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Fischparasiten Als Bioindikatoren: Zum Umweltstatus Von Küstenökosystemen Und Einer Zackenbarschmarikultur in Indonesien

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Fischparasiten Als Bioindikatoren: Zum Umweltstatus Von Küstenökosystemen Und Einer Zackenbarschmarikultur in Indonesien Institut für Marine Zoologie, Universität Bremen Fischparasiten als Bioindikatoren: Zum Umweltstatus von Küstenökosystemen und einer Zackenbarschmarikultur in Indonesien D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften Fachbereich 2 (Biologie/Chemie) der Universität Bremen -Dr. rer. nat.- vorgelegt von Sonja Kleinertz angefertigt am Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenökologie Bremen September 2010 Aus dem Institut für Marine Zoologie, Fachbereich 2 (Biologie/Chemie) der Universität Bremen 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. W. Hagen 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. H.W. Palm Zusätzliche Prüfer: Prof. Dr. U. Saint-Paul Dr. W. Ekau Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 12.11.2010 Danksagung Zu allererst möchte ich mich ganz herzlich bei meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. H.W. Palm (Institut für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf) für die Aufnahme in seine Arbeitsgruppe und die Betreuung bedanken. Auch wurde erst durch ihn mein Interesse an der marinen Fischparasitologie geweckt. Ohne seine Unterstützung wäre die Durchführung der Promotion nicht möglich gewesen. Mir liegt auch am Herzen zu erwähnen, dass ich die einzigartige Chance bekommen habe, in Indonesien innerhalb von fast 14 Monaten meine Probennahmen durchführen zu können. Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Hagen, Marine Zoologie der Universität Bremen, möchte ich ganz herzlich für die sehr nette Aufnahme an sein Institut und für seine Betreuung und Diskussionsbereitschaft zu meiner Arbeit danken. Ohne seine Aufnahme wäre mein Wechsel an die Universität Bremen zur Vollendung des Promotionsvorhabens nicht möglich gewesen. Vielen Dank dafür. Für die Einarbeitung in die Rasterelektronenmikroskopie möchte ich mich bei Heike Goldbach-Gecke bedanken. Für sämtliche Ratschläge und Unterstützung im Institutsalltag möchte ich mich bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Sven Klimpel, Marion Nissen und Susanne Walter bedanken. Für Ratschläge bei den anschließenden Fotoarbeiten bedanke ich mich bei Steffen Köhler und Stefan Theisen (Institut für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf). Herrn Prof. Dr. Günter Schmahl danke ich ganz herzlich für seine guten Ratschläge, seine konstruktive Kritik und seine herzliche Art, die mich während meiner Institutsaufenthalte immer wieder neu motivierte (Institut für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie der Heinrich- Heine-Universität Düsseldorf). Bei sämtlichen Mitarbeitern des Instituts für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, sage ich herzlich Danke für die vielseitige Hilfe und die familiäre Atmosphäre. Dort gilt mein besonderer Dank Esra Kellermanns, Stefan Theisen, Maike Förster, Cornelia Hennen, Markus Busch, Lisa Verweyen, Thomas Kuhn und Anika Rohde, die mich bei dem einen oder anderen Problem aus der Ferne unterstützt haben. Lisa Verweyen gilt mein Dank ferner für die Hilfe bei der Bestimmung verschiedener Acanthocephala. Vielen Dank dafür. Prof. Dr. Sven Klimpel möchte ich sehr für seine Ratschläge und die Möglichkeit der Gerätenutzung für die Molekulargenetik an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität danken. Mein besonderer Dank geht an Dr. Sonja Rückert, die mir bei Problemen aus der Ferne immer gute Ratschläge gab und deren Doktorarbeit für mich sowohl bei der Feldarbeit in Indonesien, als auch später stets eine optimale Orientierungshilfe darstellte. Mein Dank gilt ebenfalls allen Kollegen am Leibniz-Zentrum für marine Tropenökologie (ZMT) in Bremen für die freundliche Aufnahme am Institut, die vielseitige Hilfe und Freundschaft, auch, wenn ich die meiste Zeit auf Dienstreise in Indonesien und in Düsseldorf unterwegs war: Carolin, Regine, Martin, Steffi, Conny, Katharina, Silke, Petra, Gabi, Inga, Tim, Uli, Sebastian und Kathleen. Ein besonderer Dank gilt Silke Eilemann, Steffi Bröhl, Gaby Böhme und Frau Dr. Selent für die logistische Unterstützung und fortwährende Hilfe bei vielen und verschiedensten Gelegenheiten. Uli Pint möchte ich für seine immerwährende Bereitschaft, sich mit meinen PC Problemen auseinander zu setzen, danken. Danken möchte ich auch Carolin Herbon für die Hilfe bei der Einarbeitung in das „Primer“-Programm zur Darstellung der Cluster-Analysen und MDS Plots. Herrn Werner Wosniok (Institut für Physik, Universität Bremen) und Mathias Birkicht (ZMT) danke ich für die Beratung und Hilfestellung zur statistischen Absicherung der Daten. Den Leitern der Institute in Indonesien, Pak Dr. Edy Yuwono und Pak Dr. Made Damriyasa (UNSOED und UDAYANA Universität) gilt mein besonderer Dank für die Bereitstellung eines Arbeitsplatzes an der jeweiligen Universität und deren tatkräftige Unterstützung und freundliche Aufnahme vor Ort auf Purwokerto, Java und Jimbaran, Bali. Bei Martin Hadinoto und dessen Mitarbeitern möchte ich mich für die Möglichkeit bedanken, an deren Marikulturanlage, der Nusa Karamba auf den Tausend Inseln, Proben nehmen zu dürfen und für dessen außerordentliche Gastfreundschaft und Hilfestellung bei diversen Gelegenheiten. Terima kasih sekali untuk bantuan, Pak Martin. Meinen neugewonnenen Freunden an der UNSOED Universität gebührt mein Dank sowohl für deren anfängliche Mithilfe bei den ersten Probennahmen, das ständige Pendeln zwischen Purwokerto und Cilacap und der Organisation der Fische in 2008. Edwin Hermawan und Andhi Rinto Suncoko, ich weiß, dass es nicht immer einfach mit mir war. Terima kasih sekali untuk bantuan. Des Weiteren danke ich meinen indonesischen Freunden Andhi, Edwin, Dendy, Andri und Zico dafür, dass sie so viel Zeit mit mir verbracht haben und mich ihrer Kultur näherbrachten. Herrn Dr. Rodney Bray und Dr. Geoff Boxshall vom Naturhistorischen Museum London, möchte ich für die Hilfe bei der Nachidentifizierung verschiedener Digenea und Crustacea danken. Für das Korrekturlesen meiner Arbeit gilt mein besonderer Dank Esra Kellermanns, Cornelia Hennen, Stefan Theisen, Katrin Czisch, Dirk Czisch, Manuela Jähnert, Maike Förster, Ingo Szabo-Reiss, Carolin Herbon und meiner Mutter Monika Kleinertz, die sich viel Zeit genommen und Energie und Mühe investiert haben. Abschließend gebührt vor allem einem ganz besonderen Menschen mein Dank: meiner Mutter Monika. Sie hat mich immer unterstützt und mir das Gefühl gegeben, dass ich alles erreichen kann. Vielen Dank! Finanzielle Unterstützung wurde gewährt durch das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF; SPICE II-Projekt: Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Marine Ecosystems). „Inmitten der Schwierigkeiten liegt die Möglichkeit.“ Albert Einstein Fischparasiten als Bioindikatoren Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................ IV Tabellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................ XII Fototafelverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................... XV Abkürzungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................................... XVII Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................................ XIX Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. XXI 1 Einleitung .............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Zielsetzung .....................................................................................................................................4 1.2 Arbeitshypothesen ..........................................................................................................................6 2 Charakterisierung der Fischarten .....................................................................................................7 2.1 Zackenbarsche (Serranidae) ...........................................................................................................7 2.1.1 Epinephelus areolatus .............................................................................................................7 2.1.2 Epinephelus coioides ...............................................................................................................8 2.1.3 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ..................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Vergleichsfischart (Scatophagidae) .............................................................................................. 13 2.2.1 Scatophagus argus ................................................................................................................ 13 3 Material und Methoden .................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Untersuchungsgebiete .................................................................................................................. 15 3.2 Charakterisierung der Untersuchungsgebiete ............................................................................... 16 3.2.1 Segara Anakan, Java ............................................................................................................. 16 3.2.2 Tausend Inseln (Pulau Seribu) .............................................................................................
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