80386DX Architecture
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Floating-Point Package for Intel 8008 and 8080 Microprocessors
UCRL-51940 FLOATING-POINT PACKAGE FOR INTEL 8008 AND 8080 MICROPROCESSORS Michael D. Maples October 24, 1975 Prepared for U.S. Energy Research& Development Administration under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48 I_AV~=IENCE I_IVEFIMORE I.ABOFIATOFIY University ol Calilomia ~ Livermore ~ NOTICE .sponsored by tht: United $~ates G~ven~menl.Neilhe~ the United States nor the United ~tates I’:n,~rgy of their employees,IIOr lilly of their eorltl’ilctclrs~ warranty~ express t~r implied, or asstltlleS ~t]y legld liability or responsihilit y fnr the accuracy, apparatus, product or ])rc)eess disclosed, represents that its rise would IIt~l illl’r liege privlttely-owned rights." Printed in the United States of America Avai.] able from National Technical. information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151 Price: Printed Copy $ *; Microfiche $2.25 NTIS ""Pages _Sellin_.g Price 1-50 $4.00 51-150 $5.45 151-325 $7.60 326-500 $10.60 501.-1000 $13.60 DISCI.AlMBR This documeut was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Gnvernment.Neither the United States Governmentnor the University of California nor any of their employees,makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumesany legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, complete.aess, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use wouldnot infrioge privately ownedrights. Refarenceherein to any specific commercialproduct, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation,or favoring by the United States Govermnentor the University of California. -
Lecture Note 1
EE586 VLSI Design Partha Pande School of EECS Washington State University [email protected] Lecture 1 (Introduction) Why is designing digital ICs different today than it was before? Will it change in future? The First Computer The Babbage Difference Engine (1832) 25,000 parts cost: £17,470 ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946) The Transistor Revolution First transistor Bell Labs, 1948 The First Integrated Circuits Bipolar logic 1960’s ECL 3-input Gate Motorola 1966 Intel 4004 Micro-Processor 1971 1000 transistors 1 MHz operation Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor Moore’s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months. He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months Moore’s Law 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 OF THE NUMBER OF 2 5 4 LOG 3 2 1 COMPONENTS PER INTEGRATED FUNCTION 0 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 Electronics, April 19, 1965. Evolution in Complexity Transistor Counts 1 Billion K Transistors 1,000,000 100,000 Pentium® III 10,000 Pentium® II Pentium® Pro 1,000 Pentium® i486 100 i386 80286 10 8086 Source: Intel 1 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Projected Courtesy, Intel Moore’s law in Microprocessors 1000 2X growth in 1.96 years! 100 10 P6 Pentium® proc 1 486 386 0.1 286 Transistors (MT) Transistors 8086 Transistors8085 on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years 0.01 8080 8008 4004 0.001 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Courtesy, Intel Die Size Growth 100 P6 -
Intel 8080 Datasheet
infel.. 8080A/8080A-1/8080A-2 8-BIT N-CHANNEL MICROPROCESSOR • TTL Drive Capability • Decimal, Binary, and Double Precision • 2,..,s (-1:1.3,..,s, -2:1.5 ,..,s) Instruction Arithmetic Cycle • Ability to Provide Priority Vectored • Powerful Problem Solving Instruction Interrupts Set • 512 Directly Addressed 110 Ports 6 General Purpose Registers and an Available In EXPRESS • Accumulator • - Standard Temperature Range 16-Blt Program Counter for Directly Available In 4Q-Lead Cerdlp and Plastic • Addressing up to 64K Bytes of Memory • Packages 16-Blt Stack Pointer and Stack (See Packaging Spec. Order #231369) • Manipulation Instructions for Rapid Switching of the Program Environment • The Intel 8080A is a complete 8-bit parallel central processing unit (CPU). It is fabricated on a single LSI chip using Intel's n-channel silicon gate MOS process. This offers the user a high performance solution to control and processing applications. The 8080A contains 6 8-bit general purpose working registers and an accumulator. The 6 general purpose registers may be addressed individually or in pairs providing both single and double precision operators. Arithmetic and logical instructions set or reset 4 testable flags. A fifth flag provides decimal arithmetic opera tion. The 8080A has an external stack feature wherein any portion of memory may be used as a last in/first out stack to store/retrieve the contents of the accumulator, flags, program counter, and all of the 6 general purpose registers. The 16-bit stack pointer controls the addressing of this external stack. This stack gives the 8080A the ability to easily handle multiple level priority interrupts by rapidly storing and restoring processor status. -
Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance Ninth Edition
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE NINTH EDITION William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Manager, Visual Research: Karen Sanatar Associate Editor: Carole Snyder Manager, Rights and Permissions: Mike Joyce Director of Marketing: Patrice Jones Text Permission Coordinator: Jen Roach Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Cover Art: Charles Bowman/Robert Harding Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Lead Media Project Manager: Daniel Sandin Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Full-Service Project Management: Shiny Rajesh/ Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Composition: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Production Project Manager: Kayla Smith-Tarbox Printer/Binder: Edward Brothers Production Editor: Pat Brown Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Manufacturing Buyer: Pat Brown Text Font: Times Ten-Roman Creative Director: Jayne Conte Credits: Figure 2.14: reprinted with permission from The Computer Language Company, Inc. Figure 17.10: Buyya, Rajkumar, High-Performance Cluster Computing: Architectures and Systems, Vol I, 1st edition, ©1999. Reprinted and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Figure 17.11: Reprinted with permission from Ethernet Alliance. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. -
Over View of Microprocessor 8085 and Its Application
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 6, Ver. II (Nov - Dec .2015), PP 09-14 www.iosrjournals.org Over view of Microprocessor 8085 and its application Kimasha Borah Assistant Professor, Centre for Computer Studies Centre for Computer Studies, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India Abstract: Microprocessor is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC), which fetches, decode and executes instructions. It is versatile in application and is flexible to some extent. Nowadays, modern microprocessors can perform extremely sophisticated operations in areas such as meteorology, aviation, nuclear physics and engineering, and take up much less space as well as delivering superior performance Here is a brief review of microprocessor and its various application Key words: Semi Conductor, Integrated Circuits, CPU, NMOS ,PMOS, VLSI I. Introduction: Microprocessor is derived from two words micro and processor. Micro means small, tiny and processor means which processes something. It is a single Very Large Scale of Integration (VLSI) chip that incorporates all functions of central processing unit (CPU) fabricated on a single Integrated Circuits (ICs) (1).Some other units like caches, pipelining, floating point processing arithmetic and superscaling units are additionally present in the microprocessor and that results in increasing speed of operation.8085,8086,8088 are some examples of microprocessors(2). The technology used for microprocessor is N type metal oxide semiconductor(NMOS)(3). Basic operations of microprocessor are fetching instructions from memory ,decoding and executing them ie it takes data or operand from input device, perform arithmetic and logical operations and store results in required location or send result to output devices(1).Word size identifies the microprocessor.E.g. -
45-Year CPU Evolution: One Law and Two Equations
45-year CPU evolution: one law and two equations Daniel Etiemble LRI-CNRS University Paris Sud Orsay, France [email protected] Abstract— Moore’s law and two equations allow to explain the a) IC is the instruction count. main trends of CPU evolution since MOS technologies have been b) CPI is the clock cycles per instruction and IPC = 1/CPI is the used to implement microprocessors. Instruction count per clock cycle. c) Tc is the clock cycle time and F=1/Tc is the clock frequency. Keywords—Moore’s law, execution time, CM0S power dissipation. The Power dissipation of CMOS circuits is the second I. INTRODUCTION equation (2). CMOS power dissipation is decomposed into static and dynamic powers. For dynamic power, Vdd is the power A new era started when MOS technologies were used to supply, F is the clock frequency, ΣCi is the sum of gate and build microprocessors. After pMOS (Intel 4004 in 1971) and interconnection capacitances and α is the average percentage of nMOS (Intel 8080 in 1974), CMOS became quickly the leading switching capacitances: α is the activity factor of the overall technology, used by Intel since 1985 with 80386 CPU. circuit MOS technologies obey an empirical law, stated in 1965 and 2 Pd = Pdstatic + α x ΣCi x Vdd x F (2) known as Moore’s law: the number of transistors integrated on a chip doubles every N months. Fig. 1 presents the evolution for II. CONSEQUENCES OF MOORE LAW DRAM memories, processors (MPU) and three types of read- only memories [1]. The growth rate decreases with years, from A. -
Appendix D an Alternative to RISC: the Intel 80X86
D.1 Introduction D-2 D.2 80x86 Registers and Data Addressing Modes D-3 D.3 80x86 Integer Operations D-6 D.4 80x86 Floating-Point Operations D-10 D.5 80x86 Instruction Encoding D-12 D.6 Putting It All Together: Measurements of Instruction Set Usage D-14 D.7 Concluding Remarks D-20 D.8 Historical Perspective and References D-21 D An Alternative to RISC: The Intel 80x86 The x86 isn’t all that complex—it just doesn’t make a lot of sense. Mike Johnson Leader of 80x86 Design at AMD, Microprocessor Report (1994) © 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. D-2 I Appendix D An Alternative to RISC: The Intel 80x86 D.1 Introduction MIPS was the vision of a single architect. The pieces of this architecture fit nicely together and the whole architecture can be described succinctly. Such is not the case of the 80x86: It is the product of several independent groups who evolved the architecture over 20 years, adding new features to the original instruction set as you might add clothing to a packed bag. Here are important 80x86 milestones: I 1978—The Intel 8086 architecture was announced as an assembly language– compatible extension of the then-successful Intel 8080, an 8-bit microproces- sor. The 8086 is a 16-bit architecture, with all internal registers 16 bits wide. Whereas the 8080 was a straightforward accumulator machine, the 8086 extended the architecture with additional registers. Because nearly every reg- ister has a dedicated use, the 8086 falls somewhere between an accumulator machine and a general-purpose register machine, and can fairly be called an extended accumulator machine. -
Lecture 1: Course Introduction G Course Organization G Historical Overview G Computer Organization G Why the MC68000? G Why Assembly Language?
Lecture 1: Course introduction g Course organization g Historical overview g Computer organization g Why the MC68000? g Why assembly language? Microprocessor-based System Design 1 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Course organization g Grading Instructor n Exams Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna g 1 midterm and 1 final Office: 401 Russ n Homework Tel:775-5120 g 4 problem sets (not graded) [email protected] n Quizzes http://www.cs.wright.edu/~rgutier g Biweekly Office hours: TBA n Laboratories g 5 Labs Teaching Assistant g Grading scheme Mohammed Tabrez Office: 339 Russ [email protected] Weight (%) Office hours: TBA Quizes 20 Laboratory 40 Midterm 20 Final Exam 20 Microprocessor-based System Design 2 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Course outline g Module I: Programming (8 lectures) g MC68000 architecture (2) g Assembly language (5) n Instruction and addressing modes (2) n Program control (1) n Subroutines (2) g C language (1) g Module II: Peripherals (9) g Exception processing (1) g Devices (6) n PI/T timer (2) n PI/T parallel port (2) n DUART serial port (1) g Memory and I/O interface (1) g Address decoding (2) Microprocessor-based System Design 3 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Brief history of computers GENERATION FEATURES MILESTONES YEAR NOTES Asia Minor, Abacus 3000BC Only replaced by paper and pencil Mech., Blaise Pascal, Pascaline 1642 Decimal addition (8 decimal figs) Early machines Electro- Charles Babbage Differential Engine 1823 Steam powered (3000BC-1945) mech. Herman Hollerith, -
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor Swetha Kogatam Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-924-1000 [email protected] ABSTRACT timed sequence through the bus system to output devices such as The world's first microprocessor, the 4004, was co-developed by CRT Screens, networks, or printers. In some cases, the terms Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators, and Intel, a U.S. 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the manufacturer of semiconductors. The basic architecture of 4004 same device. was developed in August 1969; a concrete plan for the 4004 The different ways in which microprocessors are categorized are: system was finalized in December 1969; and the first microprocessor was successfully developed in March 1971. a) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) Microprocessors, which became the "technology to open up a new b) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) era," brought two outstanding impacts, "power of intelligence" and "power of computing". First, microprocessors opened up a new a) VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers) "era of programming" through replacing with software, the b) Super scalar processors hardwired logic based on IC's of the former "era of logic". At the same time, microprocessors allowed young engineers access to "power of computing" for the creative development of personal 2. BIRTH OF THE MICROPROCESSOR computers and computer games, which in turn led to growth in the In 1970, Intel introduced the first dynamic RAM, which increased software industry, and paved the way to the development of high- IC memory by a factor of four. -
Memory Management
Memory Management Reading: Silberschatz chapter 9 Reading: Stallings chapter 7 EEL 358 1 Outline ¾ Background ¾ Issues in Memory Management ¾ Logical Vs Physical address, MMU ¾ Dynamic Loading ¾ Memory Partitioning Placement Algorithms Dynamic Partitioning ¾ Buddy System ¾ Paging ¾ Memory Segmentation ¾ Example – Intel Pentium EEL 358 2 Background ¾ Main memory → fast, relatively high cost, volatile ¾ Secondary memory → large capacity, slower, cheaper than main memory and is usually non volatile ¾ The CPU fetches instructions/data of a program from memory; therefore, the program/data must reside in the main (RAM and ROM) memory ¾ Multiprogramming systems → main memory must be subdivided to accommodate several processes ¾ This subdivision is carried out dynamically by OS and known as memory management EEL 358 3 Issues in Memory Management ¾ Relocation: Swapping of active process in and out of main memory to maximize CPU utilization Process may not be placed back in same main memory region! Ability to relocate the process to different area of memory ¾ Protection: Protection against unwanted interference by another process Must be ensured by processor (hardware) rather than OS ¾ Sharing: Flexibility to allow several process to access the same portions of the main memory ¾ Efficiency: Memory must be fairly allocated for high processor utilization, Systematic flow of information between main and secondary memory EEL 358 4 Binding of Instructions and Data to Memory Compiler → Generates Object Code Linker → Combines the Object code into -
Class-Action Lawsuit
Case 3:20-cv-00863-SI Document 1 Filed 05/29/20 Page 1 of 279 Steve D. Larson, OSB No. 863540 Email: [email protected] Jennifer S. Wagner, OSB No. 024470 Email: [email protected] STOLL STOLL BERNE LOKTING & SHLACHTER P.C. 209 SW Oak Street, Suite 500 Portland, Oregon 97204 Telephone: (503) 227-1600 Attorneys for Plaintiffs [Additional Counsel Listed on Signature Page.] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF OREGON PORTLAND DIVISION BLUE PEAK HOSTING, LLC, PAMELA Case No. GREEN, TITI RICAFORT, MARGARITE SIMPSON, and MICHAEL NELSON, on behalf of CLASS ACTION ALLEGATION themselves and all others similarly situated, COMPLAINT Plaintiffs, DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL v. INTEL CORPORATION, a Delaware corporation, Defendant. CLASS ACTION ALLEGATION COMPLAINT Case 3:20-cv-00863-SI Document 1 Filed 05/29/20 Page 2 of 279 Plaintiffs Blue Peak Hosting, LLC, Pamela Green, Titi Ricafort, Margarite Sampson, and Michael Nelson, individually and on behalf of the members of the Class defined below, allege the following against Defendant Intel Corporation (“Intel” or “the Company”), based upon personal knowledge with respect to themselves and on information and belief derived from, among other things, the investigation of counsel and review of public documents as to all other matters. INTRODUCTION 1. Despite Intel’s intentional concealment of specific design choices that it long knew rendered its central processing units (“CPUs” or “processors”) unsecure, it was only in January 2018 that it was first revealed to the public that Intel’s CPUs have significant security vulnerabilities that gave unauthorized program instructions access to protected data. 2. A CPU is the “brain” in every computer and mobile device and processes all of the essential applications, including the handling of confidential information such as passwords and encryption keys. -
THE MICROPROCESSOR Z Z the BEGINNING
z THE MICROPROCESSOR z z THE BEGINNING The construction of microprocessors was made possible thanks to LSI (Silicon Gate Technology) developed by the Italian Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968. From the 1980s onwards microprocessors are practically the only CPU implementation. z HOW DO MICROPROCESSOR WORK? Most microprocessor work digitally, transforming all the input information into a code of binary number (1 or 0 is called a bit, 8 bit is called byte) z THE FIRST MICROPROCESSOR Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon- gate MOS technology (1968 Milestone) to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. z WHAT WAS INTEL 4004 USED FOR? The Intel 4004 was the world's first microprocessor—a complete general-purpose CPU on a single chip. Released in March 1971, and using cutting-edge silicon- gate technology, the 4004 marked the beginning of Intel's rise to global dominance in the processor industry. z THE FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH MICROPROCESSOR MS-DOSIBM introduces its Personal Computer (PC)The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. z BIOHACKER z WHO ARE BIOHACKER? Biohackers, also called hackers of life, are people and communities that do biological research in the hacker style: outside the institutions, in an open form, sharing information.