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PRE-HISTORIC as a part of a larger area called Pleistocene to the end of the PERIOD Jambu-dvipa (The continent of third Riss, glaciation. Jambu tree)  The Palaeolithic culture had a  The pre-historic period in the  The stages in mans progress from duration of about 3,00,000 yrs. history of mankind can roughly Nomadic to settled life are  The art of hunting and stalking be dated from 2,00,000 BC to 1. Primitive Food collecting wild animals individually and about 3500 – 2500 BC, when the stage or early and middle stone later in groups led to these first civilization began to take ages or Palaeolithic people making stone weapons shape. 2 . Advanced Food collecting and tools.  The first modern human beings stage or late stone age or  The principal tools are hand or Homo Sapiens set foot on the Mesolithic axes, cleavers and chopping Indian Subcontinent some- tools. The majority of tools where between 2,00,000 BC and 3. Transition to incipient food- found were made of quartzite. 40,000 BC and they soon spread production or early Neolithic They are found in all parts of through a large part of the sub- 4. settled village communities or India except the Central and continent including peninsular advanced neolithic/Chalco eastern mountain and the allu- India. lithic and vial plain of the ganges.  They continuously flooded the 5. Urbanisation or Bronze age.  People began to make ‘special- Indian subcontinent in waves of Paleolithic Age ized tools’ by flaking stones, migration from what is present which were pointed on one end. day Iran. The period before 10,000 BC belongs to the Palaeolithic Age These kind of tools were gener-  The primitive people moved in (old stone age) . Man was no ally used to kill small animals and groups of few families and lived more than a hunter and food for tearing flesh from the carcass mainly on hunting and gathering. gatherer. This period falls into of the hunted animals.  The age when the pre-historic the geological period called the man began to use stone for utili- tarian purpose is called as the stone age. The broken skull specimen of Homo erectus is first & only of its kind  Wheat and barley were the first in India. This skull was discovered on 5th December, 1982 in the cereals grown by Indians. middle of the Narmada valley in Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh. It is the  The name India was derived most ancient human remnant so far discovered in Indian subconti- from the rivername Sindhu nent. Skull belongs to Middle Pleistocene (around 500,000 years which is also known as Indus. ago) age in the geological time scale. Recent finds include a middle palaeolithic quarry in the Kaladgi Basin, southern India. A tradition  India was originally considered of Indian rock art dates to 40 or 50,000 years ago. Mesolithic Age  The Mesolithic period roughly Copper was known to some of the oldest civilizations Copperon record, was and ranges between 10,000 and 6000 has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old. B.C. probably the first metal to come into use. There exist copper and bronze  Apart from hand axes, they also artifacts from Sumerian cities that date to 3000 BC and Egyptian artifacts produced crude, stone-tipped, of copper and copper-tin alloys. In one pyramid, a copper plumbing wooden spears, borers and system was found that is 5000 years old. burins. Ever since 1822 hoards of copper implements have been collected  The stone implements are of from the Ganges-Jamuna Doab, and in central India and Deccan. The minute size and hence are called raw material copper had been found in the copper ore deposits in Microliths. The Microliths Rajasthan, Chottanagpur and Singhbhum in Bihar and Orissa. found at Brahmagiri in Mysore, in the Vindhyan, Narmada river Chalcolithic Age was heterogenaus mainly four and in Gujarat can be assigned racial types. to Late Stone Age.  Chalcolithic Age period ranges i. Mediterranean  This period also saw the domes- between 1800 BC to 1000 BC. ii. Proto-Australoids tication of animals and cultiva-  Towards the end of Neolithic iii. Mongoloids and tion of wild varieties of crops. period metals like bronze and iv. Alpines  The famous Bhimbetka caves copper began to be used. But the majority consisted of near Bhopal belong to the  Chalcolithic cultures extended the former two. Mesolithic age and are famous from the Chotanagpur Plateau to  The Harappan culture spread for their cave paintings. the upper Gangetic basin. over the whole of Sind, Neolithic Age  Some of the sites of this era are Baluchistan, almost the whole Brahmagiri (near Mysore), of Punjab, northern Rajasthan,  The Neolithic Age or New Stone Navada toli on River Narmada, Kathiawar and Gujarat. Age ranges between 6000 to Mahishadal in West Bengal and  Harappa the first Indus site, was 4000 BC. Chirand on the Ganga. discovered by Dayaram Sahni  An important invention of this  The chalcolithic culture was fol- in 1921. It is situated in the prov- time was the wheel. lowed by the Iron phase. ince of West Punjab, Montgom-  It was characterised by settled  Pre-Harappan phase is found at ery district in Pakistan. life, animal husbandry and same Kalibhangan in Rajasthan,  Harappa is located on the bank form of cultivation depended Banawali in Hariyana and Kot of river Ravi. upon the use of stone. Diji in Sind in Pakistan. The  Mohenjodaro was excavated in  The most striking feature of the Kayathan Culture (2000 to 1800 1922 by R.D. Banerjee. It is situ- culture of the neolithic- BC) is a semi-contemporary of ated in the Larkhana district in chalcolithic sites of the Deccan the Harappan culture. Sind on the right bank of river is their independent ancestry. Indus (Now in Pakistan)  The important neolithic sites Indus Valley Civilisation  The famous excavators and Ar- excavated include; Maski,  Indus Valley civilisation belongs chaeologists were Sir John Brahmagiri, Hallur, Kodekal, to the Chalcolithic period dated Marshall, Mortimer Wheeler, Sangana Kaller, Takkala Kota between 3000 BC and 1500 BC. R.D. Banerje, Dales and Sahni. in Karnataka and Paiyampalli in It is a Bronze Age civilisation or  The Great Granery, the Great Tamilnadu and Utnur in Andhra a proto Historic civilisation. Bath a piece of woven cotton, a Pradesh.  The Indus Valley population beared man in steatite and a bronze dancing girl are found from Mohenjodaro. The Negroids or Negritos of Pre-historic  An assembly hall was also dis- India were the first human inhabitants, covered from Mohenjodaro. who were food gatherers. The Nagas of  The most important feature of Assam and some Andamanese today Harappan civilisation was town belong to this group or race. They were planning and urbanism. acquainted with the bow and arrow.  The word Mohanjodaro in Sindi language means ‘the mound of They speak everywhere debased the dead’. dialects of their neighbours. form the basic  Mohenjodaro was believed to The Proto Australoids Proto Australoids have been destructed by flood. elements in the population of India.  Harappans knew the art of grow- They underwent transformation ow- ing cereals, wheat and barley. ing to admixture with Negritos and Mongoloids. The best examples  Banwali is situated in Haryana. of this admixture are the kol or Munda type, the Mon-khemer type in  Like Kalibangan, Amri, Kot Diji Assam-Burma and the Nicobarese in the Nicobar islands. and Harappa, Banwali also saw two cultural phases – Pre- the inhabitants of Chanhudaro the world and dockyard made of Harappan and Harappan were artist. burnt bricks, was discovered in – Banwali situated on the bank  Kalibangan, another famous 1957 by S.R. Rao is situated in of lost river Saraswathi. Here we Indus city discovered in 1953 by Gujarat on Bhogava river near find a large quantity of barley, A. Ghosh, is situated in Gulf of Cambay. Sesamum and Mustard. Rajasthan on the banks of River  Lothal has evidence of the earli-  Chanhudaro, discovered by Ghaggar. Kalibangan stands for est cultivation of rice. N. Gopal Majumdar and Mackey black bangles.  Fire altars, indicating the prob- in 1931, is situated in Sind on  Early phase here shows the ear- able existence of a fire cult have the bank of river Indus. liest evidence of ploughed field been found.  This site is related to Pre- in the world.  Here, a house had front en- Harappan culture known as – Fire-altars have been found. trance. ‘Jhangar Culture’ and ‘Jhukar – This is known as third capital  Ropar is the site situated in Culture’. of Indus Empire. Punjab on the banks of river - The only site without a citadel. – Houses built mostly of sun Sutlej. It was discovered in 1955- - It was an important bead-mak- dried bricks. 56 by Y.D.Sharma. ing centre.  Lothal, first man made port in  The evidence of burying a dog - It was discovered that most of below the human burial is very interesting. The Main Centers of Indus Valley Excavation  Dholvira situated in Gujarat (Kuchch dist) was discovered Harappa - Montgomery district of Punjab in Pakistan by J.P. Joshi, excavation carried Mohenjodaro - Larkana district of Sind out by Rabindra Singh Bisht in Lothal - Gujarat on Bhogava river near Gulf of Cambay 1990-91. Chanhudaro - 125 km south of Mohanjodaro in Sind.  Wheat, Rice, barley, milk, dates, fish, egg and animal flesh Kalibangan - Rajasthan on the banks of River Ghaggar formed their staple food. Ropar - Punjab on the banks of river Sutlej  Agriculture, hunting, fishing Banwali - Hissar district of Haryana and rearing of animals/birds was their main source of livelihood.  Harappans used a system of Indus, aridity of the area or dry- The main fea- weights and measures based on ing up of river Ghaggar, the in- tures of the Indus 16 and its multiples. vasion of Aryans are the sup- Civilization includes  The Indus valley people did not posed reasons for the decline of the use of fire burned construct temples. the civilisation towards 1500 bricks, storied buildings  The chief male deity of the BC. with stairways and ventila- Indus people was Pasupati  The houses of Harappa and tors, separate bath - room and Mahadeva (Proto Siva). Mohanjadaro were almost in- drainage system, the construc-  Their Chief female deity was the tion of roads with varied width; variably made of klin-burnt Mother Goddess. the town planning, the Great bricks. Bath, the granary, the hindu  They also worshipped fire, pi-  In Kalibangan many houses had religious practices, the Pic- pal trees and Unicorn. their wells. tographic script, the un-  Harappan script was Picto-  The streets originated north- awareness of the horse, graphic in nature, which has not south and east-west produced the caste system, been deciphered so far. a grid system. iron etc.  Boustrophedan was their style  Wheat and Barley were staple of writing which follows the di- food. rection of writing from right to  Garments of cotton and wool left then from left to right in the were used.  Harappan people were the earli- second line and so on.  Silver was more common than est people in the world to grow  Harappan seals were made of gold. cotton and rice. terra - cotta.  Seals were the greatest artistic  People cultivated rice at Lothal  Chess - like game of Harappans creation of the Harappan. and Rangpur and barley at was called Sent. Banwali.  Seals were made up of steatite  Great buildings, double-sto- with figurines and letters in  Harappan people domesticated reyed dwellings, and drainage Harappan scripts. oxen, buffaloes, goats, camels, system were in existence. sheeps, and pigs. Humped bulls  The Harappan scripts are picto-  Mortar and baked bricks were were given special importance. graphic and logo-syllabic. They used for construction of dwell- used to write right to left and Horses were unknown to the ings. Harappan people. left to right.  The largest number of Harappan  The Harappans were lacking in  Indus people had trade contacts sites in post independent India with Persian Gulf and weapons which show that they have been discovered from were peace loving. Mesopotamia. Gujarat.  The ancient name given to  The Harappan culture disap-  Harappan civilisation extended peared after 1900 BC. Indus region by Sumerians was from Jammu in the North to Meluha. Narmada in the South and from  Ornaments of silver, gold, ivory, Makran coast of Baluchistan in FAMOUS ERAS 58 BC copper and precious stones the West to Meerut in the East...... were used. Vikram Era  The Northern most point of 78 AD Saka Era......  Indus people used a gold - sil- Indus valley civilisation was 320 AD ver mixture called Electrum. Gupta Era...... Manda in Jammu and the South- 622 AD  They used bronze and copper ernmost was Daimabad in Hijra Era...... but iron was unknown to them. 825 AD Maharashtra. Kollam Era......  Indus people were the first to 1583 AD  Floods and Earthquakes, Illahi Era...... use copper in India. change in the course of river The word ‘Veda’ is derived from VEDIC AGE the word ‘vid’ which means  Vedic Age is the period of Ary- The Vedic Liter knowledge. ans in India from 1500 - 600 BC. ature consists of the  Vedic Period is mainly classi- Samhitas, (the Rig, Yajur,  Upanishads are known as the fied into two - Early Vedic Pe- Sama and Atharva veda). Jnanakantas of Vedas. riod (1500 B.C. - 1000 B.C.) and Brahmanas, Aranyakas, ‘  The words ‘Sathyameva Jayate’ Later Vedic Period (1000 B.C. Upanishads. It includes the have been taken from ‘Mundaka - 600 B.C.). Vedangas, Sutras, and Upanishad’ Upavedas.  The Aryans were semi-nomadic  Brahdaranya Upanishad was pastoral people who originally the first to give the doctrine of inhabited the area around the Transmigration of Soul and Caspian Sea in Central Asia.  Rigveda starts with the line Karma.  The word ‘Aryans’ comes from ‘Agnimeele Purohitam’  Puranas are the part of Smriti ‘ari’ which in the Vedic times  Famous Gayatri Mantra is con- literature. They are 18 in num- meant ‘foreigners’ or ‘strang- tained in the Rigveda (It is be- ber – 6 Vishnupuranas, 6 ers’. lieved to have composed by Sivapuranas and 6  Vedas are the oldest literary Vishwamitra) Brahmapuranas. works of mankind. Vedas are four  Yajurveda deals with sacrifices  Bhagavata purana is divided in number, they are Rig Veda, and rituals. into 18 skandas. The 10th Yajurveda, Samaveda and  Yajurvedic hymns are meant to skanda mentions about the Atharva Veda. be sung by priests called childhood of Sri Krishna. Rig veda is the oldest veda. ‘Adhavaryu’.  Skanda purana is considered as  Vedas are collectively known as  Yajurveda is derived into two: the largest purana. Sruti SuklaYajurveda (White  Brahmapurana is also known as  Vedangas are collectively Yajurveda) and Krishna Yajur Adipurana. known as Smriti Veda (Black Yajurveda)  Adhyatma Ramayana is in-  Inorder to understand the vedic  Sama Veda deals with Music. cluded in the Brahmanta literature it was necessary to  Sama Vedic hymns are meant to purana. learn ‘Vedangas’ or the limbs of be sung by priests called  Cattle was the chief measure of Vedas. Udgatri. wealth in the vedic period.  There are 1028 hymns in  Atharva veda is a collection of  Rigvedic tribe was referred to as Rigveda. It is divided into ten spells and charms. Ayurveda is Jana . Mandalas (Chapters). a part of Atharva Veda, which  Many clans (vis) formed a tribe.  Rig Vedic Hymns sung by deals with medicine.  The basic unit of society was priests were called Hotris.  The saying, ‘‘War begins in the kula or the family and Kulapa minds of men’’ is from Atharva was the head of the family.  ‘Vishah’ were members of Vedangas are six in number. They are, Veda. Samitit. Siksha - Phonetics  The 10th Mandala of Rigveda  Important tribal assemblies of Kalpa - Rituals contain the Purusha Sukta the Rig Vedic period were Sabha, Vyakarana - Grammar hymn which tells about the ori- Samiti, Vidhata and Gana. Nirukta - Etymology gin of caste system.  The term Aghanya (not to be Chhanda - Metrics  Upanishads are 108 in number. killed) has been used for cows to Jyotisha - Astronomy Upanishads are philosophical works. indicate its economic importance. The famous ‘Aitareya Brahmana’ classification of rulership... were semi-nomadic Nordic Whites, perhaps located origi- The Aryans Eastern king - Samrat nally on the steppes of southern Russia and Central Asia, who spoke Western king - Suvrat the parent language of the various Indo-European languages. Ary- Northern king - Virat ans, or more specifically Indo-Aryans, make their first notable ap- pearance in history around 2000-1500 BC as invaders of Northern Southern king - Bhoja India. The Aryans were remarkably expansionist, and almost every- King of middle country - Raja where they went they conquered and subjugated the indigenous peoples, imposing their languages and (to varying degrees) their  ‘Soma’ was an intoxicating drink religious beliefs on the natives, and receiving in turn“Aryan” contributions meant mentioned in the 9th Mandala from the peoples whom they conquered. The word of the Rig Veda. one who live in high family or who lives on agriculture.  Mention of the word Varna is Later Vedic Period found in Rigveda.  Indra was the greatest God of  The fourfold division of the so- Aryans and Agni occupied sec-  The period assigned to Later ciety is found in the 10th ond position. Vedic Phase is 1000 BC to 600 Mandala of the Rigveda.  The Vedic God in charge of BC.  Mention about the truth and moral order was  Later Vedic people used particu- Varnashramadharma is found Varuna. lar type of pottery called Painted in the Jabla Upanishad.  Indra who was known as Grey Ware (PGW)  The Doctrine of Trimurti is Purandara was the god of war  The Later Vedic Aryans were found in the Maitrayani and rain. familiar with two seas, the Ara- Upanishad.  Varuna was God of water and bian Sea and the Indian Ocean.  Mention about the origin of Yama was the Lord of dead.  Rice became the staple diet of Universe is found in the Rig Veda  Savitri was a solar diety to Indian people during the Later (10th Mandala). whom the famous Gayatri Man- Vedic Period.  Purohita, Senani and Vrajapati tra is attributed to.  In addition to agriculture and were the important functionar-  Prithvi was Earth Goddess. cattle rearing, trade and indus- ies who assisted the king in day-  The people called Panis, during try also gradually began. to-day administration.  The officer who enjoyed au- the Vedic period were cattle  Growth of big cities like thority over the pastoral land breeders. Ayodhya, Indraprastha and was called Vrajapati.  The two priests who were promi- Mathura were seen.  The king’s power increased dur- nent during the Rig Vedic period  The term ‘Rashtra’ which indi- ing the Later Vedic Period. were Vasishta and Viswamitra. cates territory first appeared in  Importance of assemblies de-  The battle of ten kings men- the later vedic period. tioned in the Rig Veda was clined  Women enjoyed freedom and fought on the division of water  A regular army was maintained respect but their status deterio- from river Ravi. It was fought on for the protection of the king- rated compared to the early the banks of River Ravi dom. (Parushni). vedic period.  First law giver of ancient India  Mention of the word ‘Sudras’ -  The term for war in Rigveda 7 is was Manu. He wrote Gavishthi or search for cows. Rigveda (10th Mandala) ‘Manusmrithi’.  The term Aghanya or not to be  Mention of the ‘Gotra’ is found  Manusmrithi was translated killed has been used for cow, in the Atharvaveda. into English by William Jones. This indicated cow’s economic  Origin of Kingship is found in  Shyama Shastri translated importance. Aitareya Brahmana. ‘Arthasastra’ into English.  Bali was a tax, which the king  The Vedic Education system re-  It describes the 18 days Battle used to collect from the people vealed through ‘Frog Hymn’ in of Kurukshetra. of the Vedic period. the Rigveda and ‘Wedding  The immortal Bhagavad Gita,  Aryans used iron for the first Hymn’ describe the oldest mar- one of the most profound and time in India. riage rituals. beautiful philosophical poems  Max Mullar was the first person  Horse, Iron, Sugarcane, Pulses in the world is included in to speak of ‘Aryans’ as a race. etc. reached India by the com- Mahabharata. ing of Aryans. Epics  Stories of Sakuntala, Prahladan,  The God who occupied supreme  Hinduism has two epics Ramcharitam, Rishyasringan, position in the Later Vedic Pe- Ramayana and Mahabharata. Satyavan and Savitri, Nala and riod was Prajapati.  Mahabharata was written by Damayanthi etc. are included in  Rudra was regarded as preserver ‘Vyasa’.Mahabharata is also the Mahabharata. and protector of the people. known as Jayasamhita,  Valmiki is the author of Satasahasri Samhita and the  The most important functionary Ramayana. fifth veda. who assisted the Vedic king was  Ramayana has 24000 hymns and  Mahabharata has 1,17,000 Purohita. is divided into Seven Skandas hymns in it.  Monarchy was the normal form (Kandas).  Mahabharata is divided into 18  Bhagavat gita is included in the of Government in the vedic pe- Parvas, An appendix Harivamsa Bhishma Purva of Mahabharata. riod. is considered as 19th Parva. It is divided into 18 chapters and  Each Tribal republic was headed  12th Parva is the largest and 7th by Ganapati or Jyeshta. is the smallest. has about 700 hymns. Original Home of Aryans Upanishads Central Asia ------Max Muller Also called Vedanta, the Upanishads are commentaries ap- Tibet ------Dayanand Saraswati pended to the Brahmanas. Literally Upanishads mean, "to sit Bactria ------J.C. Rod down near someone" or 'a session'. There are 108 Upanishads Arctic Region ------B.G. Tilak altogether, but twelve of them are of great importance. The Russian Steppes ------Prof. Belfy language of Upanishads is classical Sanskrit. The famous Central India ------Rajbali Pandey saying "Satyameva Jayate" is taken from Mundakopanishad. Sapta Sindhu ------A.C. Das German Plain ------Prof.Penka Pamirs ------Mayor Kashmir ------L.D.Kala Turkistan ------Hurz Feld Rivers Mentioned in Rig Veda Old Name New Name Sindhu ------Indus Satudri ------Satluj Vipas ------Beas Parushni ------Ravi Asikni ------Chenab Vitasta ------Jhelum Gomati ------Gomal Krumi ------Kurram Kubha ------Kabul Suvastu ------Swat Drishadvati ------Ghaghar Script  Megasthanese described Pandya Kingdom as ‘Pearl’ as it  In the north, there are 'Sangam Age', was ruled by women. inscriptions dating from the which extends roughly  Nedujezhian is the Pandyan king early centuries B.C. in the between 300 B.C and 300 mentioned in Silappadikaram. Brahmi script, also used by the A.D. Three sangamas are  Another king was Madaranjeral king Ashoka in his famous supposed to have been Irumporai who sent embassies Prakrit pillar inscriptions. held - Chola, Pandya to Roman emperor Augustus  Roughly contemporary with and Chera. and performed Vedic sacrifices. the Brahmi, the Kharosthi  Uraiyur was the capital of script was used. of Ashoka, Kharavela of Kalinga Cholas, known for cotton trade.  Later (4th to 8th centuries AD) and in the Indica of  Karikala most prominent among the Gupta script, derived from Megasthenese. early Cholas is known as the Brahmi, became prevalent. In  The literature of the Sangam Age master of seven notes of music. the 8th century, the Sharada was written mostly in the form  The founder of later Cholas was script evolved out of the Gupta of Poetry. Rajaraja I The most important ruler of this dynasty was script, and was mostly displaced  In the Sangam Age, the most Rajendra Chola. in its turn by Devanagari from common form of government was hereditary monarchy. The  Rajendra Chola is also known as the 12th century, with village was the fundamental unit ‘Gangaikonda Chola’ He later intermediary stages such as the of administration. named his capital as Siddham script.  The Sangham literature talks ‘Gangaikonda Cholapuram’. Sangam Age about Chola, Chera and Pandya  RajaRaja I built ‘Brihadeswara dynasties. temple’ at Tanjore.  First five centuries of the Chris-  Small village Assemblies during  Cholas were well known for their tian Era are commonly known as the Sangam Age were known as naval supremacy and efficient Sangam Age. Arai. village administration.  The Sangam Age corresponds  Tradition refers to three  Vanchi was the capital of to the post - Maurya and Pre - sangham lasting for 9,900 years. Cheras. Gupta period of ancient India.  Language of the Sangam litera-  The greatest of the Chera rulers  Sangam was an Assembly of lit- ture was Tamil. was Senguttuvanchera known erature held at Madurai.  People of the Sangam Age as ‘Red Chera’.He built a temple  The Pandyas were the patrons mainly worshiped ‘Murugan’. for Kannagi. and in their capital the Sangams  The greatest work of the Tamil  The famous Chera port Muziris were held. literature of the Sangam Age is was a great centre of Indo-Ro-  Madhurai - presided by Sage Tholkappium written by man Trade. Agastya-the father of Tamil Lit- Tholkappiyar.  Nedumjeraladan is the first erature.  Tholkappium is considered as known Chera king. He had  Kapatupuram/Alvai - presided the earliest surviving Tamil lit- earned the title of 'Udiyanjiral'. over by Agastya and erary work. It is a book on Tamil He also bore the title of Tolkappiyar. grammar. 'Imayavaramban' .  Madurai-presided over by  The Capital of the Pandyas was  The Cheras owed its importance Nakkirar. at Madurai. to trade with the Romans. They  References to the Sangam Age  Korkai was the main seaport of also build a temple of Augustus can be found in the inscriptions the Pandyas. there.  They were mostly situated north Important Sangam Literature of the vindhyas and extended It is authorised by Tolkappiyar and is a work on Tamil Tolkappiyam: from the north-west frontier to grammar, literary tradition (poetics) and sociology. It is the fountain Bihar. of all literary conventionsIt is in written Tamil byliterature. Tiruvalluvar and is sometimes  Four prominent royal dynasties Tirukkural or Kural: stand out prominently out of called the Veda of the South or 'Fifth Veda'. It is a compouned of these Janapadas. They were dharma, artha, karmaLiterally and moksha. 'the Jewelled Anklet' is authored by Illango Haryankas of Magadha, the Silappadikaram: Ikshvakus of Kosala, the Adigal and is supposed to be the greatest epic of Sangam age. It Pauravas of Vatsa and the deals with the love story between Kovalan, a merchant of Puhar and Pradyotas of Avanti. a courtesan Kannagi. It is also one of the two greatest epics and is a sequal Magadha formed one of the Manimekhalai: to Silappadikaram. It is written by Sattanar of Madurai which deals sixteen Mahajanapadas (Great with the adventure of the daughter Manimekalai born of the union of Countries) or regions in ancient India. Kovalan and Kannagi. It is the third important Sangam epic and is Jeevaka Chintamani: States and Cities written by a Jaina Tiruttakkadevar. (6000 - 300 BC )  Silappadikaram, Manimekalai Bible compiled by Thiruvallu  In the 6th BC North India and Jeevakachintamani are the var. His statue is seen near witnessed the establishment of three epics of Sangam literature. Vivekanandappara in Kingdoms, oligarchies and  Silappadikaram is written by Kanyakumari. chiefdoms and rise of towns.  Ilango Adikal. It describes the Thirukkural of Thiruvalluvar is  The Gangetic plain became the love story of Kovalan and the Tamil work which is known political centre also as the fifth Veda. Kannagi  The identity of kingdoms  The largest single tax collected  Sattanar wrote ‘Manimekalai’ changes from the lineage of the during the Sanga period was the ruling family to identification which is also an epic and tells land tax called Karai. with territory with new political about the story of the daughter  The Utharameroor inscription authority. of Kannagi and Kovalan. tells about the local self govern-  The Gana - Sangha was a form  Manimekalai gives reference ment under the cholas. of Proto - state ; its power not about Buddhism.  The Sangam Age is also called formulated, social division was  II and XIII rock edicts of Ashoka the Golden Age or the Au- limited and coercive authority mention about the South Indian gustan Age in Tamil Literature. was less. kingdoms.  Senguttuvan, the Red or Good Chera, according to the Chera  Gradually Mahajanapadas with  Jivaka Chintamani – the third poets, was the great Chera king. the nature of modern states epic of the Tamil was written by originated. Tirukkadevar.  Nedumjelian was the most im- portant king of the Pandyas.  The Buddhist Texts give the  Kaveripumpatnam was the main name of 16 such Janapadas sea port of the Cholas. FIRST MAGADHAN  In the Middle Ganges - the  ‘Bharatam’ was Tamil version EMPIRE Anga, Magadha and the Vrijji of Mahabharata sung by confederacy and the Mallas. The Mahajanapadas Perundevanar.  To its West, Kassi, Kossala and  ‘Manimekhalai’ is looked upon  In the age of the Buddha we find Vatsa. as the Tamil Odyssey. 16 large states called Mahajana-  Further West - Kuru, Panchala,  Thirukkural is known as Tamil padas. Matsya and Shurasena a dynasty, succession became hereditary. King assisted by Six systems of Philosophy...... Sage Kapila Sankhya (Enumeration) Patanjali ministers, advisory Councils  ......  Yoga (Application) .... Kanada such as Sabha, Samithi,  Vaisheshika (Atom’s character) (Gautama) Parishad etc......  Clan loyalty weakened in the  Nyaya (Analysis) ...... Vyasa kingdom; caste loyalties and  Uttaramimamsa (Vedanta) Jaimini ...... loyalty to the king became  Mimamsa (Enquiry) prominent. Kshatriyas became  In the upper Doab region small the ruling family.  North - West - Kambhoja and settlements linked to Ochre  Kashi, Kossala and Magadha Gandhara Colour Pottery originated. were rival Kingdoms to get  Western and Central India-  Gradually, instead town, control over the Gangetic plain. Avanti and Chedi and metropolis began to originate  The battle for political  Deccan - Assaka in proto form in Kausambi and supremacy among Kasi, Kosala  The Vedic text described Anga Bhita. and Magadha and the Gana - and Magadha as impure lands.  Houses at Bhir mound Sangha of Vrijji finally made  Assaka stood as the gateway consisted of rooms built round Magadha the Victorious one. to South India a Courtyard, which was the  The Vrijjis formed a confe proto - type house plan for The Thripitakas deracy of eight clans many Indian towns . The first Buddhist Council at  The Vrishnis - the clan of Gana Sanghas Krishna - Vasudeva, was a Rajagraha codified the teachings Gana - Sangha.  Gana Sanghas - were Centres of the Buddha in Pali language  The Genesis of town ; some of various ideologies and belief called the Thripitakas i.e. grew out of Political and systems especially Buddhist 1. The Vinaya Pitaka - the administrative centres, example and Jina evolution of the Sanga the monas- Hastinapura, Rajagraha ,  The Gana - Sanghas or Gana - tic rules for the life, of the monks Champa and Ahichchathra. Rajya or Ganas originated and nuns. Some others grew out of around the Vicinity of kingdoms. 2. The Sutta- Pitaka - the Buddhist markets, example Ujjain. The main areas were the ethics, philosophy growth of Bud-  Some grew from being sacred Himalayan foot hills, Punjab and dhism and contemporary Socio- eco- Centres example Vaishali. Sind. The people here rejected nomic and political condition of  The work of Panini and the the vedic orthodoxy. North India of the time. Tripitaka give an idea about  The Gana-Sanghas consisted 3. Abhidhama - Pitaka - Meta- towns and cheifdoms. either of a single class like the physical principles underlying the Urban Culture and Centres Shakyas, Mallas etc., or a Buddhist doctrine. confederacy of class as the  The Western Gangetic plain Vrijjis and the Vrishnis The 2500th Anniversary and the doab became the home  The Gana - Sanghas had only  A Buddhist Council was held of cultures connected with the two strata i.e., the Kshatriya in Rangoon (Yangon) from May Painted Grey ware (PGW, 1200 rajakula and the dasa - Karma - 400 BC) Kara. 1954 to May 1956 to commemo-  rate the 2500th anniversary of East to the Gangetic plain Kingdoms cultures related with the Black the death of the Buddha. - and Red Ware (BRW) and  Kingdoms registered a The Five Buddhas luxury ware known as the centralised government with Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, Northern - Black - Polished the King’s Sovereignty as its Ware ( NBPW 700 - 200 BC) basis. The ruling family became Kasyapa, Sakyamuni, Maitreya MAGADHA Important Court Scholars  The core of the kingdom was the Kalidasa ...... Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) area of Bihar south of the Banabhatta ...... Harshavardhana Ganges. Alberuni ...... Muhammed Ghazni  Its first capital was Rajagriha Firdausi ...... Muhammad Ghazni (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra Amir Khusru...... Alauddin Khilji (modern Patna). Todarmal ...... Akbar  Brahadratha, Jarasandha and Tansen ...... Akbar Ripunjaya were referred as the Birbal ...... Akbar earliest rulers of Magadha. Mansingh ...... Akbar  By about 543 B.C. Bimbisara of Abul Fazal ...... Akbar the Haryanka Kula founded a Ashva Ghosha ...... Kanishka dynasty. Amara Simha ...... Chandragupta II Chand Bardai ...... Prithviraj Chauhan  He made matrimonial alliance Ravikirti...... Pulakeshin II with the Madra, Kossala and Dhanwantari ...... Chandragupta II Vaisali and defeated Harisena ...... Samudra Gupta Brahmadatta of Anga. Tenali Rama ...... Krishnadeva Raya  He devoted the Park ‘Veluvana’ to the Buddha and Patronised Weapons - Mahasilakantaka  Udayan was killed by an agent Buddhism. and Rathamusala. sent by Palaka of Avanti  His son Ajathasathru, after  He summoned the first  The People removed the last killing him, came to power. Buddhist Council at Rajagraha. Haryanka ruler Naga - dasaka  He married the daughter of  He fell in love with Amrapali of and made Sisunaga the minister Presenajith, Vajira. Vaissali who later became a to the throne.  He constructed a fort at Buddhist nun.  The Nanda dynasty was founded Pataliputra.  His son Udayan founded a city by Mahapadma Nanda  He introduced two war at Pataliputra.  The Jain works treated him as the son of a courtesan by a Literary Activities in Ancient India barbar  He is called “Second Parasu  Ashtadhyayi by Panini (5th Century BC) the earliest grammar rama” because he destroyed book also called Bhagavati Sutra. the Kshatriyas.  Mahabhashya was written by Patanjali.  The Hathigumpha Inscription  Manusmriti was a law book composed between 200 BC and of Kharavela of Kalinga reveals 200AD. Mahapadma’s supremacy over  Arthashastra by Kautilya deals with statecrafts is a major source Kalinga of Mauryan administration.  The City Nav Nand Dehra  Indica by ‘Megasthenese’ is a source of Mauryan society and establishes the Nanda administration. dominancy over Deccan.  Chandsutra was written by Pingala.  Next to him Eight Nandas ruled  Buddhacharita by Aswaghosha is the earliest biography of Bud- Magadha. dha. It was written in Pali language.  Raghuvamsa by Kalidasa is an epic based on Mahabharata. Bimbisara (544 B.C-492 B.C)  Naishadh Charita by Sri Harsha contains story of Nala and  He was a contemporary of Bud- Damayanti. dha and patronised Buddhism. Lyric Poetry UDAYAN (460-444 B.C)  Till 330 BC the regions west of Indus belonged to the Greeks.  Meghadut by Kalidasa.  He succeeded Ajathashatru,  In 518 BC Darius I grandson of  Srinagarashataka, Nitishataka shifted the capital to Pataliputra. Cyrus, captured the Indus and Vairagyasataka were writ- SISUNAGA DYNASTY Valley and made it 20th Satrapy ten by Bharruhari.  Haryankas were overthrown by  Darius III was defeated by  Gita Govinda was written by Sisunaga, a minister in the Alexander in the battle of Jayadeva. Haryanka dynasty and he Arbela. founded the Sisunaga dynasty   Haryanka is the name of a new The outstanding result of dynasty founded in Magadha there. Persian attack was the by Bimbisara. Bimbisara  He destroyed the Pradyota Kharoshti script. founded the dynasty by defeat- dynasty of Avanti  In 336 BC Alexander occupied ing the Brihadrathas.  Kalasoka or Kakavarnin was the the Macedonian Kingdom  Founded the city of Rajgriha, most important ruler. The sec-  By 327 BC he entered into north of Girivraj. He followed the ond Buddhist Council at North West India. Condition of policy of marriage alliance. Mar- Vaishali was held during his North India was as follows. ried Mahakosala, the sister of reign.  (1) Most of North India was Kosala king Prasenajit. Also  Kalasoka or Kakavarnin, the next occupied by the Nandas of married the Lichchavi princess ruler, shifted the capital to Magadha (2) West of Sutlej Chellana. He was succeeded by Pataliputra. He was killed by ruled by small republics and his son Ajatashatru. Maha-padmananda. tribes (3) North West of India Ajatashatru (492-460 B.C) NANDA DYNASTY was under Asvayana and Asvakayana tribes (4) between  Magadha became a supreme  The Nandas succeeded the Indus and Jhelum - power in North India under Sisunagas. Their greatest king Kingdom of Taxila or Ajatasatru. So Ajatasatru is con- was Mahapadmananda. He conquered Kalinga and brought Takshashila ruled by Ambhi sidered as the founder of an image of Jaina as a victor tro- (5) between the Jhelum and the Magadhan Supremacy. phy. He claimed to be Ekarnath Chenab, the kingdom of Puru  He killed his father and seized (the sole sovereign) or Porus. the throne. Battle between  Dhanananda: known as  Then the Malloi, Siboi and Kosala and Magadha started in Agrammes to the Greeks. Oxdrakia in Punjab etc. the time of Ajatashatru. Alexander invaded western In-  Both Mahavira and Buddha died dia during his reign. He had a large army. He was extremely un- in his reign. He pursued the Drama popular due to his greed for policy of aggressive expansion. wealth. The Nandas built the  Natyashastra by He took 16 years to destroy and first empire in India. They were Bharatamuni is the earliest annex Vaishali. He founded the the first of a number of non- known work in Sanskrit. Kshatriya ruling dynasties. famous city of Pataliputra.  Malavikagnimithram, Historical writing The Persians and Greeks Vikramorvashiyam and  A Little before 530 BC Cyrus, Abhinjana Sakuntalam are  Harshacharita - Written by the Achaeminid emperor of dramas written by Kalidasa. Banabhatta Persia received tributes from  Ratnavali, Nagananda and the tribes of Kamboja,  Vikramanakadeva charita - Priyadarshika are dramas written by Bilhana. Gandhara and the trans - Indus area. written by Harshavardhana. Alexander’s Invasion ALEXANDER  Alexander was born in 356 BC (356–323 BC), popularly known as as the son of King Philip II of Alexander III of Macedon was a Greek king of Macedon. He is created Mascedonia. Alexander the Great  Epirus or Olympias was one of the largest empires in ancient history. Alexander’s mother. He reached Taxila in 326 B.C. where he was welcomed by King Ambhi  Aristotle was Alexander ’s who was keen to defeat rival king Porus with help of Alexander. After teacher. crossing Jhelum river Alexander met Porus and defeated and cap- tured him. Later, Porus was forgiven and freed. Alexander remained in  He became the king in 336 BC. India for 19 months. In the field of trade and commerce theAlexander invasion of  He defeated the Persian ruler Alexander opened Indian trade with the western world. In the field of Darius III. art a new Indo Greek style called Gandhara Art developed.  Alexander founded the city of died in Babylon in 323 BC. Alexandria in Egypt.  In 326 BC, Alexander defeated  Alexander IV succeeded MAURYAN EMPIRE Porus (Purushothama) the ruler Alexander as the Masedonian (231-185 BC) King. of Punjab and captured Taxila The Source materials for the through the Battle of Hydaspass  Alexander’s teacher Aristotle is considered as the father of Poli- study of the Mauryans include, on the banks of river Jhelum. tics, Biology, Taxonomy and the the Arthasasthra of  Ambhi the ruler of Taxila invited Science of Logic. Chanakya or Kaudilya or Alexander to India.  Alexander’s invasion opened up Vishnugupta; the Indica of  Alexander died of Malaria at the free intercourse between India Megasthenes, the Puranas, age of 33 in 323 BC while he was and the west and strengthened the Buddhist and Jain works in Babylon. commercial ties. such as Divya Vadana,  Alexander was cremated at Al-  New trade routes were opened, Dipavamsa Jataka tales and exandria. establishment of trade cities Parisishta - Parva, the  Alexander was known as such as Alexandria, Begram, inscriptions such as the Shehansha in Persia and Cadrusi etc. the Greek Colony Sohgaura and Mahasthan, the Sikhandar-I-Asam in Indo-Pak Balhika or Bactria ; devel Junagadh and the Nagarjuna opment of Indian Coin age, region. hill Cave Inscription, the Gandhara school of Art, Indian  The Last general of Alexander Asokan Inscriptions such as Philosophy in Greek, idea of the Babru Edict the Maski and in India was Eudamas. political unification etc ; were Cave inscriptions in the  Alexander’s first General in In- the impact of Alexander’s Barabar Hills, the writings of dia was Selucus Nikator. invasion. Grecco - Romans like Strabo, Diodorus Plutarch and Justin EFFECTS OF PERSIAN INVASION and the Mudra Rakshasa of  The introduction of the Aramic form of writing in India, Visakadatta. which later developed into the Kharoshthi alphabet.  Promotions of Indo-Iranian trade.  Major sources for the study of Mauryan Empire are the  Geographical exploration of the Indus and the Arabian sea Arthasastra of Kautilya and In- which led to the opening of a new water route. dica of Megasthenes.  Fusion of Iranian /Persian features in the Mauryan art.  Chandragupta Maurya was the  Impact of Buddhism on the Zoroastrian religion. founder of Mauryan Empire. Important Mauryan Officers  Ashoka fought the Kalinga war Collector of Revenue in 261 BC. Kalinga is in modern Orissa. Samaharta...... Head of Treasury ...... Head of Police  Ashokan inscriptions were de- Sannidata ciphered by James Princep...... Head of Royal Fort Dandapala  After the battle of Kalinga ...... Durga Pala Head of District Administration Ashoka became a Buddhist, be- Pradeshikas ...... Head of Prisons ing shocked by the horrors of Prashasti ...... the war.  Bindusara was a follower of  Ashoka was initiated to Bud-  Details about his early life are Ajivika sect. dhism by Upagupta or Nigrodha not available.  Bindusara was known as – a disciple of Buddha. Amitragatha.  He is believed to have belonged  For the propagation of Bud- to Moriya Clan, hence got the  Ashoka ascended the throne in dhism, Ashoka started the in- 273BC and ruled upto 232 BC. name Maurya. stitution of Dharmamaha  He was known as ‘Devanam  It is also said that his mother was matras. priya, priyadassi – the beauti- Mura a woman of lower birth  The IV Major Rock Edict of ful one who was the beloved of Ashoka tells about the practice hence got the name Maurya. Gods.  In some texts he is referred to as of Dharmma  Maski and Gujara Edicts of  Ashoka held the third Buddhist Vrishala and Kulahina. Ashoka gave the name council at his capital Pataliputra  He conspired with Chanakya Devanampriya Priyadassi. in 250 BC under the president (Kautilya or Vishnugupta) the  Buddhist tradition says Ashoka minister of Nanda to overthrew killed 99 of his brothers to cap- ship of Moggaliputa Tissa. the last Nanda ruler Dhana- ture the throne.  He sent his son and daughter to Nanda.  Ashoka was the first king in In- Sri Lanka for the spread of Bud-  Chandragupta Maurya as- dian history who had left his dhism (Mahendra and cended the throne in BC 321. records engraved on stones. Sanghamitra)  He fought against Selucus in 305  Ashokan inscriptions were writ-  Ashoka spread Buddhism to BC. Selucus surrendered before ten in Kharoshti and Brahmi SriLanka and Nepal. him and sent an ambassador, scripts.  He is known as the Constantine Megasthanese to the court of of Buddhism. Chandragupta Maurya.  In his Kalinga Edict he mentions  Pushpagupta an official of The Mauryan Art ‘‘All man are as my children’’. Chandragupta got ‘Sudarshan was not purely Indian but Ceylone’s ruler Devanam lake’ constructed for irrigation. was a mixture of Grecco Persian priya Tissa was Ashoka’s  Chandra Gupta Maurya was and Indian The imperial palace at first convert to Buddhism. converted to Jainism, abdicated Pataliputra, the Pillard Hall, the  Ashoka ruled for 40 years the throne in favour of his son stupas of Sanchi and Saranath,. the and died in 232 BC. Bindusara, passed his last days rock cut chaitya halls in Barabar bills,  V.A. Smith described at Sravanabelagola (Near The Pillars at Basarh, Rampura, Asoka “ the Saint Paul of Mysore) where he died in about Rumindei and Saranath, the single Buddhism. 300 BC. elephant, the four lions capitals at  The emblem of the Indian  Chandra Gupta Maurya was re- Sankisa and Saranath etc., the Republic has been adopted sponsible for the political unifi- Yaksha and Yakshi status are from the four lion capital of one the best examples. cation of North India for the first of Ashokas pillars which is lo- time. cated in Saranath.  Rock-cut architecture in India The Fourteen Major Rock Edicts (MRE) of Asoka made a beginning during Ashoka’s reign. 1st MRE - Prohibition of animal slaughter  Brihadratha, the last Mauryan 2nd MRE - Mention of places of Cholas Satyaputras and ruler was killed by Pushyamitra Keralaputras Sunga who founded the Sunga 3rd MRE - Asoka’s directions to Pradeshikas, Yuktas and Dynasty in 185 BC. Rajukas for Propagation of Dharma (Dhamma)  Megasthenese, the first foreign 4th MRE - Impact of Dhamma an Society traveller to India mentions about 5th MRE - Appointments of Dhamma mahamathas the existence of seven castes in 6th MRE - Measures for the Welfare of the people. India during the Mauryan period. 7th MRE - Propagation of peace, faith and balance of  Head of the Mauryan city admin- mind. istration is known as Nagaraka. 8th MRE - Asoka’s visit to Bodhi tree.  Rakshi in Mauryan administra- 9th MRE - Stress on ceremony of Dhamma tion refers to police who looked 10th MRE - Gives a detailed account of Asoka’s desire to after the people’s security. gain popularity for Dhamma.  The dominant language of the 11th MRE - Appraisal of Dhamma. Mauryan Court was Magadhi. 12th MRE - Promotion to religion of different faith.  The Commander -in-chief was 13th MRE - The largest of all Rock Edicts. Victory over Senadhyaksha. Divisional Kalinga references about Greek rulers such as Commanders were Asvadhya Antiochus, Ptolemy Antigonus, Megas and Al- ksha, Rathadhyaksha, Hastyadh exander ; mentions of important castles Kamb- yaksha, Nanadhyakshya, hoja, Nabhkas, Pittinik Andhra and Parindas Padadhyaksha and Ayudha 14th MRE - Nature of all other Rock Edicts. garad-hyaksha. Queen’s Edict - Mentions the Queen Karuvaki and Asoka’s  Bhaga (King’s share , 1/6 of the Son Tivara Karuvaki produce) and Bali (an additional Quandhar Edict - The only bilingual edict which tells that the Cess) Vishti ( tax paid in labour) fishermen and hunters gave up hunting. and Senabhagam (tax by army) Taradaya (Ferry dues) were main Categories of Asoka's Inscription revenue sources.  Bhabru - Conversion to Buddhism.  Empire was divided into  Barabar Hills - Enjoins toleration. provinces such as Taxila, Tossali,  Tarai Pillars - Respect to Buddhism. Kaussambi and Ujjaini.  Minor Rock Edicts - Personal history of Asoka and summary of  The Mauryas introduced stone masonry on large scale. Dhamma.  Fragments of stone pillars and  7 Pillar Rock Edicts - Appendix to Rock Edicts. stumps indicating the existence of an 80 pillar hall have been Religion discovered at Kumrahar on outskirts of Patna. The cult of Vasudeva or Krishna (Heracles in Greek) and Arjuna were  The causes of decline the Empire worshiped. Religious tolerance was present. Asoka summoned the were ; the policy of Asoka, the third Budhist Council at Pataliputra, the Mauryan Age produced the scramble for power the contin Ramayana and the Mahabharatha and promoted the six systems of uous famine, the Bureaucracy Indian philosophy and finally the Mauryans helped to develop a and lack of authority. systematised Chronology of India. POST MAURYAN CHETA (CHETI) DYNASTY OF ‘Mahamatras’, Provincial KALINGA Governers were called PERIOD  The Cheti Dynasty was be- ‘Senapati’ The dynasties were. The lieved to have founded by Maha  Administration in rural areas Sunga, Kanvas or Kanava Meghavahana was in hands of gaulamika, head Yanas, then some minors such  The Hathigumbha inscription of military regiment. as Audumbaras, the Kunindas, of Kharavela, of the Kalinga  The official language of the Satavahanas was Prakrit the Trigartas, the Yaudheyas ruler gives details about the and Agatyas; Chetas of Chedis of Kalinga. INDO - GREEKS (BACTRIANS) Kalinga, the Sathavahanas of  Kharavela was a follower of Jainism.  First to invade India were the Andhra, Foreign rule of the Greeks who were called Indo- Bactrain Greeks - the Sakas, SATAVAHANAS (235 BC - 100BC) Greeks. the Parthians and the Kushans.  Satavahanas were the most  Indo-Greeks are also called powerful ruling dynasty after SUNGA DYNASTY (185-71 BC) Bactrians. the Mauryas.  The most famous Indo - Greek  Sunga Dynasty was founded by  Satavahanas were also known ruler was Menander with his Pushyamitra Sunga the com- as Andhras. capital at Sakala in Punjab (Mod- mander-in-chief of last Mauryan  Srikakulam was the Capital ern Sialkot). His discussion with king Brihadrath.  Satavahanas were the Indian the Budhist Scholar Nagasena  Patanjali lived in Pushyamitra’s rulers who prefixed their is described in the text ‘Milinda court. He wrote Mahabhashya, mother’s name along with their Panho’. a commentary on Panini’s names.  The Indo-Greeks were the first Asthadhyay and also evolved a  Most important Satavahana to issue gold coins in India. new school of philosophy - ruler was Gautamiputra  The introduction of Hellenistic Yoga. Satakarni. art features into India were also the  Kalidasa’s drama Malavikagni  Satavahanas were Brahmanas. contribution of Indo-Greek rule. mitram is about the love story  Menander was converted into a of Pushyamitra’s son Agnimitra  Nagarjuna Konda and Buddhist by Buddhist monk and Malavika. Amaravati in Andhrapradesh Nagasena (Nagarjuna).  Last King of sunga dynasty was became important seats of Bud- Devabhuti. dhist culture under the  Indo-Greeks were the first to is-  Manusmrithi was of the Sunga Satavahanas. sue coins bearing the figure of period  The two common structures of kings. Satavahanas were the temple  Demitrius, the king of Bactria KANVA DYNASTY(72 B C- 27 BC) called Chaitya and the monas- invaded India about 190BC. He  Kanva dynasty was founded by tery called Vihara. is considered as Second Vasudeva Kanva in 73 BC after  The last great ruler of Alexander (But the Indian ruler defeating the last Sunga ruler Satavahanas is Yajnashri who accepted the name second Devabhuti. Satakarni. Alexander (Sikandar-i-sani) was  This dynasty ruled for a period  Satavahanas mostly issued lead Alauddin Khilji). of 45 years. coins.  Indo-Greeks were the first to in-  Vasudeva, Bhumimitra,  The Satavahanas were the first troduce military governorship in Narayana and Susuman were rulers to make land grants to the India. the rulers of Kanva dynasty. Brahmins and Buddhist monks.  Ideas of astronomy and horo-  The last Kanva, Suserman was  In the Satavahana kingdom, dis- scope were inherited from them. killed by Simukha; the founder tricts were called ‘Ahara’, offic- Art of Drama was learnt from of the Sathavahana dynasty. ers were ‘Amatyas’ and them. THE PARTHIANS (19 - 45 AD)  Kanishka convened the fourth of Guilds, popularity of Budhism Buddhist council in Kashmir. and Jainism, the Bhakti cult of  Parthians also known as  Scholars like, Parsva, Vasumitra, Brahmanism, rise and Pahalavas were Iranian People. Ashvaghosha, Charaka and development of Gandhara Art,  Gondopharnes was the greatest Nagarjuna were the courtiers of Mathura and Amaravati Art etc., of the Parthian rulers. Kanishka. were the features of this period.  St. Thomas is said to have came  The Gandhara School of Art re- to India for the propagation of ceived royal patronage under GUPTA EMPIRE Christianity during the period of the Kushans. (320 - 540 AD) Gondopharnes.  Kanishka patronised Mahayana Source of the Gupta Period THE SAKAS (90 BC - IST AD) form of Buddhism. The Dharmasasthras, works of  Sakas were also known as  Kanishka is righty called the Scythians. ‘Second Ashoka’. Kalidasa, Dramas such as Kaumudi Mahotsava of Vajjika,  The first Saka king in India was  Kanishka was the first king who Maues or Moga who estab- inscribed the image of Lord Devichandraguptam of Visaka lished Saka power in Gandhara. Buddha on his coins. dutta and Mrichcha katika of  The most famous of the Saka  Kanishka started the Saka era Sudraka and Kathasarith rulers in Western India was in 78 AD. The first month of Sagara of Somadeva ; The Rudra Daman I. His achieve- Saka era is Chaithra and the last Puranas, writings of Fahien, ments are highlighted in his month is Phalguna. Hiuen - Tsang and I-tsing, Epi Junagarh inscription written in  Vasudeva was the last great king graphic and Numismatic 150 AD. of Kushana Dynasty. sources.  They controlled the famous silk  He ruled over Sindh, Gujarat,  Gupta Empire was founded by route-a great source of income Malva, Konkan, Kathiawar and Sri Gupta. for them. Trade with the Roman Narmada Valley.  Ghatotkacha was the second people was also carried out ruler.  He repaired the Sudarshana lake through the sea route. built by the Mauryas.  Chandra Gupta I was the real  Kushan school of art is also re- founder of the Gupta Empire. He  Junagarh inscription of ferred to as the Mathura school. came to the throne in 320 AD. Rudradaman was the first in-  The Discovery of the Monsoon  He was the first ruler to adopt scription in Sanskrit. Route to India from West Asia, the title ‘Maharajadhiraja’  Ujjayini was the capital of the Silk Route from China to  He laid the foundation of Gupta Rudradaman. Europe via India and Sea - route Era on 26 February 320 AD. KUSHANS to East Asia, ; increase in the  Samudra Gupta succeeded volume of trade with Rome, Chandragupta I in 335 AD.  Kushans are also known as Greek, Iran etc, the development Yuch-chis or Tocharians.  Kushans came to India from Books on Sciences Chandragomin North Central Asia...... Amar Singh  First great Kushana king was Chandra Vyakaran Kamandak Kujala Kadphises or Kadphises I...... Amar Kosh Vatsyayana  The most famous Kushana ruler Niti Shastra...... Varahamihira was Kanishka. Kamasutra...... Vaghbhatta  He became the ruler in 78 AD Panchasiddhantika ...... Pulkapya and started Saka Era in 78 AD. Ashtanga Hridaya ...... Iswarkrishna  The Capital of Kanishka was Hastyaurveda ...... Peshawar or Purushapura. Sankhyakarika  The Allahabad Pillar inscrip- Dhanvantari, Amarasimha, lar year as 365.358 days. tion composed by Harisena con- Sanku.  Panchsidhanta, Brihat Jataka, tains information about  He was the first Gupta ruler to Laghu Jataka and Brihat Samudragupta’s conquests. have issued silver coins. Samhita are the works of  Allahabad Pillar inscription is also  Chandragupta II was succeeded Varahamihira. known as ‘Prayagaprasasti’. by his son Kumaragupta I who  The best specimen of the Gupta  Samudra Gupta is also known as adopted the title of ‘Mahendra paintings are seen at Ajanta ‘Lichchavi Dauhitra’’. (son of ditya’ and founded the Nalanda caves and the Bhaga caves. the daughter Kumaradevi of University.  The beginning of Indian temple Lichchavis)  Skandagupta Vikramaditya architecture.  Samudra Gupta is described as was the last great ruler of Gupta  Guptas issued large number of ‘Indian Napoleon’ by V.A. Smith. Empire. gold coins in India.  Samudra Gupta composed  Skandagupta Vikramaditya was  Guptas largely patronised art ‘‘Vahukabita’’ and had the title the only hero in Asia and Eu- and architecture. ‘‘Kaviraja’’. rope who defeated the Hunas in  Guptas patronised the  Sanskrit was the court language their glorious period. Gandhara school of art, of the Guptas.  Vishnu Gupta was the last ruler Madhura School of Art and the  India became ‘‘Greater India’’ who died in 570 AD. Andhra School of Art. under Samudra Gupta.  Mantriparishad assisted the king  The Fresco paintings in the  Samudra Gupta was an accom- in administration. Ajanta caves are examples of the plished Veena player.  Most important Industry of the art of the Guptas.  He was a Vaishnava and a pa- Gupta period was textile.  The chief source of income was tron of the great Buddhist  Period of the Gupta is compared land revenue. Scholar Vasubandhu. to ‘Periclean Age of Greece’,  The position of women declined  Chandragupta II , the greatest ‘Augustan Age of Rome’ and during the Gupta period. Po- of Gupta rulers was popularly ‘Elizabethan Age of England’. lygamy was widely prevalent. Their education was discour- known as Vikramaditya.  Period of the Guptas is consid-  He adopted the title ‘Sakari’ ered as the Golden Age in the aged. after his victory over history of India.  Sati system was in existence and widow marriage was becoming Rudradaman II of Gujarat.  Earlier Guptas had their capital unpopular.  Fa hein, the Chinese traveller, at Prayag in Allahabad, later it  Famous ayurveda physician of the visited India during his period. was shifted to Ujjain by Gupta period was Dhanvantari.  The exploits of Chandragupta II Chandragupta II. are glorified in an iron pillar in-  Nalanda and Taxila were the two  The Kumaramatyas were the universities of this period. scription fixed near Qutub most important officers of the  Kalidasa is generally called ‘‘In- Minar. Gupta period.  Chandragupta II adopted the dian Shakespeare’ and the  The royal seal of the Guptas title Vikramaditya as a mark of ‘Prince of Indian Poets’. bore the emblem of Garuda. his victory over the  Patanjali founded ‘Yoga  Aryabhatta was the first to treat Sakakshatraps. Shastra’, a school of Hindu phi- Mathematics as a separate sub-  ‘Nine gems’ or ‘Navratnas’ was losophy during this period. ject. He wrote Aryabhattiyam. a famous Scholastic Assembly  Both internal and external trade He belonged to the Gupta pe- in the court of Chandragupta II. reached its peak. riod. Aryabhatta was the first to The members in the Ninegems  Sanskrit was the official language. use Decimal System. were - Kalidasa, Kadakarbhara,  The puranas were compiled dur-  Aryabhatta calculated Pi as Kshapanaka, Varahmihira, ing the Gupta age. 3.1416 and the length of the so- Vararuchi, Vethalabhatta,  Jayadeva wrote “Gita Govinda”. Important Literary works during“the Gupta period Author Works Kalidasa ...... Epics: Raghuvamsa, Ritusamhara, Meghaduta Dramas: Vikramorvashiyam, Malavikagnimitra, Abhinjanasakuntalam Sudraka ...... Drama: Mrichchakatika Bhasa ...... Drama: Swapnavasavadatta, Charudatta Bharavi ...... Kiratharjuniya (Epic poem) Bhatti ...... Ravana Vadha or Bhatt Kavya (A narration on the life of Rama) Visakhadatta ...... Drama: Mudrarakshasa, Devichandraguptam Harisena ...... Eulogy : Prayag-Prasasti Amarsimha ...... Grammar: Amarkosha Vishnu Sharma ...... Story: Panchatandra and Hitopadesha Aryabhatta ...... Mathematics & Astronomy: Aryabhattiya Varahamihira ...... Mathematics & Astronomy: Brihatsamhita & Panchasidhanta Vatsyayana ...... Kamasutra Dandin ...... Kavyadarsana (Grammar) Gunadhya ...... Brihat Katha Visakadetta ...... Mudra Rakshasa (Drama), Devi Chandra Guptam (Drama) Aryasura ...... -Jatakamala The Budhist Scholars such as Budha Ghosha, Budhadatta, Vasubandhu, Asanga and Dignaga belonged to the Gupta period. Science Aryabhatta ...... Aryabhattiyam He was the first to treat mathematics as a separate subject. His unique contribution was the Principle of the place value, the first nine numbers and the use of zero. Varahamihira ...... Panchsidhantha (Astronomy), Brihat Jataka, Laghu Jataka Brihat Samhita (An encyclopadia of technical Sciences). He divided Astronomy into three branches - Tantra, Hora and Samhita Vagbhata I ...... The Ashtanga - Samgraha Palakapya ...... Hastyayurveda Brahma Gupta ...... Brahma Sidhanta

The Navaratnas in the Court The Administration of Chandra Gupta II  Monarchy was the form of Government. Dhanvantari - Ayurveda  The Guptas believed in the Divine Right theory of Kingship. Kshapanaka - Jyothisasthra  The ruled followed the policy of benevolent despotism. Amarasimha - “Amarakosa”  There was a highly organised civil and military service.  “The Mantriparishad” assisted the King. Sanku - Shilpasasthra  The Empire was divided into Bhuktis under Uparikas, Vishayas under Vethalabhatta - Mantrasastra Vishayapathis and Gramas under Gramikas. Kalidasa - Dramas  There was town administration with Purapala or Mayor as head. Varahamihira- Brihadsamhita  Pushtapala was a notary and keeper of records. Vararuchi - Sanskrit Vyakarana  Kumaramatyas were the most important officers. Kadakarbhara -  The Government emblem was the Garuda. The Post Gupta Period onwords the later Guptas  Sialkot was Mihirakula’s capi-  The period between the second became vassals of the tal. quarter of the 6th Cent.AD and Vardhanas.  The Hunas were finally de- 7th Cent.AD was of struggle  Jivita Gupta was the last ruler. feated by Yashodharman, a for supremacy. THE HUNAS brave king from Malwa (Central  The leading figures were the  The Hunas were a nomadic and India). Later Guptas, The Muharis, barbaric race of Central Asia. Yasodharman of Mandasor, THE MAITRAKAS OF  They were defeated by Skanda Sasanka of Gauda, Pushya VALABHI Gupta. bhuthis of Thaneswar and  They were of Iranian origin ,  In the last quarter of the 5th cen- Varmans of Kamarupa. tury AD, the Hunas established ruled Gujarat  The Hunas came to North India an independent kingdom in the  Valabhi was the capital. during this period. Punjab.  Siladitya I (606 - 612 AD) was  Krishna Gupta I was the the first independent king. founder of the Later Guptas.  Toramana and Mihirakula were  Dhruvasena IV, the greatest  Kumara Gupta defeated important Huna leaders. Maitraka king, patronised Isnanavarman, the Maukhari  In 510 AD, Bhanu Gupta de- King. feated Toramana. Bhatti.   Devagupta of the Malwa  Narasimha Gupta defeated The Maukharis of Kanauj branch, supported Sasanka Mihirakula.  The Maukharis had three main Gauda in killing Grahavarman.  The Hunas gave rise to the branches. ie. the Kanauj branch  From Rajyavardhanan’s period Kshatriya Rajaputs. (most important)

Sculpture Features Place Caves Most ancient . Influenced by religious practices. Pillar Adornes Ashokan Edicts Rampurva, Sarnatha Stupa Buddhist religious architecture Sanchi, Amaravati, Barhut, Nagarjunakonda Carved Railings Adornes Stupas Amaravati Gandhara Art First statue of Buddha Peshawar region & — a mixture Indian & Greek method Afghanistan Mathura School Richly decorated deities of all religion Mathura Hindu Art Hindu temples of Nagara & Sikhara Styles Vidisa, Deogarh, Tigawa, Eran, Aihole, Rajgriha Pala School Fine Hindu & buddhist Statues Nalanda, Bodh Gaya Hoyasala Art Mature plan & general arrangement Mysore, Talakad, Halebid. Orissa School Development of Shikharas Bhubaneswar, Puri, Konark. Chandela School Erotic sculpture Khajuraho Vijaya Nagar School Decorated pillared halls Hampi Nayak School Temple complex Madurai Rajasthan School High platforms & miniature towers Mt Abu Chalukyan School (Vesara) Mixture of Nagar & Dravida Styles, Chittor Aihole, Pattdakal Pallava School Monolithic temples Mahabalipuram Chola School (Dravid) Gopurams or Gates Tanjore Indo- Islamic Arch, domes, vaultes, gardens, marble Delhi, Agra, Jaunpur, use pietradura Bengal, Hyderabad. the Gaya region of Bihar and the Kota region of Rajasthan Last Hindu Emperor  The founder was Yajnavarman The last Hindu Emperor of North India was Harshavardhana His kingdom spanned (Last  First independent King of Hindu king of Delhi was Prithviraj Chauhan). Kanauj was Harivarman. the Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bengal, Orissa and the entire Indo-  Grahavarman married Rajya Gangetic plain North of the Narmada River. After the downfall of the sree, the daughter of Prabha Gupta Empire in the middle of the sixth century C.E., North India kara Vardhana of Taneswar. reverted to small republics and small monarchical states. Harsha united  Harsha Vardhana annexed the small republics from Punjab to Central India. Kanauj to Taneswar. Kashmir established their power.  Yasodharman of Mandasor  Mahendravarman I and (530 - 550 AD) errected “ Pillars founded by Pushyabhuti. Pulikeshin II were the contem- of Victory” to commemorate his  Harsha came to power in 606 AD poraries of Harsha Vardhana. conquests of the Hunas. (Harsha Era).  Matanaga, Divakara, Jayasena  He made Kanauj his new capital THE VAKATAKAS and Bhartri Hari were the fa- from Taneswar. (250 - 500 AD) mous scholars in the court of  Original name of Harsha was  Established power in Deccan. Harsha Vadhana. Siladitya.  Capital was Vidarbha.  The position of women seems  Chinese traveller Hieun Tsang to have further declined during  The founder of the dynasty visited India during his reign. was Vidhyasakti. Harsha’s period. Remarriage of  He was a Shaiva in the begin- widows were not permitted.  They were brahmins. ning but embraced Buddhism  Harsha, the last great Hindu em-  Pravarasena I performed four under the influence of Buddhist peror died in 647 AD. Asvamedha and one Rajasuya sage - Divakara Mitra and Hieun scarifices. Strengthened his Tsang. Kingdom through marriage North India in the Post  Harsha summoned a religious alliances. Harsha Period assembly at Prayag.  Sarvasena son of Pravarasena  Hieun Tsang said, “ Indians were  The Post Harsha Period marked founded the Vatsagulma Truthful people although quick the transition from Ancient branch of the Vakatakas. tempered’’. Period to the Medieval Period.  Prithivisena I helped Chandra  Harsha’s biography ‘Harsha  This period witnessed the rise gupta II to defeat the Sakas of Charita’ was written by his of the Brahmanical Hinduism Malwa and Kathiawar. court poet Banabhatta. He also and the Rajputs.  Pravarasena II (Damodarasena) wrote ‘Kadambari’.  The Bhakti Cult began to founded a new capital at  Harsha Vardhana was a poet and develop under Ramanuja and Pravarapura. He was the last dramatist. Ratnavali, Priyadar Sankaracharya. prominent ruler of the main shika and Nagananda are the  The Tripartite Struggle - the branch of the Vakatakas. works of Harshavardhana. Gurjara - Parthiharas, Palas of  The Chalukyas of Badami  Harsha Vardhana was defeated Bengal and the Rashtrakudas dominated the Vakatakas. by the Chalukyan king of Manyaketa-to establish HARSHAVARDHAN Pulikesin II in AD 634. supremacy over Kanauj  Harshavardhana belonged to  Harsha Vardhanas empire was originated. the Pushyabhuti Dynasty, also the last Buddhist empire in In-  The Post- Harsha Period known as Vardhana Dynasty. dia. witnessed the coming of Islam  The Pushyabhuti dynasty was  After Harsha, the Karkotas of on Western India. ruler, defeated Pulakeshin II and Temples and Builders Krishna I adopted the title Vatapikonda.  Narasimhavarman I was called ...... Vishnuvardhana Kailas Temple at Ellora ...... Mahamalla which meants a Chunnakesava Temple, Belur Narashimhavarman I wrestler...... Raja Raja Chola Rathas at Mahabalipuram ......  The Ratha temples at Narasimha VarmanII Brihadeswara Temple, Tanjavur...... Mahabalipuram (Seven Pago- Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram Eastern Gangarubs das) were created by ...... Chandellas Lingaraja Temple, Bhuvaneswar Narasimhavarman I...... Raja raja I Khajuraho Temples ......  Dandin the author of Dasa Nayaka Rulers Rajarajeshwara Temple, Tanjavur...... kumaracharitam, lived in the Raja Raja Chola court of Narasimhavarman II. Meenakshi Temple at Madurai...... Shiva Temple at Tanjavur  Narasimhavarman II was the structed during the Chalukyan most important ruler of the CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI period. Pallava dynasty.  Narasimhavarman II is also (VATAPI)  The Chalukyan developed the known as Rajsimha.  In 535 AD Pulikeshin I founded a Deccan or Vesara style in the building of structural temples.  He founded Kailasanatha small kingdom with the Capital Temple and the Shore Temple  From the Chronological point of at Vatapipura (Modern Badami) at Mahabalipuram. view, Chalukyas can be divided  He was succeeded by  The last Pallava King was de- into four Kirtivarman and Mangalesa. feated by Aditya Chola by the  Pulakeshin II was the most fa- The Chalukyas of Vatapi (535 - end of 9th century. 642 AD), The Later Chalukyas mous ruler of the Chalukya dy- RASHTRAKUTAS nasty. of Vatapi (655 - 753 AD), The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi (615  Rashtrakuta dynasty was  The greatest achievement of - 1076 AD), The Later Western founded by Dandidurga in 753 Pulakeshin II was the defeat he Chalukyas of Kalyani (973- AD. With the capital at inflicted on Harshavardhana. 1190 AD) Manyakhed or Malkhed.  The Pallava king Narasimha  Built the Dasavatara caves at varman captured Vatapi and PALLAVAS Ellora. adopted the title ‘Vatapikonda’.  Simhavishnu was the founder  Rashtrakuta ruler Amogha  Pulakeshin II defeated the of the Pallava dynasty. varsha I wrote ‘Kavirajamarga’ Pallavas and captured Kanchi.  His court poet was Bharavi, who which is the earliest Kannada He also defeated Cheras, Cholas wrote Kiratarjuniya. work on poetics. He also wrote and Pandyas.  His son Mahendra Varman I Prasnottarmalika.  Kubja Vishnuvardhana - the was great in war and peace. He  Amoghvarsha - transferred the brother of Pulakeshin II founded assumed littles like Mattavilasa, capital from Ellora to Manya the kingdom of Chalukya of Vichithrachitta, Gunabhara kheta (Malkhed). Vengi. etc. He was also a reputed au-  Harisena, Jinasena and  Kirtivarman, the last ruler of this thor who wrote Mattavilasa Gunabhadra lived at his court. dynasty was defeated by the Prahasana.  He offered his finger to goddess Rashtrakutas and the Chalukyan  Rock cut temples at to please her. rule came to an end in 757 AD. Bhairavkond (N.Arcot) and  The Kailasanath Temple at  The magnificient temples of Ananteshvara temple were built Ellora was founded by the Belur and Halebid and the by Mahendra Varman I. Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna I. Elephanta caves were con-  Narasimhavarman , a Pallava  Krishna III (940 -968 AD) was the last great ruler of  The Bhats and Charans were  The Vikramsila and Sompur Rashtrakuta dynasty. the Court bards. Universities were founded by  Built the Krishneswara temple at  The Rajput women embraced the Pala king Dharmapala. Rameswaram and erected a pil- death by “Jauhar” to escape  In the court of king Rampala, the lar there. defilement and ‘Sati’ to avoid famous poet Sandhyakar Nandi  The Rashtrakuta power was over- widowhood. lived, who wrote Rampala thrown by Thiala II.  Raja Bhoja wrote “Ayurveda Charita. Sarvasva” and “Rajamriganka”. THE RAJPUTS  Atisha Dipankar, noted scholar  The best examples of Rajput of Tantric Buddhism, existed in  The advent of Islam architecture were the fortress of the time of the Pala Kings. He synchronised with the rise of Chittorgarh, Rathan bhore and translated many books of Tantric the Rajputs. the lake Palace at Udaipur.  The Rajputs produced mighty Buddhism into Tibetan. Kings like Gurjara Bhoja, PRATIHARAS  The Pala power was destroyed Chandella Dhanga, Kalachuri  The Pratiharas are also called by Vijayasena who founded the Karna, Paramara Bhoja, Solanki Gurjara - Pratiharas - belonging Sena dynasty. Jayasimha and Chauhana to the 36 clans of Rajputs. SENAS Prithivraja.  The dynasty was founded  The Sena dynasty was founded  The Rajputs represented a by Nagabhata I (725- 740) by Vijayasena towards to end large social, and occupational  Nagabhata II made Kanauj his of 11th century. (1093) group composed of various capital.  Senas had a capital in foreign, indigenous and mixed  Pratihara ruler Mihir Bhoja Vikrampura and another in races. adopted the title ‘Adivaraha’. Vijayapura.  The important Rajput dynasties  Mahendrapal I extended his were ; empire over Magadha and  About the middle of 13th cen- The Gurjara - Prathiharas of North Bengal. tury the senas were overthrown Mandor and Avanti  His court poet was Rajeshekaa. by the Deva dynasty. The Chauhans based in He wrote Kavyamimamsa,  Jayadeva, the author of Eastern Rajasthan Karpuramanjari (a drama in Gitagovinda was patronized by The Solankis based in prakrit) Harivilas, Bhavana Sena ruler Lakshmana Sena. Kathiawar kosh, Bal Bharat etc. CHAUHANS The Pawar or Paramars based  Sian temple (near Jodhpur) be-  The four Agnikula Rajputs were in Malwa. long to Pratihara dynasty. The Chandellas based in the Pratiharas, Chauhans the  The governor of the provinces Solankis and Paramaras. Bundhelkhand were called ‘uparika’ and the The Kalachuris based in Tripuri head of a district, Visayapati.  Chauhans had their capital at or Chedi and  Yashpal was the last ruler of this Ajmer and Delhi. The Tomaras based in the dynasty.  Ajayaraya established the city Haryana regions around Delhi  Sulthan Muhammed of Ghazni of Ajayameru or Ajmer. or Dhillika. entered Kanauj during the pe-  The most prominent ruler was (They founded the city of Delhi riod of the Pratiharas. (Dhillika) in 736 AD) Prithviraj III (1177-1192). He  The Rajputs rules for 300 years PALAS defeated Muhammed of Ghori in after the death of Harsha.  The Pala dynasty was founded by the First Battle of Tarain (1191).  The Rajput officials were mainly Gopala in 750 AD. But Ghori defeated and killed Brahmins known as  Famous Odandapuri University him in the Second Battle of “Kayasthas”. was founded by Gopala. Tarain (1192).  Prithviraj Chauhan III was the  The last Chola ruler was Rajaraja  The Kadambas -3rd to 6th C - last Hindu ruler of Delhi. II. of Banavasi came to  Prithvi Raj Raso is the histori-  The Cholas were famous for prominence under Mayura cal poem written by Chand Bronze statues of Nataraja. sarma. Bardai. THE DECCAN  Ravi Varma was the last great ruler. The Chandelas of Bundelkhand  In the second quarter of the 7th  The royal insignia of the  The Chandela dynasty was Cent. North India, the Deccan Kadambas were the lion crest, founded by Yasovarman with and South India developed into the monkey flag and the Mahobas as the Capital. three imperial zones under musical instrument ‘Permatti’  The Khajuraho temples are the Harshavardhana, Pulikesi II the  The Chalukyas (6th to 8th C best examples of the Chandela Chalukya, and Pallava Rulers and 10th to 12 C) belonged to art. Mahendra Varman I and various units. Narasimhavarman I.  From the chronological point of CHOLAS  The lands south of the view the Chalukyas can be  Vijayalaya was the founder of Narmada are known as Deccan divided into four ; the Chola empire. He was a or Dakshinapada. 1. The Chalukyas of Vatapi 535- feudatory of the Pallavas of  The Gangas of Talakad (2nd to 642 AD Kanchi. 11th Century AD) 2. The later Chalukyas of Vatapi  Raja Raja I (985 - 1014) adopted  Kolar was the early capital. 655 - 753 AD. the titles of Arumudivarman, Later Talakad became the 3. Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi Mammudicholadeva, Jaykonda, permanent capital. 615 - 1076 AD Marthanda Chola, Mamudi  Madhava I, the first king had the 4. Later Western Chalukyas of chola etc. title “Konguni Varma.” Kalyani 973 - 1190 AD  Durvinitha, the greatest king  He built the Brihadeshwara  Pulikesin I was the founder of temple at Tanjaore. which is (495 -535 AD) , issued 7 grants the Early Chalukyas of Vatapi called the RajaRajeswara temple. to Brahmins and patronised the or Badami. Jain scholar Pyiyapada.  Rajendra I led an expedition to  Pulikesin II (610 - 642AD) is North India, defeated the Pala  Govinda III’s period witnessed regarded as the ‘Lord of the ruler Mahipala I and adopted the division of the kingdom. South’. He had titles such as the title, Gangaikondachola and  The last ruler Rajamalla IV was “Vallabha”, “Prithivi Vallabha”, established a new Capital, overthrown by the ‘Kalyani “Sri Prithivi Vallabha” and Gangai Konda Cholapuram. Chalukya’ ruler Taila with the “Parameswara - Paramabha  Cholas maintained a well estab- help of Rajamalla’s minister gavata”. Chavundarya. lished local - self government  He defeated the Pallava ruler system. Ur, Sabha or Mahasabha  Chavundarya composed the Mahendra Varman I but his end - and Nagaram were the assem- ‘Chavundarya Purana’ and he was at the hands of the Pallava blies for local administration. built the huge statue of King Narasimha Varman. Gomantesvara.  The Uttaramerur inscription of  Hiuen - Tsang visited Deccan Dantivarman Pallava gives details  The headman of the village was during his period. called Gounda or Gauda. about the local self government.  The Later Chalukyas rose to  Kulottunga I united the Vengi  The Gangas minted gold coins power under Vikramaditya I with the impression of kingdom with Chola empire. He  Vinayaditya I (681-696), got the land surveyed. Elephants and floral designs on Vijayaditya (696-733)  Kamban adorned his court. He each side. Vikramaditya II (734 - 745)- he wrote the Tamil Ramayana.  Bharavi was the Court poet of repulsed the Arabs from Durvinita. coming to Deccan - and  The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed 1343) was founded by Sala or Kirthivarman II (746 - 757) (750-982) was founded by Nripakama. were other rulers. Dantidurga by 750 AD  The first prominent king Ballala  The Rashtrakudas under  He got Maharashtra from I (1100 - 1106) transferred the Krishna I over powered the Kirthivarman. capital from Sosevur to Belur. Later Chalukyas.  Krishna I built the Kailasanatha  Vishnu Vardhana (1106 -1152)  The Kalyani Chalukyas temple at Ellora. conquered Talakad and had the came to power under title “Taladugonda”. He made  Govinda III, 794-814, defeated Tailapa II or Taila after the confederation of 12 rulers Dvarasamudra the main capital. defeating Amogha Varsha  formed by the Ganga Governor, Ramanuja influenced him to IV the Rashtrakuda King. become a Vaishanvite and reject the Chera Chola Pandya rulers  Somesvara I, 1042 -1068 AD, Jainism. and Danti Varman, the Pallava killed the Chola ruler  He built a Jaina temple for king. Rajadhiraja I. Vidyadeva, the Jaina logician.  Amoghavarsha I’s (814 - 878)  Rajendra Chola killed  Ballala II (1173 -1220) reign was famous for literary Somesvara I supported the Cholas against developments. He wrote  Vikramaditya IV Tribuvanamalla the Pandyas. “Kavirajamarga”. (1076 -1126) the greatest of the  Vira Ballala II’s (1291-1342) Western Chalukyas, started the Jinasena, under him, wrote period witnessed Malik Kafur’s Chalukya-Vikrama Kala or Era Adipurana and Mahavira Plunder of the kingdom in 1310. i.e ; 1076 AD. charya wrote “Ganitha Sara  The following minor states  The Hoysalas under Vira - Samgraha”. rules the Deccan. Ballala I destroyed the Chalu  Sulaiman, the Arab traveller, Western Deccan-The Abhiras - They kyas of Kalyani during the reign described Amoghavarsha as started an Era in 249 AD. of Jagadekamalla. one of the four great rulers of The Sakas of Mahishakas.  The Eastern Chalukya the world. The Bhojas and The Silaharas. (Vengi) was established  Krishna III (940-968) was the Eastern Deccan - South Kosala by Kubja Vishnu Vard last great ruler who became the hana (615 - 633) brother of lord of the Deccan. The Sarabha Puriyas Pulikesin II.  Taila II overthrew the The Pandu Vamsis  Vijayaditya I (746 - 764) and Rashtrakuta power. The Soma Vamsis and Vijayaditya III (844 -888) were  Rashtrakuta Princess partici The Nalas important rulers. pated in administration. Andhra - Ikshvakus  Rajendra Chola II united Vengi  They had two kinds of Admini to his kingdom. Brihatphalayanas stration ; i.e., one for the vassal  Bilhana and Vijnaneswara Anandas (author of Mithakshara) ador states and the other for directly Salankayanas ned the Court of Vikramaditya ruled areas. Vishnukundis II.  Land tax was called Udranga or Kalinga -The Pitribhaktas Bhogakara, It was ¼ of the  The Aiholi inscription of The Matharas Pulikesin I was written by produce. The Vasishthas Ravikirthi, the Jaina scholar.  They issued five kinds of coins- Orissa - The Manas  Aiholi temples, particularly the dramma, Suvarna, Gadhyanaka Virupaksha temple at Patta dakal, (gold), Kalanju (gold) and Kasu Sailodbhavas are the best examples of (gold) Karas and Chalukyan style of Archite cture.  The Hoysala dynasty (1027 - Bhojas EMINENT PERSONALITIES OF ANCIENT INDIA Alexander : He was the ruler of Macedonia in He wrote Arthasasthra, which is compared to ‘The Greece. He attacked India in 326 BC and captured prince’ of Machiavelli. upto river Bias. Kalidas: Famous Sanskrit poet who wrote, Ajatasatru : Son of Bimbisara. He established the Raghuvamsa, Kumara Sambhavam, Abhijnana city of Pataliputra. Shakuntalam, Vikramorvashiyam and Arien : Greek historian who wrote about Alexander’s Malavikagnimitram. He also wrote Meghadootam Indian invasion. and Ritusamharam. Ashwaghosh : Buddhist monk who initiated Kamban : A Tamil poet of 11th century who wrote Kanishka to Buddhism, wrote Buddha Charita, Ramayan in Tamil. Sutralankar and Saundrananda. Mihir Bhoja : Famous Prathihara ruler of 9th century. Amarsimha : Sanskrit scholar in the court of Kalhana - Famous Kashmiri poet and historian.He Chandragupta who wrote Amarakosha. wrote Raja Tarangini. Aryabhatta : He analysed the reasons for Solar and Marco Polo: Venitian Traveller to India in 13th cen- Lunar eclipses and declared that the Earth is round. tury. He Wrote Aryabhattiyam. Menander : He came to India as a foreign aggressor Bimbisara: Founded the Magadhan Empire or in II Century BC. MilindaPanho, a book written by Haryanka dynasty. He was the first influential king Nagasena, is about him. of ancient India. Nagarjuna: Famous Buddhist monk. He popounded Banabhatta : Court poet of Harshavardhana and the philosophy known as Madhyamika. author of Harsha Charita and Kadambari. Makkali Gosala : Philosopher of 6th Century BC. He was the founder of Ajivika sect. Charaka: He was an Ayurvedic expert who wrote Charaka Samhita and established the Aitereya Mihirkula: Huna conqueror defeated by branch of Ayurvedic medicines. Yashodharma. Amoghavarsha : He was a famous Rashtrakuta ruler. Skanda Gupta : Last mighty Gupta ruler. Dhanananda : He was a powerful king of Magadha. Shushrut : He was a doctor of Ayurvedic medicine. Alexander did not go forward to invade Magadha He started the Dhanwantri branch and was an ex- only after hearing his reputation. pert in plastic surgery. Darius I : The ruler of Iran (Persia) who invaded Pulikeshin II. Most powerful king of Chalukyas of India in 6th century BC. Vatapi who defeated Harshavardhana in the North and Mahendravarman in the South. Gautami Putra Shatakarni : He was the most fa- Pushyamitra Sunga: He killed the last Mauryan ruler mous Satavahana king in 2nd Century. and laid the foundation of Sunga dynasty in 185 Harisena : He was the writer of Prayaga Prashasti BC. or Allahabad Pillar Inscription. Pliny: He was a Roman historian who wrote the Kharavela : Ruler of Kalinga in I century AD. The Natural History. He wrote about the Mauryas of famous Hathigumbha inscription belonged to him. India. Kanishka : (I century AD) : Most powerful Kushan Panini : Sanskrit scholar specially of Grammar. He king. Started Saka Era. Organised fourth Buddhist wrote Ashtadyayi. council at Kundalvan near Kashmir. Varahamihira: He was famous astronomer who Karikala : Chola ruler who founded the city of wrote Brihat Samhita. Puhar (Kaveri patanam) in I century BC. Sankaracharya : He was born in Kaladi in Kerala. Kautilya : Also known as Vishnugupta or Chanakya. He propagated Advaita Philosophy. IMPORTANT POINTS

 The source of Swastika symbol - Indus Valley  Community which was considered as untouch-  The father of Indian archaeoloy able by the Buddhists - Chandalas Alexander Cunningham  The language used by the Jains to spread their  Meter scale has been discovered from Harappa religion - Prakrit  Weapon never used by the Indus people Sword  The St.John of Buddhism - Ananda  The major industry in Chanhudaro Bead making  Considered as Devil by the Buddhists - Mara  The word ‘Sindhan’ used by the Indus people  Three daughters of ‘Mara’ denoted Cotton lust, emotion and desire  Evidence of fractional burial has been excavated  The ruler who persecuted Buddhists from Harappa Pushyamitrasunga  The word ‘godhume’ used in the vedic period  Major philosophic school of Bhagvatism denote Wheat Vishishtadvaita  Earliest reference about Srikrishna can be found  ‘Yava’ denoted Barley in Chandoghya Upanishad  Term used to denote rice in the vedic text Vrihi  Hindu God who found place in Greek literature  Vedic term ‘sita’ denoted Ploughed field Sri Krishna  The veda that mentions about wheel Rigveda  Jain Thirthankara, who was related to Sri Krishna  Vedic terms ‘Urvara’ or ‘kshetra’ denoted Rishabhadeva (Ist Thirthankara) Cultivated field  Tamil god of the Sangham age for War and Victory  The famous frog hymn in Rig Veda throws light to Kottavai Vedic education  Saint who founded the Saivism  The god of the Vedas -Varuna Lakulisa  Method used to calculate the number of cows in  Tamil kingdom of the Sangham Age which sent the Vedic period - Ashtakarni an ambassador to the court of Roman Emperor  Part of which veda has prose part - Yajur Veda Augustus - Pandyas  Aryan religion in South India was spread by  First Sangham was founded by Saint Agasthya Agasthya  Famous poetess of the Sangham period  Vedic term ‘Aghanya’ denotes - Cows Avvaiyar  The term ‘Bharata’ and ‘Bharatavarsha’ were  Greeco-Roman traders who visited South India first used in - Rig Veda during the Sangham period were denoted with  Upanishad which mentions the four Ashramas of the term Yavanas Vedic period - Jabala Upanishad  Sangham work which describes about Buddhism  Largest number of hymns in Rigveda are in praise Manimekhalai of - Indra  The word used by Ashoka to denote Buddha  First town in the vedic period to use burnt bricks Bhagavati Kausambi  Ashokan inscriptions were deciphered by James  First reference about lending money for interest Princep in the year 1837 can be found in Satpatha Brahmana  Indo-Greek ruler who had his boundaries upto  Rigvedic paintings have been discovered from Pataliputra Menander Bhagvanpura of the state Haryana  Yuchi ruler who introduced gold coins for the first  Upanishad that mentions about police system time - Vima Kadphesus Brihadaranyaka Upanishads  Edict which mentions about the relation between  God considered as God of Gods -Varuna India and China - Nagarjunakonda MEDIEVAL INDIA

The Battles of Tarain, also known THE ARAB as the Battles of Taraori, were fought in 1191 and CONQUEST OF SIND 1192 near the town of Tarain near Thanesar in present- day Haryana. In the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 (near  The Arab conquest of Sind was Taneswar), Muhammad Ghori was defeated by the Rajput forces a part of the Mohammaden under Prithviraj Chauhan III. In the Second Battle of Tarain invasion for the spread of (1192 AD) Muhammad Ghori assisted by Qutub -ud- Islam. din Aibek (a slave), defeated Prithviraj  Arabs captured Sindh in 712 Chauhan III and killed him. AD.  During the period of the Khaliphate of Omar, Arab Sind in 779. But was split into  Muhammed Ghazni died in 30th forces made a fertile attempt to two independent kingdoms April 1030. get Bombay. Multan and Mansurah.  Later his son Masud attacked India and captured Kashmir.  The Arabs conquest of Turkish Invasions Makran Baluchistan opened  The famous Persian poet their way to Sind.  Ghazni in Afghanistan was ruled Firdausi who wrote ‘Shahnama’  The Ruler of Sind was Dahir. by a Turkish family called Gamini (The Book of Kings) lived in his  In 710 a small Arab trading of Ghaznavid dynasty. court. vessel from Basra arrived at the  Mahmud Ghazni was the first  Alberuni, an Arab Historian, mouth of the Indus and was Turkish conqueror of North In- who wrote Tarikh-ul-Hind promptly seized by the local dia. (Reality of Hindustan), accompa- Hindu authorities.  Mahmud’s father was nied Muhammed Ghazni to India.  The Pirates of Debal, a part in Subuktigin.  Al-Firdausi is known as ‘Indian Sind, plundered a ship carrying  He attacked India only for want Homer’, ‘Persian Homer’, or Muslim pilgrims and presents of wealth. ‘The Immortal Homer of the to the Caliph Walid from  He attacked India seventeen East’. Ceylon. times between 1000 and 1027  Muhammad of Ghori attacked  Al-Hajaj, the Caliph’s governor AD. He made all the raids in the India betwen 1175 and 1206 AD. of Iraq demanded compen- guise of Jihad.  Muhammad Ghori made his first sations from Dahir, which the  First invasion was in 1001 AD. expedition to India and captured latter rejected.  He defeated Jaipal and Multan in 1175 AD.  In 712 Arabs attacked and Anandpal of Shahi dynasty in  In 1193 Muhamad Ghori at- captured Sind, under the 1001 and 1009 respectively. tacked Jaichand, father - in - law command of Muhammad Bin-  The most important raid of of Prithviraj . III at Kanauj, Kassim, Debal fell in April 712. Mahmud was the Somanath ex- Jaichand was defeated.  Kassim killed Dahir at Rawar pedition. It was in 1025. He com-  In 1195-96 Muhammad Ghori and took the capital Alor in pletely destroyed the temple. occupied Bayana and Gwaliar. In June. Somanath Temple was on the 1197 he defeated Bhinadeva II  The Arabs lost control over sea coast of Gujarat. of Gujarat.  Muhammed Ghori returned from THE DELHI SULTANTE India by entrusting his territo- ries in India in the hands of Slave Dynasty Qutub-Uddin Aibak. Qutb-ud-din Aibak...... 1206-10 AD  After the death of Ghori in 1206, Aram Shah ...... 1211 AD Aibek founded the Slave Dy- Shamsuddin Iltutmish ...... 1211-36 AD nasty. Ruknuddin Feroz ...... 1236 AD Razia Sultana ...... 1236-40 AD  Muhammad Ghori’s Indian inva- Muizuddin Behram ...... 1242 AD sion resulted in the foundation Alaudin Masud ...... 1246 AD of Islamic rule in India. Naseeruddin Mahmud ...... 1246-66 AD Ghiyasuddin Balban ...... 1266-86 AD DELHI SULTANATE Muizuddin Kaikubad ...... 1290 AD  The five dynasties which Kaimur ...... 1290 AD founded subsequently after the Khalji Dynasty Turkish invasion were collec- Jalaluddn Khalji ...... 1290-96 AD tively known as Delhi sultanate. Alauddin Khalji ...... 1296-1316 AD Shihabuddin Omar ...... 1316 AD They are: Mubarak Khalji ...... 1316-20 AD Slave Dynasty ...... 1206 - 1290 Khusro Khan ...... 1320 AD Khilji Dynasty ...... 1290 - 1320 Tughlaq Dynasty Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ...... 1320-24 AD Tughlaq Dynasty ...... 1320 - 1412 Muhammad Tughlaq ...... 1324-51 AD Sayyid Dynasty ...... 1414 - 1451 Firoz Shah Tughlaq ...... 1351-88 AD Lodi Dynasty ...... 1451 - 1526 Mohammad Khan ...... 1388 AD Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah II ...... 1388 AD SLAVE DYNASTY Abu Baqr ...... 1389-90 AD Nasiruddin Muhammad ...... 1390-94 AD  Slave Dynasty was also called Hamayun ...... 1394-95 AD Ilbari Dynasty, Yamini Dynasty Nasiruddin Mahmud ...... 1395-1412 AD or Mamluk Dynasty. Sayyid Dynasty  Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a slave Khizr Khan ...... 1414-20 AD of Muhammad Ghori and he Mubarak Shah ...... 1421-33 AD founded the Slave Dynasty in Muhammad Shah...... 1434-43 AD 1206 AD. Alauddin Alam Shah ...... 1443-51 AD  Aibak was the first Muslim ruler Lodhi Dynasty of India. Bahlul Lodhi...... 1451-89 AD  The capital of Qutub-ud-din Sikander Lodhi ...... 1489-1517 AD Aibak was at Lahore Ibrahim Lodhi ...... 1517-1526 AD  He was known as ‘Lakh Baksh’ Mughal Empire ...... 1526 - 1540, 1555-1857 or ‘giver of lakhs’ or ‘giver of Babar ...... 1526 - 1530 AD favours’ for his magnanimity. Humayun ...... 1530-1540, 1555-1556 AD  Hasan Nizami was a famous Akbar ...... 1556 - 1605 AD historian in the court of the Jahangir ...... 1605 - 1627 AD Aibek. Shahjahan ...... 1628-1658 AD  Qutub-ud-din Aibak started the Aurangazeb ...... 1658 - 1707 AD construction of Qutub Minar in Bahadurshah II ...... 1837 - 1857 AD 1199 in Delhi in memory of the  Coins introdued by Iltumish, Pardah, she adorned the male Sufi saint Quaja Qutub - ud-din ‘Silver Thanka’ and ‘Copper dress and held open courts. Bhaktiar Kaki. Its construction Jital’ were the two basic coins  In October 14, 1240 both Raziya was completed by Iltutmish. It of the Sultanate period. and Altunia who earlier raised is a five storied building.  He issued the silver tanka for the arms against Raziya but later  He constructed two mosques. first time. He organized the Iqta joined with her were, beheaded Quat-ual Islam at Delhi and Alhai system and introduced reforms at Kaithal. Din Ka Jhopara at Ajmer. in civil administration and army,  After Raziya, Behran Shah  Aibak was a great patron of which was now centrally paid (1240-42) Allaud-din- learning and patronized writers and recruited. Masudshah (1242-46) and like Hasan- un - Nizami, author  He organised the ‘Chalisa’ or Naziruddin Muhammad (1246 - of Taj-ul-Massir and Fakhr-ud- the famous Turkish Forty to 1266) ruled and Balban, the Din, author of Tarikh- i- Mubarak help him in the administration. founder of the second Ilbari dy- Shahi.  Iltumish completed the con- nasty, became the Sultan.  Qutub-ud-din Aibak died in 1210 struction of Qutub Minar.  Ghiasuddin Balban ‘a slave wa- AD by falling from horseback  He set up an official nobility of ter carrier, huntsman, noble, while playing Polo. slaves known as Chahalgani statesman became the Sultan of  After the death of Qutubuddin, (group of forty). Delhi. Aram Shah ascended the  He patronized Minaj-us-siraj, Ghiyas-ud-din Balban throne but he was deposed by author of Tabaqat-i-nasiri.  Ghiyasuddin Balban (1200 – Ilthumish and crowned himself  The revenue system of the Sul- the Sulthan. 1287) was a Turkish ruler of the tanate ‘Iqta system’, was intro- Delhi Sultanate during the  During the period of Iltumish duced by Iltumish. (1210-1236) Chengizkhan, the Mamluk dynasty (or Slave  Iltumish was succeeded by his dynasty) from 1266 to 1287. Mongol conqueror attacked In- son Ruknuddin Firoz Shah. But  Balban ascended the throne in dia (1221). he was later executed and Razia  He saved Delhi Sultanate from 1265 AD. became the sultan (daughter of the wrath of Chengiz Khan - the  He broke the power of Iltumish). Mongol leader by refusing chahalgani and restored the  Sulthana Raziya, the only shelter to Khwarizm Shah, whom prestige of the crown. That was women ruler of, the Sultanate Chengiz was chasing. his greatest contribution came to power in 1236 and  Iltumish is considered as the towards the stability of the reigned till 1240. real founder of Delhi Sulthanate Sultanate.  Iltumish was the first Sultan of Razia Sultana  To keep himself well-informed Delhi to get recognition of the  Iltutmish had nominated his Balban appointed spies. Khalif of Bagdad. daughter Razia as the successor,  He created a strong centralised  Iltutmish was the third Muslim the nobles placed Rukn-ud-din army to deal with internal Turkish sultan of the Sultanate Firoz on the throne. However, disturbances and to check of Delhi and the third ruler of Razia got rid of Rukn-ud-din and Mongols who were posing a the Mamluk dynasty. He was a ascended the throne. Razia was serious danger to Delhi slave of Qutub-ud-din-Aybak. popular among the people but Sultanate.  Iltumish was also the first Sul- she was not acceptable to the  The Persian court model tan who made Delhi his capital nobles and theologians. She influenced Balban’s conception in place of lahore. further offended the nobles by of kingship.  He issued a purely Arabic coin- her preference for an  He introduced Sijda (prost age of Silver and was the first to Abyssinian slave-Yakut. ration before the monarch) and do so.  Sulthana Raziya rejected the Paibos (kissing the feet of monarch) as the normal forms of and founded the Khilji Dy-  Malik Muhammed Jayasi was the salutation. nasty. court poet of Shersha Suri.  He destoryed Mewati Rajput KHILJI DYNASTY  Alauddin Khilji was the first brigandage in the doab, where Muslim ruler to attack South In- forests were cut and forts built.  Khilji dynasty was founded by dia.  Balban is considered as the Malik Firoz in 1290 and assumed  Malik Kafur was Alauddin founder of Second Ilbari Dy- the title Jalaluddin Khilji (1290- Khilji’s commander who at- nasty. 96) tacked South India.  Balban described himself as  In 1292, the Mongols under  Alauddin Khilji was the most ‘Shadow of God’ or the ‘Vice Abdulla accepted defeat from famous ruler of the Khilji Dy- regent of God on Earth’ (Zil-i- Jalaluddin Khilji. nasty. illahi)  Alauddin Khilji, the nephew of  Alauddin was the Sultan of  Balban because of his autocratic Jalaluddin Khilji, killed him after Delhi who banned the use of li- rule is considered as a ‘typical his victory on Devagiri in 1296. quor. oriental despot’.  Alauddin had a dream of a  He created a strong centralised World Conquest so he assumed army to deal with internal dis- the title ‘Sikhandar-i-sani’ or turbances and to check Second Alexander. Mongols who were posing a  Demitrius, a Bactrian ruler is serious danger to Delhi Sultan- popularly known as Second ate. Alexander.  He established the Military de-  Alauddin abolished the partment - Diwan - i - Arz. Zamindari System and imposed  The Chalisa or forty established tax on cattle. by Iltumish was abolished by  He was the first muslim ruler of Balban.  Alauddin Khilji’s early name was Delhi to introduce measurement  His policies are considered to be Ali Gurushas. of land for tax assessment. ‘Draconian’.  He became the Sultan in 1296  His market regulations were to  He started the Iranian system of AD and ruled till 1316 AD. get goods at controlled price to Sijda and Paibos.  He was the first Turkish Sultan the people of Delhi.  He was a patron of men of let- of Delhi who separated religion  He controlled and regulated the ters and showed special favour from politics. He proclaimed - prices of essential goods. to the poet Amir Khusru. “Kingship knows no Kinship”.  Diwan -i-riya sat and Shahna -  After Balban’s death in 1286, i-Mandi were appointed to regu-  In 1303, Alauddin Khilji at- late the market and prices. Kayqubad (1287 -90) became the tacked Chittor, the capital of Sultan.  The revenue administration was Mewar, to marry Padmini the  Madhavacharya of the Dwaita made under Diwan-i-Mustakhrq. wife of Chittor king Ratan Singh. Philosophy got help from  He introduced the Dagh and  But Padmini and other Rajput Balban. Chahra systems. women committed Jauhar  Balban’s Tomb is situated in  Alauddin Khilji was the first Delhi. It was constructed by (Jauhar is a mass suicide by Sultan of Delhi who separated Balban himself. jumping into fire, committed by religion from politics.  Kayqubad was the last Slave Rajput women to escape from  He was also the first to proclaim Sultan. (Kayumars who ruled for being polluted by others) ‘‘I am the Khalifa’’. a term of three months was ac-  Padmavat is a historical kavya  Alauddin constructed Alai tually the last Slave Sultan. He about Padmini episode written Darwaza the gate way of Qutub was killed by Jalaluddin Khilji) by Malik Muhammed Jayasi. Minar.  He built the city of Siri, the sec- TUGHLAQ DYNASTY rect help to peasants. ond of the seven cities of Delhi,  Moroccan Traveller Ibn Batuta near Qutub Minar.  Tughlaq Dynasty was founded visited India during his period. by Ghiasuddin Tughlaq. His real  The first marriage between a  Edward Thanas described him name was Ghazi Malik. Muslim ruler and a Hindu prin- as ‘Prince of moneyers’.  Ghiasuddin Tughlaq founded cess was between Alauddin and  Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was the dynasty after killing Khusru Kamala Devi, the widow of the succeeded by his elderly Khan in 1320. ruler of Gujarat. cousin, Firoz Shah Tughlaq.  Ghiasuddin Tughlak created a  Alauddin Khilji was killed by his  He was a Muslim ruler of the civil-administration code based Tughlaq Dynasty, who reign commander Malik Kafur by poi- on Koran. soning. over Sultanate of Delhi from  Reduced the land tax to 1/11 of 1351 to 1388.  Amir Khusru was the court the produce. poet of Alauddin  Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first  Ghiazuddin died by the collapse Sultan of Delhi to impose  Amir Khusru is known as the of a pavilion. Jaziya. It was a religious tax for ‘Parrot of India’  He built the Tughlaqabad Fort the freedom of worship. He im-  He is considered as the father in Delhi the third city of Delhi to posed it only upon Brahmins. of Urdu language and the inven- the east of Qutub complex.  He extended the principle of he- tor of Sitar.  Ghiasudhin Tughlaq was the redity to the army. Soldiers were  Laila Majnu and Tughlaq Nama first Sultan to start irrigation allowed to rest in peace and to are the famous works of Amir works. send in their place their sons. Khusru.  GhiasuddinTughlaq was suc-  The soldiers were not paid in  Alauddin Khilji was the first ceeded by his son Jauna Khan, cash but by assignments on Sultan to maintain a permanent popularly known as Muhammed land revenue of villages. standing army. Bin Tughlaq.  He built the city of Firozbad in  Alauddin Khilji was responsible  Muhammed Bin Tughlaq is con- Delhi. The Firoz shah Kotla was for the introduction of postal sidered as the most responsible also built by him. The gate way system in medieval India. person for the decline of Delhi of Firozshah Kotla is Khooni  Alauddin annexed Gujarat (1298 Sultanate. Darwaza, or blood stained gate. AD), Ranthambhor (1301 AD),  Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was It was constructed by Shershah Mewar (1303 AD), Malwa (1305 known as a Mixture of opposites, Suri. AD), Jalor (1311 AD). In Deccan, Wisest fool, Pagal padushah,  He transplanted two Ashoka Pil- Alauddin’s army led by Malik unfortunate idealogue and the lars to Firozabad. Kafur defeated Yadavas of Predecessor of Akbar in intel-  He is the author of Fatuhat -i- Devagiri, Kakatiyas of lectual and religious matters. Firozshahi Warrangal, Hoysalas of  Ibn Batuta called him ‘‘an  After Firozshah Tughlaq Dwarsamudra and Pandyas of illstarred idealist’’. Muhammed Shah Tughlaq or Naziruddin Muhammed came to Madurai.  He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in 1327. the throne.  Mubarak Shah Khilji was the  In 1330, he introduced token  It was during the period of his last ruler of the khilji Dynasty. currency of bronze and copper. reign that Timur the Lame or  Khilji dynasty came to an end  The Sultan created a new De- Tamerlain, a Turkish conqueror when the Mubarak Shah Khilji partment of Agriculture called of Tartar tribe from Samarkhand was killed by Khusru Khan. Diwan-i-Kohi. attacked India in 1398.  Some historians consider  The main object of this Depart-  Timur appointed Khizr Khan, the Khusrau Khan as the last Khilji ment was to bring more land governor of Multan his author- Sultan. under cultivation by giving di- ity in India. cultivated fields. SAYYID DYNASTY  Sikander Lodhi conquered Bihar  Sayyid Dynasty was and Tirhut. Sikander Shah was founded by Khizr Khan in a fanatical Muslim and he broke 1414. the sacred images of the  They ruled over Delhi and Jawalamukhi Temple at Nagarkot surrounding districts for and ordered the temples of about 37 years. Mathura to be destroyed. He took a keen interest in the  Last Sayyid Sultan was The Qutab Minar, now a World Heri- Alauddin Alamshah or Shah development of agriculture. tage Site in New Delhi, India, was built during his time. Alam I. He was killed by  Ibrahim Lodhi asserted the ab- Bahalol Lodhi in 1451. solute power of the Sultan. As a LODHI DYNASTY result, some of the nobles turned against him. At last Daulat Khan  Lodhi dynasty was founded Lodhi, the Governor of Punjab by Bahlol Lodhi in 1451. invited Babur to overthrow The dynasty lasted upto Ibrahim. 1526.  Babur accepted the offer and in-  Lodhi dynasty was the first flicted a crushing defeat on Afghan dynasty or first Ibrahim in the first battle of Pathan dynasty in India. Panipat in 1526, April 21 A.D.  Sikhandar Lodhi, who ruled Ibrahim was killed in the battle from 1489 to 1517 shifted the and with him ended the Delhi capital from Delhi to Agra. Sultanate.  Sikhandar Lodhi is consid-  The title Sultan was started by ered as the Maker of Agra the Turkish rulers. Mahmud City. Ghazni was the first to assume  He introduced the Gaz-i- the title Sultan. Sikandori (Sikandar Syard) of 32 digits for measuring  The official language of the Delhi Sultanate was Persian. BAHMANI & VIJAYA- NAGAR KINGDOMS Vijayanagar kingdom lasted for 230 years and produced  The decline of the Sultanate of four dynasties. Delhi gave birth to two mighty 1) Sangama (1336 - 1485) - Harihara I and Bukka I states in South India - the 2) Saluva - (1485 - 1505) - Saluva Narsimha Bahmani Kingdom of Gulbaraga 3) Tuluva (1505 - 1565) - Veer Narsimha and the Vijayanagara Empire. 4) Aravidu (1565 - 1672) - Tirumala  The Bahmanis were Muslim rul- the Grand Father of Telugu po- ers, while the rulers of the Vijayanagar Empire etry. Vijayanagar were Hindus.  ‘Ashtadiggajas’ was the famous  The founders of Vijayanagar  The Bahmani kingdom was Scholastic Assembly in the court Empire were Harihara I and founded by Zafar Khan of Krishna Deva Raya. (Hassan) who took the title  Vijayanagar Empire was visited Alauddin Bahman Shah. He se- by many foreign travellers. lected Gulbaraga as its capital  Nicolo Conti - Venitian traveller, and renamed it Ahsanabad. visited during the reign of  There were total eighteen Sul- Devaraya I. tans and they ruled from 1347 to  Abdur Razzak : Ambassador of 1527. Sultan ShahRukh to the court of  Mahmud Gawan was the famous Devaraya II. Prime Minister of Bahmani king  Damingos Paes : He visited (Muhammad Shah III). Krishna Devaraya’s court. Logo of Vijayanagara  The last prince of the Bahmani  Ferona Nuniz : A Portuguese Kingdom was Kalimullah. Bukka, the revenue officers of who visited during Achyuta the Kakatiya ruler Pratap Rudra Raya’s reign.  By 1527, the Bahmani king- Deva II of Warrangal.  Durate Barbosa : A portuguese dom was split up into five in-  They founded the dynasty in who visited Krishnadeva dependent principalities. 1336 with the capital as Raya’s court.  The Adil Shahis of Bijapur - Vijayanagar on the banks of  Athenasius Nikitin (1415) : He founder - Yusuf Adilshah Tungabhadra river with the help was a Russian, who visited dur- (1489 - 90) of Saint Vidyaranya.  The Nizam Shahis of  Krishna Deva Raya (1509 - 1529) Ahamadnagar - founder - belonged to the Tuluva dy- Malik Ahmad (1499) nasty. The Italian traveller  The Imadshahis of Berar - Nicolocont visited his court. founder -Fateh Ulla  Krishnadeva Raya is known as Imadshanti (1490) ‘Andhra Bhoja’  The Qutubshahi kingdom of Golconda - founder -  He wrote Ushaparinayam and Qutabshah (1512) Amuktamalyada ing Deva Raya I’s period. He  wrote, ‘Voyage to India’.  The Baridshahis of Bidar - Allasani Peddanna, a Telugu founder - Amir Ali Barid poet was a courtier of Krishna  The Vijayanagar rulers issued Deva Raya. He is considered as (1527). gold coins called Varahas, the ‘‘Andra Kavita Pitamaha’’ – Kopeki (pertab) and Fanam. Famous Travellers to Vijayanagar Kingdom

 Abu Abdullah / Ibn Batuta: A Moroccan traveller, left account of Harihara I’s reign in his book Rehla also called Tuhfatun-Nuzzar fi Gharaib-ul-Amsar Wa Ajaib-ul-Assar.

 Nicolo de Conti: Italian traveller who visited during the time of Deva Raya I. Left an account in Travels of Nicolo Conti.

 Abdur Razzak: Ambassador of Shah Rukh of Samarqand at the Court of the Zamorin of Calicut. He gives an account of the reign of Devaraya II, in his Matla us Sadain Wa Majma ul Bahrain.

 Athanasius Nikitin: A Russian merchant who described the conditions of the Bahamani kingdom under Muhammad III in his Voyage to India.

 Ludvico de Vorthema: An Italian merchant who visited India in 1502-1508 and left his memoirs in Travels in Egypt, India, Syria etc.

 Duarte Barbosa (1500-1516): A Portugese He has given a vivid account of the Vijayanagar government under Krishna Deva Raya in his famous book - An Account of Countries bordering the Indian Ocean and their inhabitants.

 Dominigos Paes: Portugese who spent a number of years at Krishna Deva’s court has given a glowing account of his personality.

 Fernao Nuniz: A Portugese writer of 16th century spent three years in Vijayanagar (1535-37).

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE The name Mughal is de- rived from the original  The Mughals were originally  Mughal painting is a particular Turks. style of South Asian painting, homelands of the Timurids, the Central  They belonged to the Chaghtai generally confined to minia- branch of the Turkish race. tures with Indian Hindu, Jain, Asian steppes once con- and Buddhist influences.  Period of the Mughal empire is quered by Chenghis Khan known as Second Classical  Urdu was the spoken language and hence known as the Mughals. Age. First Classical Age is the Moghulistan, “Land of Period of Guptas.  Following 1725, the empire de- clined rapidly, weakened by Mongols”. Although early  Mughal Empire is also known as wars of succession, agrarian Mughals spoke the Timurid Empire because of its crises, fueling local revolts, the Chagatai language and relation to Amir Timur. growth of religious intolerance, maintained Turko-Mongol  Mughal Emperors are 20 in num- the rise of the Maratha, Durrani, ber. They ruled India from 1526 and Sikh empires and finally practices, they were es- to 1857. Only six are considered British colonialism. sentially Persianized. They great. They are:  The last king, Bahadur Zafar transferred the Persian lit-  Babur (1526 - 1530), Humayun Shah II, whose rule was re- erature and culture to In- (1530 - 40 & 1555 - 1556), Akbar stricted to the city of Delhi, was dia, thus forming the base - (1556 - 1605), Jahangir (1605 - imprisoned and exiled by the for the Indo-Persian cul- 1627), Shah Jahan (1628 -1658, British after the Indian Rebel- Aurangazeb (1658 - 1707). lion of 1857. ture. BABUR

 Babur, the founder of the Mughal Mewar, in the Battle of Khanwa. Empire, was the fifth descendant  The Rajputs in 1528 under Medini of Timur on father’s side and the Rai of Malwa fought against Babur fourteenth descendant of in the Battle of Chanderi, but were Chengizkhan on mothers side. defeated.  Babur was born in Farghana in  In 1529, the Afghans under Turkey on 14 Feb., 1483 as the son Muhammed Lodhi fought against of Umer Sheik Mirza ad Qulik Babur in the Battle of Ghaghra but Nigarkhanum. were defeated.  Babur’s father Umershiek Mirza  In 1530 December 26, Babur died was the grand son of Amir Timur and was cremated at Kabul. and the ruler of Farghana.  Babur was the first to use Artillery  Babur became the ruler of in India. Samarkhand at the age of 11.  The memoirs of Babur ‘Tuzuk-i-  He captured Kabul in 1504. Baburi or Baburnama was written in Turkish  Then Babur attacked India 5 times for want of language, Babur’s mothertongue by him. wealth.  It was translated into Persian by Abdur Rahim  Babur’s first attack of India was in 1519 Bhera Khan-i-Khana. was the first place captured by Babur.  Babur said ‘‘I dont like India and Indians’’.  In 1524, Daulatkhan, Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother in-  Babur was the first Mughal ruler to keep in hand vited Babur to India. the Kohinoor Diamond.  On 21 April 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the last Lodhi Sultan in the First Battle of Panipat.  Babur was a contemporary of Krishnadeva Raya  On 16 March 1527, he defeated Rana Sangha of of Vijayanagar Empire.

HUMAYUN

 Humayun succeeded Babur in Dec 1530 at the the site of “Purana Quila” against Bahadurshah, age of 13. Gujarat.  Mahim Sultana was Humayun’s mother.  Humayun failed in giving help to Karna Vathi,  Kamran, Askari and Hindal were his brothers. the Rajamatha of Mewar who sent a Rakhi to  The greatest weakness of Humayun was his Humayun. generosity.  In 1539 and 1540 Sherkhan defeated Humayun in  He divided the empire . i.e. Kabul and Qandhar the Battle of Chausa and in the Battle of Kanauj or to Kamran ; Sambhal to Askari and Mewat to Bilgram. Hindal.  From 1540 top 1555 Humayun was in exile.  In 1531 Humayun invaded Kalinjor of  In1541 Humayun married Hamida Begum, the Prataprudra Deo but retreated from there due to daughter of a Persian Shiya Maulavi, Ali Akbar Mahmud Lodhi’s advance to Jaunpur,. Jami or Mir Baba Dost.  In the Battle of Dhuria Humayun defeated  The Mughal army under Bairamkhan defeated Mahamud Lodhi. the Afghan forces in the Battle of Machhiwara.  In 1532 Humayun attacked the fort of Chunar  Humayun occupied Delhi on July 1555. which was under Sherkhan’s control.  Humayun slipped on the staircase of the Library  1n1533 Humayun built the city of Dinpannah on at Din- Panch or Sher Mandal and died. SHERSHAH

 Original name - Farid  In 1540 the battle of Bilgram or Kanauj Shershah  Birth place - Hissar Firosa, Delhi district expelled Humayun.  His Grand father - Ibrahim Khan Sur.  He got the Fort of Rohtas and became the first  His father - Hassan Khan muslim conqueror of the Fort.  The family came to India from Afghanistan  From 1541 to 1545 Shershah conquered the  Hassan Khan entered the service of Ummar Gakkhars, Malwa, Raisin, Multan, Sind, Jodhpur Khan, the councillor and courtier of Sultan and Mewar and Kalinjor Bahlol lodi.  Shersha defeated the Rajastanis in the battle of  Under Jamal Khan - the master of Hassan Khan Samel during the region of Sikandar Lodi, Farid learned  He imprisoned the governor of Bengal Khizrkhan the Sikandar Nama, the Qulistan etc at Jaunpur. who declared himself the independent ruler of  Farid got the Parganas Sasaram and Khawaspur. Bengal.  Faird who, lost the favour of his father, moved to Agra and became the right hand man of Bahar  While directing the operations of his artillery at Khan. Kalanjar against the ruler of Bundelkhand Raja Kirat  Bahar Khan Lohani of Bihar gave farid the title Singh, Shershah was seriously wounded by a ‘Sher Khan’. sudden fire in the ammunition and died on May 22,  In 1527- Sher Khan with the help of Junaid Balas, 1545. governor of Jaunpur, became a member of the  Shershah constructed the Grand Trunk Road, Mughal Court of Babur. He was with Babur for now National High Way no-2. 15 months from April 1527 to June 1528 and  He established the 6th Delhi capital city participated in the battle of Chanderi against Shergarh. Medini Rai.  Shershahsuri celebrated his coronation in the  Sher khan became the tutor of Jalalkhan and the city of Gaur (Bengal) administrator of Saith, Bihar.  He constructed a tomb for himself at Sasaram.  In 1530 he captured the Fort of Chunar and  He introduced a Silver Coin- Rupee. married Lad Malika the widow of Tajkhan, the  He is called as the “Father of Indian Rupee” governor.  His Revenue System was excellent and hence  The Battle of Surajgarh - 1534 made Sherkhan Akbar adopted it. the master of Bihar and Bengal.  The last Sur ruler was Sikandar Sur who was  In the Battle of Chausa Sherkhan defeated defeated by Humayun in 1555. Humayun. After this he assumed the title Sher Shah

A major Mughal contribution to the Indian Subcontinent was their unique architecture. UNESCO World Heritage Site Taj Mahal, is known to be one of the finer examples of Mughal architecture. Other World Heritage Sites includes the Humayun’s Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Agra Fort and Lahore Fort. The palaces, tombs and forts built by the dynasty stands to- The Red Fort in Delhi was the main palace day in Delhi, Aurangabad, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, Jaipur, Lahore, of the empire during the reign of ShahJahan. Kabul, Sheikhupura and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. AKBAR THE GREAT

 Father - Humayun prayer house in Fathepur Sikri and Akbar Namah.  Mother - Hamida Bhanu Begum known as Ibadatkhana.  Abul Faizi : Persian poet and  Step mother - Magam Anaga  In 1579, he issued the Infallibil- brother of Abul Fazal. He trans-  Guardian - Bairam Khan ity Decree by which he made lated Mahabharata into Persian  First Guardian - Munim Khan himself the supreme head in re- in name ‘Razam Namah’ and  Akbar was born at Amarkot in ligious matters. Bhaskaracharya’s mathematical Sindh in 23 Nov. 1542.  In 1580, the first Jesuit mission- work Leelavati into Persian.  He came to the throne on Feb- aries arrived at the court of  Mian Tansen : His original name ruary 14, 1556 at the age of 14 at Akbar. was Ram Thanu Pande. He was Kalanur.  In 1585, Ralph Fitch the first the court Musician of Akbar. He  Hemu the Hindu Prime Minister English man to reach India, dur- composed a Raga, Rajdarbari in of Muhammed Adilshah of ing Akbar’s reign. honour of Akbar. Bihar occupied Agra and ac-  Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer  Birbal : His real name was cepted the title Maharaja English man or torch bearer Mahesh Das. He is the court Vikramaditya. Englishman. jester of Akbar.  Akbar killed Hemu in the Sec-  In 1582, Akbar founded a new  Raja Todarmal : RajaTodarmal ond Battle of Panipat in 1556 religion for universal peace and was Akbar’s finance or revenue November 2. monotheism known as ‘Din minister. He formulated Akbar’s  After this Akbar got the title Ilahi’ means Divine Faith. revenue system Zabti and ‘Ghazi’  In 1583, he started a new Calen- Dashala systems. Raja  Akbar became an independent dar called Ilahi Calendar. Todarmal also translated ruler at the age of 18 in 1560, af-  In 1576, Akbar defeated Bhagavatapurana into Persian. ter dismissing Bairam Khan. Maharana Pratap of Mewar in  Maharaja Mansingh : Akbar’s  Later he married Bairam Khan’s the Battle of Haldighat. military commander. widow Salima Begum. Haldighat is a mountain pass in  Badauni : A historian who trans-  In 1561 he defeated the musician the Aravally hills in Rajasthan. lated Ramayana into Persian - Sultan of Malwa - Baz Bahadur.  The Portuguese introduced to- Tarjuma -1-Ramayan.  In 1562 Akbar married Jodha bacco for the first time in India  Tulasidas: Hindi poet who wrote Bhai, the daughter of Raja in the court of Akbar in 1604. Ramacharitamanas. Bharmal of Amber.  Akbar was the Mughal Emperor  Akbar’s military system was  Akbar abolished the practice of when the English East India known as Mansabdari system. enslavement of war prisoners. Company was being founded in  Akbar was also responsible for  In 1564, he abolished the reli- 1600 December 31. the introduction of Persian as gious tax Jaziya. Jaziya was im-  Akbar died in 1605. the official language of posed for the first time by  His tomb is situated at Sikandra Mughals. Firozshah Tughlaq. near Agra.  He divided the Mughal Empire  In 1572 he captured Gujarat and  Akbar was an illiterate person, into 12 Sabha (provinces). in memory of that he built a new but he was a patron of men of  Akbar was also the first ruler to capital city Fathepur Sikri (City eminence. He maintained a organise Hajj. Pilgrimage at the of Victory) near Agra. Scholastic Assembly in his government expense. The Port  The early name of Fathepur Sikri court. They included the follow- Cambay in Gujarat is known as was City of Sikri. ing personalities. the ‘Gate way to Mecca from  Buland Darwaza is the gate way  Abul Fazal: Akbar’s court his- Mughal India’. of Fathepur Sikri, built by Akbar. torian who wrote Akbar’s bio-  Akbar was an accomplished Si-  In 1575, Akbar constructed a graphical works Ain-i-Akbari tar player. JAHANGIR

 Early name of Jahangir was Salim. Akbar called  Period of Jahangir is considered as the Golden him Sheika Baba. Age of Mughal Painting. Jahangir himself was a  Jahangir came to the throne in 1605. painter. Ustad Mansur and Abul Hassan were  Jahangir was the son of Akbar and Jodhabai. famous painters in the court of Jahangir.  He married Mehrunnisa, an Afghan widow in  Jahangir built Shalimar and Nishant Gardens in 1611. Later he gave her the titles, Noor Mahal Srinagar. (light of the palace) Noor Jahan (light of the  Jahangir banned slaughter of animals on Sunday world) and Padusha Begum. and Thursday.  In 1606, Jahangir executed fifth Sikh Guru Guru  Jahangir suspended a chain of Justice known as Arjun Dev, because he helped Jahangir’s son Zndiri Adal infront of his court. Prince Khusru to rebel against him.  Anarkali was Jahangair’s lover.’ Mughal-i-Asam’  In 1609, Jahangir received William Hawkins, an envoy of King James I of England, who reached directed by K. Asif is a famous film which tells India to obtain trade concession. the love story of Jahangir and Anarkali.  In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of  Jahangir wrote his autobiography Tuzukh -i- Jahangir as the first ambassador of James I of Jahangiri in Persian language. England. As a result of his efforts, first English  Jahangir died in 1627 and was cremated at factory was established at Surat in Gujarat. Shahdhara in Lahore. SHAHJAHAN

 Shahjahan was born on 5th its architect. British administra-  The Gateway of Redfort is the January 1592 at Lahore. tor Furgurson called it ‘a love Lahore Gate. It is here at the  His mother was Jagat Gosain in marble’. Now Sulphur Diox- Lahore Gate that the Prime Min- and his childhood name was ide, emitted by oil refinaries in ister of India hoists the National Khurram. Madhura after mixing with mois- Flag and addresses the nation  He married Arjum and Banu ture in the atmosphere forms on the independence day. Begum, daughter of Asaf Khan, Sulphuric Acid and is damaging  In 1656, Shahjahan constructed brother of Noorjahan. She later the marble of Tajmahal. the Juma Masjid in Delhi. It is came to be known as Mumtaz  In 1638, Shah Jahan built his the biggest masjid in India. First Mahal which means beloved of new capital Shah Jahanabad in Masjid in India was constructed the Palace. Delhi and shifted the capital at Kodungallur in Kerala  Shahjahan destroyed the Portu- from Agra to there. (Cheraman Palli) in 644 AD by guese settlements at Hoogly.  In 1639 he started the construc- Malik Ibn Dinar.  Shahjahan’s period is consid- tion of Red fort in Delhi on the  The Portuguese introduced Eu- ered as the Golden Age of model of Agra Fort built by Mughal Architecture and Shah Akbar. Its construction was Jahan is known as the Prince of completed in 1648. The Diwan- Builders. i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas and the  In 1631, he started the construc- Moti Masjid are situated inside tion of Tajmahal in memory of the Red fort. The Moti Masjid his wife and completed in 1653. in Agra was constructed by It is situated on the banks of Shahjahan. Yamuna river in Uttar Pradesh.  The INA Trial in 1945 was con- Utad Iza, a Turkish/ Persian was ducted at the Red Fort. ropean painting in India during Atharva Veda into Persian. came worse during the period of the reign of Shahjahan  Shahjahan was a famous lyri- Aurangazeb.  In 1658 Shahjahan was impris- cist. He wrote lyrics in Hindi.  Aurangazeb was the only oned by his son Aurangazeb and  The famous Peacock Throne Mughal Emperor who was not a he died in 1666, after eight years. was built by Shah Jahan. It was drunkard. His daughter Jahan Ara was also abducted from here by  Aurangazeb is considered reli- kept in prison along with him at Nadirshah in 1739 during his giously fanatic. He was also a the Agra fort. Indian invasion (Persian con- temple breaker. He persecuted  Shahjahan’s son Dara Shukoh queror). Now it is kept at the the Hindus and imposed prohi- was a famous scholar. He trans- London Tower Museum, Britain. lated Bhagavat Gita and Sixty bition against the free exercise Upanishads into Persian. He also  French travellers Bernier and of Holi and Diwali. wrote a book titled Mujm-ul- Tavernier and Italian traveller  Aurangazeb died in 1707 Febru- Behrain (Mingling of the Manucci visited India during ary 20, at Ahmednagar. Auran- Oceans) He also translated Shahjahan’s period. gazeb’s tomb is situated at Daulatabad in Maharashtra. AURANGAZEB LATER MUGHALS  Aurangazeb imprisoned his fa-  In 1675 he executed 9th Sikh Guru ther and made himself the Guru Teg Bahadur because of his  Bahadurshah I came to the Padushah in 1658. But his ac- reluctance to accept Islam. throne after the death of Aurangazeb. His real name was tual coronation was conducted  Teg Bahadur was executed at in 1659. Chandini Chauk. Muassam.  In 1739, Nadirshah Quli the  Alamgir (conqueror of the  In 1679 Aurangazeb constructed Persian conqueror attacked In- world) was the name adopted by the tomb of his only wife Rubiad dia during the period of the Aurangazeb when he became Daurani at Aurangabad in Mughal Emperor Muhammed the Padusha. Maharashtra. It is known as Bibi Shah or Rustan Khan (1719-  Aurangazeb is known as ‘Zinda ka Makabara. It is otherwise 1748) and took away Pir’ or living saint because of known as Mini Tajmahal as it ShahJahan’s famous Peacock his simple life. was the blind imitation of Throne and Kohinoor Diamond.  He banned music and dance. Tajmahal. In the same year he  He was a pleasure loving king  He discontinued the system of reimpossed Jaziya upon all the and was nicknamed Rangeela. “Jharokha darshan” and the non muslims, which was earlier  Ahmedshah’s (1748 -1754) pe- system of weighing the emperor abolished by Akbar. riod saw the mighty invasion of in Gold.  Aurangazeb called Shivaji a Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghani- ‘mountain rat’ and gave him the  Astronomers and astrologers stan. title Raja because of his guerilla were dismissed and he forbaded  Shah Alam II (1759-1866) - The tactics. the inscription of Kalma on the battle of Buxar (1764) was coins.  In 1660, he entrusted fought during his reign. Shaisthakhan to defeat Shivaji.  He ended the celebration of  Akbar Shah II (1806 - 1837) con- Navroz festival.  Later in 1665 the Treaty of ferred the title ‘‘Raja’’ upon Ram  He ousted all the artists from his Purandar was signed between Mohan Roy. court. At the same time he was Maharaja Jaisingh of Amber and  During his reign, Lord Hastings an accomplished Veena player. Shivaji Jaisingh was deputed by ceased to accept the sover-  Aurangazeb was the last great Aurangazeb. eignty of Mughals and claimed Mughal Emperor.  The Mughal - Rajput relation be- an equal status. BAHADURSHAH II MUGHAL STATE AND ADMINISTRATION (837-1862) Provincial Administration  He was the last Mughal em- peror. On 17th May 1857,  Mughal empire was divided into subas which was further Bahadurshah II was declared subdivided into sarkar, parganas and villages. However, it also had the independent emperor of In- other territorial units as ‘Khalisa’, (royal land), Jagirs (autonomous dia by the mutineers. He was rajas) and Inams (gifted lands, mainly waste lands). surrendered to LtW.S.R.  There were 15 territorial units (subas) during Akbar’s reign, which Hodson at Humayun’s Tomb in later increased to 20 under Aurangzeb’s reign. Delhi. In 1859, he was deported Province (Suba) to Rangoon in December where  Sipahsalar - The Head Executive (under Akbar and later he was he expired on Nov. 7, 1862. The known Nizam or Subedar) Tomb of Bahadurshah II is in  Diwan- Incharge of revenue department. Pyinmana, the capital of  Bakshi-Incharge of military dept. Myanmar.  Mir Saman: Incharge of Imperial household and Karkhanas.  Bahadurshah II was also a fa-  Mir Munshi : Incharge of royal correspondence mous Urdu Poet.  Sadr us Sadr: Incharge of charitable and religious endowments  Bahadurshah II was also known  Qazi ul Quzat: Head the Judiciary department as Bahadurshah Zafar. Zafar  Muhtasib: Censor of Public Morals. means gifted poet. District / Sarakar The Mughal  Fauzdar - Administrative head  Amal/Amalguzar-Revenue collection Administration  Kotwal-Maintenance of law and order, trial of criminal cases and  The Mughals believed in price regulation. Divine Right concept of Pargana Kingship.  Shiqdar - Administrative head combined in himself the duties of  It was a mixture of Central ‘fauzdar and kotwal’. Asian and Timurial traditions  Amin, Qanungo - Revenue officials in Indian settings. Village  The chief officials who assisted the king in central  Muqaddam - Headman administration were the Wakil,  Patwari- Accountant Wazir, Diwan - Khan -i-Shama,  Chowkidar - Watchman Mir-Bakshi, Sadr-us-Sadar and chief Qazi. Important literary works of the Mughal period  Under Akbar the Mughal Humayun Namah - Gulbadan Beegum empire had 18 provinces or Ain-i-Akbari - Abul Fazal Subas but there were 21 under Akbar Namah - Abul Fazal Aurangazeb. Twarikh-i-Alfi - Mulla Daud  The head of the Suba was Tabakhat-i-Akbari - Nizamudin Ahamad Subadar or Sipahsalar. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri - Jahangir  The head of the Sarkar or District was under Fauzdar and Shahjahannama - Inayat khan and also by Muhamad Salih Pargana under Shiqdar and Sakinet-ul-Aulia - Dara Shukoh village under village headman. Raqqat-i-Alamgiri - Aurangazeb  The Revenue system under the Padshahnama - Abdul Hamid- Lahori and Mohamad Warish Mughals had various features Alamgir namah - Mirza Muhamad Kazim such as Zabti System, Batak  Kamran, brother of Humayun became a common language of Nasaq, Kankut, Karoris and was a poet. diplomacy. Dashala systems.  Akbar was a philosopher,  Urdu emerged as a common  The Mansabdari system of skilled in art, architecture and language of India. Akbar made the nobility and the music.  According to Abul Fazl eight army rolled into one. Its basis  Jahangir an ardent naturalist, styles of calligraphy were in was Mongol’s decimal and landscaper, and an vogue in India during Akbar’s organisation of the army. The authority on painting. rule. ranks of the officers were Shahjahan excelled in  Akbar favoured the Nastaliq divided into Zat and Sawar. architecture and was an school of calligraphy. The best  Jahangir introduced the authority of gems and jewelry, exponent of it was Muhamad Duaspa-Sih-aspa system. devoted to music and dance Hussain of Kashmir, who had  The administrative classifi and a proficient vocalist. the title Zarrin - Kalam or cation of land were Khalsa or  Darashukoh was an eminent ‘Golden Pen’. crown land, Jagir land in which scholar and author.  The renowned Hindu the nobles collected the land tax  Aurangazeb was an accom- calligraphists under Auranga and Sayurgai land or lend plished veena player and pro- zeb were Pandit Lakshmi Ram, granted on free tenure. moted the creation of classical Lala Sukh Ram and Munshi  The instrument used for the Indian music in Persian lan- Mahbub Rai. measuring land was called guages. Zebunnissa, his  Humayun and Akbar learned Zarib or Tanab (Earlier it was daughter was a zelous patron painting lessons from the made of rope but later are made of learning and culture. She Persian painters Mir Sayyid Ali of bamboo sticks joined by iron wrote books of odes and qua- and Aullah Abdus Samad. rings. trains under the pen name Ma-  Akbar’s artists main work was  Bigha was a standard unit of khfi “the concealed one”. to illustrate manuscripts. area which measured 60 x 60  The last Mughal ruler Bahadur-  Daswanth was a celebrated art- yards or 3600 square yards. sha II or “ Zafar” was an emi- ist in Akbar’s court. He illustrat-  The gold coins issued by Akbar nent Urdu poet. ed Razinnama, a Persian trans- were of twenty six varieties.  There was no official censorship lation of Mahabharatha.  Jahangir was the first Mughal of writers in Mughal India.  Mughal paintings witnessed a ruler to put his portrait on  Mughal royal memoirists - rapid change under Jahangir. coins. One of his coins bore his Babur, Jahangir and Gulbadan The main feature was the de- figure with a cup in his right - were candid about themselves cline of Persian influence and hand. and their families, open about the growth of Indian influence.  The silver rupee under Akbar their failings.  The best examples of land- had a weight of 175 grams and  The Mughal rulers valued scapes - in Jahangir’s time were one rupee was equal to 40 books and maintained huge Yar-i-Danish and Anwar-i- Su- dams. libraries. Royal ladies like haili  Jalali was a square rupee issued Salima, Jahanara and by Akbar. Zebunnisa had their own  Mughal painting reached its climax under Jahangir. Minia-  The Mughal emperors were libraries. ture painting developed under multi-talented Babur was a  Bairam Khan was known as a distinguished author, poet, Todar mal was a literary him Calligrapher and composer. figure in eminence, He  Ustad Mansur specialised in  Humayun a mathematician, translated Bhagavata Purana Animals and Bishandas pro- astronomer, astrologer, poet into Persian. duced portraits. and an inventor.  Under the Mughals, Persian  Jahangir favoured individual Mughal architecture

 A mosque at Kabulibagh at Panipat and the Jama-i-Masjid at Sambhal under Akbar.  The Din-Panah- Delhi, and the Mosques at Falehabad and Agra under Humayun.  Humayun’s tomb at Delhi built by his widow Haji (or Bega) Beg who introduced a distinctive Persian style in India. It was also India’s first garden tomb.  The Agra Fort, The Diwani-Aam, Diwani-Khas, Panch Mahal, Jodhabai’s palace, Birbal’s palace, The House of Mariam, the Hathi-Pol and Buland Darwasah were built in Akbar’s period. e  Akbar built the Agra fort after demolishing the old Lodhi Fort.  The Buland Darwaza, the lofty gateway of Juma Masjid Sikri, had a height of 53.6 meters and it is th finest edifics of its kind anywhere in the world.  Akbar’s tomb at Sikandara, Itimad ud-daula’s tomb at Agra and Mausoleum of Jahangir at Lahore were contruded under Jahangir.  The Itimad-ud-daula’s tomb (Nurjahan built this mausoleum of her father Itimad-ud-daula). It was the first of the Mughal structures built entirely of white marble.  The Taj Mahal, Shish Mahal, Anguri Bagh, Moti Masjid and Jama Masjid at Agra and Hira Mahal, Moli Reng Mahal and Red Fort at Delhi were built by Shajahan. Tulsidas the greatest book in favoured by the Mughals ; they paintings and manuscript illus- all devotional literature. preferred to keep gems uncut, trations.  The Mughal paintings was an valuing size over brilliance.  In pictorial motifs a major offshoot of Persian painting  Except Aurangazeb the Mughal contribution of Christian art to which was an offshoot of rulers were all keen patrons of Mughal art was the halo. (the Chinese paintings. music. halo was first used in ancient  The rigid formation is the  The dying wish of Sag Sheikh India to depict the aura of shortcoming of the Mughal Salim Chishti; according to Budha.) style. Jahangir, was to hear Tansen  Aurangazeb turned his back to  Regional schools developed Sing. paintings. He erased the during the period of  ‘Mian Tansen Kalawaut’ was paintings at Bijapur that Aurangazeb. The best was the Akbar’s court musician. violated Koranic law. Rajastani school which created  The Mughal emperors were  The term ‘Urdu’ (Hindustan) is the Ragamalika (musical open- handed to musicians. derived from the Turki word modes) and Krishna Leela Example- Jahangir gave gold Ordu meaning military camp. coins who composed an ode in (frolics of Krishna) Paintings.  Another Indo- Persian dialect, Jahangir’s name. Shahjahan  The Mughal artists mainly dealt Dakhini has evolved in the weighed musician Jagannath with subjects of imperial pomp, Deccan; a mixture of Persian against gold. Akbar rewarded Rajput artist depicted and local languages especially Tansen with 200,000 rupees for traditional Hindu religious Marathi. a performance. subjects.  The Mughal period was rich in  The Hindu and Muslim musical  The Mughals made Hindi poetry. Surdas was a traditions have produced new contributions in jewellery singer in Akbar’s court. musical modes such as making. Some styles are Tulsidas was a contemporary Qawwali, Thumri and Khayal. attributed to Noorjahan; for of Akbar and of Shakespeare.  Amir Khusrau, the greatest example, the Karanphool- poetic and musical genius of the  Gandhiji described the jhumka or the ear ornament. Ramacharitha manasa of age, made a conscious effort to  Lapidary work was not fuse Hindu and Persian music.  Gwalior, under Raja Man Singh THE MARATHAS (1450-1528) became the nest of musicians and produced the  The first great leader of the Marathas was Chatrapathi “Man kautuhal” (the rulers Shivaji. governing ragas).  The Marathas became promi-  Tansen was a native of Gwalior. nent in the later half of the 17th He was taken to the court of century. Akbar from the court of Raja of  Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle Rewa in 1563. clan of the Marathas.  Bas Bahadur, the former ruler  Shaji Bhonsle and Jija Bai were of Malwa, was musician in the Parents of Shivaji. Akbar’s Court whom Abul Fazl  He was born in 1627 February described as “a singer without 19 at the fort of Shivner near  In 1665, Shivaji signed the rival”. Junnar. Treaty of Purandar with Raja Jai  Shauqi, the mandolin player,  His father was a military com- Singh of Amber, who was de- (the wonder of the age) was in mander under the Nizam Shahi puted by Aurangazeb. Jahangir’s court. rulers of Ahmedanagar and later  In 1666 Shivaji visited  Ram Das a second Miyan of Bijapur. Aurangazeb in his court at Agra. Tansen was in the court of  Shivaji’s tutor was Dadaji But he and his son Sambaji were Akbar. Kondadev. imprisoned by Aurangazeb in the  Shahjahan laid the foundation  Shivaji received the help of Jaipur Bhavan, but escaped in Malavi tribe to capture the terri- of the city Shahjahanabad in 1666. tories of Bijapur Sultan. 1638.  On 16th June 1674, Shivaji  Torna was the first place captured  The Jamamasjid at Delhi of crowned himself an independent by Shivaji in 1646. Shahjahan was the largest Hindu king became the  Shivaji came to conflict with the mosque in India. Chatrapathi and assumed the Mughals for the first time in  The Chief architect of the Taj title ‘Haindavadharmodharak’. 1657, during the period of was Ustad Ahamad Lahori or  Shivaji died in 1680 at the age of Shahjahan. Ahamad Mimar, who was 53.  In 1659, Bijapur Sulthan Ali supervised by Abdul Karim and  Shahu became the Chatrapathi Adilshah sent Afzal Khan to kill Makramatkhan, imperial in 1708 and his period witnessed Shivaji. But he killed Afzal Khan. officers. It is estimated that the rise of Peshwaship.  In 1660, Aurangazeb deputed his  Balaji Vishwanath (1712 - 1720) some 20,000 workmen laboured viceroy of Deccan, for about twenty two years in Shaisthakhan to kill Shivaji. Baji Rao (1720 - 40) Balaji the Taj Complex. The plot for the construction of Taj was purchased from Raja Jai Singh, Anglo-Maratha war grand -son of Raja Man Singh, South of Agra City, for The first, second, and third Anglo-Maratha wars were fought 917,00000 rupees. between the army of the British East India Company and the Maratha  The Moti Masjid in Red Fort Empire. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 - 1818) was a final and and Badshahi Mosque at decisive conflict between the British and the Maratha Empire in Lahore were built by India, which left the U.K. in control of most of India. Aurangazeb. The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) BajiRao I (1740 - 61) and Madhav  Baji Rao was the ablest of the Sikh Guru Rao I (1761 - 1772) were the Peshwas. Guru Nanak ...... 1469 - 1538 Peshwas who ruled  Shivaji did not allow women in Guru Angad ...... 1538 - 1552 Maharashtra. his military camp. Guru Amardas...... 1552 - 1574  Baji Rao popularised the idea of  The Marathas were equipped Guru Ramdas ...... 1574 - 1581 Hindu Padpadshahi or Hindu with an efficient naval system Guru Arjundev...... 1581 - 1606 Empire. under Shivaji. Guru Hargovind ...... 1606 - 1645  Balaji Baji Rao’s period wit- Guru Har Rai ...... 1645 - 1661 nessed the Third Battle of GURUNANAK Guru Har Kishan ...... 1661 - 1664 Panipat in 1761. In this battle AND THE SIKHS Guru Teg Bahadur ...... 1664 - 1675 Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghani- Guru Govind Singh ..... 1675 - 1708 stan defeated the Marathas.  Madhava Rao was the last great  Langar or free community din- Peshwa. ing was also introduced by Guru  Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II. Angad.  Madhava Rao’s period witnessed  Third Sikh Guru was Amar Das. the disintegration of the Maratha He started the Manji system ie, power and the formation of inde- branches for the propagation of pendent kingdoms - Holkar of Sikhs. He made Guruship Indore, Bhonsle of Nagpur, hereditory. Sindhya of Gwalior and Gaekwad  Guru Ramdas was the fourth of Baroda. Sikh Guru. He founded the city  Peshwa was the Maratha Chief of Amritsar. The place for the Minister. city was donated by Akbar.  Chauth and sardeshmukhi were  Under the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru two special taxes collected by  ‘Sikh’ is a sanskrit word which Arjun Dev, Sikhism became an the Marathas. means ‘disciple’ organised religion. He compiled  The first Maratha war (1775 -  Sikh religion was founded by the ‘Adi Grandh’ the sacred 82) Swami Madhav Rao Vs GuruNanak. book of the Sikhs. He built a Raghunath Rao with English  Guru Nanak was born at Talwandi temple at Amritsar , (later the support. in Lahore, belonged to the Khatri Golden Temple) Har Mandir  Second Maratha war 1803 - 05. Caste (Mercantile Community).  Third Maratha war 1816 - 19.  Nanak called his creed as Sahib. He helped Jahangir’s son  The last great soldier and states- Gurumat or Guru’s wisdom. Prince Khusru to rebel against man of Maratha was Nana  GuruNanak was born in 1469 the Emperor. So he was ex- Phadanis (1800) and died in 1538. ecuted by Jahangir at Lahore in  The Maratha script was called  He was the first Guru of the 1606 AD. Modiscript. Sikhs.  The sixth Guru Hargovind, cre-   Peshwaship was abolished in His followers called themselves ated a Sikh army and turned 1818 Sikhs which meant disciple. against Shahjahan. He founded  Nanak preached only in Punjabi. a palace opposite to Har Mandir Shivaji’s Council of Ministers  Nanak nominated Guru Angad Sahib known as ‘Akalitakht’. was known as Ashtapradhan. as his successor. He also adopted the title Sacha They were Peshwa, Pandit  Guru Angad introduced Rao, Sumant, Sachiva, Gurumukhi Script. He also com- Padusha, which means true ruler. Senapathi, Amatya, Mantri and piled Guru Nanak’s biography The title was not adopted by Nyayadhyaksha. Janam Sakis. Teg Bahadur). Renjith Singh (1780 - 1836)  The Sikhs then rose to power like phoenix under Renjith Singh of Punjab. On the eve of Renjith’s birth Punjab was invaded by the Durrani king Shah Zamman, Grandson of Ahamad Shah Abdali. To avaid his threat the British sought Renjith Singh’s help by 1797 he became the defacto ruler of Punjab and in 1799 he got control over Lahore and in 1801 he assumed the tittle of Maharaja.  Renjith Singh, as a part of administrative convenience, i.e.. established the Mohal- ladari system. i.e., Each Mohalla under the charge of one of its members, possess- ing more influence than the rest. In 1806 Renjith Singh signed a friendly treaty with the British. i.e., Sikhs were not enter to an alliance with any anti-British power; the British got a chance to expand southwards.  In 1809 the British and Renjith Singh made the Treaty of Amritsar. The British recognised the authority of Renjith Singh over 45 parganas. Sutlej was recognised as Renjith’s boundary.  On 26th June 1838 a tripartite agreement was signed between English East India Company, Shah Jahan and Renjith Singh to let pass the British troops through Lahore. Renjith died on 27th June 1839.  Renjith Singh’s established Fauj- i- khas as the model troop, He adopted the Batai System and then the Kankut system. His army was trained by French officers like Allard and Ventura. The French traveller Victor Jacque Mont visited his court.  The Siks fought two wars against the English - the Anglo - wars. Ist Anglo - Sikh war (1845 - 1846) The sikhs were defeated in 1846 June 28 near Aliwal. IInd Anglo - Sikh war (1848 - 1849). Lord Dalhousie annexed Punjab to the company administration.

 Seventh Guru was Har Rai. He  Kartarpur Dabir is the root Grandh Sahib as the eternal was succeeded by Guru Har form of Guru Grandh Sahib. Guru. Kishan. Har Kishan became the  Govind Singh proclaimed the Guru at the age of five, hence he is the youngest Sikh Guru.  The 10th and the last Guru, Govind Singh formed the Khalsa or the Sikh brotherhood.  He introduced ‘Panchkakar’ of Sikhism ie, Kesh (long hair), Kanga (Comb), Kripan (Sword), Kachha (Underwear) and Kara (Iron bang).  He introduced baptism and wanted every Sikh to bear com- munity surname ‘Singh’ or lion.  His aim was the establishment of a Sikh State after overthrow- ing the Mughals. In 1708 he was killed by an Afghan.  ‘Vichithra Natak’ is the autobi- ography of Guru Govind Singh. RELIGIOUS Adi Sankaracharya MOVEMENTS OF The period after Guptas is marked by revival and expansion of MEDIEVAL AGE Hinduism and continued decline of Jainism and Buddhism. At the intellectual level the most serious challenge to Buddhism and Important Bhakti saints Jainism was posed by. He Sankara propounded who revived the doctrine Hinduism. of Advaita He is called(non- (South India) Aquinas of Hinduism dualism). According to this philosophy, there are various levels to In South, the Bhakti movement truth. On a lower level, the world is a creation of Brahma. But on the was led by a series of popular highest level, the whole universe is Maya (illusion). The only saints called Nayanars and ultimate reality was Brahma, the impersonal world soul. Creation is Alvars. The chief object of their his lila (eternal play). He is imminent and omniscient. According to worship was Shiva and Vishnu Sankara. God and the created world were one. He wrote excellent respectively. They spoke and commentaries on Bhagwadgita and Upanishads. After his death 4 wrote in Tamil and Telugu. mathas were established in Sringeri (Karnataka), Dwaraka (Gujarat),  Ramanuja a Vaishnuvite, 12th Puri (Orissa) and Badrinath in the Himalayas. CenturyAD was born at born near Benaras, brought up Sripreumbathur and founded  Sankaracharya born at Kaladi by a weaver Niru, married to Loi Srivaishnava sect. in Kerala, was the founder of and had two children.  Ramanuja tried to assimilate the Advaitha philosophy. He  He was influenced by Ra- Bhakti to the tradition of wrote commentary on mananda and the Muslim saint Vedas. He argued that grace of Brahmasutra and Upanishad. Pir Taqi. He promoted equality God was more important than He founded four Mutts Sringeri, between Hinduism and Islam. knowledge about him in order Dwaraka, Puri and Badrinath. His followers started the “Ka- to attain salvation. The  In North India the Bhakthi birpanthis”. tradition established by movement was promoted by  Dadu Dayal (1544- 1603) a Ramanuja was followed by a two schools of thought - the Nirguna born in Ahmedabad, number of thinkers such as Saguna and Nirguna schools. not believed in the authority of Madhavacharya, Ramananda,  The Nirguna school believed in Scriptures but in the value of Vallabhacharya and others. a God without any form self- realisation. His verses  Nimbarkar promoted the Ramananda was the prime were collected into a book form Dvaitadvaita philosophy and teacher of it. known as ‘Bani’. His followers founded the Sankadi  The Saguna school believed in were called ‘Dadu Panthis’. sampradaya. the manifold forms of god.  Rai Dasa followed the path of  Madhavacharya founded the  Ramananda (1360-1470) born at Ramananda and his songs are Dvaitadvaita philosophy and Prayag preached Vaishnavism. included in Guru Granth Saheb, Sankadi Sampradaya. He was a follower of Ramanuja the Sikh Bible.  Vallabhacharya promoted the and included disciples from all  Surdasa (1483-1513 AD) - He philosophy of Pushtimarga and castes . He used Hindi to propa- belongs to Saguna School. He he founded the Rudra Sampra- gate his teachings. Example : was a disciple of famous daya. He is the creator of Raidasa the Cobbler, Kabir the religious teacher Sudhavaita, The doctrine of weaver , Dhanna, the farmer, Vallabhacharya. He sang the grace, the ideal of self- dedica- Sena, the barber and Pipa the glory of Krishna’s childhood tion and sublimation of human Rajput. He created a new sect - and youth in his Sursagar. life are the major features of his Ramandi sect.  Tulasi Dasa (1532-1623) a teachings.  Kabir (1398-1458) a nirguna Saguna, was born in Brahmin family became a worshipper of combination of knowledge on Sufi Movement Rama and composed various sciences and arts with Ramacharithamanasa in Hindi the synthesising concept of  The Sufis were an ecstatic and some other works such as spiritual life. mystical sect and an elitist and Vinay Pitaka, Kavitavali and  Gurunanak (1469-1539 AD) - intellectual movement. Gitavali. He was a mystique of Nirguna  The term ‘Sufi’ is derived from  Mirabai (1498-1569) a Rajput School. But his followers the Arabic word ‘Suf’ meant princes hailed from the branched off from Hinduism wool. Sisodiya dynasty of Chittoor, and founded a separate  The Sufi movement first came was a devotee of Lord Krishna. religious system. He became a to India in the wake of Mahmud Her lyrics, full of passion and wandering preacher of a Ghazni’s invasion in the 11th spiritual ecstacy, were written casteless, universal, ethical, Century. in Brijbhasha and in Rajastani. anti-ritualistic and monoth  Sufism was organised a  Sankaradeva (1463-1568) of eistic and highly spiritual monastic basis in orders or Assam Promoted monotheism religion. Silsilahs known as “Ekasarana Dharma”.  There are two main orders - Be- He rejected ritualism and idol Islamic Movements Shara ; not bound by Islam and worship, caste system. His  Islam has two basic sects - Shiah Ba- Shara bound by Islamic law. creed came to be known as “ and Sunni. This schism arose of  The early Sufists accepted the Mahapurshiya dharma” and he political rather than religious prophethood of Mohamad and insisted “Nishkama Bhakti”. dispute. the authority of the Quran but  Krishnananda , Brahmananda later they absorbed a variety of giri, Kavirajnana and Purnanda  Shiahs wanted the Caliphate to practices and ideas from were Saivite Saints. be hereditary through Ali, the Christianity, Neo - Platonism,  The Bhakti movement in prophet’s son-in-law but the Zorastrianism. Budhism and Maharashtra came to be known Sunnis wanted it to be elective Hindu Philosophical systems - as Maharashtra Dharma. (later their religious tradition Vedanta and Yoga.  Jnandeva (1275-96 AD) - He also diverged)  The teacher, disciple (Pir and was progenitor of Bhakti  The most remarkable Islamic musical) relation was essential movement in Maharashtra. movement in Mughal India was for Sufism.  Namdeva (1270-1350 AD) - He the Mahdawi Cult. They  Chisthi Silsilah (12th Century was a Nirguna Upasaka. Some believed that at the end of the of his abhangas are included in and 13th Century) founded in first millennium of Islam, a Guru Granth Sahib. India by Khawaja Muinuddin saviour, Imam Mahdi, the Lord  Ekanath (1548 AD) - He was Chisthi of Ajmir. The two of the Age, would appear to opposed to caste distinction prominent disciples of him were stop crime and restore pure and evinced greatest Shaikh Hamidudi Nagauri of sympathy for men of low caste. shining faith. Founder of it was Nagpur and Sheik Qutubudin Bhaktyar Kaki. The Chisthis  Tukaram - He was a farmer’s Sayed Muhammad Mahdi of laid much stress upon service son and a great devotee of Jaunpur. to mankind. They lived on Vitthal.  “Ranshaniyah’ by Miyan charity and had a musical  Samarth Ramdas, the spiritual Bayazid Ansari, ‘Rishi’ by recitation called ‘Sama’. guide of Shivaji combined spiri- Shiekh Nurudin of Kashmir, and  Suhravardi Sisilah (13th tual and practical life and took ‘Taghallub’ by Shiek Ahammad Century) founded by Shaikh interest in politics. His monu- Sirstrindi were other Islamic Shihabuddin Shuhruvardi. In mental work ‘Dasabodha’ is a Movements. India it was founded by Shaik Baha Uddiu Zakaria of Multan.  Shah Abdulla Shatari founded stressed internalization of The slave ruler Iltumish called the Shattari Silsilah but became religious rites. him Sheikh-us-Islam. prominent in India under Shaik  Nizamia Silsila, which faced  Firdasusi Silsilah (13th Muhammad Ghauth of Gwalior. hardship under Mubarka and Century) First established in Tansen was a follower of it. Ghyaruddin Khalji was founded Delhi by Badaruddin  The Naqshbandiya order - It by Nizamuddin Aulia. Samarqandi but later moved to developed as an orthodox Jamaludin Hanavi founded the Bihar Sharafuddin Ahamad movement which stood against Jamalia order and Allauddin Yahya Manari of Patna. heresy as reform. The Promoter Sabari inaugurated the Sabaria  Qadrissilsilah (12th Century) of it was Sheik Ahamad Sirhindi order. was founded by Shaikh Abdur a contemporary of Akbar.  Sufism declined in the late 17th Quadir Jilani of Bagdad and in Jahangir imprisoned him and Century. India the leader were Shah even Aurangazeb was forced to  Qulandars, were another group Nizamatullah and Nassirudin ban his teachings. of Muslim ascetics, different Muhammad Jilani. Prince Dara  Raushaniyah Silsilah was from Sufis, did not give respect Shikoh was an ardent follower founded by Miyan Bayazid to Shahiah but had a great of it. Ansari of Jallandhar. He reputation as miracle - workers. MODERN INDIA

ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS was a Portuguese  Vasco da Gama  Vasco da Gama first arrived at explorer. Kappad near Kozhikode in  A new Sea route to India via Cape of Kerala. Good Hope (Southern tip of South Af- Vasco da Gama in  Saint Gabriel was the name of rica) discovered by the ship in which Vasco-da- 1498 AD marked the beginning of Euro- Gama landed at Kappad, the port pean period in Indian History. of Zamorin of Calicut.  Vasco-da-Gama arrived for the second  The most famous Portuguese time in 1502 and for the third chance in men from the point of view of 1524. He died at Fort Cochin and was there. Later India were Vasco da Gama, cremated at theSt. Francis Church in 1539. his remains were brought back to Portugal  For a short time in 1524 he was Governor of Portuguese India under the title of Viceroy.

 The first church, for Europeans  They introduced Tobacco in the only, was constructed by court of Akbar in 1604. Franciscan Friars in Cochin, who  The Portuguese authority in In- were brought by Albuquerque. dian seas remained upto 1595. The church was dedicated to St.  The Portuguese started the first Almeida Antony but is presently known press in India at Goa in 1556. as church of St. Francis. Almeida and Albuquerque.  Albuquerque died near Goa in  Don Francisco de’Almeida was December 16, 1515 the first Portuguese governor in  His policy of mixed colony sys- the East. His policy was called tem was to encourage intermar- ‘‘the bluewater policy’’ which riage between the Portuguese aimed at the establishement of and Indians. strong navy.  The Portuguese religious  In 1507 the Portuguese arrived policy of “Latinisation” of the at Madras. The city finally got Kerala Church brought them its name from their leader Madra. into conflict with the native  The greatest Portuguese gover- Christians ( the later Syrian nor the East was Albuquerque. Christians) He was the real founder of the  The conflict for the establish- Portuguese authority in India. ment of Latin rite and Syrian rite  Albuquerque tried to abolish led to the Coonan Cross Oath Sati. incident in 1653. St. Francis CSI Church, in Kochi.  Second governor of Portuguese  The Portuguese introduced ag- Vasco da Gama, died in Kochi in India conquered and estab- ricultural products such as 1524 when he was on his third visit lished the Portuguese colonial cashew, coconut, custardapple, to India. His body was originally empire in the Indian ocean. pineapple etc in India. buried in this church.  The first Portuguese fort in In- The Dutch  Early name of the company was dia was constructed at Cochin. John Company.  The Portuguese captured Goa  In 20 March 1602 the United  The English East India Com- from the Bijapur Sulthan in 1510. East India Company of the Neth- pany was formally established erlands was formed. The name  In 1534 the Portuguese captured on 31st December 1600 by a Basseine of Maharashtra and of the Dutch Company was Charter issued by Queen Eliza- Diu of Gujarat from Sultan Vereenidge Oostindische beth of the Tudor dynasty. Companie (VOC). Bahadur Shah who offered  Hector, the first ship of the En-  The Dutch set up their first fac- Bombay including Elephanta glish East India company tory at Masulipattanam in 1605 island ( the original name of the reached Surat on 24 August and built their first fort at Pulicat island was Gharapuri) 1606. in 1609.  Hunho da Cunha built a  In 1612 the Company became 1610: King of Chandragiri allowed Portuguese fort at Bassein a joint stock company. the Dutch to have settlement in  Bhadur Shah of Gujarat and  Sir Thomas Roe, first ambassa- Pulicat which became the chief Malwas who tried to escape dor of James I of England landed slave trading centre. from the Portuguese captivity at Surat and met Jahangir in 1613 died at Diu (on February 14, 1612: The Portuguese expelled the and the first English factory, was 1537) Dutch from Pulicat but a established at Surat. The first factory was estab-  The Portuguese settled down in convention in 1616 Pulicat went Hoogly in 1579, which place back to the Dutch. lished by Thomas Aldwarth. became the first international 1625: The Dutch had their  The Company made a riverine port in India. settlement in Bengal at Chinsura settlement in Aramgaon, which was the first fortified area in  The main reasons for the initial 1645: The Dutch established a India. success of the Portuguese in factory at Kayal, South of  The company acquired Bombay India were ; the enmity among Tuticorin. They returned to from Charles II on lease which the native rulers, the position of Hoogly for business. he got as dowry from Portugal. the Malabar Coast, the support  They captured Nagapattanam  The designation of ‘Chief Jus- of the Vijayanagar rulers, the Bull from the Portuguese in 1659. tice’ was introduced in India by of Pope Alexander VI in 1493  In 1663, the Dutch captured the English in 1678. and the absence of any superior Cochin.  In 1672 the Court of judicature rivals.  In 1741, Marthandavarma, the was setup as directed by the  The major causes for the Travancore ruler defeated the East India Company and English decline of the Portuguese power Dutch in the Battle of Kolachal. law was for the first time were ;  The final Collapse of the Dutch introduced in India. The rise of the Dutch and the came with their defeat by the En-  Madras became the first presi- English, annexation of Portugal glish in the Battle of Bedara in dency chartered as Municipal by Spain in 1518, the decline of 1759. Corporation with Mayor’s court the Vijayanagar empire, the rise 1687. of the Marathas the degenera THE ENGLISH AND  Job Charnock founded the city tion and demoralisation of the THE FRENCH of Calcutta. Portuguese men in India, the  Francis Carton set up the first Colonisation of Brazil by  The English East India Com- French factory at Surat in 1668. Portugal and the fanatic pany was formed by a group of  The First French Governor of religious policies of the Merchants known as ‘The Mer- Pondicherry was Francois Mar- Portuguese Christians. chant Adventurers’ in 1599. tin. commander John Zepheria were a series of military contests during the 18th Holwell and four women were The Carnatic Wars locked in a small room. 123 of century between the British and the French trading companies. As a them died inside due to result, the British trading company established its dominance among suffiocation. This incident is the European trading companies between within the India. French and the English for known a Black-hole tragedy.  The first Carnatic war  Battle of Plassey was fought supremacy in South India occurred in 1742. It ended in 1748 by between Robert Clive and Siraj- The treaty of Aix-la-Chapple. was from 1748 to 1754. ud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal. The second Carnatic war  was from 1758 to 1763. The Third Carnatic Siraj-ud-daula was defeated in  The Third Carnatic war the battle. War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British  Mir Zafar was made the Nawab forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore (now of Bengal after the battle of Chandannagar) in 1757. The war concluded with the signing of Plassey. the 1763 Treaty of Paris.  The arrival of Dupleix as French  After the battle of Plassey Rob- ert Clive became the first Gover-  The Charter of August 9, 1683 Governor in India in 1742 saw nor of Bengal. issued by the British crown the beginning of Anglo- French authorised the company full Conflict.  The Construction of fort Will- power to declare and make  Robert Clive was the Governor iam of Calcutta was started by peace and war with any of the of the English during the Lord Clive. nations of Asia and to recruit Carnatic wars.  The Charter of 1758 Jan 14 such military forces as  The Gregorian Calendar came to allowed the company to keep necessary. The company be used throughout the British any booty taken in wars against enrolled the companies of dominion in 1752. the enemies of the king and the Rajput soldiers (perhaps the first  The Second Carnatic war ended company. build up of an Indian army by with the treaty of Pondicherry  Separate Courts were created for the company). in 1754. the Indians and the Europeans  Madras became the first  In 1759 Robert Clive defeated an by the East India Company. Presidency chartered as expedition from the Dutch  In 1765 Clive returned to Municipal Corporation with a company to re-establish Dutch Calcutta and became the Mayor’s Court (1687). position in Bengal, which Governor of Bengal for the  Job Charnock founded the city marked the end of Dutch Power second time, which continued of Calcutta on 24 August 1690 in India. till 1767. in Sutanuti village and  At the Battle of Wandiwash,  Clive introduced official postal established the first English Eyre Coot defeated French gen- system in 1766. factory in Calcutta. He died at eral Lally in 1760.  Ahammed Shah Abdali entered Calcutta in 1693 and buried  With the Treaty of Paris in 1763 India for the last time in 1767. there. His tombstone was made peace was settled between the The Sikhs defeated him later of Charnokite granite named French and English. Amar Singh, protege of Abdali after him.  The Battle of Plassey was founded Patiala state.  King George I of England fought in the year 1757 June 13.  The Sanyasi and Fakir rebellions empowered the company to  In 1756, Siraj-ud-daula, the started in Bengal against the establish Municipal Corpora Nawab of Bengal, attacked foreign rule. tions and Mayor’s Court in Calcutta and captured it. 146  They were strong in North Ben- Bombay and Calcutta. British prisoners including their gal and North Bihar till 1774.  In 1764, the European Bengal of Lord North. It was first  In 1782 the Treaty of Salbay was Regiment Mutiny which was enactment relating to territorial signed by Anderson for the En- followed by the First Indian possessions in India. glish and the Scindia for the Sepoy Mutiny against the Brit-  Robert Clive introduced ‘Dual Marathas by which the Mar- ish in Patna in May. government’ in Bengal. atha’s were forbidden to have  The combined forces of Mir  Under the Regulating Act the dealings with any nation other Kassim, Emperor of Delhi and Mayor’s Court in Calcutta was than the English. Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh replaced by the Supreme court  An office called the Court of were defeated in the Battle of which functioned till 1862. Wards was established in Buxar on October 23 1764. Calcutta was made the capital Bengal in 1782 to take care of  The Battle of Changama took of India by East India Company. the Zamindaris of minors, place on September 3, 1767  In 1775 the Treaty of Purandhar females and incapables. between the combined forces of was signed between the British  In 1783 the Fox’s India Bill for Hyder Ali and Nizam and the and Nana Fadnavis. the improvement of administration in India was British army. Then started the  On March 5, 1775 Raghunath introduced in the British First Anglo - Mysore War (1767- Rao signed the Treaty of Surat Parliament but was defeated. 69). with the British and the British  Tipu Sultan sieged Mangalore  The year 1770 witnessed a great troops captured Barakpur of with French help. famine and plague epidemic in Bengal.  Court of Directors censured Bengal which took the toll of one  The Ordinance Services Corps Warren Hastings and he fifth of the total population of was established. resigned his post. fifteen million.  Maharaj Nanadkumar was  In 1784 Asiatic Society of  Hyder Ali lost to the Marathans hanged in Calcutta on charge of Bengal was established by in the battle of Milgota pass in forgery (August 5, 1775). He was William Jones with Warran 1771. the last Indian to die on a Hastings as the first Patron (It  The court of Directors of the forgery charge. later became Royal Asiatic East India Company appointed  In 1767 Clive returned to Society and finally Asiatic Warren Hastings as the England and committed suicide Society since 1951) President of their Bengal in 1774.  The Pitt’s India (India Act of Council on April 13, 1772.  In the first Anglo - Maratha war 1784) Bill was introduced in the  Muslim Personal Law, based on (1775 - 82) the Marathas were British Parliament to improve the Shariat, was first enacted by the badly mauled in the battle of government rule for the British. Arras by Col: Keating. management of Indian affairs  In 1773 Peshwa Narayana Rao  Abdul Zafar Siraj - ud-din and was passed. was murdered by his uncle Muhammad Bahadur Shah II,  Tipu built the Gumbaz of Sriran- Reghunath Rao or Raghoba the last of the Mughal Emperor gapatanam in the garden nur- who proclaimed himself as the was born. tured by Hyder Ali. Peshwa. Scindhia of Gwalior,  In 1776 Warren Hastings  In 1786 Lord Cornwallis was Holker of Indore, Bhonsle of resigned from the post of appointed Governor General as Nagpur and Gaekward of Baroda Governor General of Bengal but well as the Commander-in-Chief. became independent of later retracted it. Bengal was divided into thirty Peshwa’s control.  The second Anglo- Mysore War five districts by John Shore.  In 1773, the Regulating Act was (1780 -84) took place.  John Shore, James Grant and passed in the British Parliament  Warren Hastings established Jonathan Duncan assisted to control the finances of East Muhammadan Madrassa in Cornwallis in the field of India Company at the instance Calcutta. administration. CONQUEST OF MYSORE  Haider Ali was the son of Fatheh Muhammed.He was born in 1722.  In 1766, he became the ruler of Mysore after the death of Mysore Raja Krishna Wodeyar.  First Mysore war between Haider Ali and the English started in 1767 and ended in 1769.  First Anglo-Mysore war ended with the defeat of English and the treaty of Madras.  Second Mysore War was from 1780 to 1784.  Haider Ali died in 1782 and Tipu Sultan became the Mysore ruler.  The second Mysore war ended by the treaty of Mangalore in 1784.  Second Mysore war was fought during the period of Warren Hastings.  Third Mysore war started in 1790 and ended in 1792.  The third war ended by the treaty of Sreerangapatnam on March 19th 1792.  Fourth Anglo Mysore war was in 1799.  Fourth Mysore war was fought during the period of Governor General Wellesley.  In this battle, Tipu was killed in 1799 at Srerrangapatanam by Col. Arthur Wellesley.  Tipu’s Capital was Sreerangapatanam.  Tipu is known as Mysore Tiger.  Fathul Mujahiddin is the book written by Tippu which describes about rockets.

 In 1788 Pitt’s Regulatory Act of the company. He introduced Now it is in Victoria and Albert was introduced to put further a Civil Code for government Museum in London. controls on Government of servants (Cornwallis Code)  Ranjith Singh of Punjab India.  Sir John Shore (1793-98) captured Lahore from its Sikh  East India Company with the witnessed the Battle of Kharda rulers. Hydrabad Nizam and the between the Nizam and the  Hawa Mahal Palace or the Palace Peshwa, signed a treaty against Marathas. of four winds was built at Jaipur Tipu on the understanding that  Lord Wellesley (1793-98) by Maharaja Pratap Singh in the conquered area will be introduced the Subsidiary 1799. divided among the three. Alliance system in 1798. The  Fort William College was  In 1790 the third Anglo- Mysore Nizam of Hydrabad concluded established in Calcutta by Lord War brokeout and the British a Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance Wellesley in 1800 for training of captured Dindigal and Palghat. with the English. Civil servants of the company The war came to an end by the  The Fourth Mysore War was in languages and customs of Treaty of Srirangapatanam in waged under Major General W Indians. 1792. Pomham and General Baird  Karnataka was annexed to the  In 1793 Lord Cornwallis against Tipu. The latter was company introduced the Permanent killed in the battlefield on May 4,  In 1862 Peshwa Baji Rao II, after Revenue Settlement in Bengal 1799. getting defeat from Yashwant and Bihar aiming at getting a  Tipu was the only Indian King Rao Holker accepted the fixed amount at correct intervals who died on the battle field, subsidiary Alliance system by to the government. fighting the British. the treaty of Bassein.  Cornwallis tried to complete  Tipu was fond of Tigers and  The British captured Delhi exclusion of the Indian from dislike for the British. The against the combined forces of India’s administration and give French developed a mechanised the Sikhs and the Marathas in it exclusively in the hands of the toy tiger killing a Briton with all the Second Anglo - Maratha European Covenanted Servants the sounds of roar and agony. War ( 1803 - 05)  By the Treaty of Surji governor of Madras in 1820.  Coorg was annexed by the Arjangaon the British got  Lord Aherst’s period (1823-28) Company : in 1834 from Rajaveer control of Delhi Agra Broach witnessed the First Burmese war Rajendra after a war and then and other territories ; the true and Bhartpur was annexed after annexed Central Cachar. end of the Mughal Empire. imprisoning the usurper Durjan  Bentick changed the official  Lord Wellesely suppressed Sal and Assam. language of the Courts of sacrifice of children in the sea in  Rubber plant seeds were first Justice from Persian to English. Sagar Island of Bengal in brought to India from Brazil by  He made a Treaty of Perpetual fulfilment of vows. Henry William in 1826. (First friendship with Raja Renjith  The Indian soldiers at Vellore Rubber Plantation was set up in Singh. and Madras mutinied in July Kerala in 1900.)  Lord Macaulay in 1835 Febru- 1806 since they were forbidden  Lord William Bentick (1828- ary 2, opened the flood gates of to wear caste - marks and 1835) abolished ‘Sati’ by Western Education in India by earrings during Parade. Col. Regulation XVII of 1829. linking higher education with Rolls Gillespie suppressed the  The Brahma Samaj was the English language. mutiny by killing nearly five founded by Raja Ram Mohan  The March 7 Resolution was hundred mutineers. Roy. introduced for the promotion of  The European army officers of  Capt. William Sleeman launched European Literature and Science the company revolted against a campaign to exterminate Thu- in India. differential treatment meted out gees who were brought under  The British began to strike to them compared to the Royal control by 1837 and completely Coins with British Crown’s Regiment Officers (1809). eliminated by 1860. image, instead of Emperor  Company established college of  The Charter Act of 1833 was Akbar Shah II, in 1835. Fort St: George in Madras. passed.  The temporary Governor  In 1814 the Company started  A Law commission was framed General Charles Met Calfe (1835- minting Silver Coins in India. under Macaulay, the legal 36) established the freedom of The Anglo - Nepal War (1814- member of the Governor Press. 16) and the Treaty of Sagau Li General’s Council, for (1816) codification of India Laws. Thus  On January 10, 1836 Professor  The Third Maratha War ; the Civil Procedure Code (1859) and Madhusudan Gupta and four of dissolution of the Maratha Indian Penal Code (1860) and a his medical students Raj Krishan confederacy and the formation Criminal Procedure Code (1861) Dev, Uma Charan Sett, of Bombay Presidency (1818). were created. Dwaraknath Gupta and Nobin  On April 7, 1818 the British  The Charter Act of 1833 took Chandra Mitra dissected a dead introduced “ Bengal state steps to abolish slavery body in Calcutta Medical Prisoners Regulation III of 1818 (abolished in 1843) ; Bengal, College. for detention and deportation of Bombay and Madras  In 1837 James Princep, political prisoners and preordinations were place under Secretary of Asiatic Society, revolutionaries without trial. the complete control of the deciphered the ancient Brahmi  The Pindari bandits, the unruly Governor General and he was Script and later Kharoshti Cavalry bands of central India given the power to superintend, inscriptions of India. and on friendly terms with control and direct all civil and  The First Political Organi- Holker and Scindia, were military affairs of the company; sation of India the Zamindari smashed. Company’s monopoly over Association of Calcutta, in 1838  The Ryotwari System was trade with China in tea was changed its name to Landlord’s introduced by Thomas Monroe, stopped. Association.  1838 is the birth year of Bankim Udaipur (1852) Jhansi (1853) passenger train on August 15, Chankra Chatterji the author of Nagpur (1854) and Awadh 1854 between Calcutta and Vande Matharam, Kesab (1856). Hoogly. Chandra sen the founder of  The Geological Survey of India  India’s first modern Post office Bharathiya Brahma Samaj and was established on March 5, was established in Calcutta in Mirza Ghulam Ahamad, founder 1851 in Calcutta and the first 1854. of Ahmadiya Sect. official. Telegraph line was  In 1885 the first long distance  Lord Auckland’s Period opened between Calcutta and telegraph line between Calcutta witnessed the First Afghan War Diamond Harbour on October and Agra (1300 km) was opened. (1838-42) and death of Ranjith 24.  A separate Public Works Singh.  The British Indian Association Department was established in  Lord Ellenborough (1842-44) of Bengal was established on every province. witnessed the annexation of October 29, 1851 with Radha  The Widow Remarriage Act Sind and War with Gwalior. Kanta Dev as president and (1856) was passed.  Debendranath Tagore, father of Devendranath Tagore as the  Lord Canning (1856-1862) Rabindranath Tagore accepted secretary. established three universities at Brahmo Religion.  Postal system for the general Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in  British Indian Society was public was introduced in 1857. founded in Bengal in 1843 by the Karachi, the first time in Asia, in British citizens for the welfare July 1, 1852 (It was valid only in Subsidiary Alliance system and just rights of Indian the district of Sind and known and other Policies Subjects. In 1851 it was merged as “ Scinde Dwak”.  Subsidiary Alliance System was with the British Indian  On April 16, 1853 Indian introduced by Wellesley to Association. Railways Started the first train bring Indian States within the  Lord Hardings Period (1844-48) of Great Indian Peninsular orbit of British political power. witnessed the First Anglo - Sikh Railway with 3 steam Engines War (1845-46) and ultimately  First Indian ruler to join the Sub- hauling 20 Coaches with 400 Punjab lost its independence in sidiary Alliance System was the people. The train left Victoria 1849. Nizam of Hyderabad. Terminus (Bori Bunder) of  Lahore was captured by the  Permanent Revenue Settlement Bombay for Thane. British and infant Duleep Singh was introduced in Bengal, Bihar, was recognised as the ruler. He  Competitive examination for the Orissa and districts of Benaras abandoned Sikkim and became Indian Civil Service (ICS) started and northern districts of Ma- a Christian, the first Indian in England, through the Charter dras by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. Prince to do so but later he Act of 1853. It was planned by John shore. became a sikh.  In 1884 Charles Wood made the  Ryotwari System was intro-  Hardins abolished female Wood’s Despatch which is duced in Bombay, Madras and infanticide and human sacrifice. considered as the Magna Carta Assam. This system was similar of English Education in India.  Lord Dalhousie became the to Akbar’s revenue policy Zabti Governor General of India in Which recommended English as system. the Medium for higher studies 1848 and acted as such till 1856.  Mahalwari System was intro- and vernacular at school level  He introduced the Doctrine of duced in Awadh region, Punjab, Lapse and annexed Satara (1848) and grant -in-Aid system. NWFP and parts of Central In- Jaipur and Sambhalpur (1849)  East India Railway ran its first dia. THE REVOLT OF 1857

 The Great Mutiny of 1857 took place during the Result of 1857 Revolt period of Lord Canning. The revolt Suppressed.  The Centres and Leaders of the Revolt End of Company rule in India. Lucknow - Begum Hazrat Mahal Control taken by the British Crown . Kanpur - Nana Saheb Delhi - General Bhakt khan positive political meaning to the revolt. Bihar - Kunwar Singh  The immediate cause for the 1857 revolt was the Jhansi - Rani Lekshmi Bai introduction of the greased catridges. Faridabad - Maulavi Ahmmadulla  Educated middle class section of Indian popula- Bareili - Khan Bahadur tion did not support the revolt of 1857.  The 19th Native Infantry at Berhampur which re-  On November 1, 1858 a proclamation was made by fused to use the greased cartridge and the enfield the Queen to the people of India in eighteeen lan- rifle, started mutiny in February 26, 1857. guages.  The focal point of the revolt included Delhi,  The Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858 an- Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Benaras, Jhansi and nounced the end of the Rule of East India Com- Arrah. pany in India.  The first shot was fired on March 29 by Mangal  ‘‘The best and the bravest military leader of the Pandey (of Ballia, UP) of the 14th Bengal Infantry rebels’’ sir Hugh Ross said this about Rani of at Barrakpore of Bengal. Jhansi.  Mangal Pandey was hanged to death on 29 March  The original name of Rani of Jhansi was Mani 1857. Karnika.  May 10, 1857 witnessed the real mutiny at Meerut  The administration by Indian civil service offic- followed by Delhi on 11th May. ers started as a result of the Queen’s proclama-  The first British to loose his life was Col.Finnis tion. Meerut.  The revolt was completely crushed in 1858.  Bahadurshah II surrendered to Lt. W.S.R.  Benjamin Disraeli described the revolt as a ‘‘Na- Houdson on September 21, 1857 at Humayun’s tional Rising’’. Tomb in Delhi.  V.D. Savarkar in his book ‘‘First war of Inde-  The capture of Delhi and the proclamation of pendence’’ called it ‘‘The First War of Indepen- Bahadurshah as the Emperor of Hindustan gave a dence’’.

The revolt is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy Mutiny. The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorga- nize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. India was thereafter directly governed by the Crown in the new British Raj. The immediate cause for the 1857 revolt was the introduction of the greased catridges. The use of cow and pig fat in the newly-introduced Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle cartridges provoked Indian soldiers. Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles, and the reported presence of cow and pig fat was offensive to Hindu and Muslim soldiers. The revolt of 1857 ended in failure but it promoted the spirit of Nationalism and Patriotism. Rebel leaders, such as the Rani of Jhansi, became folk heroes in the nationalist movement in India. Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal Emperor, crowned Emperor of India, was deposed by the British, and died in exile in Burma.

Lakshmibai, The Rani of Jhansi, Charles Canning, the Governor-General one of the heroes of the revolt who earlier had lost her of India during the rebellion. kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse.

 In 1859 the White Mutiny by exploitation of the British Madame Bhikaji Kama European troops occurred. Indigo Planters. September 24, and Madan  Bahadur Shall II was exiled to  Iswar Chandra Vidya Sagar Mohan Malaviya December 25, Rangoon in December 1859 was awarded with the first act and the formation of Radha - where he expired on November for raising the age of consent Swami- Satsang, an esoteric 7, 1862. of girls for marriage. Sect, by Tulsi Ram or Sib Dayal  Tantia Tope (Ramachandra  The Indian Councils Act 1861 Saheb. Reghunatha Tope) was established Legislative  The Indian Civil Service Act captured and hanged at Councils at the Centre and in was passed. The maximum age Sivapuri on April 18, 1859. the Provinces and Presidencies of entry into ICS was fixed at 22  Nanasaheb (Dhundu Pant) died by including non - official years and one year’s probation in Nepal on Sept 24, 1859. members. in England ( In 1866 it was  The Indigo riots was started by  The year 1861 witnessed the reduced to 21 yrs and 24 yrs Bengal peasants to protest births of Motilal Nehru May 6, Probation in England, in 1878 it against the torture and Rabindra Nath Tagore May 7, was further reduced to 19 years.)  Sambhunath Pandit, the first Indian, assumed the office of The Doctrine of Lapse the Judge of the High Court The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy by Governor Gen- Calcutta on February 2, 1862. eral Lord Dalhousie. According to the Doctrine, any princely state Ganendra Mohan Tagore or territory under the direct influence of the British East India Com- passed the Barrister- at- law pany, as a vassal state under the British Subsidiary System, would exam from Lincoln’s Inn on automatically be annexed if the ruler was either “manifestly incom- June 21. He was enrolled in petent or died without a direct heir”. The company took over the Calcutta High Court as the Ist princely states of Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849), Nagpur Indian Barrister in 1865. and Jhansi (1854) and Awadh (Oudh) (1856) using this Doctrine.  The Wahabi Movement was The British took over Awadh in 1856 with the reason that the ruler started by Sayyid Ahmed of Rae was not ruling properly.this led to a revolution. With the increasing Bareli in 1862 in the Viceroyalty power of the East India Company, discontent simmered amongst of Lord Elign I (1862-63) many sections of Indian society. Following the revolt, in 1858, the  Satyendra Nath Tagore, new British Viceroy of India,whose rule replaced that of the British became the first Indian, to be East India Company, renounced the doctrine. directly recruited in the  Mayo established the the Kuka or Namdhari Covenanted Civil Service (later Department of Agriculture and movement in Punjab of Bhai renamed as Indian Civil Commerce and the State Balak Singh and Baba Ram Service). railways. Singh.  Lord John Lawrence (1864-  John Paxton Norman, the  Lord Lytton’s Tenure in India 1869) waged war with Bhutan officiating Chief Justice of as viceroy was from 1876 to in 1865 and Created High Courts Bengal was fatally wounded by 1880. at Calcutta Bombay and stabbing in Calcutta on  In 1878 he appointed a Famine Madras. September 20, 1871 by a Commission under the  Kathiawar state of Saurashtra member of the Wahabi Sect. chairmanship Sir. Richard (Junagarh), the first native  In 1872 Lord Mayo was Strachey due to a heavy famine state, issued its own postage assassinated on February 8, in that affected Punjab Central stamp in 1865. the Andaman Islands by Sher Indian regions, Madras,  The “Prarthana Samaj” was Ali, an Afghan Wahabi Bombay and Hydrabad. established at Bombay under Prisoner, as revenge for the  By the Royal Title’s Act 1876, Ranade Bhandarkar and others punishment given to their Queen Victoria assumed the due to the visit of Kesab leader Amir Khan. title of “Kaiseri - Hind” or Chandra Sen.  Lord North Brook became the Emperors of India. It was  Dar-ul-Uloom (House of Viceroy of India in 1872 and he celebrated on January 1, 1877 Learning or Azhar Al- Hind ) continued in that post till 1878. in Delhi Durbar under the was founded by Maulana  His Government passed the Presidentship of Lord Lytton. Muhammad Qasim Nanatawi Native Marriage Act, known as  On March13, 1878 the and Maulana Rashid Ahmed Civil Marriage Act 1872, to Vernacular Press Act was Gangoni in Deoband of UP. legalise inter - religion and inter passed to Control Vernacular  In 1868 the Amrit Bazar caste - marriages. Press and Publications. Patrika was first published as  In 1874 June the English East  The Calcutta University weekly in Bengali by three India Company was dissolved. allowed women to appear to the Ghosh brothers - Sisir Kumar,  S.N. Banerji was removed from Entrance Examination. Besantha Kumar and Hemantha ICS on an inadequate ground  Sreemathi Kadambhini Kumar. In 1878 it became an of age limit which was reduced Ganguli was the first Indian English paper to override the to 19 years in 1878. Women to appear in the provisions of the Vernacular  Swami Dayananda Saraswathi Entrance Examination in Press Act of Lord Lytton. It founded the Arya Samaj Centre December 1878. became a daily paper in 1891. in Bombay on April 17, 1875.  The Madras News Paper ‘The  Lord Mayo (1869-1872) opened  On July 9, 1875 Bombay Stock Hindu’ first came out on the Rajkot College in Kathiawar Exchange, the first one in India, September 20, as a weekly with and the Mayo College at Ajmer was born under the Shade of a only 80 copies with G.S. Aiyar for political training of Indian Banyan tree. as its editor. It became a daily Princes and he established the  S.N. Banerji (Rashtraguru) on April, 1889. Statistical survey of India. He founded the first students  Mukunda Das, the famous poet organised the first population Union based on Politics in 1875. of the Swadeshi movement Census in India, (Census is  The Prince of Wales (Edward known as Charan Kabi was carried out every ten years VII) visited India in 1875. born in 1878. thereafter).  Lord North Brooke had to face  Lytton Passed the Arms Act (1878) which disallowed to be known as the father of lines. Indians to carry arms without Local Bodies in India.  In 1882 The Postal Savings Licence and previous sanction.  He replaced the Vernacular Bank System was introduced  Lord Lytton’s viceroyalty Press Act which destroyed the on April 1, 1882. witnessed the birth of the some freedom of the Indian Press.  Ripon promoted financial of famous literary, religious and  The First Factory Act was decentralisation. political personalities such as passed, which was followed by  The Hunter Commission on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhaya one in 1911 and another in 1934. Education was created (1882- of Bengal (1876 September 17,  The Bengal Engineering 83). The Commission’s work d. 1938) . College of Sibpur was was mainly confined to primary  The Second Afghan War 1879- established (1880) and St: and secondary education. 1880 occurred during the region Stephen’s College was founded  The Illbert Bill controversy of Lord Lytton. in Delhi by Cambridge (1883-84) in connection with  On January 1, 1880 Money Missionaries in 1881. the appointment of Indians as Order System was introduced.  India had its first telephone judges made Ripon to resign his  Lord Ripon (1880 - 1884) came exchange in Calcutta with 50 post.

EARLY ASSOCIATIONS Year.. Organisation Founder Place 1838 ... Landholders society ...... Dwaraknath Tagore ...... Calcutta 1839 ... British India Society...... William Adams...... London 1851 ... British India Association ...... Devendranath Tagore ...... Calcutta 1862 ... London India Committee ...... C.P. Mudaliar ...... London 1866 ... East India Association ...... Dadabhai Naoroji...... London 1867 ... National Indian Association ...... Mary Carpenter ...... London 1872 ... Indian Society ...... Anand Mohan Bose ...... London 1876 ... Indian Association ...... Anand Mohan Bose and S.N. Banerjee...... Calcutta 1883 ... Indian National Society...... Shishir Chandra Bose ...... Calcutta 1884 ... Indian National Conference ...... S M Banerjee ...... Calcutta 1885 ... Bombay Presidency Association ...... Mehta and Telang ...... Bombay 1888 ... United India Patriotic Association ...... Sir Syed Ahmed Khan ...... Aligarh 1905 ... Servants of India Society ...... G.K. Gokhale ...... Bombay 1920 ... Indian Trade Union Congress ...... NM Joshi (founder) ...... Lucknow Lala Lajpat Rai (President) 1924 ... All India Communist Party...... Satyabhakta ...... Kanpur 1928 ... Khudai Khidmatgar ...... Abdul Gaffar Khan ...... Peshwar 1936 ... All India Kisan Sabha ...... Sahajananda and N.J. Ranga ...... Lucknow 1940 ... Radical Democratic Party...... M.N. Roy ...... Calcutta