Party on 1st January 1923. gress.

41 9 Civil Disobedience movement -1930 Khudai Khidmatgar activated the NWFP leading to rioting where the Hindu Gahrwal Rifles refused  In 1930, Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience to fire on Muslim rioters. Movement.  Darshana Salt Works (21 may) Satyagraha led  In 1929 INC adopted ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (complete by Sarojini Naidu, Imam Saheb and Manilal independence) as its goal at the Lahore session Gandhi. of the congress under the Presidentship of Nehru. It also decided for launching a Civil Disobedi- ence Campaign. Governors Generals of India 1772-1785 ...... Warren Hastings  At midnight on 31 December 1929, Jawaharlal 1786 - 1793 ...... Lord Cornwallis Nehru unfurled the newly adopted Tricolour Flag 1793 - 1798 ...... Sir Joh Shore of freedom on the bank of river Ravi. 1798 - 1805 ...... Lord Wellesley  26 January 1930 was fixed as the first indepen- 1807- 1813 ...... Lord Minto dent day. 1813 -1823 ...... Lord Hastings 1823 - 1828 ...... Lord Amherst  The Civil Disobedience Movement was started 1828 - 1835 ...... Lord William Bentinck by Gandhiji with his famous Dandi March 1835 - 1842 ...... Baron Ellenborough  He started his Salt Satyagraha or the Dandi 1842 - 1844 ...... William Wilberfore Bird March on the morning of 12 March 1930 with a 1844 - 1848 ...... Lord Hardinge 1848 - 1856 ...... Lord Dalhousie band of 78 volunteers. It was 385km (240 miles) 1856 - 1858 ...... Lord Canning Journey from Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad to Dandi on the West Coast. On April 5, at 6 in the Viceroys of British India morning Gandhiji and his volunteers picked up 1858 - 1862 ...... Lord Canning Salt lying on the sea-shore. (Sarojini Naidu, at 1862 - 1863 ...... 8th Earl Elgin I. this hailed Gandhiji as ‘‘Law breaker’’) 1863 ...... Sir Robert Napier  In Tamil Nadu C. Rajagopalachari led a Salt 1863 - 1864 ...... Sir William T. Dension March from Trichirapalli to Vedaranyam on the 1864 - 1869 ...... Earl of Mayo Tanjore Coast. He was arrested on 30 April, 1930. 1872 - ...... Sir John Strachey 1872 - 1876 ...... Baron North Brook  In Malabar K. Kelappan, the hero of the Vaikkom 1876 - 1880 ...... Lord Lytton Satyagraha, walked from Calicut to Payyannur to 1880-1884 ...... Lord Ripon break the Salt law. 1884 -1888 ...... Lord Dufferin  Gandhiji was arrested on May 5, 1930. After his 1888-1894 ...... Lord Lansdowne arrest his place was taken by Abbas Tyabji and 1894 -1899 ...... Lord Elgin II 1899 - 1905 ...... Lord Curzon after the arrest of Abbas leadership passed on to 1905 - 1910 ...... Lord Minto II Sarojini Naidu. 1910 - 1916 ...... Lord Hardinge II  Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy called the decision 1916 - 1921 ...... Lord Chelmsford of Gandhi as a ‘Kindergarten stage’ of revolu- 1921 -1926 ...... Lord Reading tion. 1926-1931 ...... Lord Irwin 1931 -1936 ...... Lord Wellington  Irwin called Gandhi’s breaking of salt law as a 1936 -1942 ...... Lord Linlithgow ‘Storm in a tea cup’ 1942-1947 ...... Lord Wavell  ‘Salt suddenly became a mysterious word, a word 1947 (March 13 - August 14) ...... of power’’ These words were spoken by Nehru ...... Lord Louis Mounbatten on the occassion of Salt Satyagraha. Governors - Generals of Indian Union  On 18, April 1930 Armoury was raided 1947 (August 15) by sen. 1948 (June 20) ...... Lord Louis Mountbatten 1950 Jan. 25 ...... C. Rajagopalachari  On 23 April 1930, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan’s

42 0  One notable feature of the Civil Disobedience pressed classes was abolished. Movement of Gandhiji was wide participation of  Harijan upliftment now became Gandhiji’s main women. concern. He started an All India Anti-Untouch- ability League in September 1932 and the weekly Round Table Conferences Harijan in January 1933. The January 8, 1933 was  The British government organised the First Round observed as ‘‘Temple Entry Day’’. Table Conference at London to discuss the Simon  Only Indian to participate all the three Round Table Commission Report. conference was B.R. Ambedkar.  The first Round Table Conference was from 12 Nov. 1930 to 19 January 1931. Socialists  British Prime Minister Ramsay Mac Donald pre-  It was above all Jawaharlal Nehru who imported a sided over the First Round Table Conference. socialist vision to the national movement.  The first Round Table Conference was attended by Tej Bahadur Supru B.R. Ambedkar, Muhammed  At the Lahore session in 1929 Nehru introduced Shafi, M.A. Jinnah etc. Gandhiji did not partici- this idea. pate in it.  The Congress Socialist Party was founded in  As a result of the Gandhi Irwin pact (1931) Con- October 1934 at Bombay under the leadership of gress decided to stop the Civil Disobedience Jaya Prakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev Movement. and Minoo Masani  Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on 5th March 1931.  The CSP supported the Quit India Movement.  The Second Round Table Conference started in  Socialist ideas led to the emergence of Commu- London on 7 September 1931. It was attended by 107 Indians including Gandhiji. nist Party of India (CPI) and the Congress So-  The Second Round Table Conference was a fail- cialist party. ure. So the Civil Disobedience movement was re-  Towards the end of 1920 M.N. Roy and other In- started on 3rd January 1932. dian emigres at Tashkant formed a communist  Sarojini Naidu participated in the Second Round party of India. In India on 1st September, 1924 Table Conference. Satyabhakta in a press note announced the for-  The Communal Award was announced on Au- Famous Conspiracy Cases gust 16, 1932 by British Prime Minister Ramsay Mac Donald. Case Date Accused Nasik 1909-10 Vinayak Savarkar  By the Communal Award minority communities were given Separate Communal Electroates. Conspiracy Alipore 1908 Aurobindo Ghosh  The Communal Award was opposed by Gandhiji and he decided to go on fast unto death. Hawrah case 1910 Jatin Mukharjee  The Third and the last Round Table Conference Dacca Case 1910 Pulin Das was held between Nov. 17 and December 24, 1932. Delhi case 1915 Amirchand, Awad  The Third Round Table Conference agreed upon Bihari and Bal Mukund certain broad principles for the future constitu- Lahore case 1929 - 30 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru tional set up: Which were published later as ‘white and Sukhdev paper’ (March 1933) Banaras case 1915 - 16 Sachindranath Sanyal  The Poona Pact was signed on 25 September 1932 Kakori case 1925 Rama Prasad Bismil and at Bombay. By this the separate electorate for de- Ashfaq

42 1 mation of the Communist Party of India with him- dia into the Second World War. self as the Secretary. August offer (1940)  In December 1928 the All India Worker and Peas- ants Party came into existence.  The famous proclamation made by Lord  The government declared CPI illegal in 1934. Linlithgow on 8 August 1940 is known a August Offer. Revolutionary Terrorism  This ensured to give dominion status and free- dom to frame constitution based on representa-  Ram Prasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee and tive nature. Sachindranath Sanyal founded the Hindustan Republican Associations (HRA) in 1924, whose Cripps Mission 1942 object was to establish a Federal Republic.  The mission under Stafford Cripps (the Lord Privy  On 9 August 1925 ten revolutionaries robbed the Seal and a member of the British War Cabinet) ar- 8-Downtrain at Kakori, near Lucknow. This is rived in India on March 22, 1942 to find out a politi- known as Kakori Conspiracy. cal formula for transfer of power to Indians.  HRA became Hindustan Socialist Republican  The main proposals of the mission was to grant Association in 1928. Dominion status to India at the end of the Sec-  Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt threw bomb on the ond World War and setting up of an interim gov- Central Legislative Assembly against the passage ernment to administer the country in all matters of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes except defence. Bill.  The Congress and the League rejected the offer  Chittagong Armoury Raid was planned by Gandhiji called the cripps offer ‘‘a Post Dated Suryasen and his associates on 18 April 1930. Cheque on a Crashing Bank’’.  In March 1929, a group of 31 labour leaders were tried in Meerat Conspiracy Case. Quit India Movement (1942)  Provisional Government of Free India was set up  The failure of the Cripps Mission was the major at Kabul in 1915 by Mahendrapratap and Barkatulla. reason for the beginning of Quit India Movement.  The All India Congress Committee met at Bombay  Death of Jitin Das, a revolutionary in jail on the 64th day of a hunger strike was in 1929. on August 8, 1942 passed the famous Quit India resolution.  Execution of Bhagatsingh Sukh Dev and RajGuru by the British was on March 23, 1931.  The Movement began on 9 August 1942.  On the occasion of the Quit India Movement  Death of Chandrasekhar Azad in 1931 in an en- counter with police at Allahabad. Gandhiji gave his famous call of ‘Do or Die’.  The term Quit India was coined by an American Government of India Act (1935) Journalist while interviewing Gandhiji.  ‘‘Quit India’’, ‘‘Bharat Chodo’’ ‘Do or Die’ these  The government of India Act 1935 proposed a were the powerful slogans of Quit India move- government based on Federal System. ment.  It ensured complete autonomy  Muslim League new slogan during the Movement  First general election as per the Act of 1935 was was ‘‘Divide and Quit’’. held in 1937, Congress got the majority.  C. Rajagopalachari evolved, in 1944, a formula  But all the Congress Ministers resigned in 1939 called the CR Formula to end the struggle be- as a protest against Britains decision to drag In- tween the Congress and Muslim League.

42 2  Lord Wavell, the then Governor General offered  Communal riots broke out in Naokhali from No- the famous Wavellplan in 1945 at Shimla. vember 7, 1946 to March 2, 1947 Gandhiji toured in these 49 villages. Royal Indian Navy Mutiny (1946)  December 3 - 6, 1946 The British Prime Minister Clement Atlee summoned Jawaharlal Nehru,  On 18thFebruary 1946 1,100 naval ratings of the Baldev Singh, MuhammedAli Jinnah and Liaqat Signal School of HMIS Talwar (ship) in Bombay Ali Khan for an extraordinary conference at 10 went on strike against racial discrimination regard- Dawning Street London. ing pay and food.  Constituent Assembly: The constituent Assem-  BC Dutt was arrested for writing ‘Quit India’ on bly started its session on December 9, 1946 in the HMIS Talwar. Library of the Council Chamber without the par-  Both Congress and Muslim league did not help ticipation of the League. the mutineers.  Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Constituent Assembly. Cabinet Mission (1946) Mountbatten Plan (1947)  The British Government headed by Attlee of the Labour Party, appointed a Cabinet Mission con-  Mountbatten arrived in India on March 22, 1947. sisting of Pethic Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and  Mountbatten became the last Viceroy of India, A.V. Alexander. the last Governor General of India and first gov- ernor general of free India.  Cabinet Mission proposed a federal government for the whole of India.  Mountbatten proposed a plan to divide India.   to the Constituent Assembly were held Clement Atlee announced the plan in the House of Commons on 2 June 1947, hence it came to be under the Cabinet Mission Plan, in 1946. known as 3rd June Plan.  Cabinet Mission arrived in India in 1946 March  Work of the demarcation of the boundaries was 23. done by Radcliff . Hence the line is known as  The Mission was headed by Lord Pethwick Radcliff line. Lawrence.  The 3rd June Plan was given effect by the In-  It provided an interim government during the time dian Independence Act 1947. of Lord Wavell  The dominion of Pakistan was inaugurated in  It also provided for the establishment of a Karachi on 14th August 1947. India became free Constitutent Assembly to frame a constitution on 15th 1947.  On 2 September 1946 an Interim Government Integration of States headed by Nehru came to power.  The integration of Princely States was done by  It was a 12 member Ministry.Three members were Sardar Patel with the assistance of V.P. Menon. Muslims.  By August 1947, all the 554 States, with the ex-  Liakqat Ali Khan was the Finance Minister in the ception only of Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagarh Interim Government. acceded to the union.  The Muslim League proclaimed ‘Direct Action  On 26th October the Maharaja of Kashmir, Day’ on 16 August 1946 with battle cry of Harisingh signed the ‘‘Instrument of Accession’’ Pakisthan’, ‘Larke Langa Pakistan’. and Sheik Abdulla is known as ‘Lion of Kash-  The Muslim League proclaimed September 2, 1946 mir’. as a ‘Day of Mourning’.  The Nizam of Hyderabad signed the agreement

42 3 to join the Indian Union through police action in who was supported by Gandhiji. 1948.  He resigned the Presidentship of INC in April 1939 and founded All India Forward Block and the Indian National Army (INA) Kisan Sabha.

 The idea of Indian National Army was first con-  But in January 1941, he escaped out of India and ceived by Mohan Singh at Malaya, an officer in reached Berlin (Germany) from where he arrived British Indian Army. in Singapore in 1943.   The first division of INA was formed in Septem- Bose was popularly known as the ‘Netaji’ ber 1942 with Japanese help.  He was reportedly killed in an air cash over Taipei, Taiwan on August 18, 1945.  Subash Chandra Bose began to associate with INA by July 1943. The command was handed over  A.N. Mukherjee Commission enquired about the by Rash Bihari Bose mysterious disappearance of Subash Chandra Bose.  To the Indians Subash Chandra Bose said ‘you give me blood I will give you freedom’.. The Viceroys of India  Subash Chandra Bose set up two INA headquar- ters at Rangoon and Singapore. Lord Canning (1856 - 62)  The women’s regiment called the ‘Rani Jhansi’  Revolt of 1857. regiment was under Captain Lekshmi Segal.  Queen Victoria’s Proclamation and passing of the  He was the first to address Gandhiji as the ‘Fa- Indian Act of 1858. ther of the nation’’ in his appeal on the ‘Azad  Withdrawal of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in 1859, Hind Radio’ Singapore. which was passed by Lord Dalhousie.  In may 1944 INA captured Mowdok and hoisted  Foundation of the Universities of Calcutta, the tri-colour flag on Indian soil. Bombay and Madras in 1857.  The Japanese government handed over the Andaman and Nickobar island to him which were  Indigo Revolt in Bengal in 1859-60. renamed ‘Shaheed and Swaraj’ islands respec-  White Mutiny by the European troops of East tively. India Company in 1859.  The INA troops surrendered before the British  Bahadurshah II was sent to Rangoon army in 1945.  Enactment of Indian Penalcode.  The British Government of India charged INA soldiers of waging war against the king. The tri-  Indian Councils Act of 1861. als were held in the Red Fort in Delhi.  Enactment of Indian Code of Criminal Procedure.  The first three accused were capt. P.K. Sehgal , Capt. Shah Nawaz and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon. Lord Elgin (1862 - 63)  Subash Chandra Bose was born at Cuttack in  Supressed the Wahabi Movement Orissa.  He appeared for the Indian Civil Service in 1920 Sir John Lawrence (1864 - 69) and passed with merit, but resigned before com- pleting his probation in April 1921, he joined the  Famine commission was constituted. Congress and plunged into the national move-  Followed a policy of rigid non-interference in Af- ment. ghanistan called policy of masterly inactivity.  He was unanimously elected President at the  Set up highcourts in Calcutta Bombay and Ma- Haripura Congress session in 1938 and was re- elected for the second term at the Tripuri ses- dras (1865). sion in 1939, defeating Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya,

42 4 Lord Mayo (1869-72) Lord Curzon (1899-1905)

 Wahabi and Kuka movements were active.  Creation of a new province called the North West Frontier Province.  Mayo was murdered  Appointment of Universities Commission in 1902 Lord Lytton (1876-80) under Sir Thoma Releigh and passing of Indian Universities Act 1904.  Passing of the Royal Titles Act of 1876 and the  Partition of Bengal assumption of the title empress of India (Qaiser-i- hind) by Queen Victoria. Lord Hardinge (1910-1916)  Holding of Delhi Durbar in 1877.  Coronation durbar in 1911 at Delhi in honour of  Passing of the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. George V  Passing of the Arms Act of 1878.  A separate state of Bihar and Orissa was created in 1911.  Lowering of maximum age from 21 years to 19 years for the Civil Services Examination, an at-  India’s capital was decided to shift to Delhi in tempt to prevent Indians from entering Civil Ser- 1911 and shifted in 1912. vices.  Kamagata Maru incident.  1916, Saddler committee on Univerisities ap-  Appointment of first Famine Commission under pointed. Sir Richard Strachy.  Tilak founded Home Rule League.  Started Statutory Civil Service.  Second Anglo Afghan war in 1878. Lord Chelmsford (1916 - 21) Lord Ripon (1880-84)  Foundation of women’s university at Poona.  Hunter Commission on Jalianwala Bagh Massa-  Passing of the first Factory Act in 1881 for the cre. welfare of child labour.  Chamber of Princes established in 1921.  Repeal of Vernacular Press Act in 1882.  Home Rule League founded by Annie Besant.  Foundation of the Local Self Government (1882)  Third Afghan war started.  Holding of the first decennial and regular census  Aligarh Muslim University was founded in 1920. in 1881 which put the total population at 254 mil- lion. Lord Reading (1921-26)  Appointment of an Education Commission under  Foundation of Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh Sir William Hunter in 1882. by K.B. Hedgewar at Nagpur in 1925.  The Ilbert bill controversy.  Beginning of Indianisation of the officers cadre  Famine code of 1883. of the Indian Army. Lord Dufferin (1884 - 88)  Railway Budget was separated from General Bud- get in 1921.  Foundation of Indian National Congress  Hilton Young Committee on currency was ap-  Third Anglo Burmese war pointed in 1926.  Commented on the Congress being a microscopic  Viswa Bharati University started by Rabindra minority. Nath Tagore.

42 5  Train Robbery at Kakori. Lord Mountbatten (1947-48) Lord Irwin (1926-31)  His plan to make India free on August 15 1947 is also known as June 3rd Plan.  Popularly known as Christian Viceroy.  First Governor General of free India  Simon Commission arrives in Bombay.  Meerut conspiracy case. Rajagopalachari (1948-50)

 Gandhi started his Dandi March.  First Indian Governor General.  Chitagong Armoury Raid.  First Round Table Conference. Father of Our Nation  Gandhi-Irwin pact.  Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, called Mahatma, is the father of our nation. Lord Willington (1931-36)  He was born on 2 October 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat as the son of Diwan Karamchand and his  Communal Award in 1932 by Ramsay Mac fourth wife ‘Putilibai’. Donald.  In 1883, at the age of 14, he married Kasthurba  Third Round Table Conference in 1932. Later he went to England to study law.  White Paper on Political reforms in India was pub-  In 1893 he went to South Africa to practice law. lished in 1933.  After his studies in England Gandhiji began his  Burma was separated from British Empire in 1935. practice as a lawyer in Bombay and Rajcot.  He was subjected to racial discrimination and Lord Linlithgow (1936-43) organised Natal Indian Congress in 1894. There  August Offer by the Viceroy in which he declared he started a weekly, Indian opinion 1904. dominion status as the ultimate goal of British  Gandhiji experimented the weapon Satyagraha for policy in India. the first time in South Africa in September 1906 to protest against the Asiatic Ordinance issued  In 1940 individual Civil Disobedience Movement against the Indians in Transval was started.  Gandhiji’s first imprisonment was in 1908 at  1942 Cripps Mission came. Johannesberg in South Africa.  Congress starts Quit India Movement.  In 1899 during the Boer war Gandhiji organised Lord Wavell (1943-47) Indian Ambulance Corps for the British.  Gandhiji was humiliated and ousted from Peter  Wavell Plan, Shimla conference Congress repre- Marits Burg Railway Station in South Africa. sented by Maulana Azad  Gandhiji became a Brahmachari in 1906.  RIN Mutiny (1946)  Gandhiji started Tolstoy Farm South Africa in  Interim Government was formed (September 2, 1910. 1946)  Gandhiji started the Foenix Settlement in Durban.  Prime Minister of Britain Clement Atlee an- nounced to give independence to India by June  Gandhian Era in Indian politics is from 1915 -1948. 1948.  He returned to India on 9th January 1915, leaving South Africa for ever. January 9 is observed as  Cabinet Mission 1946. ‘Pravasi Bharatiya Divas’ to commemorate this.  16th August 1946, Muslim League begins ‘Di- rect Action day’.

42 6  Gandhiji’s first Satyagraha in India was for the  Gandhiji called Subhah Chandra Bose right of Indigo workers in Champaran in 1917. the‘Palriots’, Patriot  Gandhiji’s first fast was in 1918 in connection with  Winston Churchil called Gandhiji a ‘‘Half naked the strike of mill workers in Ahmedabad. Seditious Fakir.  He started the Satyagrahasrama on the banks of  The name ‘Gurudev’ was given to Tagore by Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad in 1917. Gandhiji  In 1918 he started two weeklies - Young India in  Tagore called Gandhiji ‘Mahatma’. English and Navjeevan in Gujarati.  ‘Wardha’ scheme of education was the basic edu-  Gandhiji abandoned his title Kaiser -i-Hind in pro- cation policy formulated by Gandhiji. test against Jallianwalabagh Massacre (1919)  In 1940 Gandhiji started Individual Satyagraha and  Gandhijis first National Movement was organised selected Vinoba Bhave and Nehru for that. against the Rowlat Act in 1919.  In 1942 August 9 Gandhiji started the Quit India  Gandhiji launched the Non-Co-operation Move- Movement and gave the call ‘Do or Die’. ment on August 1, 1920 which caused the violent incident at Chauri Chaura in UP. This incident  Gandhiji called the Cripps Mission (1942) ‘‘a post- initiated Gandhiji to suspend the movement in dated cheque on a drowning bank’’. 1922.  Gandhiji was assassinated by Nadhuram Vinayak  Gandhiji renounced worldly pleasures and be- Godse on 30 January 1948 at the Birla house in came a symbol of halfnaked villager in 1920. Delhi. He died at 5 : 17 pm.  The only Congress session presided over by ‘He Ram, He Ram’ was his last words. Gandhiji was the one which held at Belgaum in 1924.  Godse used an Italian Beritta Pistol to shoot at Gandhiji.  Gandhiji started his historic Dandi March on 12 March 1930 related to the Salt Satyagraha.  Gandhiyum Godseyum is a book written by N.K. Krishnavarier.  Gandhiji partcipated in the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931 August.  ‘Mem Nadhuram Godse Bolthai’ is a play written  With the aim of eradicating untouchability by Pradeep Dalvi to humiliate Gandhi. Gandhiji founded the All India Harijan Samaj in  After the assassination, The R.S.S was banned in 1932. 1948 February 4.  Gandhiji started his journey for Harijan upliftment  Narayan Dathathrya Apte was hanged to death from the Wardha Ashram in Maharashtra. along with Godse on the Gandhi Assassination  Gandhiji called low class people as ‘Harijan’ case. which means ‘sons of God’.  French Novelist who wrote the biography of  He started the weekly Harijan in 1933. Gandhiji was Romain Rolland.  Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed on 5 march 1931.  Medalim Slaiduin a British woman became a fol- lower Gandhi and came to be known as Meera  Gandhiji was associated with the Vaikom and Ben. Guruvayur Sathyagraha in Kerala.  The original autobiography of Gandhiji written in  Gandhiji called the Temple Entry Proclamation a Gujarathi language was ‘Sathya na Karogo’. wonder of the Modern Age.  Liberty or Death written by Patrick French deals  Pattabhi Sitaramayya Gandhiji’s candidate for the Presidentship of INC was defeated by Subash with antogonism in Gandhis life. Chandra Bose.  Gandhiji called his hanging clock my little dicta- tor.

42 7  ‘Ente Gurunathan’ poem written by Vallathol  ‘‘Swaraj for me means freedom for the meanest of Narayana Menon speaks about Gandhiji. our countrymen’’ - Gandhiji  ‘That’s my mother’ Gandhiji said these words  ‘‘The light has gone out of our lives and there is about Bhagavatgita. darkness everywhere’’ Nehru on the death of Gandhiji.  Gandhiji’s political guru was Gopalakrishna Gokhale.  ‘‘Non-violence is the law of our species as vio- lence is the law of the brute’’ Gandhiji  Gandhi’s prisoner is a book written by Uma  ‘‘Indian culture is neither Hindu, Islam, nor any Dupfeli Mistri , daughter of Gandhis son, Manilal. other wholly. It is a fusion of all’ - Gandhiji  Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas were  ‘‘Non Co-operation with evil is as much a duty Gandhijis four sons. as co-operation with good’’ - Gandhiji  ‘I follow Mahatma’ is a book written by  ‘‘My only hope lies in prayer and answer to K.M.Munshi. prayer’’ - Gandhiji  ‘Unto This Last’ of John Ruskin greately influ- enced Gandhiji Rabindnranath Tagore

 R.K. Narayan wrote ‘Waiting for the Mahatma’.  Rabindranath Tagore was born at Calcutta in  ‘A week with Gandhi, ‘Gandhi and Stalin and Life as the son of Maharshi of Mahatma Gandhi are the books written by Devendranath Tagore and Sarda Devi. One of Fischer. Rabindranath’s brothers, Satyendranth Tagore  Gandhiji grandson Thushar Gandhi led the sec- was the first Indian to get selcted for the ICS in ond Dandi March from Marh 12 - April 17, 2005 1864. on the 75th anniversary of Dandi March.  In 1901 Tagore established a school at Shanti  Gandhiji’s autobiography ‘‘My Experiments with Niketan which finally developed into the world Truth’ was written in 1922 while he was in Jail. It famous University of ViswaBharati in 1921. describes his life from 1869 to 1921.  In 1913,Tagore’s Gitanjali was selected for the  It was translated into English by Mahadev Desai. Nobel prize for Literature.  Leon Tolstoy is considered as the spiritual guru  In 1912 Tagore Published Jana Gana Mana (Now of Gandhiji. India’s National Anthem)  One of the great dreams of Gandhiji was the es-  The National anthem is composed in the Raga, tablishment of Grama Swaraj. He said ‘‘India lives ‘Sankarabharanam’ in villages’’. He started Sewagram Ashram on  The English of the national anthem is 30 April 1936. ‘‘The morning song of India’’.  Gandhiji said ‘‘Non violence is not one form it is  National anthem was first sung at the Calcutta the only form of direct action’’. session of INC (1911)  Gandhiji once sarcastically (humorously) called  India accepted it as our national anthem on 24 jail ‘‘His Majesty’s Hotel’’. January 1950.  ''Generations to come it may scarce believe that  ‘Bharat Vidhata’ was the first name of National such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked anthem. upon this earth'', Einstein said about Gandhiji.  National anthem was first published in the book  ‘‘Truth and Non-violence are my Gods’’ Gandhiji ‘Tatvabodhini’.  Untouchability is a crime against God and Man-  Tagore also wrote the national anthem of kind Gandhiji. Bangladesh ‘ Amar Sonar Bengla’.

42 8  In 1915, Tagore was awarded Knighthood by the  Nehru started a newspaper called ‘National Her- British Monarch George V, but he surrendered it ald’. in 1919 as a protest against the Jalianwallabagh  Nehru headed the interim ministry formed in 1946 Massacre. September.  Gandhiji called Tagore ‘Gurudev’.  He became the first Prime Minister of India after independence in 1947.  For Tagore, the great objective of education was ‘to know man and to make oneself known to  Nehru has the largest term as India’s Prime Min- man’’. ister.  Important works of Nehru are ‘Glimpses of World  ‘Jeevan Smriti’ is the autobiography of Tagore. History’,‘The Unity of India’, ‘The Discovery of  ‘Gora’, ‘Raja and Rani’ ‘Rajarishi’, ‘Kabooliwala’ India’ ‘Bunch of Old letters’. etc are the famous novels of Tagore.  ‘‘An Autobiography’’ is the autobiography of  ‘Purabhi’, ‘The cycle of the spring’ ‘The evening Nehru. song’ ‘The morning song’ etc are the other fa-  ‘‘...... At the stroke of the mid night hour, when mous works of Tagore. the world sleeps, India will awake to life and free- dom...... these are the words of Nehru. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)  Nehru’s main contribution to the evolution of  Jawaharlal Nehru was the son of Motilal Nehru foreign policy was the acceptance of non- allignment. and Swarupa Rani.  Non-alignment meant taking independent deci-  ‘Jawahar’ means Jewel. sions on international issues with a sense of neu-  He was born in 1886 November 14. trality.  Vijayalekshmi Pandit and Krishna Harthising  Nehru visited China in 1954, both the countries were the sisters of Nehru. signed the Panch Sheel.  Nehru became a member of Theosophical Soci-  ‘I want the cultures of all lands to be brought to ety at the age of 13. my house as freely as possible’ He said  He went to London in 1905 and joined the Haro  The expression ‘‘Tryst with destiny’ was first used Public School, Then Trinity College in Cambridge by Jawaharlal Nehru on the Occasion of India and finally at the Inner Temple. attaining freedom.  There will be no freedom in this country or in the  He returned India in 1912 and started practice at world so long as a single human being is unfree. the Alahabad High Court. Jawaharlal Nehru.  Nehru attended the Bankipore Congress Session  It is not so much the existence of a nation that in 1912. counts but what the nation that counts but what  He met Gandhi in 1916 at the Lucknow session. the nation does during various periods of exist- ence Nehru.  Nehru became the General Secretary of INC in 1923.  Nehru was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1955.  Nehru became the president of INC for the first  Nehru got placed in Indial Postal Stamp in 1964. time 1929. Poorna Swaraj Resolution was passed  India government began to distribute Interna- at this session (Lahore). tional Award for International understanding in  Nehru became the President of INC for the larg- 1965 U Thant got it for the first time. est number of times Lahore (1929), Lucknow  First woman to get the award was Mother Theresa (1935), Faizpur (1936), New Delhi (1951), (1969) Hyderabad (1953) and Kalyan (1954).  Nehru died on 27 may 1964 at the age of 75.

42 9 Famous Statements  ‘‘For our own motherland a junction of the two great system Hinduism and  Lord Dufferin : Congres was a microscopic mi- Islam is the only hope. nority.  Swami Vivekananda ‘‘We are just don’t touchists  Lord Curzon : Congress was ‘tottering to its Our religion is our kitchen our god is the cooking fall’ and one of his greatest ambition in India was and our religion is don’t touch me, I am holy. If ‘‘to assist it (congress) a peaceful demise’. this goes on for a century, everyone of us will be  Charles Napier: ‘We have no right to seize Sind, in a lunatic asylum. yet we shall do so and a very advantageous, use-  Aurobindo Ghosh : - ‘‘Political freedom is the ful humane piece of rascality it will be ’’. life breath of a nation’’.  Thomas Roe : ‘‘I know these people are best  Tilak : ‘‘Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it. treated with the sword in one hand and the  Gandhiji on the eve of Dandi March ‘‘Sedition caducean in the other.’’ has become my religion’’.  Nabin Chandra Sen : ‘‘The battle of Plassey was  Ram Krishna Paramahamsa ‘‘ God is of no use followed by a night of eternal gloom for India’’. to the hungry belly’  John Sullivan : ‘Our system acts very much like a  Swami Vivekananda ‘‘Christianity wins its prosperity sponge drawing up all the good things from the by cutting the throats of its fellowmen. banks of the and Squeezing them down on the banks Thames’ INDIA AFTER  Tipu Sultan - ‘Better to die like a Soldier, than to live a miserable dependent on the infidels in the list of their pensioned and nobles. INDEPENDENCE  Peter the Great of Russia ‘‘Bear in mind that the commerce of India is the commerce of the world’’. India - Pak Wars  Cornwallis ‘‘Every native of Hindustan is cor-  The major cause of the India - Pak wars was the rupt’’. Kashmir problem.  William Bentinck : ‘‘The misery hardly find a par-  On September 1, 1965 Pakistan started attack on allel in history of commerce, the bones of the cot- ton weavers were bleaching the plains of India’’. the border and invaded Chhamb and Dewa re- gions.  Rani of Jhansi - ‘‘With our own hands we shall not let our Azadshahi burry’’.  On September 11, UN Secretary General U-Thant reached to talk on cease fire.  J.L. Nehru : ‘‘British power became the guard- ian and upholder of many and evil custom and  After the battle, Tashkent agreement was signed practice which it other wise condemned.’’ under the mediation of Russia.  Cornwallis : ‘‘One third of Bengal has been trans-  Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Sastri and formed into a jungle inhabitated only by wild Pakistan President Ayub Khan signed the agree- beats’’ ment.  A.O. Hume - ‘‘A safety valve for the escape of  On December 2 The Border Security Force was great and growing forces generate by our ac- formed. tion was urgently needed’’.  Lal Bahadur Sastri died at Tashkent on 11 Janu-  Dada Bhai Naroji : Regarding law and orders ary 1966. ‘‘pray strike on the back but dont strike on the  The deplomacy of Sastri was the major source belly’’. behind India’s victory in the 1965 Indo-Pak war.  Dufferin : Branded the national leaders as ‘‘Dis-  The Second Indo-Pak war was in 1971. After the loyal Babus’ ‘‘Seditious Brahmins’ and ‘‘Violent war Bangladesh became an independent country. Villains’.

43 0  The agreement signed after the 1971 war was the Liberation of Pondicherry and Goa Simla Agreement.  Goa was in the hands of Portuguese from 1510  Simla Agreement was signed by Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistan Prime Minis- AD onwards. ter Sulfiker Ali Bhuto in 1972.  The Liberation Army captured Dadra, Nagarhaveli  The Kargil war in 1999 was against the terrorist on 22 July 1954. usurpation into Kashmir from Pakistan.  Goa, Daman and Diu were liberated from the Por-  Kargil military operation of India was known as tuguese in 1964. ‘Operation Vijay’.  Pondicherry was under the French  Former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee con-  Since 1946 there were freedom struggle in ducted the famous Lahore Bus Journey in 1999 Pondicherry. February.  The legal hand over of Pondicherry was in 1962.  The Kargil war officially ended on 26 July 1999.  Malayalam speaking Mahi, Telegu speaking  Boundary line between India and Pakistan is yanam and Tamil speaking Karakkal are the parts Radcliff line. of Pondicherry.  The Lahore declaration was signed between A.B.  Pondicherry’s new name is Puthussery. Vajpayee and Nawaz Sherif.  Military operation conducted by India on Paki- Nuclear Experiments in India stan 1948 was known as Operation Sojila.  Nuclear researches in India were lead by Homi J.  The operation in which Indian army captured Bhaba. Siachin was known as Operation Meghdoot.  Council for Scientific Industrial Research Insti-  India and Pakistan signed the Water tute was formed in 1942. Agreement in 1960.  Indias first Nuclear Experiment was on 18th May Indo-China War 1974.  First Nuclear Experiment of India was code named  Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Chau Enlai as ‘‘Buddha Smiles’. It was during the period of established bilateral friendly relation signing the Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister. Panchsheel in 1954.  It was conducted at the Pokhran Desert in  But giving asylium to the Dalai Lama of Tibet Rajasthan. (1954) provocated China.  Uranium was used in the process.  China attacked India by crossing the Mac Mohan line on September 8, 1962.  It was lead by Dr. H.N. Setna and Dr. Raja  On October 19 Chinese made a massive attack. Ramanna.  On October 26 Government declared Emergency  Second Nuclear experiment was in 1998. and Defence of India Ordinance.  It was code named a ‘Operation ’ or ‘Bud-  Keeping view of the Chinese aggression the Gold dha Smiles again’’. Bond Scheme was declared.  Pokhran is in the Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan.  In November 1962 the National Defence Council  Second experiment was conducted during the term was set up. of Atal Bihari Vajpayee.  On Nov. 10, the Chinese declared a Unilateral with- drawal. Ante Sikh Riots  In 2005 China removed Sikkhim from Chinese map  In 1984, General K. Sundarji, Commander-in-chief and accepted it Indias part. with the army besieged the Golden Temple in  In 2006, Two countries agreed to open the Nathula Operation Blue Star on June 5.90 soldiers and pass (Sikkim) after a lapse of four decades. 712 Sikh extremists including Bhindranwale.

43 1  The operation was done by 15th Regi- Demolition of Babri Masjid ment of Indian Army.  On 6th December 1992, the B.J.P. and VHP  As a sequel to the Operation Blue Star. Indira Gandhi organised a huge rally of over 20,000 volunteers was gunned down and killed by her own security at the site of Babri Masjid. The BJP Chief Minis- guards, Sub Inspector Beant Singh and Constable ter of Uttar Pradesh, Kalyan Singh assured to the Satwant Singh on October 31, morning. Supreme court that the mosque would be pro-  In the Ante Sikh riots more than 3000 sikhs died. tected. But the mosque was hammered down.  Congress president Sonia Gandhi officially  The Central Government banned VHP, RSS, apologised the Community in 1998. BajrangDal and Jamaat -e-Islami. The Kalyan  Justice Ranganath Mishra Commission ap- Singh government was dismissed. pointed in 1985 submitted the report in 1986.  Babri Masjid was constructed by Babar’s gover-  Kapur Mithal Committee (1987) Jane Banerjee nor Mir Sakhi at Ayodhya (U.P). Committee Potti Rosha Committee (1990) Jane  Narasimha Rao was the Prime Minister when the Agarwal Committee (1990) Dhillan Committee Babary Masjid was demolished. (1985), Narula Committee (1993), Nanavati Com-  Ayodhya 6th December, 1992 is a book written mission (2004) etc enquired about the incident. by NarasimhaRao,published Posthumously.

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