DOCSLIB.ORG

UNHCR Resettlement Handbook Acknowledgments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

UNHCR Resettlement Handbook Acknowledgments This revised UNHCR Resettlement Handbook is the product of close consultation and collaboration among UNHCR staff and resettlement partners. The Division of International Protection (DIP) particularly wishes to thank the many colleagues and partners around the world who contributed to the Handbook revision process, and provided input and feedback on the drafts. This revision has been made possible thanks to the support of the Canadian Consultant Management Initiative. Using this Handbook The UNHCR Resettlement Handbook offers resettlement management and policy guidance to UNHCR staff, and is a key reference tool on global resettlement policy and practice for resettlement countries, NGOs and other partners. This revision of the Resettlement Handbook incorporates updates to UNHCR policy and practice since the release of the 2004 edition of the Handbook. The previous annexes are replaced by website hyperlinks to reference documents, some of which are internal documents accessible only to UNHCR staff. Resettlement States have described their policies and programmes in individual Country Chapters which are an integral part of this Handbook. As these Country Chapters are subject to frequent changes, they are not included in the printed Handbook, but are available online at http://www.unhcr.org/ resettlementhandbook. © 2011, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Any part of the UNHCR Resettlement Handbook may be reproduced, translated into other languages or adapted to meet local needs without the prior permission of UNHCR, provided that all parts are distributed free of charge and UNHCR is acknowledged. Please send copies of any adaptation or translation into other languages to: Resettlement Service, Division of International Protection United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 94, rue de Montbrillant 1202 Geneva, Switzerland www.unhcr.org UNHCR Resettlement Handbook Division of International Protection Geneva Revised edition July 2011 CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 PREFACE 3 1.RESETTLEMENTWITHINUNHCR’sMANDATE:INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIONANDTHESEARCHFORDURABLESOLUTIONS 9 1.1 International Legal Framework 11 1.2 Persons of Concern to UNHCR 18 1.3 The Three Durable Solutions 28 2.E TH EVOLUTIONOFRESETTLEMENT 45 2.1 The History of Resettlement 47 2.2 Enhancing the Use of Resettlement 54 2.3 Strengthening Global Management of Resettlement in UNHCR 61 2.4 Further Expanding the Resettlement Base 65 2.5 Current Resettlement Environment and Challenges 67 3.REFUGEESTATUSANDRESETTLEMENT 73 3.1 Refugee Status as a Precondition for Resettlement Consideration 75 3.2 Who is a Refugee? Refugee Status Determination under UNHCR’s Mandate 80 3.3 The Refugee Definition of the 1951 Convention 82 3.4 Eligibility under the Broader Refugee Definition 88 3.5 Exclusion from Refugee Status under International Refugee Law 89 3.6 Special Considerations 96 3.7 Exclusion and Resettlement 101 3.8 Recognizing a Quality RSD Assessment 103 4.MANAGINGRESETTLEMENTEFFECTIVELY 109 4.1 Resettlement Management and Coordination 112 4.2 Safeguards in the Resettlement Process 120 4.3 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) 125 4.4 Combating Fraud and Corruption in the Resettlement Process 127 4.5 Managing Resettlement Expectations within the Refugee Population 141 4.6 Security Measures 147 4.7 UNHCR Records Management 151 4.8 The Importance of Ongoing Resettlement Training 159 4.9 Resettlement Statistics and Data 164 4.10 Managing Stress in a Resettlement Operation 166 5.PROTECTIONCONSIDERATIONS,ANDTHEIDENTIFICATION OFRESETTLEMENTNEEDS 171 5.1 Key Protection Considerations in the Identification Process 173 5.2 Specific Protection Needs and Potential Vulnerabilities 182 5.3 Specific Protection Risks and Considerations 202 5.4 The Process for Identifying Resettlement Needs 215 5.5 Tools and Methodologies to Assist with Identification of Needs 219 5.6 Referral of Individual Cases for Resettlement Consideration 228 5.7 Identifying Groups in Need of Resettlement 233 5.8 Challenges in Identification 239 6.UNHCRRESETTLEMENTSUBMISSIONCATEGORIES 243 6.1 Basic Considerations 245 6.2 Legal and/or Physical Protection Needs 247 6.3 Survivors of Violence and/or Torture 250 6.4 Medical Needs 256 6.5 Women and Girls at Risk 261 6.6 Family Reunification 269 6.7 Children and Adolescents at Risk 283 6.8 Lack of Foreseeable Alternative Durable Solutions 287 7.BASICPROCEDURESTOFOLLOWINPROCESSINGRESETTLEMENT SUBMISSIONS 299 7.1 Safeguards in the Processing of Resettlement Submissions 302 7.2 Case Verification and Assessment 304 7.3 Conducting Interviews 312 7.4 Case Composition 330 7.5 Preparation of a Resettlement Registration Form (RRF) 335 7.6 UNHCR Submission 353 7.7 State Selection 361 7.8 Withdrawal 369 7.9 Resubmission 370 7.10 The Importance of Counselling throughout the Process 374 7.11 Pre-departure Arrangements and Monitoring 376 8.PARTNERSHIP,LIAISONANDMEDIARELATIONS 383 8.1 Resettlement Partnerships 385 8.2 Partners 386 8.3 Deployment Programmes 390 8.4 Partnerships along the Resettlement Continuum 391 8.5 Advocacy and Liaison 395 8.6 Media Relations 397 ACRONYMS 403 GLOSSARY 407 FOREWORD FOREWORD FOREWORD Since the Resettlement Handbook was produced in 1996, it has been used by hundreds of UNHCR staff and partners to help hundreds of thousands of refugees start new lives in new countries. It is an indispensable tool for an indispensable solution. Indeed, as the resilience of conflict causes voluntary repatriation opportunities to remain mired in two-decade lows, and with countries heavily burdened by hosting large numbers of refugees reluctant to expand possibilities for local integration, resettlement has grown even more vital as a durable solution. At the same time it continues to serve its longstanding role as a mechanism for protecting individuals. It does so by removing particular individuals from situations of risk, but also by demonstrating the availability of a solution without which refugees may undertake highly precarious journeys to find safety and opportunity. Resettlement is a partnership activity. Without the generosity, commitment and expertise of States, NGOs and others, it could not take place. Similarly, this comprehensive revision of the Resettlement Handbook, the first since 2004, has only been possible through consultations and collaboration with a wide range of stakeholders. As the reference text for UNHCR’s resettlement work, we have made a special effort to update the Resettlement Handbook to reflect the changing nature of displacement (to urban and other non-camp settings) and the importance of using resettlement strategically. The Handbook sets out standardized methodologies for identifying resettlement needs and expediting resettlement processing, including the use of Emergency Transit Facilities. It provides a wide sampling of relevant soft law, such as Excom Conclusions on Women and Girls at Risk, Children at Risk, Refugees with Disabilities and Protracted Refugee Situations. It sets out much more fully the specific needs of vulnerable groups and reinforces the centrality of age, gender and diversity appropriate approaches to all UNHCR’s resettlement and protection efforts. Additional emphasis is also placed on preserving the integrity of the resettlement process and anti-fraud procedures. While the number of States with ongoing resettlement programmes has risen to 25, the number of places available is still significantly outstripped by refugees in need of them. The Handbook includes helpful advocacy information for practitioners and supporters seeking to expand the number of resettlement opportunities. On this and virtually every other issue relevant to resettlement, the Handbook provides good practice guidance. Nothing makes a more compelling case for resettlement than seeing it done right. I am very proud of this Handbook. With it, and your continuing commitment, I am confident hundreds of thousands more refugees will begin new lives through resettlement. António Guterres United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1 PREFACE PREFACE Introducing resettlement PREFACE INTRODUCINGRESETTLEMENT Definition Resettlement involves the selection and transfer of refugees from a State in which they have sought protection to a third State which has agreed to admit them – as refugees – with permanent residence status. The status provided ensures protection against refoulement and provides a resettled refugee and his/her family or dependants with access to rights similar to those enjoyed by nationals. Resettlement also carries with it the opportunity to eventually become a naturalized citizen of the resettlement country. Functions Resettlement serves three equally important functions. First, it is a tool to provide international protection and meet the specific needs of individual refugees whose life, liberty, safety, health or other fundamental rights are at risk in the country where they have sought refuge. Second, it is a durable solution for larger numbers or groups of refugees, alongside the other durable solutions of voluntary repatriation and local integration. Third, it can be a tangible expression of international solidarity and a responsibility sharing mechanism, allowing States to help share responsibility for refugee protection, and reduce problems impacting the country of asylum. Resettlement within UNHCR’s mandate The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established on 1 January 1951 by UN General Assembly Resolution 319 (IV).1 UNHCR’s work is humanitarian, social
Recommended publications
  • Logging Songs of the Pacific Northwest: a Study of Three Contemporary Artists Leslie A

    Logging Songs of the Pacific Northwest: a Study of Three Contemporary Artists Leslie A

    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 Logging Songs of the Pacific Northwest: A Study of Three Contemporary Artists Leslie A. Johnson Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MUSIC LOGGING SONGS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST: A STUDY OF THREE CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS By LESLIE A. JOHNSON A Thesis submitted to the College of Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2007 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Leslie A. Johnson defended on March 28, 2007. _____________________________ Charles E. Brewer Professor Directing Thesis _____________________________ Denise Von Glahn Committee Member ` _____________________________ Karyl Louwenaar-Lueck Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank those who have helped me with this manuscript and my academic career: my parents, grandparents, other family members and friends for their support; a handful of really good teachers from every educational and professional venture thus far, including my committee members at The Florida State University; a variety of resources for the project, including Dr. Jens Lund from Olympia, Washington; and the subjects themselves and their associates. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................
  • Corrective Rape and the War on Homosexuality: Patriarchy, African Culture and Ubuntu

    Corrective Rape and the War on Homosexuality: Patriarchy, African Culture and Ubuntu

    Corrective rape and the war on homosexuality: Patriarchy, African culture and Ubuntu. Mutondi Muofhe Mulaudzi 12053369 LLM (Multidisciplinary Human Rights) Supervisor Prof Karin Van Marle Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Research Problem ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Research questions .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Motivation/Rationale .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Structure .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Homophobic Rape – Stories and response by courts .......................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 The definition
  • Conclusion 60

    Conclusion 60

    Being Black, Being British, Being Ghanaian: Second Generation Ghanaians, Class, Identity, Ethnicity and Belonging Yvette Twumasi-Ankrah UCL PhD 1 Declaration I, Yvette Twumasi-Ankrah confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Table of Contents Declaration 2 List of Tables 8 Abstract 9 Impact statement 10 Acknowledgements 12 Chapter 1 - Introduction 13 Ghanaians in the UK 16 Ghanaian Migration and Settlement 19 Class, status and race 21 Overview of the thesis 22 Key questions 22 Key Terminology 22 Summary of the chapters 24 Chapter 2 - Literature Review 27 The Second Generation – Introduction 27 The Second Generation 28 The second generation and multiculturalism 31 Black and British 34 Second Generation – European 38 US Studies – ethnicity, labels and identity 40 Symbolic ethnicity and class 46 Ghanaian second generation 51 Transnationalism 52 Second Generation Return migration 56 Conclusion 60 3 Chapter 3 – Theoretical concepts 62 Background and concepts 62 Class and Bourdieu: field, habitus and capital 64 Habitus and cultural capital 66 A critique of Bourdieu 70 Class Matters – The Great British Class Survey 71 The Middle-Class in Ghana 73 Racism(s) – old and new 77 Black identity 83 Diaspora theory and the African diaspora 84 The creation of Black identity 86 Black British Identity 93 Intersectionality 95 Conclusion 98 Chapter 4 – Methodology 100 Introduction 100 Method 101 Focus of study and framework(s) 103
  • South Africa | Freedom House Page 1 of 8

    South Africa | Freedom House Page 1 of 8

    South Africa | Freedom House Page 1 of 8 South Africa freedomhouse.org In May 2014, South Africa held national elections that were considered free and fair by domestic and international observers. However, there were growing concerns about a decline in prosecutorial independence, labor unrest, and political pressure on an otherwise robust media landscape. South Africa continued to be marked by high-profile corruption scandals, particularly surrounding allegations that had surfaced in 2013 that President Jacob Zuma had personally benefitted from state-funded renovations to his private homestead in Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal. The ruling African National Congress (ANC) won in the 2014 elections with a slightly smaller vote share than in 2009. The newly formed Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), a populist splinter from the ANC Youth League, emerged as the third-largest party. The subsequent session of the National Assembly was more adversarial than previous iterations, including at least two instances when ANC leaders halted proceedings following EFF-led disruptions. Beginning in January, the Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU) led a five-month strike in the platinum sector, South Africa’s longest and most costly strike. The strike saw some violence and destruction of property, though less than AMCU strikes in 2012 and 2013. The year also saw continued infighting between rival trade unions. The labor unrest exacerbated the flagging of the nation’s economy and the high unemployment rate, which stood at approximately 25 percent nationally and around 36 percent for youth. Political Rights and Civil Liberties: Political Rights: 33 / 40 [Key] A. Electoral Process: 12 / 12 Elections for the 400-seat National Assembly (NA), the lower house of the bicameral Parliament, are determined by party-list proportional representation.
  • The Refugee Protec- Tion Act of 2010

    The Refugee Protec- Tion Act of 2010

    S. HRG. 111–599 REVIEWING AMERICA’S COMMITMENT TO THE REFUGEE CONVENTION: THE REFUGEE PROTEC- TION ACT OF 2010 HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION MAY 19, 2010 Serial No. J–111–93 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 58–223 PDF WASHINGTON : 2010 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:23 Sep 28, 2010 Jkt 058223 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\HEARINGS\58223.TXT SJUD1 PsN: CMORC COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont, Chairman HERB KOHL, Wisconsin JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa CHARLES E. SCHUMER, New York JON KYL, Arizona RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JOHN CORNYN, Texas SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island TOM COBURN, Oklahoma AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota EDWARD E. KAUFMAN, Delaware ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania AL FRANKEN, Minnesota BRUCE A. COHEN, Chief Counsel and Staff Director MATT MINER, Republican Chief Counsel (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:23 Sep 28, 2010 Jkt 058223 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\HEARINGS\58223.TXT SJUD1 PsN: CMORC C O N T E N T S STATEMENTS OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS Page Feingold, Hon. Russell D., A U.S.
  • South Africa February 2013

    South Africa February 2013

    Blind Alleys PART II Country Findings: South Africa February 2013 The Unseen Struggles of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Urban Refugees in Mexico, Uganda and South Africa Acknowledgements This project was conceived and directed by Neil Grungras and was brought to completion by Cara Hughes and Kevin Lo. Editing, and project management were provided by Steven Heller, Kori Weinberger, Peter Stark, Eunice Lee, Ian Renner, and Max Niedzwiecki. In South Africa, we thank Liesl Theron of Gender DynamiX, Father Russell Pollitt and Dumisani Dube of Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Braamfontein, Johannesburg, Kaajal Ramjathan-Keogh of Lawyers for Human Rights, and Braam Hanekom and Guillain KoKo of PASSOP (People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty) who gave us advice and essential access to its cli- ents. We thank Charmaine Hedding, Sibusiso Kheswa, Siobhan McGuirk, Tara Ngwato Polzer, Sanjula Weerasinghe, and Rachel Levitan for their work coordinating and conducting the field research. Expert feedback and editing was provided by Libby Johnston and Melanie Nathan. We are particularly grateful to Anahid Bazarjani, Nicholas Hersh, Lucie Leblond, Minjae Lee, Darren Miller, John Odle, Odessa Powers, Peter Stark, and Anna von Herrmann. These dedi- cated interns and volunteers conducted significant amounts of desk research and pored over thou- sands of pages of interview transcripts over the course of months, assuring that every word and every comment by interviewees were meticulously taken into account in this report. These pages would be blank but for the refugees who bravely recounted their sagas seeking pro- tection, as well as the dedicated UNHCR, NGO, and government staff who so earnestly shared their experiences and understandings of the refugees we all seek to protect.
  • Conjured Light Renee Christopher Iowa State University

    Conjured Light Renee Christopher Iowa State University

    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2019 Conjured light Renee Christopher Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Creative Writing Commons Recommended Citation Christopher, Renee, "Conjured light" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17166. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17166 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Conjured light by Renee Christopher A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF FINE ARTS Major: Creative Writing and Environment Program of Study Committee: David Zimmerman, Major Professor Charissa Menefee Jeremy Withers Christine Gish-Hill The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2019 Copyright © Renee Christopher, 2019. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................iii
  • Hybrid Identities of Buraku Outcastes in Japan

    Hybrid Identities of Buraku Outcastes in Japan

    Educating Minds and Hearts to Change the World A publication of the University of San Francisco Center for the Volume IX ∙ Number 2 June ∙ 2010 Pacific Rim Copyright 2010 The Sea Otter Islands: Geopolitics and Environment in the East Asian Fur Trade >>..............................................................Richard Ravalli 27 Editors Joaquin Gonzalez John Nelson Shadows of Modernity: Hybrid Identities of Buraku Outcastes in Japan Editorial >>...............................................................Nicholas Mucks 36 Consultants Barbara K. Bundy East Timor and the Power of International Commitments in the American Hartmut Fischer Patrick L. Hatcher Decision Making Process >>.......................................................Christopher R. Cook 43 Editorial Board Uldis Kruze Man-lui Lau Syed Hussein Alatas: His Life and Critiques of the Malaysian New Economic Mark Mir Policy Noriko Nagata Stephen Roddy >>................................................................Choon-Yin Sam 55 Kyoko Suda Bruce Wydick Betel Nut Culture in Contemporary Taiwan >>..........................................................................Annie Liu 63 A Note from the Publisher >>..............................................Center for the Pacific Rim 69 Asia Pacific: Perspectives Asia Pacific: Perspectives is a peer-reviewed journal published at least once a year, usually in April/May. It Center for the Pacific Rim welcomes submissions from all fields of the social sciences and the humanities with relevance to the Asia Pacific 2130 Fulton St, LM280 region.* In keeping with the Jesuit traditions of the University of San Francisco, Asia Pacific: Perspectives com- San Francisco, CA mits itself to the highest standards of learning and scholarship. 94117-1080 Our task is to inform public opinion by a broad hospitality to divergent views and ideas that promote cross-cul- Tel: (415) 422-6357 Fax: (415) 422-5933 tural understanding, tolerance, and the dissemination of knowledge unreservedly.
  • A Comparison of the Verbal Teaching Patterns of Two Groups of Secondary

    A Comparison of the Verbal Teaching Patterns of Two Groups of Secondary

    A comparison of the verbal teaching patterns of two groups of secondary student teachers, Montana State University, 1969-70 by Dennis Larry Martinen A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree \ of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in Secondary Education Montana State University © Copyright by Dennis Larry Martinen (1970) Abstract: The problem in this study was to investigate the verbal teaching patterns of secondary student teachers and to determine essentially what these teaching patterns were. As a corollary to the problem, the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale and the Teaching Situation Reaction Test were administered to student teachers to determine if these tests could predict successful student teachers prior to their student teaching experience in the secondary schools of Montana. It was the purpose of this study, then, to record and analyze the verbal behavior patterns of two groups of secondary student teachers. One group, the control group, consisted of students who went through the regular training program. The other group received twenty hours of training in interaction analysis. Selected aspects of the reconstructed Flanders' matrix were compared and analyzed. Another aspect of the problem dealt with the possible predictive value of the Teaching Situation Reaction Test and the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale as they pertained to superior teaching. A comparison and analysis was made between scores achieved on the two tests and such quantitative elements as grade point average in the major subject area, mean scores on the rating forms used by Montana State University supervisors and the grade given to measure the success in student teaching.
  • Black Bottom of Modernity: the Racial Imagination of Japanese Modernism in the 1930S

    Black Bottom of Modernity: the Racial Imagination of Japanese Modernism in the 1930S

    The Japanese Journal of American Studies, No. 27 (2016) Copyright © 2016 Keiko Nitta. All rights reserved. This work may be used, with this notice included, for noncommercial purposes. No copies of this work may be distributed, electronically or otherwise, in whole or in part, without permission from the author. Black Bottom of Modernity: The Racial Imagination of Japanese Modernism in the 1930s Keiko NITTA* APPROPRIATION OF THE PRIMITIVE In 1930, the eminent Japanese literary critic of the day Soichi Oya summarized “modernism” in terms of its fascination with the element of the “primitive”: Modernism starts with abolishing the traditional norms of various phases of life. Free and unrestricted from everything, and led by the most intense stimulus, it amplifies its own excitement; in this sense, modernism has much in common with primitivism. It is jazz that flows with colorful artificial illumination to the pavements of the modern metropolis, bewitching pedestrians. Such bewitching exemplifies the surrender of civilizations to barbarism.1 As Oya stated here, jazz was symbolized as something not merely primitive but also something indicating a modern taste for “barbarism.” Similar to the contemporaneous American author F. Scott Fitzgerald, who coined the term “the Jazz Age,”2 Japanese intellectuals attempted to establish their own “modernized” status as consumers of art and culture defined as primitive. It *Professor, Rikkyo University 97 98 KEIKO NITTA is to this paradoxical imagination of Japanese modernism that I turn my attention in this article. I will particularly look at creational tendencies of a short-lived but once quite dominant literary circle in Japan in the early 1930s.
  • The Political Significance of Slave Resistance by James Oakes

    The Political Significance of Slave Resistance by James Oakes

    Downloaded from http://hwj.oxfordjournals.org/ The Political Significance of Slave Resistance by James Oakes When W.E.B. DuBois wrote that it was 'the black worker. who brought at University of Iowa Libraries/Serials Acquisitions on May 31, 2015 civil war in America,' historians had yet to undertake the extraordinary studies of slavery that would eventually transform our understanding of all American history. Since then, scholars have discovered among the slaves a pattern of 'day-to-day resistance' which promises to give meaning and substance to DuBois's characterically astute observation. Slaves engaged in a variety of acts designed to ease their burdens and frustrate the masters' wills. They broke tools, feigned illness, deliberately malingered, 'stole' food, and manipulated the tensions between master and overseer. When pressed, the slaves took up more active forms of resistance: they became 'saucy', ran away, struck the overseer or even the master, and on rare occasions committed arson or joined in organized rebellions. And throughout the slave community a tradition of solidarity sustained and justified individual and collective acts of resistance.1 What has yet to be demonstrated is the political significance of slave resistance, and there are several reasons for this. Despite the methodo- logical and theoretical sophistication of the field, the ways in which social tensions were translated into political issues are still not well understood. Indeed, few historians have even attempted to trace the connections between everyday resistance and politics. Many scholars remain fixated on an artificial separation of morality from expediency in political analysis, as if 'morality' itself were not grounded in specific historical circumstances.
  • A VERBAL SPACE – INTERSECTING the VISIBLE Virve Sarapik

    A VERBAL SPACE – INTERSECTING the VISIBLE Virve Sarapik

    A VERBAL SPACE – INTERSECTING THE VISIBLE Virve Sarapik The idea that man is not able to conceive of reality consciously is a very old one. An intermediate stage is necessary. Through this the real world may acquire the face of intermediary, relying on the sense-organs, experience, language, univer- sals, categorisation. Continuity of the outside world needs some points of sup- port. It is easier to comprehend discrete entities than a continuum and the best means for categorisation is language. Counterbalance to this much criticised lan- guage-centred viewpoint is idea of the importance of visual experience, phrased in the sentence attributed to Aristotle, "one picture is worth a thousand words." These two points of view on art clash in two ways: in the reciprocal condi- tionality of the pictorial and verbal expression, and in art as language. The two main issues concerning art and language can be formulated as: – the communicative quality of an artwork, i.e. the problem of the meaning of an artwork and art as language; – relations of the verbal language and artwork, or the influence of the verbal context on the meaning of an artwork. 1. Plato's paradox Once, reading Victor Burgin's book The End of Art Theory, I found a surprising passage. Debating the main opponent of the theory of postmodern art Clement Greenberg, Burgin writes: "In the Phaedo, Plato puts into the mouth of Socrates a doctrine of two worlds: the world of murky imperfection to which our mortal senses have access, and an "upper world" of perfection and light. Discursive speech is the tangled and inept medium to which we are condemned in the for- mer, while in the latter all things are communicated visually as a pure and un- mediated intelligibility which has no need for words." (Burgin 1986: 31.) A Verbal Space – Intersecting the Visible The idea, that there are two forms of communication: words and images (the second one being more direct), was passed to the Christian tradition with New Platonism.