The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation &
11ustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings
~~ u.s. Department of the Interior National Park Service Cultural Resources Heritage Preservation Services The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Historic Preservation Projects with Guidelines for Applying the Standards were written in 1976 by W. Brown Morton III and Gary L. Hume (the ten Standards for Rehabili tation and their guidelines have been the most-used component of this larger document which also contains standards and guidelines for acquisition, protection, stabilization, preservation, restoration, and reconstruc tion). The guidelines to the rehabilitation standards were revised and expanded in 1983 by Gary L. Hume and Kay D. Weeks and issued together with the 1976 standards as a separate book entitled The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation with Guidelines for Applying the Standards. The 1976 Standards for Rehabilitation were revised in 1990 by Gary L. Hume, H. Ward Jandl,and Kay D. Weeks following a public commenting period.
The Secretary of the Interior's Standard's for Rehabilitation and Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings / W. Brown Morton III ... ret al.l ; Anne E. Grimmer and Kay D. Weeks, project directors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Architecture-United States-Conservation and restoration Standards. 2. Historic buildings-United States-Conservation and restoration-Standards. I. Morton, W. Brown. n. Grimmer, Anne E.. III. Weeks, Kay D. N. United States. National Park Service. Preservation Assistance Division. V. Title: Illustrated guidelines for rehabilitating historic buildings. NA106.S41991 720' .28'8021873-dc20 91-27060 CIP
For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents. Mail Stop: SSOP. WHshinglOn. DC 20402-932R ISBN 0-16-035979-1 The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation & Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings
W. BROWN MORTON III • GARY L.HUME · KAY D. WEEKS · H . WARD JANDL
ANNE E. GRIMMER AND KAY D. WEEKS Project Directors
u.s. Department of the Interior National Park Service Heritage Preservation Services
Washington, D.C. Reprinted 1997 Contents
Acknowledgements 111 Building Interior Structural Systems 47 Foreword IV Building Interior The Secretary of the Interior's Spaces, Features, and Finishes 53 Standards for Rehabilitation V Building Interior Guidelines for Rehabilitating Mechanical Systems 61 Historic Buildings Vlll Building Site 67 Building Exterior Masonry 1 Setting District or Neighborhood 75
Building Exterior Energy Conservation 83 Wood 9 New Additions Building Exterior to Historic Buildings 89 Architectural Metals 17 Accessibility Considerations 95 Building Exterior Roofs 23 Health and Safety Considerations 99 Building Exterior Windows 29 Appendix Building Exterior Entrances and Porches 35 Technical Guidance Publications 105
Building Exterior Storefronts 41
Contents i Photo Credit for Book Cover
FrontlBack Covers: Residential rehabilitation, Seattle, Washington. © 1991. Mary Randlett. Photo Credits for Chapter Heads
Building Exterior-Masonry. Jack E. Boucher, HABS. Building Exterior-Wood. Jack E. Boucher, HABS. ! Building Exterior-Architectural Metals. Cervin Robinson, HABS.
Building Exterior-Roofs. Jack E. Boucher, HABS.
Building Exterior-Windows. Jack E. Boucher, HABS. Building Exterior-Entrances and Porches. Jack E. Boucher, HABS.
Building Exterior-Storefronts. Jack E. Boucher, HABS. Building Interior-Structural Systems. Cervin Robinson, HABS. !, ... Building Interior-Spaces, Features and Finishes. Brooks Photographers, HABS Collection. Building Interior-Mechanical Systems. National Park Service Files.
Building Site. Jack E. Boucher, HABS.
Setting (District or Neighborhood). Charles Ashton.
Energy Conservation. Laura A. Muckenfuss.
New Additions to Historic Buildings. Rodney Gary.
Accessibility Considerations. Department of Cultural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina. Health and Safety Considerations. National Park Service Files.
11 Photography Credits Acknowledgements
T he illustrated version of the Standards and Guidelines for Rehabilitation was developed by the Technical Preservation Services Branch, Preservation Assistance Division of the National Park Service. Project Directors Anne E. Grimmer and Ka yD. Weeks wish to thank those profes sional staff members who assisted in the book's preparation by providing technical review of the text, conducting photo research, and taking photographs. They include Michael J. Auer, Charles E. Fisher, Thomas C. Jester, Lauren G. Meier, ASLA, and Sharon C. Park, AlA. Tim Buehner prepared several technical draw ings. Special thanks go to Jack E. Boucher and Catherine LaVoie of the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) who were especially helpful in conducting photographic research. Boucher's work appears throughout the book. Mary Randlett's photograph of ongoing rehabili tation work is featured on the cover.
All photographs and drawings included in this publication not individually credited have been selected from National Park Service Files. oc ] ;3 :;3 ~------~~ Acknowledgements iii Foreword
A banner year, 1991 marks the 75th appropriateness of work treatments for anniversary of the National Park Service every grant-in-aid and Tax Act project as well as 25 years of preservation over a 25-year period. By emphasizing achievements resulting from passage of repair over replacement, and limited the National Historic Preservation Act of rather than wholesale change to accom 1966. Publication of the illustrated Guide modate new uses, the Standards and their lines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings accompanying Guidelines seek to ensure fittingly coincides with the celebration of the preservation of those qualities for this important Act that created our Na which each property was listed in the tional Register programs and established a National Register. solid Federal/State partnership nation wide. Since 1966, over 800,000 properties Finally, this illustrated version of the have been placed in the National Register Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic of Historic Places through the joint efforts Buildings has been designed to enhance of State Historic Preservation Offices, overall understanding of basic preserva Federal agencies, Certified Local Govern tion principles. Showing specific examples ments, and the private sector. Over the of appropriate treatments as well as the past quarter century, historic preservation consequences of inappropriate treatments grants to the States for survey, planning is just another aspect of a sustained effort and rehabilitation have amounted to to encourage the most respectful ap nearly $600 million, an investment total proaches possible in rehabilitating our ing close to $1.2 billion with the inclusion nation's irreplaceable historic properties. of matching non-Federal funds. Addition ally, the Preservation Tax Incentives, now in their 14th year, have contributed to the
HA BS Collection rehabilitation of nearly 22,000 historic properties, representing an investment of almost $15 billion in private funds.
The Secretary of the Interior's Standards are of particular relevance here because they have been used to determine the iv Foreword The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation Introduction to the Standards The Secretary of the Interior is responsible over the years - particularly to determine for establishing standards for all programs if a rehabilitation qualifies as a Certified under Departmental authority and for Rehabilitation for Federal purposes. In advising Federal agencies on the preserva addition, the Standards have guided tion of historic properties listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of His toric Places. In partial fulfillment of this responsibility, the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Historic Preservation Projects have been developed to guide work under taken on historic buildings; there are sepa rate standards for acquisition, protection, stabilization, preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, and reconstruction. The Stan dards for Rehabilitation (codified in 36 CFR 67) comprise that section of the overall preservation project standards and addresses the most prevalent treatment. "Rehabilita tion" is defined as "the process of returning a property to a state of utility, through repair or alteration, which makes possible an efficient contemporary use while preserv ing those portions and features of the prop erty which are significant to its historic, architectural, and cultural values."
Initially developed by the Secretary of the Interior to determine the appropriateness of proposed project work on registered Federal agencies in carrying out their his properties within the Historic Preservation toric preservation responsibilities for Fund grant-in-aid program, the Standards properties in Federal ownership or control; for Rehabilitation have been widely used and State and local officials in reviewing
Introduction to the Standards v r ... I both Federal and nonfederal rehabilitation of the historic building. This can include proposals. They have also been adopted by using improper rep ointing or exterior historic district and planning commissions masonry cleaning techniques, or introduc across the country. ing insulation that damages historic fabric. In almost all of these situations, use of The intent of the Standards is to assist the these materials and treatments will result long-term preservation of a property's in a project that does not meet the Stan significance through the preservation of dards. Similarly, exterior additions that ". . historic materials and features. The Stan duplicate the form, material, and detailing dards pertain to historic buildings of all of the structure to the extent that they materials, construction types, sizes, and compromise the historic character of the occupancy and encompass the exterior and structure will fail to meet the Standards. interior of the buildings. They also encom pass related landscape features and the The Secretary of the Interior's Standards building'S site and environment, as well as for Rehabilitation attached, adjacent, or related new con struction. To be certified for Federal tax The Standards (Department of Interior purposes, a rehabilitation project must be regulations, 36 CFR 67) pertain to historic determined by the Secretary to be consis buildings of all materials, construction tent with the historic character of the types, sizes, and occupancy and encompass structure(s), and where applicable, the the exterior and the interior, related land district in which it is located. scape features and the building's site and environment as well as attached, adjacent, As stated in the definition, the treatment or related new construction. The Stan "rehabilitation" assumes that at least some dards are to be applied to specific rehabili repair or alteration of the historic building tation projects in a reasonable manner, will be needed in order to provide for an taking into consideration economic and efficient contemporary use; however, these technical feasibility. repairs and alterations must not damage or destroy materials, features or finishes that 1. A property shall be used for its historic are importa'nt in defining the building's purpose or be placed in a new use that historic character. For example, certain requires minimal change to the defining treatments -if improperly applied-may characteristics of the building and its site cause or accelerate physical deterioration and environment. vi Standards for Rehabilitation 2. The historic character of a property shall 7. Chemical or physical treatments, such be retained and preserved. The removal of as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic materials or alteration of features historic materials shall not be used. The and spaces that characterize a property surface cleaning of structures, if appropri shall be avoided. ate, shall be undertaken using the gentlest means possible. 3. Each property shall be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. 8. Significant archeological resources af Changes that create a false sense of histori fected by a project shall be protected cal development, such as adding conjec and preserved. If such resources must tural features or architectural elements be disturbed, mitigation measures shall from other buildings, shall not be under be undertaken. taken. 9. New additions, exterior alterations, or 4. Most properties change over time; those related new construction shall not destroy changes that have acquired historic signifi historic materials that characterize the cance in their own right shall be retained property. The new work shall be differenti and preserved. ated from the old and shall be compatible with the massing, size, scale, and architec 5. Distinctive features, finishes, and con tural features to protect the historic integ struction techniques or examples of crafts rity of the property and its environment. manship that characterize a property shall be preserved. 10. New additions and adjacent or related 6. Deteriorated historic features shall be new construction shall be undertaken in repaired rather than replaced. Where such a manner that if removed in the the severity of deterioration requires re future, the essential form and integrity of placement of a distinctive feature, the the historic property and its environment new feature shall match the old in design, would be unimpaired. color, texture, and other visual qualities and, where possible, materials. Replace ment of missing features shall be sub stantiated by documentary, physical, or pictorial evidence.
Standards for Rehabilitation vii Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings Introduction to the Guidelines The Guidelines for Rehabilitating His cannot tell owners or developers which toric Buildings were initially developed in features of their own historic building are 1977 to help property owners, developers, important in defining the historic charac and Federal managers apply the SecretaOry ter and must be preserved-although of the Interior's "Standards for Rehabilita examples are provided in each section tion" during the project planning stage by or which features could be altered, if providing general design and technical necessary, for the new use. This kind of recommendations. Unlike the Standards, careful case-by-case decision-making is the Guidelines are not codified as program best accomplished by seeking assistance from qualified historic preservation pro fessionals in the planning stage of the project. Such professionals include archi tects, architectural historians, historians, archeologists, and others who are skilled in the preservation, rehabilitation, and restoration of the historic properties.
The Guidelines pertain to historic build ings of all sizes, materials, occupancy, and construction types; and apply to interior and exterior work as well as new exterior Drawing: Nicholas Satterlee additions. Those approaches, treatments, requirements. Together with the "Stan and techniques that are consistent with the dards for Rehabilitation," they provide a Secretary of the Interior's "Standards for model process for owners, developers, and Rehabilitation" are listed in the "Recom Federal agency managers to follow. mended" column on the left; those ap proaches, treatments, and techniques The Guidelines are intended to assist in which could adversely affect a building's applying the Standards to projects gener historic character are listed in the "Not ally; consequently, they are not meant to Recommended" column on the right. give case-specific advice or address excep tions or rare instances. For example, they viii Introduction to the Guidelines To provide clear and consistent guidance Identify, Retain, and Preserve for owners, developers, and Federal The guidance that is basic to the treatment agency managers to follow, the "Recom of all historic buildings-identifying, mended" courses of action in each section retaining, and preserving the form and are listed in order of historic preservation detailing of those architectural materials concerns so that a rehabilitation project and features that are important in defining may be successfully planned and com the historic character-is always listed pleted-one that, first, assures the preser first in the "Recommended" column. The vation of a building's important or parallel "Not Recommended" column lists "character-defining" architectural materi the types of actions that are most apt to als and features and, second, makes pos cause the diminution or even loss of the sible an efficient contemporary use. Reha building's historic character. It should be bilitation guidance in each section begins remembered, however, that such loss of with protection and maintenance, that character is just as often caused by the work which should be maximized in every cumulative effect of a series of actions that project to enhance overall preservation would seem to be minor interventions. goals. Next, where some deterioration is Thus, the guidance in all of the "Not present, repair of the building's historic Recommended" columns must be viewed materials and features is recommended. in that larger context, e.g., for the total Finally, when deterioration is so extensive impact on a historic building. that repair is not possible, the most prob lematic area of work is considered: replacement of historic materials and Protect and Maintain features with new materials. After identifying those materials and features that are important and must be To further guide the owner and developer retained in the process of rehabilitation in planning a successful rehabilitation pro work, then protecting and maintaining ject, those complex design issues dealing them are addressed. Protection generally with new use requirements such as alter involves the least degree of intervention ations and additions are highlighted at the and is preparatory to other work. For end of each section to underscore the need example, protection includes the mainte for particular sensitivity in these areas. nance of historic material through treat-
Introduction to the Guidelines ix ments such as rust removal, caulking, limi itself convey the visual appearance of the ted paint removal, and re-application of remaining parts of the feature and finish. protective coating; the cyclical cleaning of roof gutter systems; or installation of fenc Replace ing, protective plywood, alarm systems and other temporary protective measures. Following repair in the hierarchy, guid Although a historic building will usually ance is provided for replacing an entire require more extensive work, an overall evaluation of its physical condition should always begin at this level.
Repair Next, when the physical condition of 1 character-defining materials and features warrants additional work repairing is recommended. Guidance for the repair of historic materials such as masomy, wood, and architectural metals again begins with . I , the least degree of intervention possible ~ such as patching, piecing-in, splicing, consolidating, or otherwise reinforcing or character-defining feature with new mate upgrading them according to recognized rial because the level of deterioration or preservation methods. Repairing also damage of materials precludes repair (for includes the limited replacement in kind example, an exterior cornice; an interior or with compatible substitute material staircase; or a complete porch or store of extensively deteriorated or missing parts front). If the essential form and detailing of features when there are surviving proto are still evident so that the physical evi types (for example, brackets, dentils, steps, dence can be used to re-establish the plaster, or portions of slate or tile roofing). feature as an integral part of the rehabilita Although using the same kind of material tion project, then its replacement is appro is always the preferred option, substitute priate. Like the guidance for repair, the material is acceptable if the form and preferred option is always replacement of design as well as the substitute material the entire feature in kind, that is, with the x Introduction to the Guidelines same material. Because this approach may new feature based on such information is not always be technically or economically appropriate. However, a second accept feasible, provisions are made to consider able option for the replacement feature is a the use of a compatible substitute material.
It should be noted that, while the National Park Service guidelines recommend the replacement of an entire character-defining feature under certain well-defined circum stances, they never recommend removal and replacement with new material of a feature that-although damaged or deteriorated-could reasonably be re paired and thus preserved.
Design for Missing Historic Features When an entire interior or exterior feature is missing (for example, an entrance, or cast iron facade; or a principal staircase), it no longer plays a role in physically defin ing the historic character of the building unless it can be accurately recovered in form and detailing through the process of carefully documenting the historical appearance. Where an important architec tural feature is missing, its recovery is always recommended in the guidelines as new design that is compatible with the the first or preferred, course of action. remaining character-defining features of Thus, if adequate historical, pictorial, and the historic building. The new design physical documentation exists so that the should always take into account the size, feature may be accurately reproduced, and scale, and material of the historic building if it is desirable to re-establish the feature itself and, most importantly, should be as part of the building's historical appear clearly differentiated so that a false histori ance, then designing and constructing a cal appearance is not created.
Introduction to the Guidelines xi Alterations/Additions to Historic Buildings building and so that the character-defining features are not radically changed, Some exterior and interior alterations to obscured, damaged, or destroyed. historic building are generally needed to assure its continued use, but it is most Additions to historic buildings are refer important that such alterations do not enced within specific sections of the radically change, obscure, or destroy guidelines such as Site, Roof, Structural character-defining spaces, materials, Systems, etc., but are also considered in features, or finishes. Alterations may more detail in a separate section, New include providing additional parking space Additions to Historic Buildings. on an existing historic building site; cutting new entrances or windows on secondary Energy Conservation/Accessibility elevations; inserting an additional floor; ConsiderationslHealth and Safety installing an entirely new mechanical Code Considerations system; or creating an atrium or light well. Alteration may also include the selective These sections of the rehabilitation gui removal of buildings or other features of dance address work done to meet access the environment or building site that are ibility requirements and health and safety intrusive and therefore detract from the code requirements; or retrofitting mea overall historic character. sures to conserve energy. Although this work is quite often an important aspect of rehabilitation projects, it is usually not a The construction of an exterior addition to part of the overall process of protecting or a historic building may seem to be essential repairing character-defining features; for the new use, but it is emphasized in the rather, such work is assessed for it poten guidelines that such new additions should tial negative impact on the building's be avoided, if possible, and considered historic character. For this reason, particu only after it is determined that those needs lar care must be taken not to radically cannot be met by altering secondary, i.e., change, obscure, damage, or destroy non character-defining interior spaces. If, character-defining materials or features in after a thorough evaluation of interior the process of undertaking work to meet solutions, an exterior addition is still various code requirements. judged to be the only viable alterative, it should be designed and constructed to be clearly differentiated from the historic xii Introduction to the Guidelines Building Exterior Masonry
BRICK
STONE
TERRA COTTA
CONCRETE
ADOBE
STUCCO
M ORTAR The longevity and appearance of a ma Mortar is used to bond together masonry Building sonry wall is dependent upon the size of the units. Historic mortar was generally quite individual units and the mortar. soft, consisting primarily of lime and sand Exterior with other additives. After 1880, portland Stone is one of the more lasting of masonry cement was usually added resulting in a building materials and has been used more rigid and non-absorbing mortar. Like Masonry throughout the history of American build historic mortar, early stucco coatings were ing construction. The kinds of stone most also heavily lime-based, increasing in commonly encountered on historic build hardness with the addition of portland ings in the U.S. include various types of cement in the late 19th century. Concrete sandstone, limestone, marble, granite, slate has a long history, being variously made of and fieldstone. Brick varied considerably in tabby, volcanic ash and, later, of natural size and quality. Before 1870, brick clays hydraulic cements, before the introduction were pressed into molds and were often of portland cement in the 1870s. Since unevenly fired. The quality of brick de then, concrete has also been used in its pended on the type of clay available and precast form. the brick-making techniques; by the 1870s-with the perfection of an extrusion While masonry is among the most durable process-bricks became more uniform and of historic building materials, it is also very durable. Terra cotta is also a kiln-dried clay susceptible to damage by improper mainte product popular from the late 19th century nance or repair techniques and harsh or until the 1930s. The development of the abrasive cleaning methods. steel-frame office buildings in the early 20th century contributed to the widespread use of architectural terra cotta. Adobe, which consists of sun-dried earthen bricks, was one of the earliest permanent building materials used in the U.S., primarily in the Southwest where it is still popular.
2 Building Exterior Masonry Recommended Not Recommended Identify, retain, and preseroe Identifying, retaining, and preserving masonry Removing or radically changing masonry features which are features that are important in defining the overall important in defining the overall historic character of the building historic character of the building such as walls, so that, as a result, the character is diminished. brackets, railings, cornices, window architraves, Replacing or rebuilding a major portion of exterior masonry walls door pediments, steps, and columns and details that could be repaired so that, as a result, the building is no longer such as tooling and bonding patterns, coatings, historic and is essentially new construction. and color. Applying paint or other coatings such as stucco to masonry that has been historically unpainted or uncoated to create a new appearance. Removing paint from historically painted masonry. Radically changing the type of paint or coating or its color.
Protect and maintain Protecting and maintaining masonry by provid Failing to evaluate and treat the various causes of mortar joint ing proper drainage so that water does not stand deterioration such as leaking roofs or gutters, differential settlement on flat, horizontal surfaces or accumulate in of the building, capillary action, or extreme weather exposure. curved decorative features.
Cleaning masonry only when necessary to halt Cleaning masonry surfaces when they are not heavily soiled to deterioration or remove heavy soiling. create a new appearance, thus needlessly introducing chemicals or moisture into historic materials. Graffiti applied with a felt tipped marker to polished Carrying out masonry surface cleaning tests after Cleaning masonry surfaces without testing or without sufficient granite is being removed with a misture of solvents. The it has been determined that such cleaning is time for the testing results to be of value. slight ghost outline was appropriate. Tests should be observed over a successfully eliminated using the same solvent mixture in sufficient period of time so that both the immedi a clay poultice, followed by ate and the long range effects are known to a thorough detergent and water rinse. enable selection of the gentlest method possible.
Building Exterior Masonry 3 When this brick wall was sand bLasted, a down spout (since removed) protected the originaL smooth surface of the center strip from damage.
Recommended Not Recommended
Cleaning masonry surfaces with the gentlest Sandblasting brick or stone surfaces using dry or wet grit or other method possible, such as low pressure water and abrasives. These methods of cleaning permanently erode the detergents, using natural bristle brushes. surface of the material and accelerate deterioration. Using a cleaning method that involves water or liquid chemical solutions when there is any possibility of freezing temperatures. Cleaning with chemical products that will damage masonry, such as using acid on limestone or marble, or leaving chemicals on masonry surfaces. Applying high pressure water cleaning methods that will damage historic masonry and the mortar joints.
Too hard and inflexible a mortar Inspecting painted masonry surfaces to deter Removing paint that is firmly adhering to, and thus protecting, has caused this soft, mine whether repainting is necessary. masonry surfaces. 18th century brick to spall. Removing damaged or deteriorated paint only Using methods of removing paint which are destructive to ma to the next sound layer using the gentlest sonry, such as sandblasting, application of caustic solutions, or method possible (e.g., handscraping) high pressure waterblasting. prior to repainting.
Applying compatible paint coating systems Failing to follow manufacturers' product and application instruc following proper surface preparation. tions when repainting masonry. Repainting with colors that are historically Using new paint colors that are inappropriate to the historic appropriate to the building and district. building and district. 4 Building Exterior Masonry Recommended Not Recommended
Evaluating the overall condition of the masonry Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the protection to determine whether more than protection and of masonry features. maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to the masonry features will be necessary.
Repair Repairing masonry walls and other masonry Removing nondeteriorated mortar from sound joints, then features by rep ointing the mortar joints where repointing the entire building to achieve a uniform appearance. there is evidence of deterioration such as disinte grating mortar, cracks in mortar joints, loose bricks, damp walls, or damaged plasterwork.
Composite patching with a cementitious mixture is being used to repair eroded areas of this sandstone facade.
5 Moisture from a faulty roof and drainage system has been trapped inside this limestone cornice by a waterproof coating, causing severe damage to the ti' stone. --iiiiiiiiiiiiiil1..c ui 1 ~ L-___-'''' ..c
Recommended Not Recommended
Removing deteriorated mortar by carefully Using electric saws and hammers rather than hand tools to hand-raking the joints to avoid damaging remove deteriorated mortar from joints prior to repointing. the masonry. Duplicating old mortar in strength, composition, Repointing with mortar of high portland cement content (unless color, and texture. it is the content of the historic mortar). This can often create a bond that is stronger than the historic material and can cause damage as a result of the differing coefficient of expansion and the differing porosity of the material and the mortar. Repointing with a synthetic caulking compound. Using a "scrub" coating technique to repoint instead of tradi tional repointing methods. Duplicating old mortar joints in width and in Changing the width or joint profile when rep ointing. joint profile.
Repairing stucco by removing the damaged Removing sound stucco; or repairing with new stucco that is Excessive moisture has damaged material and patching with new stucco that stronger than the historic material or does not convey the same not only the stuc coed wall surface, duplicates the old in strength, composition, visual appearance. but also the brick color, and texture. substrate. Using mud plaster as a surface coating over Applying cement stucco to unfired, unstabilized adobe. Because unfired, unstabilized adobe because the mud the cement stucco will not bond properly, moisture can become plaster will bond to the adobe. entrapped between materials, resulting in accelerated deteriora tion of the adobe. 6 Building Exterior Masonry Recommended Not Recommended
Cutting damaged concrete back to remove the Patching concrete without removing the source of deterioration. source of deterioration (often corrosion on metal reinforcement bars). The new patch must be applied carefully so it will bond satisfactorily with, and match, the historic concrete.
Repairing masonry features by patching, piec Replacing an entire masonry feature such as a cornice or balus ing-in, or consolidating the masonry using trade when repair of the masonry and limited replacement of recognized preservation methods. Repair may deteriorated or missing parts are appropriate. also include the limited replacement in kind -or with compatible substitute material-of those Using a substitute material for the replacement part that does not extensively deteriorated or missing parts of convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the ma masonry features when there are surviving sonry feature or that is physically or chemically incompatible. prototypes such as terra-cotta brackets or stone balusters.
Applying new or non-historic surface treatments Applying waterproof, water repellent, or non-historic coating such as water-repellent coatings to masonry only such as stucco to masonry as a substitute for repointing and after repointing and only if masonry repairs masonry repairs. Coatings are frequently unnecessary, expensive, have failed to arrest water penetration problems. and may change the appearance of historic masonry as well as accelerate its deterioration.
Hoi Co ld Nomu.1 (Bricks exp~nd ) (Bricks contnlctl
A. Fkxible Mortar (lime) 'l ~ , ~~.;"~ < ~.~~.:.
~ ~ ~ I MIo rtar co mprH.SeS ~Mortart'lvtH Flexible mortar expands and contracts with temperature changes. Bricks bonded by inflexible mortar tend to spall at the edges ~ ~ in hot weather and separate from the 8. Inneld ble Mort u .;.~., ... ;::;. ;....:..::.; ....j .:'~".. , (Cement) mortar when it is cold. Temperature ~ fluctuations result in cracks which permit ~ 0: ~\'\ water to enter, causing additional I ISp~lina Crltoo open up deterioration.
Building Exterior Masonry 7 Recommended Not Recommended Replace Replacing in kind an entire masonry feature that Removing a masonry feature that is unrepairable and not replac is too deteriorated to repair-if the overall form ing it; or replacing it with a new feature that does not convey the and detailing are still evident-using the physi same visual appearance. cal evidence as a model to reproduce the feature. Examples can include large sections of a wall, a Design for Missing Historic Features cornice, balustrade, column, or stairway. If The following work is highlighted to indicate that it repre using the same kind of material is not techni sents the particularly complex technical or design aspects of cally or economically feasible, then a compatible rehabilitation projects and should only be considered after substitute material may be considered. the preservation concerns listed above have been addressed.
Recommended Designing and installing a new masonry feature such as steps or a door pediment when the historic feature is completely missing. It may be an accurate restoration using historical, pictorial, and physical documentation; or be a new design that is compatible with the size, scale, material, and color of the historic building.
Not Recommended Creating a false historical appearance because the replaced masonry feature is based on insufficient historical, pictorial, and physical documentation. Introducing a new masonry feature that is incompatible in size, scale, material and color.
Coving-the hollowing out of an adobe wall just above grade-may be caused by standing rainwater, rainwater splash-up from the ground, or by salts deposited in the adobe by moisture evaporation. This adobe wall is being patched in the traditional manner with adobe mud. Building Exterior Wood
CLAPBOARD WEATHERBOARD S HINGLES AND OTHER WOODEN SIDING AND D ECORATIVE ELEMENTS B ecause it can be easily shaped by Building sawing, planing, carving, and gouging, wood is used for architec Exterior tural features such as clapboard, cornices, brackets, entablatures, shutters, columns and balustrades. Wood These wooden features, both functional and decorative, may be important in defining the historic character of the building and thus their retention, protection, and repair are important in rehabilita tion projects.
Wood has played a central role in American buildings during every period and in every style. Whether as structural membering, exterior cladding, roofing, interior finishes, or decorative features, wood is frequently an essential component of historic and older buildings.
10 Building Exterior Wood Recommended Not Recommended Identify, retain, and preserve Identifying, retaining, and preserving wood Removing or radically changing wood features which are impor features that are important in defining the overall tant in defining the overall historic character of the building so historic character of the building such as siding, that, as a result, the character is diminished. cornices, brackets, window architraves, and Removing a major portion of the historic wood from a facade doorway pediments; and their paints, finishes, instead of repairing or replacing only the deteriorated wood, then and colors. reconstructing the facade with new material in order to achieve a Due to lack of uniform or "improved" appearance. maintenance, the paint has peeled to bare wood. Radically changing the type of finish or its color or accent scheme In order to survive, so that the historic character of the exterior is diminished. this cornice will need to be scraped, Stripping historically painted surfaces to bare wood, then applying sanded, and re painted together clear finishes or stains in order to create a "natural look. " with other essen tial repairs. Stripping paint or varnish to bare wood rather than repairing or reapplying a special finish, i.e., a grained finish to an exterior wood feature such as a front door.
Protect and maintain Protecting and maintaining wood features by Failing to identify, evaluate, and treat the causes of wood deteriora providing proper drainage so that water is not tion, including faulty flashing, leaking gutters, cracks and holes in allowed to stand on flat, horizontal surfaces or siding, deteriorated caulking in joints and seams, plant material accumulate in decorative features. growing too close to wood surfaces, or insect or fungus infestation.
Applying chemical preservatives to wood features Using chemical preservatives such as creosote which can change the such as beam ends or outriggers that are exposed appearance of wood features unless they were used historically. to decay hazards and are traditionally unpainted.
Building Exterior Wood 11 Recommended Not Recommended
Retaining coatings such as paint that help protect Stripping paint or other coatings to reveal bare wood, thus the wood from moisture and ultraviolet light. exposing historically coated surfaces to the effects of Paint removal should be considered only where accelerated weathering. there is paint surface deterioration and as part of an overall maintenance program which involves repainting or applying other appropriate protec tive coatings.
Inspecting painted wood surfaces to determine Removing paint that is firmly adhering to, and thus, protecting whether repainting is necessary or if cleaning is all wood surfaces. that is required. Replacing an entire wood feature such as a cornice or wall when If a character repair of the wood and limited replacement of deteriorated or defining feature is missing, it should missing parts are appropriate. be replaced with a matching feature. Using substitute material for the replacement part that does not This shop artisan convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the wood used traditiollal tools to replicate a feature or that is physically or chemically incompatible. missing porch bracket; after the new bracket is painted, both original and duplicate will be installed on-site.
Removing damaged or deteriorated paint to the Using destructive paint removal methods such as a propane or next sound layer using the gentlest method butane torches, sandblasting or water blasting. These methods can possible (handscraping and handsanding), irreversibly damage historic woodwork. then repainting.
12 Building Exterior Wood Deteriorated clapboards are being selectively replaced, thereby maximizing retention of the historic siding.
Recommended Not Recommended
Using with care electric hot-air guns on decora Using thermal devices improperly so that the historic woodwork tive wood features and electric heat plates on flat is scorched. wood surfaces when paint is so deteriorated that total removal is necessary prior to repainting.
Using chemical strippers primarily to supplement Failing to neutralize the wood thoroughly after using chemicals so other methods such as handscraping, that new paint does not adhere. handsanding and the above-recommended thermal devices. Detachable wooden elements Allowing detachable wood features to soak too long in a such as shutters, doors, and columns may caustic solution so that the wood grain is raised and the with the proper safeguards-be chemically surface roughened. dip-stripped.
Applying compatible paint coating systems Failing to follow manufacturers' product and application instruc following proper surface preparation. tions when repainting exterior woodwork.
Building Exterior Wood 13 Recommended Not Recommended
Repainting with colors that are appropriate to the Using new colors that are inappropriate to the historic building historic building and district. or district.
Evaluating the overall condition of the wood to Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the protection of determine whether more than protection and wood features. maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to wood features will be necessary.
Repair Repairing wood features by patching, piecing-in, Replacing an entire wood feature such as a cornice or wall when consolidating, or otherwise reinforcing the wood repair of the wood and limited replacement of deteriorated or using recognized preservation methods. Repair missing parts are appropriate. may also include the limited replacement in Using substitute material for the replacement part that does not kind-or with compatible substitute material convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the wood of those extensively deteriorated or missing parts feature or that is physically or chemically incompatible. of features where there are surviving prototypes such as brackets, molding, or sections of siding.
Replace Replacing in kind an entire wood feature that is Removing an entire wood feature that is unrepairable and not too deteriorated to repair-if the overall form replacing it; or replacing it with a new feature that does not convey and detailing are still evident-using the physical the same visual appearance. evidence as a model to reproduce th~ feature. Examples of wood features include a cornice, entablature or balustrade. If using the same kind of material is not technically or economically To replace deteriorated portions of the feasible, then a compatible substitute material column, strips of new wood were milled to may be considered. conform to the shape and appearance of the old column framework, glued in place, then back-primed and painted.
14 Building Exterior Wood Design for Missing Historic Features The following work is highlighted to indicate that it represents the particularly complex technical or design aspects of rehabili tation projects and should only be considered after the preser vation concerns listed above have been addressed.
Recommended Designing and installing a new wood feature such as a cornice or doorway when the historic feature is completely missing. It may be an accurate restoration using historical, pictorial, and physical documentation; or be a new design that is compatible with the size, scale, material, and color of the historic building.
Not Recommended Creating a false historical appearance because the replaced wood feature is based on insufficient historical, pictorial, and physical documentation. Introducing a new wood feature that is incompatible in size, scale, material and color.
As protection from the extremes of weather, paint should be re-applied to exterior wood on a regular basis.
Building Exterior Wood 15
Building Exterior Architectural Metals
CAST IRON
STEEL
PRESSED TIN
COPPER
ALUMINUM
ZINC Architectural metal features-such as cast Building iron facades, porches, and steps; sheet metal cornices, siding, roofs, roof cresting Exterior and storefronts; and cast or rolled metal doors, window sash, entablatures, and hardware-are often highly decorative and Architectural may be important in defining the overall Metals historic character of the building. Metals commonly used in historic buildings include lead, tin, zinc, copper, bronze, brass, iron, steel, and to a lesser extent, nickel alloys, stainless steel and aluminum. Historic metal building components were often created by highly skilled, local arti sans, and by the late 19th century, many of these components were prefabricated and readily available from catalogs in standard ized sizes and designs.
18 Building Exterior Architectural Metals Recommended Not Recommended
Identify~ retain~ and preseroe Identifying, retaining, and preserving architec Removing or radically changing architectural metal features which tural metal features such as columns, capitals, are important in defining the overall historic character of the window hoods, or stairways that are important in building so that, as a result, the character is diminished. defining the overall historic character of the Removing a major portion of the historic architectural metal from building; and their finishes and colors. Identifica a facade instead of repairing or replacing only the deteriorated tion is also critical to differentiate between metals metal, then reconstructing the facade with new material in order to li' prior to work. Each metal has unique properties g create a uniform, or "improved" appearance. .g and thus requires different treatments . oj Radically changing the type of finish or its historic color or ! accent scheme. @ t: .....== The decorative cast-iron storefront column Protect and maintain was sandblasted in order to remove flaking Protecting and maintaining architectural metals Failing to identify, evaluate, and treat the causes of corrosion, such paint and rust prior to repainting. Unlike soft metals such as copper and tin, which from corrosion by providing proper drainage as moisture from leaking roofs or gutters. are damaged by abrasive cleaning, so that water does not stand on flat, hori- sandblasting is an appropriate method for Placing incompatible metals together without providing a reliable cleaning cast iron, a very hard metal. zontal surfaces or accumulate in curved, decora separation material. Such incompatibility can result in galvanic tive features. corrosion of the less noble metal, e.g., copper will corrode cast iron, steel, tin, and aluminum.
Cleaning architectural metals, when appropriate, Exposing metals which were intended to be protected from to remove corrosion prior to repainting or apply the environment. ing other appropriate protective coatings. Applying paint or other coatings to metals such as copper, bronze, or stainless steel that were meant to be exposed.
Identifying the particular type of metal prior to Using cleaning methods which alter or damage the historic color, any cleaning procedure and then testing to assure texture, and finish of the metal; or cleaning when it is inappropri that the gentlest cleaning method possible is ate for the metal. selected or determining that cleaning is inappro Removing the patina of historic metal. The patina may be a protec priate for the particular metal. tive coating on some metals, such as bronze or copper, as well as a significant historic finish.
Building Exterior Architectural Metals 19 Recommended Not Recommended
Cleaning soft metals such as lead, tin, copper, Cleaning soft metals such as lead, tin, copper, terneplate, and zinc terneplate, and zinc with appropriate chemical with grit blasting which will abrade the surface of the metal. methods because their finishes can be easily abraded by blasting methods.
Using the gentlest cleaning methods for cast iron, Failing to employ gentler methods prior to abrasively cleaning cast wrought iron, and steel-hard metals - in order iron, wrought iron or steel; or using high pressure grit blasting. to remove paint buildup and corrosion. If handscraping and wire brushing have proven ineffective, low pressure grit blasting may be used as long as it does not abrade or damage the surface. Although these pressed metal storefronts have been well maintained over the years, gaps ill the seams between the metal sheets above the door and slight stains along the cornice line indicate a possible roof leak. The roof should be in vestigated and repaired before the moisture results ill rust and more severe metal deterioration.
20 Recommended Not Recommended
Applying appropriate paint or other coating Failing to re-apply protective coating systems to metals or alloys systems after cleaning in order to decrease the that require them after cleaning so that accelerated corrosion rate of metals or alloys. corrOSIOn occurs.
Repainting with colors that are appropriate to the Using new colors that are inappropriate to the historic building historic building or district. or district.
Deteriorated portions of the decorative pressed metal cornice have been inappropriately replaced with non matching, plain metal sheets, adversely affecting the historic character of this building.
Applying an appropriate protective coating such Failing to assess pedestrian use or new access patterns so that as lacquer to an architectural metal feature such architectural metal features are subject to damage by use or inap as a bronze door which is subject to heavy propriate maintenance such as salting adjacent sidewalks. pedestrian use.
Evaluating the overall condition of the architec Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the protection of tural metals to determine whether more than architectural metal features. protection and maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to features will be necessary.
Building Exterior Architectural Metals 21 Recommended Not Recommended
Repair Replacing an entire architectural metal feature such as a column or a Repairing architectural metal features by patch balustrade when repair of the metal and limited replacement of ing, splicing, or otherwise reinforcing the metal deteriorated or missing parts are appropriate. following recognized preservation methods. Using a substitute material for the replacement part that does not Repairs may also include the limited replacement convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the architec in kind-or with a compatible substitute mate tural metal feature or is that physically or chemically incompatible. rial-of those extensively deteriorated or missing parts of features when there are surviving proto types such as porch balusters, column capitals or bases; or porch cresting.
Replace The cast-iron columns of this theater are Replacing in kind an entire architectural metal Removing an architectural metal feature that is unrepairable and not being repaired during rehabilitation. Some of the cast iron elements such as the feature that is too deteriorated to repair-if the replacing it; or replacing it with a new architectural metal feature that smaller, non-structural columns missing overall form and detailing are still evident-using does not convey the same visual appearance. from the bay on the right will be replaced with a lightweight substitute material the physical evidence as a model to reproduce the such as cast aluminum, an acceptable alternative according to the Standards. feature. Examples could include cast iron porch steps or steel sash windows. If using the same kind of material is not technically or economi cally feasible, then a compatible substitute mate rial may be considered.
The following work is high Recommended Not Recommended lighted to indicate that it Design for Missing Historic Features represents the particularly complex technical or design Designing and installing a new architectural Creating a false historical appearance because the replaced aspects of rehabilitation metal feature such as a metal cornice or cast architectural metal feature is based on insufficient historical, projects and should only be iron capital when the historic feature is com pictorial, and physical documentation. pletely missing. It may be an accurate restoration considered after the preserva Introducing a new architectural metal feature that is incompat using historical, pictorial, and physical documen tion concerns listed above ible in size, scale, material and color. have been addressed. tation; or be a new design that is compatible with the size, scale, material, and color of the historic building.
22 Building Exterior Architectural Metals Building Exterior Roofs The roof-with its shape; features such as of slate for roofing dates from the mid-17th Building cresting, dormers, cupolas, and chimneys; century. Slate has remained popular for its and the size, color, and patterning of the durability, fireproof qualities, and decora Exterior roofing material-is an important design tive applications. The use of metals for element of many historic buildings. In roofing and roof features dates from the addition, a weather tight roof is essential to 18th century, and includes the use of sheet Roofs the longterm preservation of the entire iron, corrugated iron, galvanized metal, tin structure. Historic roofing reflects avail plate, copper, lead and zinc. Awareness of ability of materials, levels of construction these and other traditions of roofing mate technology, weather, and cost. For ex rials and their detailing will contribute to ample, throughout the country in all peri more sensitive treatment. ods of history, wood shingles have been used-their size, shape, and detailing differing according to regional craft prac tices. European settlers used clay tile for roofing as early as the mid -17th century. In some cities, such as New York and Boston, clay was popularly used as a precaution against fire. The Spanish influence in the use of clay tiles is found in the southern, southwestern and western states. In the mid-19th century, tile roofs were often replaced by sheet-metal, which is lighter and easier to maintain. Evidence of the use
24 Building Exterior Roofs Recommended Not Recommended Identify, retain, and preserve Identifying, retaining, and preserving roofs-and Radically changing, damaging, or destroying roofs which are their functional and decorative features-that are important in defining the overall historic character of the building important in defining the overall historic charac so that, as a result, the character is diminished. ter of the building. This includes the roof's shape, Removing a major portion of the roof or roofing material that is such as hipped, gambrel, and mansard; decorative repairable, then reconstructing it with new material in order to features such as cupolas, cresting, chimneys, and create a uniform, or "improved" appearance. weathervanes; and roofing material such as slate, wood, clay tile, and metal, as well as its size, Changing the configuration of a roof by adding new features such color, and patterning. as dormer windows, vents, or skylights so that the historic charac ter is diminished. This well-main tained mansard Stripping the roof of sound historic material such as slate, clay tile, roof displays its handsome and wood, and architectural metal. varied decorative detailing- cast Applying paint or other coatings to roofing material which has iron cresting, wood shingles, and been historically uncoated. pedimented dormers.
Protect Protecting and maintaining a roof by cleaning Failing to clean and maintain gutters and downspouts properly so the gutters and downspouts and replacing that water and debris collect and cause damage to roof fasteners, deteriorated flashing. Roof sheathing should sheathing, and the underlying structure. also be checked for proper venting to prevent moisture condensation and water penetration; and to insure that materials are free from insect infestation.
Building Exterior Roofs 25 Recommended Not Recommended
Providing adequate anchorage for roofing mate Allowing roof fasteners, such as nails and clips to corrode so that rial to guard against wind damage and roofing material is subject to accelerated deterioration. moisture penetration.
Protecting a leaking roof with plywood and Permitting a leaking roof to remain unprotected so that accelerated building paper until it can be properly repaired. deterioration of historic building materials-masonry, wood, plaster, paint and structural members-occurs.
Repair Repairing a roof by reinforcing the historic Replacing an entire roof feature such as a cupola or dormer when materials which comprise roof features. Repairs repair of the historic materials and limited replacement of deterio will also generally include the limited replacement rated or missing parts are appropriate. in kind-or with compatible substitute mate Failing to reuse intact slate or tile when only the roofing substrate rial-of those extensively deteriorated or missing needs replacement. parts of features when there are surviving proto types such as cupola louvers, dentils, dormer Using a substitute material for the replacement part that does not roofing; or slates, tiles, or wood shingles on a convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the roof or main roof. that is physically or chemically incompatible.
The roof drainage system has been neglected for such a long time that, as a result, the wood cornice and a porch column are both severely deteriorated.
New copper valley flashing is installed as part of overall repairs to the historic slate roof a11d its drainage system.
26 Building Exterior Roofs Recommended Not Recommended Replace Replacing in kind an entire feature of the roof Removing a feature of the roof that is unrepairable, such as a that is too deteriorated to repair-if the overall chimney or dormer, and not replacing it; or replacing it with a new form and detailing are still evident-using the feature that does not convey the same visual appearance. physical evidence as a model to reproduce the feature. Examples can include a large section of roofing, or a dormer or chimney. If using the same kind of material is not technically or eco nomically feasible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered. Workmen are in the process of remov ing deteriorated roofing slates and replacing them with new match ing slates.
The size, shape, and detailing of the historic shingles as well as the method of fabrica tion and installation were carefully researched prior to selecting this new wood shingle roofing.
Building Exterior Roofs 27 N ew galvanized sheet-iron shingles will need to be reproduced using the pattern of the original shingle.
The following work is high Recommended Not Recommended lighted to indicate that it represents the particularly Design for Missing Historic Features complex technical or design Designing and constructing a new feature when Creating a false historical appearance because the replaced aspects of rehabilitation the historic feature is completely missing, such as feature is based on insufficient historical, pictorial, and projects and should only be chimney or cupola. It may be an accurate restora physical documentation. tion using historical, pictorial, and physical considered after the preserva Introducing a new roof feature that is incompatible in size, scale, documentation; or be a new design that is com tion concerns listed above material and color. have been addressed. patible with the size, scale, material, and color of the historic building. Alterations/Additions for the New Use Installing mechanical and service equipment on Installing mechanical or service equipment so that it damages or the roof such as air conditioning, transformers, or obscures character-defining features; or is conspicuous from the solar collectors when required for the new use so public right-of-way. that they are inconspicuous from the public right of-way and do not damage or obscure character defining features. Designing additions to roofs such as residential, Radically changing a character-defining roof shape or damaging office, or storage spaces; elevator housing; decks or destroying character-defining roofing material as a result of and terraces; or dormers or skylights when incompatible design or improper installation techniques. required by the new use so that they are incon spicuous from the public right-of-way and do not damage or obscure character-defining features.
28 Building Exterior Roofs JO!JJlX3: ~u!Pl!ng Technology and prevailing for dramatic use of large sheets Building architectural styles have shaped of glass in commercial and office the history of windows in the buildings by the late 19th century. Exterior United States starting in the 17th With mass-produced windows, century with wooden casement mail order distribution, and windows with tiny glass panes changing architectural styles, it Windows seated in lead carnes. From the was possible to obtain a wide transitional single-hung sash in range of window designs and the early 1700s to the true double light patterns in sash. Popular hung sash later in the same cen versions of Arts and Crafts tury, these early wooden win houses constructed in the early dows were characterized by the 20th century frequently utilized small panes, wide muntins, and smaller lights in the upper sash set the way in which decorative trim in groups or pairs and saw the re was used on both the exterior and emergence of casement windows. interior of the window. As the In the early 20th century, the sash thickness increased by the desire for fireproof building turn of the century, muntins took construction in dense urban on a thinner appearance as they areas contributed to the growth narrowed in width but increased of a thriving steel window indus in thickness according to the size try along with a market for of the window and design prac hollow metal and metal clad tices. Regional traditions contin wooden windows. ued to have an impact on the prevailing window design such As one of the few parts of a build as with the long-term use of ing serving as both an interior "french windows" in areas of the and exterior feature, windows are deep South. nearly always an important part of the historic character of a Changes in technology led to the building. In most buildings, win possibility of larger glass panes so dows also comprise a consider that by the mid-19th century, able amount of the historic fabric two-over-two lights were com of the wall plane and thus are mon; the manufacturing of plate deserving of special consideration glass in the United States allowed in a rehabilitation project. 30 Building Exterior Windows Recommended Not Recommended Identify, retain, and preserve Identifying, retaining, and preserving windows - Removing or radically changing windows which are important in and their functional and decorative features defining the historic character of the building so that, as a result, that are important in defining the overall historic the character is diminished. character of the building. Such features can Changing the number, location, size or glazing pattern of windows, include frames, sash, muntins, glazing, sills, through cutting new openings, blocking-in windows, and installing heads, hoodmolds, panelled or decorated jambs replacement sash that do not fit the historic window opening. and moldings, and interior and exterior shutters and blinds. Changing the historic appearance of windows through the use of inappropriate designs, materials, finishes, or colors which notice ably change the sash, depth of reveal, and muntin configuration; the reflectivity and color of the glazing; or the appearance of the frame. Obscuring historic window trim with metal or other material. Stripping windows of historic material such as wood, cast iron, and bronze. \ Conducting an in-depth survey of the conditions Replacing windows solely because of peeling paint, broken glass, of existing windows early in rehabilitation stuck sash, and high air infiltration. These conditions, in them planning so that repair and upgrading methods selves, are no indication that windows are beyond repair. and possible replacement options can be fully explored.
Protect and maintain The distinctive shape and decorative Protecting and maintaining the wood and archi Failing to provide adequate protection of materials on a cyclical detailing of a building's windows often help establish its architectural style tectural metal which comprise the window frame, basis so that deterioration of the windows results. and character. sash, muntins, and surrounds through appropri ate surface treatments such as cleaning, rust removal, limited paint removal, and re-applica tion of protective coating systems.
Building Exterior Windows 31 Recommended Not Recommended
Making windows weather tight by re-caulking Retrofitting or replacing windows rather than maintaining the sash, and replacing or installing weatherstripping. frame, and glazing. These actions also improve thermal efficiency.
Evaluating the overall condition of materials to Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the protection of determine whether more than protection and historic windows. maintenance are required, i.e. if repairs to win dows and window features will be required.
Repair Repairing window frames and sash by patching, Replacing an entire window when repair of materials and limited splicing, consolidating or otherwise reinforcing. replacement of deteriorated or missing parts are appropriate. Such repair may also include replacement in kind Failing to reuse serviceable window hardware such as brass sash of those parts that are either extensively deterio lifts and sash locks. rated or are missing when there are surviving prototypes such as architraves, hoodmolds, sash, Using substitute material for the replacement part that does not Maintaining a historic window may include sills, and interior or exterior shutters and blinds. convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the window work as basic as replacing a sash cord. or that is physically or chemically incompatible .
" , . ., ....I lintel ., .-1-1 Head r'\\ hi I I 1 • 1 .' ,~ ", ~glaZing ,', iJ ~ rabbet 1~ "~·~t1 l ~ 1 1 : . mu ntin I, T ~ 1 ( I m eeting rail ~lL"::~~,- weights sajh I I~:
For some larger buildings, it may be appro priate to replace seriously deteriorated windows with new ones that replicate most of the historic visual qualities.This two-part drawing shows the original windows in a mill and the rehabilitation solution that j I I!JM I t ~IIIII ~ II [ retained the wood frames, then utilized an aluminum sash with true divided lights and ~ ~ I ~ li ~ 11 ~ a piggyback interior storm panel. 1~ i II I niHI IIr r II The steel pivot windows in this historic manufacturing building were replaced with new windows which matched the multi lighted originals.
Building Exterior Windows 33 The following work is high Recommended Not Recommended lighted to indicate that it represents the particularly Design for Missing Historic Features complex technical or design Designing and installing new windows when Creating a false historical appearance because the replaced aspects of rehabilitation the historic windows (frames, sash and glazing) window is based on insufficient historical, pictorial, and projects and should only be are completely missing. The replacement win physical documentation. dows may be an accurate restoration using considered after the preserva Introducing a new design that is incompatible with the historic historical, pictorial, and physical documentation; tion concerns listed above character of the building. have been addressed. or be a new design that is compatible with the window openings and the historic character of the building.
Alterations/Additions for the New Use Designing and installing additional windows on Installing new windows, including frames, sash, and muntin rear or other non-character-defining elevations if configuration that are incompatible with the building's required by the new use. New window openings historic appearance or obscure, damage, or destroy may also be cut into exposed party walls. Such character-defining features. design should be compatible with the overall design of the building, but not duplicate the fenestration pattern and detailing of a character defining elevation. Providing a setback in the design of dropped Inserting new floors or furred-down ceilings which cut across the ceilings when they are required for the new use to glazed areas of windows so that the exterior form and appear allow for the full height of the window openings. ance of the windows are changed.
When the six-over-six windows were replaced with inappropriate single sheets of tinted glass, the historic illdustrial character of this building was lost.
34 Building Exterior Windows Building Exterior Entrances and Porches Entrances and porches are quite ments. Porches were particularly Building often the focus of historic build prominent features of Eastlake ings, particularly on primary and Stick Style houses; porch Exterior elevations. Together with their posts, railings, and balusters were functional and decorative features characterized by a massive and such as doors, steps, balustrades, robust quality, with members Entrances pilasters, and entablatures, they turned on a lathe. Porches of can be extremely important in bungalows of the early 20th and Porches defining the overall character of a century were characterized by building. In many cases, porches ta pered porch posts, exposed post were energy-saving devices, and beams, and low pitched roofs shading southern and western with wide overhangs. Art Deco elevations. Usually entrances and commercial buildings were en porches were integral compo tered through stylized glass and nents of a historic building's stainless steel doors. design; for example, porches on Greek Revival houses, with Doric or Ionic columns and pediments, echoed the architectural elements and features of the larger build ing. Central one-bay porches or arcaded porches are evident in Italianate style buildings of the 1860s. Doors of Renaissance Revival style buildings frequently supported entablatures or pedi-
36 Building Exterior Entrances and Porches Recommended Not Recommended
Identify, retain, and preserve Identifying, retaining, and preserving entrances Removing or radically changing entrances and porches which are and their functional and decorative features important in defining the overall historic character of the building that are important in defining the overall historic so that, as a result, the character is diminished. character of the building such as doors, fanlights, Stripping entrances and porches of historic material such as wood, sidelights, pilasters, entablatures, columns, cast iron, terra cotta tile, and brick. balustrades, and stairs. Removing an entrance or porch because the building has been re oriented to accommodate a new use. Cutting new entrances on a primary elevation. Altering utilitarian or service entrances so they appear to be formal entrances by adding panelled doors, fanlights, and sidelights.
Protect and maintain Protecting and maintaining the masonry, wood, Failing to provide adequate protection to materials on a cyclical and architectural metal that comprise entrances basis so that deterioration of entrances and porches results. and porches through appropriate surface treat ments such as cleaning, rust removal, limited paint removal, and re-application of protective coating systems.
Evaluating the ·overall condition of materials to Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the protection of determine whether more than protection and historic entrances and porches. maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to entrance and porch features will be necessary.
A variety of historic entrances and porches is illustrated here, ranging from the elegance of a Georgian-style entrance, to the more vernacular nature of a 19th century wood porch, to the utilitarian, yet romantic Mediterranean-style loggia. Building Exterior Entrances and Porches 37 Recommended Not Recommended Repair Repairing entrances and porches by reinforcing Replacing an entire entrance or porch when the repair of materials the historic materials. Repair will also generally and limited replacement of parts are appropriate. include the limited replacement in kind-or with Using a substitute material for the replacement parts that does not compatible substitute material-of those exten convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the entrance sively deteriorated or missing parts of repeated and porch or that is physically or chemically incompatible. features where there are surviving prototypes such as balustrades, cornices, entablatures, columns, sidelights, and stairs.
In the 19th century some cast-iron porches could be purchased by mail, such as this made to-order veranda which was featured in an 1870 foun dry catalog.
Careful inspection of porch features such as these column capitals is necessary before initiating a rehabili tation project. 38 Building Exterior Entrances and Porches Recommended Not Recommended Replace Replacing in kind an entire entrance or porch that Removing an entrance or porch that is unrepairable and not is too deteriorated to repair-if the form and replacing it; or replacing it with a new entrance or porch that does detailing are still evident-using the physical not convey the same visual appearance. evidence as a model to reproduce the feature. If using the same kind of material is not technically or economically feasible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered.
A 1910 wrap-around porch was removed from this 1830 house during rehabilitation. Although a later addition, the porch should not have been removed because it had acquired significance over time and was thus an important feature in defining the character of this historic structure.
Building Exterior Entrances and Porches 39 The following work is Recommended Not Recommended highlighted to indicate that it represents the particularly Design for Missing Historic Features complex technical or design Designing and constructing a new entrance or Creating a false historical appearance because the replaced aspects of rehabilitation porch when the historic entrance or porch is entrance or porch is based on insufficient historical, pictorial, projects and should only be completely missing. It may be a restoration based and physical documentation. on historical, pictorial, and physical documenta considered after the preserva Introducing a new entrance or porch that is incompatible in size, tion; or be a new design that is compatible with tion concerns listed above scale, material, and color. have been addressed. the historic character of the building.
Alterations/Additions for the New Use Designing enclosures for historic porches when Enclosing porches in a manner that results in a diminution or required by the new use in a manner that pre loss of historic character such as using solid materials such as serves the historic character of the building. This wood, stucco, or masonry. can include using large sheets of glass and recess ing the enclosure wall behind existing scrollwork, posts, and balustrades.
Designing and installing additional entrances or Installing secondary service entrances and porches that are porches when required for the new use in a incompatible in size and scale with the historic building or manner that preserves the historic character of obscure, damage, or destroy character-defining features. the buildings, i.e., limiting such alteration to non character-defining elevations.
This rehabilitation connected two separate porches, resulting in the creation of a large continuous porch that obscures the historic twin porch design; it is thus incompatible with the historic character of the house.
40 Building Exterior Entrances and Porches Building Exterior Storefronts T he storefront is usually the as plate glass became available in Building most prominent feature of a increasingly larger units. The use historic commercial building, of cast iron columns and lintels at Exterior playing a crucial role in a store's ground floor level permitted advertising and merchandising structural members to be reduced strategy. Although a storefront in size. Recessed entrances pro Storefronts normally does not extend beyond vided shelter for sidewalk patrons the first story, the rest of the and further enlarged display building is often related to it areas. In the 1920s and 1930s, visually through a unity of form aluminum, colored structural and detail. Planning should glass, stainless steel, glass block, always consider the entire build neon, and other new materials ing; window patterns on the were introduced to create Art upper floors, cornice elements, Deco storefronts. and other decorative features should be carefully retained, in addition to the storefront itself.
The earliest extant storefronts in the U.S., dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries, had bay or oriel windows and provided limited display space. The 19th century witnessed the progressive enlargement of display windows
42 Building Exterior Storefronts timeot ------,.0-_ nice-____
Recommended Not Recommended Identify, retain, and preserve Identifying, retaining, and preserving store Removing or radically changing storefronts-and their features fronts-and their functional and decorative which are important in defining the overall historic character of the features-that are important in defining the over building so that, as a result, the character is diminished. all historic character of the building such Changing the storefront so that it appears residential rather than as display windows, signs, doors, transoms, kick commercial in character. plates, corner posts, and entablatures. The These architectural details are typical of historic com removal of inappropriate, nonhistoric cladding, Removing historic material from the storefront to create a mercial buildings (this par recessed arcade. ticular one is No. 4016 in false mansard roofs, and other later altera- the George L. Mesker and tions can help reveal the historic character of Company catalog of 1905). Introducing coach lanterns, mansard designs, wood shakes, The design utilized both a storefront. nonoperable shutters, and small-paned windows if they cannot be cast and galvanized iron. documented historically. Changing the location of a storefront's main entrance.
Protect Protecting and maintaining masonry, wood, and Failing to provide adequate protection of materials on a cyclical architectural metals which comprise storefronts basis so that deterioration of storefront features results. through appropriate treatments such as cleaning, rust removal, limited paint removal, and reapplication of protective coating systems.
Protecting storefronts against arson and vandal Permitting entry into the building through unsecured or broken ism before work begins by boarding up windows windows and doors so that interior features and finishes are and installing alarm systems that are keyed into damaged through exposure to weather or through vandalism. local protection agencies. Stripping storefronts of historic material such as wood, cast iron, terra cotta, carrara glass, and brick.
Building Exterior Storefronts 43 Recommended Not Recommended
Evaluating the overall condition of storefront Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the preservation materials to determine whether more than protec of the historic storefront. tion and maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to features will be necessary.
A false-fronted wood store is /lOW used as a museum. Although the weathered wood is part of its charm, repainting is recom mended as a good maintenance practice to protect the wood.
Repair Repairing storefronts by reinforcing the historic Replacing an entire storefront when repair of materials and limited materials. Repairs will also generally include the replacement of its parts are appropriate. limited replacement in kind-or with compatible Using substitute material for the replacement parts that does not substitute materials-of those extensively deterio convey the same visual appearance as the surviving parts of the rated or missing parts of storefronts where there storefront or that is physically or chemically incompatible. are surviving prototypes such as transoms, kick plates, pilasters, or signs.
44 Building Exterior Storefronts This sleek red and black Moderne store front was added to a more staid late-19th century commercial building in the 1930s- both are now in need of repair. According to the Standards, later storefronts that have acql~ired significance over time should generally be retained in rehabilitation.
Recommended Not Recommended Replace Replacing in kind an entire storefront that is too Removing a storefront that is unrepairable and not replacing it; or deteriorated to repair-if the overall form replacing it with a new storefront that does not convey the same and detailing are still evident-using the physical visual appearance. evidence as a model. If using the same material is not technically or economically feasible, then compatible substitute materials may be considered.
This appropriate new storefront replaces an old one that was too deteriora- ted to save. It features a recessed door way based on the historic design and respects the scale and pro portion of the existing building. Building Exterior Storefronts 45 The following work is high Recommended Not Recommended lighted to indicate that it Design for Missing Historic Features represents the particularly complex technical or design Designing and constructing a new storefront Creating a false historical appearance because the replaced aspects of rehabilitation when the historic storefront is completely missing. storefront is based on insufficient historical, pictorial, and projects and should only be It may be an accurate restoration using historical, physical documentation. pictorial, and physical documentation; or be a considered after the preserva Introducing a new design that is incompatible in size, scale, new design that is compatible with the size, scale, tion concerns listed above material, and color. have been addressed. material, and color of the historic building. Using inappropriately scaled signs and logos or other types of signs that obscure, damage, or destroy remaining character defining features of the historic building.
46 Building Exterior Storefronts Building Interior Structural Systems If features of the structural system following: wooden frame con Building are exposed such as loadbearing struction (17th c.), balloon frame brick walls, cast iron columns, construction (19th c.), load Interior roof trusses, posts and beams, bearing masonry construction vigas, or stone foundation walls, (18th c.), brick cavity wall con they may be important in defining struction (19th c.), heavy timber Structural the building's overall historic post and beam industrial con character. Unexposed structural struction (19th c.), fireproof iron Systems features that are not character construction (19th c.), heavy defining or an entire structural masonry and steel construction system may nonetheless be signifi (19th c.), skeletal steel construc cant in the history of building tion (19th c.), and concrete slab technology; therefore, the struc and post construction (20th c.). tural system should always be examined and evaluated early in the project planning stage to determine both its physical condi tion and its importance to the building's historic character or historical significance.
The types of structural systems found in America include, but certainly are not limited, to the
48 Building Interior Structural Systems Recommended Not Recommended Identify, retain, and preserve Identifying, retaining, and preserving structural Removing, covering, or radically changing features of structural systems-and individual features of systems systems which are important in defining the overall historic charac that are important in defining the overall historic ter of the building so that, as a result, the character is diminished. character of the building, such as post and beam Putting a new use into the building which could overload the systems, trusses, summer beams, vigas, cast iron existing structural system; or installing equipment or mechanical columns, above-grade stone foundation walls, or systems which could damage the structure. loadbearing brick or stone walls. Demolishing a loadbearing masonry wall that could be augmented and retained, and replacing it with a new wall (i.e., brick or stone), using the historic masonry only as an exterior veneer. Leaving known structural problems untreated such as deflection of beams, cracking and bowing of walls, or racking of structural members. Utilizing treatments or products that accelerate the deterioration of structural material such as introducing urea-formaldehyde foam insulation into frame walls.
Detail of a column and girder connection and floor construction, The Fair Store, Chicago, Illinois, 1892 (Jenney and Mundie, architects). This type of connec ~ion was used in many iron and steel buildings; "fireproofing" was provided by terra-cotta tile The exposed metal roof-truss system of this and plaster. waiting room not only provides structural support, but is also important in defining the interior character of the train station.
Protect and maintain Protecting and maintaining the structural system Failing to provide proper building maintenance so that deteriora by cleaning the roof gutters and downspouts; tion of the structural system results. Causes of deterioration include replacing roof flashing; keeping masonry, wood, subsurface ground movement, vegetation growing too close to and architectural metals in a sound condition; foundation walls, improper grading, fungal rot, and poor interior and assuring that structural members are free ventilation that results in condensation. from insect infestation. Building Interior Structural Systems 49 Iron and Steel Skeleton Frame, Unity Building, Chicago, Illinois, 1891-1892 (Clinton J. Warren, architect). The development of the skeleton frame was pioneered by architects of the "Chicago School" in the late-19th century. With this method the weight of the building is carried on the frame, not the walls, allowing the construction of taller buildings without increasing the wall thickness.
Phoro: Irving B. Haynes and Associates In order to preserve this historic wood frame building, new steel framing was Recommended Not Recommended inserted to reinforce the wood post and beam structure. Original wood framing Examining and evaluating the physical condition Utilizing destructive probing techniques that will damage or de members were notched to accommodate the new steel frame. of the structural system and its individual stroy structural material. features using non-destructive techniques such as X-ray photography.
Repair Repairing the structural system by a ugmenting or Upgrading the building structurally in a manner that diminishes the upgrading individual parts or features. For historic character of the exterior, such as installing strapping example, weakened structural members channels or removing a decorative cornice; or that damages interior such as floor framing can be paired with a features or spaces. new member, braced, or otherwise supplemented Replacing a structural member or other feature of the structural and reinforced. system when it could be augmented and retained. 50 Building Interior Structural Systems Recommended Not Recommended Replace Replacing in kind-or with substitute material Installing a replacement feature that does not convey the same those portions or features of the structural system visual appearance, e.g., replacing an exposed wood summer beam that are either extensively deteriorated or are with a steel beam. missing when there are surviving prototypes such Using substitute material that does not equal the loadbearing as cast iron columns, roof rafters or trusses, or capabilities of the historic material and design or is otherwise These before and after rehabilitation sections of loadbearing walls. Substitute material photographs offer a good example of a physically or chemically incompatible. pro;ect that took into account, and should convey the same form, design, and overall respected, the unique industrial structural character of this mill building in its visual appearance as the historic feature; and, at a conversion to a shopping mall. minimum, equal its load bearing capabilities.
A rehabilitation proposal to convert a his toric waterfront warehouse into a residential apartment building called for cutting out a large section of the rectangular-shaped historic building. The new "U" shape would provide more apartments with a water front view. This schematic drawing shows the drastic change that would result to the structure and character of the historic building if a portion had been removed as proposed (the pro;ect was denied because it did not meet the Standards).
Building Interior Structural Systems 51 Recommended Not Recommended The following work is Alterations/Additions for the New Use highlighted to indicate that it Limiting any new excavations adjacent to historic Carrying out excavations or regrading adjacent to or within a represents the particularly foundations to avoid undermining the structural historic building which could cause the historic foundation to complex technical or design stability of the building or adjacent historic settle, shift, or fail; could have a similar effect on adjacent historic aspects of rehabilitation buildings. Studies should be done to ascertain buildings; or could destroy significant archeological resources. projects and should only be potential damage to archeological resources. considered after the preserva tion concerns listed above Correcting structural deficiencies in preparation Radically changing interior spaces or damaging or destroying have been addressed. for the new use in a manner that preserves the features or finishes that are character-defining while trying to structural system and individual character correct structural deficiencies in preparation for the new use. defining features. Designing and installing new mechanical or Installing new mechanical and electrical systems or equipment in a electrical systems when required for the new use manner which results in numerous cuts, splices, or alterations to which minimize the number of cutouts or holes in the structural members. structural members. Adding a new floor when required for the new Inserting a new floor when such a radical change damages a use if such an alteration does not damage or structural system or obscures or destroys interior spaces, features, destroy the structural system or obscure, or finishes. damage, or destroy character-defining spaces, Inserting new floors or furred-down ceilings which cut across the features, or finishes. glazed areas of windows so that the exterior form and appearance of the windows are radically changed.
Creating an atrium or a light well to provide Damaging the structural system or individual features; or radically natural light when required for the new use in a changing, damaging, or destroying character-defining manner that assures the preservation of the interior spaces, features, or finishes in order to create an atrium or structural system as well as character-defining a light well. interior spaces, features, and finishes.
52 Building Interior Structural Systems Building Interior
Spaces~ Features and Finishes An interior floor plan, the ar created to be the visual attraction Building rangement and sequence of or functioning "core" of the spaces, and built-in features and building. Care should be taken to Interior applied finishes are individually retain the essential proportions of and collectively important in primary interior spaces and not to defining the historic character of damage, obscure, or destroy Spaces, the building. Their identification, distinctive features and finishes. retention, protection, and repair Features should be given prime consider Secondary spaces include areas ation in every rehabilitation pro and rooms that "service" the and Finishes ject. In evaluating historic interi primary spaces and may include ors prior to rehabilitation, it kitchens, bathrooms, mail rooms, should be kept in mind that inter utility spaces, hallways, fire stairs iors are comprised of a series of and work spaces in a commercial primary and secondary spaces. or office building. Extensive This is applicable to all buildings, changes can often be made in from courthouses to cathedrals, these less important areas without to cottages and office buildings. having a detrimental effect on the Primary spaces, including en overall historic character. trance halls, parlors, or living rooms, assembly rooms and lobbies, are defined not only by their features and finishes, but by the size and proportion of the rooms themselves-purposely
54 Building Interior Spaces, Features and Finishes Recommended Not Recommended Interior Spaces Identify, retain and preserve Identifying, retaining, and preserving a floor plan Radically changing a floor plan or interior spaces-including or interior spaces that are important in defining individual rooms-which are important in defining the overall the overall historic character of the building. This historic character of the building so that, as a result, the character includes the size, configuration, proportion, and is diminished. relationship of rooms and corridors; the relation Altering the floor plan by demolishing principal walls and parti ship of features to spaces; and the spaces them tions to create a new appearance. selves such as lobbies, reception halls, entrance halls, double parlors, theaters, auditoriums, and Altering or destroying interior spaces by inserting floors, cutting important industrial or commercial use spaces. through floors, lowering ceilings, or adding or removing walls. Relocating an interior feature such as a staircase so that the historic relationship between features and space is altered. Interior Features and Finishes Identify, retain and preserve Identifying, retaining, and preserving interior Removing or radically changing features and finishes which are features and finishes that are important in defin important in defining the overall historic character of the building ing the overall historic character of the building, so that, as a result, the character is diminished. including columns, cornices, baseboards, fire Installing new decorative material that obscures or damages char places and mantels, panelling, light fixtures, acter-defining interior features or finishes. hardware, and flooring; and wallpaper, plaster, paint, and finishes such as stenciling, marbling, Removing paint, plaster, or other finishes from historically finished and graining; and other decorative materials that surfaces to create a new appearance (e.g., removing plaster to accent interior features and provide color, tex expose masonry surfaces such as brick walls or a chimney piece). ture, and patterning to walls, floors, and ceilings. Applying paint, plaster, or other finishes to surfaces that have been historically unfinished to create a new appearance.
These photographs suggest the richness and Stripping paint to bare wood rather than repairing or reapplying diversity of public building spaces, features, grained or marbled finishes to features such as doors and panelling. and finishes. Radically changing the type of finish or its color, such as painting a previously varnished wood feature.
Building Exterior Spaces, Features and Finishes 55 Recommended Not Recommended Protect and maintain Protecting and maintaining masonry, wood, Failing to provide adequate protection to materials on a cyclical and architectural metals which comprise basis so that deterioration of interior features results. interior features through appropriate surface treatments such as cleaning, rust removal, limited paint removal, and reapplication of protective coating systems.
Protecting interior features and finishes against Permitting entry into historic buildings through unsecured or arson and vandalism before project work begins, broken windows and doors so that the interior features and fin erecting protective fencing, boarding-up win ishes are damaged by exposure to weather or through vandalism. dows, and installing fire alarm systems that are Stripping interiors of features such as woodwork, doors, windows, keyed to local protection agencies. light fixtures, copper piping, radiators; or of decorative materials.
Protecting interior features such as a staircase, Failing to provide proper protection of interior features and fin mantel, or decorative finishes and wall coverings ishes during work so that they are gouged, scratched, dented, or against damage during project work by covering otherwise damaged. them with heavy canvas or plastic sheets.
Installing protective coverings in areas of heavy Failing to take new use patterns into consideration so that interior pedestrian traffic to protect historic features such features and finishes are damaged. as wall coverings, parquet flooring and panelling.
Removing damaged or deteriorated paints and Using destructive methods such as propane or butane torches or This historic character of these 19th finishes to the next sound layer using the gentlest sandblasting to remove paint or other coatings. These methods century residential interiors was protected and maintained during rehabilitation. method possible, then repainting or refinishing can irreversibly damage the historic materials that comprise using compatible paint or other coating systems. interior features.
Repainting with colors that are appropriate to the Using new paint colors that are inappropriate to the historic building. historic building.
56 Building Interior Spaces, Features and Finishes Recommended Not Recommended
Limiting abrasive cleaning methods to certain Changing the texture and patina of character-defining features industrial or warehouse buildings where the through sandblasting or use of abrasive methods to remove paint, interior masonry or plaster features do not have discoloration or plaster. This includes both exposed wood (includ distinguishing design, detailing, tooling, or ing structural members) and masonry. finishes; and where wood features are not finished, molded, beaded, or worked by hand. Abrasive cleaning should only be considered after other, gentler methods have been proven ineffective.
Evaluating the overall condition of materials to Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the protection of determine whether more than protection and interior features and finishes. maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to interior features and finishes will be necessary.
Furring out exterior walls to add insulatioll and suspending new ceilings to hide ductwork and wiring can change a room's proportions and C0l1 also destroy or obscure significant decorative detailing.
Repair Repairing interior features and finishes by rein Replacing an entire interior feature such as a staircase, panelled forcing the historic materials. Repair will also wall, parquet floor, or cornice; or finish such as a decorative wall generally include the limited replacement in covering or ceiling when repair of materials and limited replace kind-or with compatible substitute material ment of such parts are appropriate. of those extensively deteriorated or missing parts Using a substitute material for the replacement part that does not of repeated features when there are surviving convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts or portions of prototypes such as stairs, balustrades, wood the interior feature or finish or that is physically or chemically panelling, columns; or decorative wall coverings incompatible. or ornamental tin or plaster ceilings. Building Exterior Spaces, Features and Finishes 57 Recommended Not Recommended Replace Replacing in kind an entire interior feature or Removing a character-defining feature or finish that is unrepairable finish that is too deteriorated to repair-if the and not replacing it; or replacing it with a new feature or finish overall form and detailing are still evident-using that does not convey the same visual appearance. the physical evidence as a model for reproduc tion. Examples could include wainscoting, a tin ceiling, or interior stairs. If using the same kind of material is not technically or economically fea sible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered.
Before and after: Prior to rehabilitation of this hotel, water intrusion and freeze-thaw During rehabilitation, the historic plaster cycles had caused extensive efflorescence was removed from perimeter walls, leavi1~g and plaster failure. The ornamental plaster the brick exposed; in addition historically was almost fully re-manufactured, then painted wood trim was stripped. Removing gilded. Light fixtures and other detailing finishes not only destroys historic materials were also carefully replicated. that should be retained and preserved, but it also gives the interior an appearance it never had historically.
58 Building Interior Spaces, Features and Finishes The following work is high Recommended Not Recommended lighted to indicate that it represents the particularly Design for Missing Historic Features complex technical or design Designing and installing a new interior feature or Creating a falser istorical appearance because the replaced feature aspects of rehabilitation finish if the historic feature or finish is completely is based on insufficient physical, historical, and pictorial documen projects and should only be missing. This could include missing partitions, tation or on information derived from another building. stairs, elevators, lighting fixtures, and considered after the preserva Introducing a new interior feature or finish that is incompatible wall coverings; or even entire rooms if all historic tion concerns listed above with the scale, design, materials, color, and texture of the surviving spaces, features, and finishes are missing have been addressed. interior features and finishes. or have been destroyed by inappropriate "reno vations." The design may be a restoration based on historical, pictorial, and physical documentation; or be a new design that is com patible with the historic character of the building, district, or neighborhood.
Alterations/Additions for the New Use Accommodating service functions such as bath Dividing rooms, lowering ceilings, and damaging or obscuring rooms, mechanical equipment, and office ma character-defining features such as fireplaces, niches, stairways or chines required by the building'S new use in alcoves, so that a new use can be accommodated in the building. secondary spaces such as first floor service areas or on upper floors.
Reusing decorative material or features that have Discarding historic material when it can be reused within the had to be removed during the rehabilitation work rehabilitation project or relocating it in historically inappro including wall and baseboard trim, door mold priate areas. ing, panelled doors, and simple wainscoting; and relocating such material or features in areas appropriate to their historic placement.
Installing permanent partitions in secondary Installing permanent partitions that damage or obscure character spaces; removable partitions that do not destroy defining spaces, features, or finishes. the sense of space should be installed when the new use requires the subdivision of character defining interior space.
Building Exterior Spaces, Features and Finishes 59 Recommended Not Recommended Alterations/Additions for the New Use Enclosing an interior stairway where required Enclosing an interior stairway with fire-rated construction by code so that its character is retained. so that the stairwell space or any character-defining features In many cases, glazed fire-rated walls may are destroyed. be used.
Placing new code-required stairways or eleva Radically changing, damaging, or destroying character-defining tors in secondary and service areas of the his spaces, features, or finishes when adding new code-required toric building. stairways and elevators.
Creating an atrium or a light well to provide Destroying character-defining interior, spaces, features, or natural light when required for the new use in finishes; or damaging the structural system in order to create an a manner that preserves character-defining atrium or light well. interior spaces, features, and finishes as well as the structural system. Adding several new rooms to a distinctive interior space may radically change its historic character. Before (top): The Adding a new floor if required for the new use Inserting a new floor within a building that alters or destroys the original plan was a central hall with in a manner that preserves character-defining fenestration; radically changes a character-defining interior four large, equally-sized rooms around it. Each room had a fireplace with a mantel structural features, and interior spaces, fea space; or obscures, damages, or destroys decorative detailing. and decorative trim. After (bottom): During rehabilitation, numerous small tures, and finishes. rooms were added; the open stair was also replaced with a boxed-in stair and the original trim and fireplaces were removed.
60 Building Interior Spaces, Features and Finishes Building Interior Mechanical Systems
HEATING
AIR CONDITIONING
ELECTRICAL
AND PLUMBING Mechanical, lighting and plumb of design and decorative art to Building ing systems improved signifi the functional elements of cantly with the corning of the mechanical, electrical and plumb Interior Industrial Revolution. The 19th ing systems. century interest in hygiene, per sonal comfort, and the reduction The visible decorative features of Mechanical of the spread of disease was met historic mechanical systems such with the development of central as grilles, lighting fixtures, and Systems heating, piped water, piped gas, ornamental switchplates may and networks of underground contribute to the overall historic cast iron sewers. Vitreous tiles in character of the building and kitchens, baths and hospitals should thus be retained and could be cleaned easily and repaired, whenever possible. regularly. The mass production of Their identification needs to take cast iron radiators made central place together with an evaluation heating affordable to many; some of their physical condition early radiators were elaborate and in project planning. On the other included special warming cham hand, the functioning parts of bers for plates or linens. Orna many older systems, such as mental grilles and registers pro compressors and their ductwork, vided decorative covers for func and wiring and pipes may often tional heaters in public spaces. By need to be upgraded or entirely the turn of the 20th century, it replaced in order to accommo was common to have all of these date the new use and to meet modern amenities in a building. code requirements.
The greatest impact of the 20th century on mechanical systems was the use of electricity for interior lighting, forced air venti lation, elevators for tall buildings, exterior lighting and electric heat. The new age of technology brought an increasingly high level
62 Building Interior Mechanical Systems Recommended Not Recommended Identify, retain and preseroe Identifying, retaining, and preserving visible Removing or radically changing features of mechanical systems features of early mechanical systems that are that are important in defining the overall historic character of the important in defining the overall historic charac building so that, as a result, the character is diminished. ter of the building, such as radiators, vents, fans, grilles, plumbing fixtures, switchplates, and lights. The bronze elevator doors and light coffers play an important decorative role in this early-20th century administrative building.
The visible fea tures of historic mechanical systems, such as heating, lighting, and plumbing, may sometimes help define the overall character of an interior.
Photo: Brooks Photographers, HABS Collection. Protect and maintain Protecting and maintaining mechanical, plumb Failing to provide adequate protection of materials on a cyclical ing, and electrical systems and their basis so that deterioration of mechanical systems and their visible features through cyclical cleaning and other features results. appropriate measures.
Preventing accelerated deterioration of mechani Enclosing mechanical systems in areas that are not adequately cal systems by providing adequate ventilation of ventilated so that deterioration of the systems results. attics, crawlspaces, and cellars so that moisture problems are avoided.
A gaslight may be converted for electrical use to extend its functional and decorative life.
Building Interior Mechanical Systems 63 Recommended Not Recommended
Improving the energy efficiency of existing mech Installing unnecessary air conditioning or climate control systems anical systems to help reduce the need for which can add excessive moisture to the building. This additional elaborate new equipment. Consideration should moisture can either condense inside, damaging interior surfaces, or be given to installing storm windows, insula- pass through interior walls to the exterior, potentially damaging ting attic crawl space, or adding awnings, adjacent materials as it migrates. if appropriate.
Repair Repairing mechanical systems by augmenting or Replacing a mechanical system or its functional parts when it could upgrading system parts, such as installing new be upgraded and retained. pipes and ducts; rewiring; or adding new com pressors or boilers. Both function and design elegarlce are evident in this row of cast iron elevator cages and light fixtures adorning an early- 20th century commercial building.
The historic window 011 a primary facade has been shortened and the area below it filled in with brick ill order to install a through-the-wall air conditioning unit. III addition to changing the window size and destroying the sill, the unit itself is visually obtrusive. 64 Building Interior Mechanical Systems This row of hang ing fluorescent lights installed in an earlier renovation mars an otherwise classically detailed interior. They have also caused the historic beaded ceiling to pull away from the joists.
When a late-19th century single-family house was converted to four rental units, Recommended Not Recommended the new H VA C system was installed under the central stair. When the door is closed, only the vents indicate its presence. Replace Replacing in kind-or with compatible substitute Installing a replacement feature that does not convey the same material-those visible features of mechanical visual appearance. systems that are either extensively deteriorated or are prototypes such as ceiling fans, switchplates, radiators, grilles, or plumbing fixtures.
Building Interior Mechanical Systems 65 The following work is high Recommended Not Recommended lighted to indicate that it represents the particularly Alterations/Additions for the New Use complex technical or design Installing a completely new mechanical system if Installing a new mechanical system so that character-defining aspects of rehabilitation required for the new use so that it causes the least structural or interior features are radically changed, damaged, projects and should only be alteration possible to the building's floor plan, the or destroyed. considered after the preserva exterior elevations, and the least damage to the tion concerns listed above historic building material. have been addressed. Providing adequate structural support for new Failing to consider the weight and design of new mechanical mechanical equipment. equipment so that, as a result, historic structural members or finished surfaces are weakened or cracked.
Installing the vertical runs of ducts, pipes, and Installing vertical runs of ducts, pipes, and cables in places where cables in closets, service rooms, and wall cavities. they will obscure character-defining features.
Concealing mechanical equipment in walls or ceilings in a manner that requires the removal of historic building material. Installing "dropped" acoustical ceiling to hide mechanical equip ment when this destroys the proportions of character-defining interior spaces.
Installing air conditioning units if required by the Cutting through features such as masonry walls in order to install new use in such a manner that historic features air conditioning units. are not damaged or obscured and excessive moisture is not generated that will accelerate deterioration of historic materials.
Installing heating/air conditioning units in the Radically changing the appearance of the historic building or window frames in such a manner that the sash damaging or destroying windows by installing heating/air condi and frames are protected. Window installations tioning units in historic window frames. should be considered only when all other viable heating/cooling systems would result in signifi cant damage to historic materials.
66 Building Interior Mechanical Systems
The landscape surrounding a perennials. Later, the early 20th plants, creates an appearance that Building historic building and contained century yielded a return to classi is constantly changing, both sea within an individual parcel of cal traditions, with revival gar sonally and annually. Since most Site land is considered the building dens reflecting European renais plant material is adapted to speci site. The site, including its associ sance design. fic environments, the character ated features, contributes to the of landscapes varies dramatically overall character of the historic in different climates, elevations The building site may be signifi property. As a result, the relation and regions. cant in its own right, or derive its ship between the buildings and significance simply from its assoc landscape features within the iation with the historic structure. site's boundaries should be con The level of significance, associa sidered in the overall planning for tion' integrity, and condition rehabilitation project work. of the building site may influence the degree to which the exist- Landscapes which contain his ing landscape features should be toric buildings are found in rural, retained during the rehabilita suburban, and urban communi tion project. In an industrial ties and reflect environmental property, the site may be defined influences such as climate as well simply as the relationship be as the historic period in which tween buildings or between the they were created. Landscapes ground plane and open space and created for functional purposes as its associated buildings. Designed well as aesthetic enjoyment have historic landscapes significant been a part of American history in the field of landscape architec since European settlement. His ture require a more detailed toric American styles in landscape analysis of their character-defin design developed from 17th-18th ing features which may include century Spanish and Colonial lawns, hedges, walks, drives, fen gardens, evolving into the pasto ces, walls, terraces, water fea ral and picturesque design of the tures, topography (grading) and 19th century. Victorian carpet furnishings. Vegetation is an bedding, popular during the late important feature in landscapes; 19th century, produced profuse this material, including both plantings of annuals and native species and cultivated
68 Building Site Recommended Not Recommended Identify, retain and preserve Identifying, retaining, and preserving buildings Removing or radically changing buildings and their features or site and their features as well as features of the site features which are important in defining the overall historic charac that are important in defining its overall historic ter of the property so that, as a result, the character is diminished.
character. Site features may include circulation Landscape fea systems such as walks, paths, roads, or parking; tures that are important in vegetation such as trees, shrubs, fields, or herba defining the ceous plant material; landforms such as terracing, historic character of a building berms or grading; furnishings such as lights, site may include fences, or benches; decorative elements such as fences, walks, and small sculpture, statuary or monuments; water features outbuildings, including fountains, streams, pools, or lakes; and as well as trees, bushes and subsurface archeological features which are topography that may be unique, important in defining the history of the site. such as the hill behind the house.
Retaining the historic relationship between Removing or relocating buildings or landscape features thus buildings and the landscape. destroying the historic relationship between buildings and the
The stream and landscape. circular wagon approach are important features Removing or relocating historic buildings on a site or in a complex of this historic mill site. of related historic structures-such as a mill complex or farm thus diminishing its historic character.
Moving buildings onto the site, thus creating a false historical appearance.
Radically changing the grade level of the site. For example, chang ing the grade adjacent to a building to permit development of a formerly below-grade area that would drastically change the historic relationship of the building to its site.
Building Site 69 Recommended Not Recommended
Providing proper drainage to assure that water Failing to maintain adequate site drainage so that buildings and site does not erode foundation walls; drain toward the features are damaged or destroyed; or alternatively, changing the building; or damage or erode the landscape. site grading so that water no longer drains properly.
Minimizing disturbance of terrain around build Introducing heavy machinery into areas where it may disturb or ings or elsewhere on the site, thus reducing the damage important landscape features or archeological resources. possibility of destroying or damaging important landscape features or archeological resources.
Surveying and documenting areas where the Failing to survey the building site prior to the beginning of rehabili terrain will be altered to determine the potential tation work which results in damage to, or destruction of, impor impact to important landscape features or archeo tant landscape features or archeological resources. logical resources.
Whenever possible, non-destructive techniques should be used to inven tory and evaluate archeological resources to ensure their protection.
70 Building Site Recommended Not Recommended Protect and maintain Protecting, e.g., preserving in place important Leaving known archeological material unprotected so that it is archeological resources. damaged during rehabilitation work.
Planning and carrying out any necessary investi Permitting unqualified personnel to perform data recovery on gation using professional archeologists and archeological resources so that improper methodology results in the modern archeological methods when preservation loss of important archeological material. in place is not feasible.
Preserving important landscape features, including Allowing important landscape features to be lost or damaged due ongoing maintenance of historic plant material. to a lack of maintenance.
Protecting building and landscape features against Permitting the property to remain unprotected so that the building arson and vandalism before rehabilitation work and landscape features or archeological resources are damaged or begins, i.e., erecting protective fencing and destroyed. installing alarm systems that are keyed into local Removing or destroying features from the building or site such as protection agencies. wood siding, iron fencing, masonry balustrades, or plant material.
A ~ The roof and stained glass windows of this historic church have been appropri ately covered with pLywood as a protective measure during construction of a new building on an adjacent lot. Building Site 71 Recommended Not Recommended
Providing continued protection of masonry, Failing to provide adequate protection of materials on a cyclical wood, and architectural metals which comprise basis so that deterioration of building and site features results. the building and site features through appropri ate cleaning, rust removal, limited paint removal, and re-application of protective coating systems.
Evaluating the overall condition of materials Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the protection of and features to determine whether more than building and site features. protection and maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to building and site features will be necessary.
Repair Repairing features of the building and site by Replacing an entire feature of the building or site such as a reinforcing historic materials. fence, walkway, or driveway when repair of materials and limited compatible replacement of deteriorated or missing parts are appropriate. Using a substitute material for the replacement part that does not convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the building or site feature or that is physically or chemically incompatible.
Park-like settings surrounding many his toric mansions are important in defining their historic character. However, the relationship between building and site was destroyed by an inappropriate reha bilitation when this house was conver ted into offices, and the formally land scaped grounds in front of the house were bulldozed to provide a parking lot.
72 Building Site Recommended Not Recommended Replace Replacing in kind an entire feature of the build Removing a feature of the building or site that is unrepairable and ing or site that is too deteriorated to repair if the not replacing it; or replacing it with a new feature that does not overall form and detailing are still evident. convey the same visual appearance. Physical evidence from the deteriorated feature should be used as a model to guide the new work. This could include an entrance or porch, walkway, or fountain. If using the same kind of material is not technically or economically feasible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered.
Replacing deteriorated or damaged landscape Adding conjectural landscape features to the site such as period fea tures in kind. reproduction lamps, fences, fountains, or vegetation that is historically inappropriate, thus creating a false sense of historic development.
This wood picket fence is as important to the site as the shutters, porch detailing, and clapboards are to the house. As such, the fence was carefully repaired and painted as part of an overall project to preserve the historic residence. Building Site 73 The following work is Recommended Not Recommended highlighted to indicate that it Design for Missing Historic Features represents the particularly complex technical or design Designing and constructing a new feature of a Creating a false historical appearance because the replaced aspects of rehabilitation building or site when the historic feature is feature is based on insufficient historical, pictorial, and physical project work and should only completely missing, such as an outbuilding, documentation. terrace or driveway. It may be based on histori be considered after the Introducing a new building or site feature that is out of scale or cal, pictorial, and physical documentation; or be preservation concerns listed of an otherwise inappropriate design. above have been addressed. a new design that is compatible with the historic character of the building and site. Introducing a new landscape feature, including plant material, that is visually incompatible with the site, or that alters or destroys the historic site patterns or vistas.
Alterations/Additions for the New Use Designing new onsite parking, loading docks, or Locating any new construction on the building where important ramps when required by the new use so that they landscape features will be damaged or destroyed, for example are as unobtrusive as possible and assure the removing a lawn and walkway and installing a parking lot. preservation of the historic relationship between the building or buildings and the landscape. Designing new exterior additions to historic Placing parking facilities directly adjacent to historic buildings buildings or adjacent new construction which where automobiles may cause damage to the buildings or to is compatible with the historic character of important landscape features. the site and which preserves the historic relation Introducing new construction onto the building site which is ship between the building or buildings and visually incompatible in terms of size, scale, design, materials, the landscape. color, and texture; which destroys historic relationships on the site; or which damages or destroys important landscape features.
Removing nonsignificant buildings, additions, or Removing a historic building in a complex of buildings; or site features which detract from the historic removing a building feature, or a landscape feature which is character of the site. important in defining the historic character of the site.
74 Building Site Setting District or Neighborhood The setting is the area or envi Setting ronment in which a historic property is found. It may be an urban or suburban neighborhood District or or a natural landscape in which a building has been constructed. Neighborhood The elements of setting, such as the relationship of buildings to each other, setbacks, fence pat terns, views, driveways and walkways, and street trees to gether create the character of a district or neighborhood. In some instances, many individual build ing sites may form a neighbor hood or setting. In rural environ ments, agricultural or natural landscapes may form the setting for an individual property.
76 Setting District or Neighborhood Recommended Not Recommended Identify, retain and preserve Identifying, retaining, and preserving building Removing or radically changing those features of the setting which and landscape features which are important in are important in defining the historic character. defining the historic character of the setting. Such features can include roads and streets, furnishings such as lights or benches, vegetation, gardens and yards, adjacent open space such as fields, parks, commons or woodlands, and important views or visual relationships. In an Llrban historic district, the align ment and width of roads, the relationship Retaining the historic relationship between Destroying the relationship between the buildings and landscape between bllildings and yards, and the buildings and landscape features of the setting. features within the setting by widening existing streets, changing repetition of trees lining the streets help define its historic character. For example, preserving the relationship between landscape materials or constructing inappropriately located new a town common and its adjacent historic houses, streets or parking. municipal buildings, historic roads, and landscape Removing or relocating historic buildings or landscape features, features. thus destroying their historic relationship within the setting.
Protect and maintain Protecting and maintaining historic building Failing to provide adequate protection of materials on a cyclical materials and plant features through appropriate basis which results in the deterioration of building and treatments such as cleaning, rust removal, limited landscape features. paint removal, and reapplication of protective coating systems; and pruning and vegetation management.
Protecting buildings and landscape features Permitting the building and setting to remain unprotected so that The setting is an important aspect of a historic district. In a rLlral historic district, against arson and vandalism before rehabilitation interior or exterior features are damaged. the natural topography and landscape work begins by erecting protective fencing and features, agricultural field patterns, roads, Stripping or removing features from buildings or the setting such as and the organization of bLlildings and installing alarm systems that are keyed into local wood siding, iron fencing, terra cotta balusters, or plant material. structLlres all contribLlte to its character. protection agencies.
Setting District or Neighborhood 77 Recommended Not Recommended
Evaluating the overall condition of the building Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the protection of and landscape features to determine building and landscape features. whether more than protection and maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to features will be necessary.
Street furniture such as this historic clock helps define an urban district's character and thus should be retained in a rehabilitation.
Cast Iron Benches, Illustrated Catalogue of Ornamental Iron Works, Janes, Kirtland & Co., 1870. Benches can be important features both in defining an urban streets cape as well as a more rural landscape.
Repair Repairing features of the building and landscape Replacing an entire feature of the building or landscape when by reinforcing the historic materials. Repair will repair of materials and limited replacement of deteriorated or also generally include the replacement in kind missing parts are appropriate. or with a compatible substitute materia-of those Using a substitute material for the replacement part that does not extensively deteriorated or missing parts of convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the build features where there are surviving prototypes ing or landscape, or that is physically, chemically, or ecologi such as porch balustrades or paving materials. cally incompatible.
78 Setting District or Neighborhood This late-19th century residential historic district is characterized by brick row houses with two-storied bays. A street scape's visual continuity can be marred by an insensitive rehabilitation such as the one shown here. The original two-story brick bay of one of the houses was removed and rep laced with a three-story bay that is incompatible in size, materials, and detailing.
Recommended / Not Recommended Replace Replacing in kind an entire feature of the building Removing a feature of the building or landscape that is or landscape that is too deteriorated to repair unrepairable and not replacing it; or replacing it with a new feature when the overall form and detailing are still that does not convey the same visual appearance. evident-using the physical evidence as a model to guide the new work. If using the same kind of material is not technically or economically fea sible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered.
Setting District or Neighborhood 79 The following work is high Recommended Not Recommended lighted because it represents Design for Missing Historic Features the particularly complex technical or design aspects Designing and constructing a new feature of the Creating a false historical appearance because the of rehabilitation projects building or landscape when the historic feature is replaced feature is based on insufficient documentary or and should only be consid completely missing, such as rowhouse steps, a physical evidence. porch, a streetlight, or terrace. It may be a resto ered after the preservation Introducing a new building or landscape feature that is out of ration based on documentary or physical evi concerns above have scale or otherwise inappropriate to the setting's historic charac dence; or be a new design that is compatible with been addressed. ter, e.g., replacing picket fencing with chain link fencing. the historic character of the setting.
Alterations/Additions for the New Use Designing required new parking so that it is as Placing parking facilities directly adjacent to historic buildings unobtrusive as possible, thus minimizing the which cause damage to historic landscape features, including effect on the historic character of the setting. removal of plant material, relocation of paths and walkways, or "Shared" parking should also be planned so that blocking of alleys. several businesses can utilize one parking area as opposed to introducing random, multiple lots.
Designing and constructing new additions to Introducing new construction into historic districts that is historic buildings when required by the new use. visually incompatible or that destroys historic relationships New work should be compatible with the historic within the setting. character of the setting in terms of size, scale, design, material, color, and texture.
Removing nonsignificant buildings, additions or Removing a historic building, building feature, or landscape landscape features which detract from the historic feature that is important in defining the historic character of character of the setting. the setting.
80 Setting District or Neighborhood Although the work in the following sections is quite often an impor tant aspect of rehabilitation projects, it is usually not part of the overall process of preserving character-defining features (maintenance, repair, replacement); rather, such work is assessed for its potential negative impact on the building's historic character. For this reason, particular care must be taken not to obscure, radically change, dam age, or destroy character-defining features in the process of rehabilita tion work.
81
Energy Conservation Some character-defining features Energy of a historic building or site such as cupolas, shutters, transoms, Conservation skylights, sun rooms, porches, and plantings also playa second ary, energy-conserving role. Therefore, prior to retrofitting historic buildings to make them more energy efficient, the first step should always be to identify and evaluate the existing historic features to assess their inherent energy-conserving potential. If it is determined that retrofitting measures are necessary, then such work needs to be carried out with particular care to insure that the building's historic charac- ter is preserved in the process of rehabilitation.
84 Energy Conservation Recommended Not Recommended DistrictlNeighborhood Maintaining those existing landscape features Stripping the setting of landscape features and landforms so that which moderate the effects of the climate on the the effects of the wind, rain, and the sun results in accelerated setting such as deciduous trees, evergreen wind deterioration of historic materials. blocks, and lakes or ponds.
Building Site Retaining plant materials, trees, and landscape Removing plant materials, trees, and landscape features, so that features, especially those which perform passive they no longer perform passive solar energy functions. solar energy functions such as sun shading and wind breaks.
Installing freestanding solar collectors in a man Installing freestanding solar collectors that obscure, damage, or ner that preserves the historic property's charac destroy historic landscape or archeological features. ter-defining features. INTERIOR warm, moist air Designing attached solar collectors, including Locating solar collectors where they radically change the property's solar greenhouses, so that the character-defining appearance; or damage or destroy character-defining features. features of the property are preserved.
insulation moisture =____ =:== ::::.:::---'""-..;..,.~ ..... MasonrylWoodlArchitectural Metals Installing thermal insulation in attics and in Applying thermal insulation with a high moisture content into wall 1B'~:*t-- vapor barrier unheated cellars and crawlspaces to increase the cavities in an attempt to reduce energy consumption. efficiency of the existing mechanical systems.
When installing insulation in the wall Installing insulating material on the inside of Resurfacing historic building materials with more energy efficient cavity of a historic wood-frame building, a vapor barrier must be placed facing-in masonry walls to increase energy efficiency but incompatible materials, such as covering historic masonry with toward the heated side of the wall. The where there is no character-defining interior exterior insulation. vapor barrier prevents moisture from passing from the warm interior to the cold molding around the window or other interior exterior, thus keeping the insulation and architectural detailing. adjacent building materials dry. Energy Conservation 85 Recommended Not Recommended
Installing passive solar devices such as a glazed Installing passive solar devices such an attached glazed "trombe" "trombe" wall on a rear or inconspicuous side of wall on primary or other highly visible elevations; or where historic the historic building. material must be removed or obscured.
Roofs Placing solar collectors on non-character-defining Placing solar collectors on roofs when such collectors change the roofs or roofs of nonhistoric adjacent buildings. historic roofline or obscure the relationship of the roof features such as dormers, skylights, and chimneys. Historic residential window-appropriate Windows storm window retrofit. The single casement, wooden storm window has two Utilizing the inherent energy conserving features Removing historic shading devices rather than keeping them in an removable panels for screen and glass inserts. It is designed to minimize visual of a building by maintaining windows and operable condition. changes to the historic building. louvered blinds in good operable condition for natural ventilation.
Improving thermal efficiency with Replacing historic multi-paned sash with new thermal sash utilizing weatherstripping, storm windows, caulking, false muntins.
.1~HtJf-+-- ::.."- interior shades, and if historically appropriate, .,..WfA_... -· blinds and awnings . 11I-lH-~ ""''''''..... STU Installing interior storm windows with air-tight Installing interior storm windows that allow moisture to accumu gaskets, ventilating holes, andlor removable clips late and damage the window. to insure proper maintenance and to avoid condensation damage to historic windows.
Installing exterior storm windows which do not Installing new exterior storm windows which are inappropriate in damage or obscure the windows and frames. size or color. Replacing windows or transoms with fixed thermal glazing or Historic commercial window-appropri permitting windows and transoms to remain inoperable rather than ate storm window retrofit. This cutaway view shows how the historic sash would utilizing them for their energy conserving potential. receive a recessed storm panel through routing or cutting an inside rabbet. 86 Energy Conservation Recommended Not Recommended
Considering the use of lightly tinted glazing on Using tinted or reflective glazing on character-defining or other non-character-defining elevations if other energy conspicuous elevations. retrofitting alternatives are not possible.
Entrances and Porches Utilizing the inherent energy conserving features Enclosing porches located on character-defining elevations to create of a building by maintaining porches and double passive solar collectors or airlock vestibules. Such enclosures can vestibule entrances in good condition so that they destroy the historic appearance of the building. can retain heat or block the sun and provide natural ventilation.
In hot climates, buildings were historically designed to minimize the heat gain from the summer sun. The wide roof overhangs, exterior porches, shutters, shade trees, and heavy masonry walls (painted white) are all energy saving characteristics. Energy Conservation 87 Recommended Not Recommended Interior Features Retaining historic interior shutters and transoms Removing historic interior features which playa secondary energy for their inherent energy conserving features. conserving role.
New Additions to Historic Buildings Placing new additions that have an energy con Installing new additions such as multi-story solar greenhouse serving function such as a solar greenhouse on additions which obscure, damage, or destroy character non-character-defining elevations. defining features. Shutters were used to minimize temper ature extremes. If interior or exterior shutters are present, they should be retained, preserved, and used as Mechanical Systems they were historically. Improving energy efficiency of existing mechani Replacing existing mechanical systems that couLd be repaired for cal systems by installing insulation in attics continued use. and basements.
This decorative cast-iron vellt serves a useful passive energy conservation function by aI/owing air to circulate at basemellt level.
88 Energy Conservation New Additions to Historic Buildings An attached exterior addition to New a historic building expands its "outer limits" to create a new Additions profile. Because such expansion has the capability to radically to Historic change the historic appearance, an exterior addition should be Buildings considered only after it has been determined that the new use cannot be successfully met by altering non-character-defining interior spaces. If the new use cannot be met in this way, then an attached exterior addition is usually an acceptable alternative. New additions should be de signed and constructed so that the character-defining features of the historic building are not radically changed, obscured, damaged, or destroyed in the process of reha bilitation. New design should always be clearly differentiated so that the addition does not appear to be part of the historic resource.
90 New Additions to Historic Buildings Recommended Not Recommended
Placing functions and services required for the Expanding the size of the historic building by constructing a new new use in non-character-defining interior spaces addition when the new use could be met by altering non-character rather than constructing a new addition. defining interior spaces.
Constructing a new addition so that there is the Attaching a new addition so that the character-defining features of least possible loss of historic materials and so that the historic building are obscured, damaged, or destroyed. character-defining features are not obscured, damaged, or destroyed.
Locating the attached exterior addition at the rear Designing a new addition so that its size and scale in relation to the or on an inconspicuous side of a historic building; historic building are out of proportion, thus diminishing the and limiting its size and scale in relationship to historic character. the historic building.
An 1847 residence was successfully converted into a bank, with the construc tion of a low-scale addition. The drawing Designing new additions in a manner that makes Duplicating the exact form, material, style, and detailing of the shows how the three-unit addition hers been clear what is historic and what is new. historic building in the new addition so that the new work appears stepped down the hill, each unit set further back from the historic structure as it to be part of the historic building. extends horizontally. As a result, the new addition is only partially visible from the Imitating a historic style or period of architecture in new additions, historic "approach. " The small connector was sensitively designed to minimize loss of especially for contemporary uses such as drive-in banks or garages. historic building materials. A new lO-story wing added to the back of a historic library constitutes major expansion, cc: ~~~~~~~~~ ...... HISTOR IC BUILDING :r:'" yet is compatible because it reads as I II W SMALL CONN(CTOR :i a subsidiary unit to ..c: the much larger U historic building. 00 c: . ~ ~ Cl
91 Left:This rooftop addition has substantially altered the historic profile and proportions of a three-story row house; more important, it has interrupted the uniform roof height of the block. The greenhouse is also a jarring element in an otherwise intact 19th century streetscape. Below: A sizeable employee lounge was added atop this four-story historic commercial building. Because the rooftop addition has been set back from both the front and side roof edges against a party wall, the historic character of the building and the district have been preserved.
Recommended Not Recommended
Considering the attached exterior addition both Designing and constructing new additions that result in the diminu in terms of the new use and the appearance of tion or loss of the historic character of the resource, including its other buildings in the historic district or neighbor design, materials, workmanship, location, or setting. hood. Design for the new work may be contem Using the same wall plane, roof line, cornice height, materials, porary or may reference design motifs from the siding lap or window type to make additions appear to be a part of historic building. In either case, it should always the historic building. be clearly differentiated from the historic building and be compatible in terms of mass, materials, relationship of solid6 to voids, and color.
92 New Additions to Historic Buildings Recommended Not Recommended
Placing new additions such as balconies and Designing new additions such as multi-story greerlhouse additions greenhouses on non-character-defining elevations that obscure, damage, or destroy character-defining features of the and limiting the size and scale in relationship to historic building. the historic building.
Designing additional stories, when required for Constructing additional stories so that the historic appearance of the new use, that are set back from the wall plane the building is radically changed. and are as inconspicuous as possible when viewed from the street.
The historic residence is on the right. By copying the decorative gable and three-part window in the new addition, the old and new portions are virtually indistinguishable. This approach violates the Standards for Rehabilitation.
111 rehabilitating a historic bank for a new use, a small restaurant addition was built on the rear. The new Two small Victorian cottages, above, were connected to provide additional floor space in addition is compati a commercial rehabilitation. The inappropriate infill connector, below, is on the same ble with the historic plane as the historic facades, essentially making the two cottages appear as one building. If building primarily the new infill had been substantially set back from the facade, the distinct form of each because of its scale cottage would have been retained. and location. New Additions to Historic Buildings 93
Accessibility Considerations It is often necessary to make it to meet both accessibility Accessibility modifications to a historic prop and historic preservation require erty so that it can comply with ments. Thus, work must be Considerations current accessibility code require carefully planned and undertaken ments. Accessibility to certain so that it does not result in a historic buildings and sites is loss of character-defining spaces, required by three specific federal features, and finishes. The goal laws: the Architectural Barriers is to provide the highest level Act of 1968, Section 504 of the of access with the lowest level Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and of impact. the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Federal rules, regula tions, and standards have been developed which provide guid ance on how to accomplish access in historic areas. The question is not if access should be provided; the question is how to provide
96 Accessibility Considerations Recommended Not Recommended
Identifying the historic building's character Undertaking code-required alterations before identifying those defining spaces, features, and finishes so that spaces, features or finishes which are character-defining and must accessibility code-required work will not result in therefore be preserved. their damage or loss.
Complying with barrier-free access requirements, Altering, damaging, or destroying character-defining features in in such a manner that character-defining spaces, attempting to comply with accessibility requirements. features, and finishes are preserved.
The historic cast {ron railing was preserved when a permanent ramp was designed for this museum's main entrance.
Accessibility Considerations 97 Access to this rural historic site has been improved to include designated parking areas, properly graded ramps and walkways around the site, and access within the building to all services.
An accordion-type platform lift that retracts to ground level when not in use has been installed to make this historic house accessible.
Recommended Not Recommended
Working with local disability groups, access Making changes to buildings without first seeking expert advice specialists, and historic preservation specialists to from access specialists and historic preservationists, to determine determine the most appropriate solution to access solutions. problems.
Providing barrier-free access that promotes Providing access modifications that do not provide a reason- independence for the disabled person to the able balance between independent, safe access and preservation of A relatively simple way to increase highest degree practicable, while preserving historic features. accessibility inside a historic building may be to add bevels to the sides of a threshold. significant historic features.
Designing new or additional means of access that Designing new or additional means of access without considering are compatible with the historic property and its the impact on the historic property and its setting. setting.
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. "'"~ gL-______~ 98 Accessibility Considerations Health and Safety Considerations In undertaking rehabilitation should wear proper personal Health work on historic buildings, it is protective equipment. Finally, necessary to consider the impact preventive and routine mainte and Safety that meeting current health and nance programs for historic safety codes (public health, occu structures known to contain such Considerations pational health, life safety, fire materials should also be devel safety, electrical, structural and oped to include proper warnings building codes) will have on and precautions. character-defining spaces, fea tures, and finishes. Special coordi nation with the responsible code officials at the state, county or municipal level may be required. Securing required building per mits and occupancy licenses is best accomplished early in reha bilitation planning.
In the area of occupational health, research on older, more commonly used building materi als (insulation, floor and wall coverings and lead paints) indi cates that the presence of toxic substances in them is potentially hazardous to building occupants. Following careful investigation and analysis, some form of abate ment may be required such as encapsulation, or partial or total removal. All workers involved in the encapsulation, repair, or removal of known toxic materials should be adequately trained and
100 Health and Safety Considerations Recommended Not Recommended
Identifying the historic building's character Undertaking code-required alterations to a building or site before defining spaces, features, and finishes so that identifying those spaces, features, or finishes which are character code-required work will not result in their dam defining and must therefore be preserved. age or loss.
Complying with health and safety codes, includ Altering, damaging, or destroying character-defining spaces, ing seismic code requirements, in such a manner features, and finishes while making modifications to a building or that character-defining spaces, features, and site to comply with safety codes. finishes are preserved.
Removing toxic building materials only after Destroying historic interior features and finishes without careful thorough testing has been conducted and only testing and without considering less invasive abatement methods. after less invasive abatement methods have been shown to be inadequate.
Existing decorative staircases in historic buildings may meet safety requirements if Providing workers with appropriate personal enclosed with safety glass. This enclosure Removing unhealthful building materials without regard to per preserves th e stairs while providing a protective equipment for hazards found in the sonal and environmental safety. secure means of egress. worksite.
Working with local code officials to investigate Making changes to historic buildings without first exploring systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or equivalent health and safety systems, methods, or devices that may superior effectiveness and safety to those pre be less damaging to historic spaces, features, and finishes. scribed by code so that unnecessary alterations can be avoided.
Upgrading historic stairways and elevators to Damaging or obscuring historic stairways and elevators or altering meet health and safety codes in a manner that adjacent spaces in the process of doing work to meet code require assures their preservation, i.e., so that they are ments. not damaged or obscured.
Health and Safety Considerations 101 A sprinkler system has been sensitively installed in this highly ornamental plaster ceiling during the building's rehabilitation. Sprinkler heads have been unobtrusively located in the center of the decorative plaster relief.
Recommended Not Recommended
Installing sensitively designed fire suppression Covering character-defining wood features with fire-resistant systems, such as sprinkler systems that result in sheathing which results in altering their visual appearance. retention of historic features and finishes.
Applying fire-retardant coatings, such as intumes Using fire-retardant coatings if they damage or obscure character cent paints, which expand during fire to add defining features. thermal protection to steel. 102 Health and Safety Considerations Recommended Not Recommended
Adding a new stairway or elevator to meet health Radically changing, damaging, or destroying character-defining and safety codes in a manner that preserves spaces, features, or finishes when adding a new code-required adjacent character-defining features and spaces. stairway or elevator.
Placing a code-required stairway or elevator Constructing a new addition to accommodate code-required stairs that cannot be accommodated within the and elevators on character-defining elevations highly visible from historic building in a new exterior addition. the street; or where it obscures, damages, or destroys character Such an addition should be on an inconspi defining features. cuous elevation.
In order to comply with safety codes, it may be necessary to add an exterior fire stair to a historic building as part of a rehabilitation project. The brick stairtower shown on the top is compatible in mater ials and scale, and inconspicuously attached to the rear elevation of the histor ic rowhouse. The example on the bottom shows a large-scale concrete and glass stairtower that is incompatible in materials and scale, located as it is on a highly visible elevation of the historic brick building.
In buildings such as this historic court house, where old lead-based paint is essentially intact and covered with a lead free topcoat, removing the historic paint because of potential toxicity may not be necessary. Historic paint can provide valuable documentation about the evolution of a building and should be retained, whenever possible. Health and Safety Considerations 103
Technical Guidance Publications Technical Guidance Publications
For a free copy of the TPS catalog of historic preservation publications, write:
Heritage Preservation Services (2255) Technical Preservation Services National Park Service 1849 C Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20240.
106 Technical Guidance Publications GATE FASTENINGS
ProgramtTraining Information Federal Historic P~eservation Laws. Sara K. Preservation Briefs 1: The Cleaning and Blumenthal, Ed. Lists the major historic Waterproof Coating of Masonry Buildings. preservation laws that govern a national Robert C. Mack, AlA. Provides guidance on program to coordinate and support public and cleaning and waterproofing techniques and private efforts to identify, evaluate, and explains the consequences of their inappropri protect our historic and archeological re ate use. 4 pages. 5 illustrations. 1975. sources. 59 pages. 1990. Preservation Briefs 2: Repointing Mortar Interpreting the Secretary of the Interior's Joints in Historic Brick Buildings. Robert C. Standards for Rehabilitation. Michael J. Auer, Mack, AlA, de Tee! Paterson Tiller, and James Ed. Explains how the National Park S. Askins. Provides information on appropri Service applies the Standards in its administra ate materials and methods for rep ointing tion of the historic preservation tax incen historic brick buildings. 8 pages. 12 illustra tives program. 33 project bulletins. tions. 1980. 150 illustrations. 1988. Preservation Briefs 3: Conserving Energy in Preservation Tax Incentives for Historic Historic Buildings. Baird M. Smith, AlA. Buildings. Explains Federal tax incentives Provides information on materials and tech available to owners who rehabilitate com niques to consider or avoid when undertaking mercial historic structures. Includes an outline weatherization and energy conservation of the certification process, program regula measures in historic buildings. 8 pages. tions, and a list of State Historic Preservation 8 illustrations. 1978. Officers. 24 pages. Revised 1990. Preservation Briefs 4: Roofing for Historic Buildings. Sarah M. Sweetser. Provides a Preservation Briefs brief history of the most commonly used GATII BINGES AND FASTS. Preservation Briefs assist owners and develop roofing materials in America. Presents a To Bmg Both W&ya, and SeIt-shuttiog. ers of historic buildings in recognizing sound preservation approach to roof and resolving common preservation and repair, roof replacement, and the use of repair problems prior to work. The alternative roofing materials. 8 pages. briefs are especially useful to preservation tax 16 illustrations. 1978. incentive program applicants because they recommend those methods and approaches Preservation Briefs 5: The Preservation of for rehabilitating historic buildings that are Historic Adobe Buildings. Provides informa consistent with their historic character. tion on the traditional materials and construc- Technical Guidance Publications 107 tion of adobe buildings, and the causes of adobe useful information on evaluating and repairing deterioration. Makes recommendations for historic wooden windows found in typical preserving historic adobe buildings. 8 pages. rehabilitation projects. Emphasizes practical 15 illustrations. 1978. methods for homeowners or developers. 8 pages. 10 illustrations. 1981. Preservation Briefs 6: Dangers of Abrasive Preservation Briefs 10. Exterior Paint Problems Cleaning to Historic Buildings. Anne E. Grim on Historic Woodwork. Kay D. Weeks and mer. Cautions against the use of sandblasting to David W. Look, AIA. Identifies and describes clean various building materials and suggests common types of paint surface conditions measures to mitigate the effects of improper Shutter Lifts. 3 Hole. and failures. Provides guidance on preparing cleaning. Explains the limited circumstances historic woodwork for repainting, including under which abrasive cleaning may be appropri limited and total paint removal. 12 pages. ate. 8 pages. 10 illustrations. 1979. 14 illustrations. 1982.
Preservation Briefs 7: The Preservation of Preservation Briefs 11. Rehabilitating Historic Historic Glazed Architectural Terra-Cotta. de Storefronts. H. Ward Jandl. Explores the role Teel Patterson Tiller. Discusses deterioration of the storefront in historic buildings and problems that commonly occur with terra-cotta provides guidance on rehabilitation techniques and provides methods for determining the extent for historic storefronts as well as compatible of such deterioration. Makes recommendations new storefront designs. 12 pages. for maintenance and repair, and suggests 12 illustrations. 1982. appropriate replacement materials. 8 pages. 11 illustrations. 1979. Preservation Briefs 12. The Preservation of Historic Pigmented Structural Glass (Vitro lite Preservation Briefs 8: Aluminum and Vinyl and Carrara Glass). Provides information on Siding on Historic Buildings: The Appro the early manufacture, installation, and use of priateness of Substitute Materials for Resurfac this decorative building product commonly ing Historic Wood Frame Buildings. John H. found in 20th century buildings; reasons for its Myers, revised by Gary L. Hume. Discusses damage; and a general approach for its mainte various types of historic wood siding and repair nance, repair, and replacement. 8 pages. and replacement in kind. Outlines the instances 16 illustrations. 1984. under which substitute siding may be an accept able alternative. 7 pages. 5 illustrations. Preservation Briefs 13. The Repair and Thermal Rev, 1984. Upgrading of Historic Steel Windows. Sharon C. Park, AIA. Presents brief historical Preservation Briefs 9: The Repair of Historic background on the development, use, and styles Wooden Windows. John H. Myers. Provides of rolled steel windows popular in the first half 1 08 Technical Guidance Publications of the 20th century. Explains steps for cleaning Buildings as an Aid to Preserving Their and repairing damaged steel windows; also Character. Lee H. Nelson, FAIA. Essential provides information on appropriate methods of guidapce to help property owners and architects weatherstripping and options for storm panels identify those features of historic buildings that or the installation of thermal glass. 12 pages. give the building its visual character so that their 10 illustrations. 1984. preservation can be maximized in rehabilitation. 12 pages. 27 illustrations. 1988. Preservation Briefs 14: New Exterior Additions to Historic Buildings: Preservation Concerns. Preservation Briefs 18: Rehabilitating Interiors in Kay D. Weeks. Uses a series of examples to Historic Buildings-Identifying Character suggest ways that attached new additions Defining Elements. H. Ward Jandl. Assists can successfully serve contemporary uses as part building owners in identifying significant interior of a rehabilitation project while preserving spaces, features, and finishes so they may be significant historic materials and features and preserved in rehabilitation work. The guidance the building's historic character. 12 pages. applies to all building types and styles, from 18th 30 illustrations. 1986. century churches to 20th century office build ings. 8 pages. 11 illustrations. 1988. Preservation Briefs 15: Preservation of Historic Concrete: Problems and General Approaches. Preservation Briefs 19: The Repair and Replace William B. Coney, AIA. Focuses on cast-in-place ment of Historic Wooden Shingle Roofs. Sharon C. Park, AIA. Discusses historic wooden roof and reinforced concrete. The guidance addresses Phoro: Richard Nickel, HABS the causes of concrete deterioration, the signs of ing, expectations for longevity, and repair and deterioration, and actual concrete repair. replacement options. Identifies roofing material 12 pages. 27 illustrations. 1987. that duplicates the appearance of a historic roof, offers guidance on proper installation, and Preservation Briefs 16: The Use of Substitute provides information on coatings and mainte Materials on Historic Building Exteriors. Sharon nance procedures to help preserve the new roof. C. Park, AIA. Includes a discussion of when 12 pages. 16 illustrations. 1989. to use substitute materials, cautions regarding Preservation Briefs 20: The Preservation of their expected performance, and descriptions Historic Barns. Michael J. Auer. Identifies of several substitute materials together historic bam types, helps owners understand the with their advantages and disadvantages. historic character of their barns, and offers Summary charts are included. 14 pages. advice on the maintenance, repair, and rehabili 34 illustrations. 1988. tation of old and historic barns. 12 pages. 30 Preservation Briefs 17: Architectural Charac illustrations. 1989. Shutter Borews. ter - Identifying the Visual Aspects of Historic Technical Guidance Publications 109 Preservation Briefs 21: Repairing Historic Flat from the 18th c. to the early 20th c. Discusses Plaster-Walls and Ceilings. Marylee issues involving occupant comfort and climate MacDonald. Guides building owners on repair control. Underscores the importance of careful ing historic plaster using traditional materials planning in order to balance preservation object and techniques. Suggests replacement options ives with the interior climate needs of historic if the historic plaster is severely deteriorated. buildings. Useful chart included that gives an Square. Round. Useful chart on various plaster bases and overview of contemporary HVAC systmes compatible basecoats and finish coats. 14 pages. together with advantages and disadvantages. 17 illustrations. 1989. 12 pages. 17 illustrations. September, 1991.
Preservation Briefs 22: The Preservation and Preservation Briefs 25: The Preservation of Repair of Historic Stucco. Anne E. Grimmer. Historic Signs. Michael J. Auer. Reviews sign Describes the evolution of stucco as a popular types and practices from the 18th c. to the building material, beginning with a brief 1960's. Discusses the complex issues involved in history of how stucco is applied, and how repairing and re-using historic signs for contem its composition, texture, and surface patterns porary businesses. 12 pages. 30 illustrations. have changed. Includes guidelines for the September, 1991. historic property owner or manager on repairing historic stucco, with sample mixes for 18th, Preservation Briefs 26: The preservation and 19th, and 20th century stucco types. 16 pages. Repair of Historic Log Buildings. Bruce D. 33 illustrations. 1990. Bomberger. Reviews and illustrates historic log construction from the 18th c. to the early Preservation Briefs 23: Preserving Historic 20th c., focusing on horizontally-laid logs. Ornamental Plaster. David Flaharty. Disucesses traditional splicing-in techniques, the Explains the processes of run-in-place and use of epoxies, and log replacement, as well as cast ornamentation by using three common guidance on the repair and replacement of decorative forms as examples: the cornice, chinking and daubing. 16 pages. 25 illustrations. ceiling medallion, and coffered ceiling. illustrates September, 1991. common causes of plaster deteroriation and Preservation Briefs 27: The Maintenance and repair techniques. Useful advice on selecting Repair of Architectural Cast hon. John G. and evaluating a restoration contractor is Waite, Historical Overview by Margot included. 14 pages. 34 illustrations. 1990. AIA. Gayle. Discusses cast iron in terms of 19th Preservation Briefs 24: Heating, Ventilating, and century industrial development. Emphasizes the Cooling Historic Buildings: Problems and importance of this versatile material in architec Recommended Approaches. Sharon C. Park, tural building design, technology, and ornamen Shutter Lifts, Flush. AIA. Outlines the history of mechanical systems tation. Provides essential guidance on maintain- 110 Technical Guidance Publications 1 ~ , 3l;h±¥=pwe Z ing and repairing architectural cast iron within Cyclical Maintenance for Historic Buildings. J. 2,1{ rehabilitiation projects. 14 pages. 25 illustrations. Henry Chambers, AIA. Provides a step-by-step 2~ September, 1991. process for building managers, architects, and others involved in the routine maintenance 2 ~ 3 of historic properties. 125 pages. Technical Reports 1976. Bibliography. ShUUUDg N.u.. Technical Reports address in detail problems confronted by architects, engineers, government Epoxies for Wood Repairs in Historic Buildings. officials, and other technicians involved in the Morgan W. Phillips and Dr. Judith E. Selwyn. preservation of historic buildings. Presents research findings on the use of epoxies to preserve historic wood features rather than replacing them. Discusses low-viscosity epoxy A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration consolidants that can be soaked into rotted Problems and Preservation Treatments. Anne E. wood in order to restore its solidity; and epoxy Grimmer. Generously illustrated, provides pastes for filling holes and cracks in historic information on 22 common masonry deteriora woodwork. Includes useful case-study applica tion problems and their known treatments. tions, suggested formulations, and lists of sup Intended for use both as a general reference tool pliers. 72 pages. 43 illustrations. Appendix. 1978. and an on-site interpretive guide in the mainte nance and preservation of historic structures. 68 Gaslighting in America: A Pictorial Survey, pages. 41 illustrations. 1984. Bibliography. 1815-1910. Denys Peter Myers. Surveys the types and style of gas fixtures that appeared in the Access to Historic Buildings for the Disabled: rooms and on the streets of 19th and early 20th Suggestions for Planning and Implementation. century America. 279 pages. 120 illustrations. Charles Parrott. Describes methods to achieve Originally published by the National Park barrier-free access to historic buildings that Service in 1978, re-issued by Dover Press, conform with the Department of the Interior's New York, in 1990. historic preservation standards. Addresses a HINGE variety of specific needs for the disabled, includ Keeping it Clean: Removing Dirt, Paint, Stains, ing ramps, vertical wheelchair lifts, curb cuts, and Graffiti from Historic Exterior Masonry. railings, restrooms, miscellaneous fixtures, and Anne E. Grimmer. Covers virtually every aspect signs. Also examines techniques to make pro of a cleaning project-identifying building grams and services housed in historic buildings materials to be cleaned and ones that might be accessible in lieu of architectural changes. affected by cleaning; scheduling cleaning 92 pages. 42 illustrations. 1980. Bibliography. around other work; what to ask for in clean ing "specs;" and what kind of test cleaning procedures to use. Useful chart summarizes Technical Guidance Publications 111 cleaners and removal techniques. 45 pages. Photogrammetric Recording of Cultural 35 illustrations. Bibliography. Resources. Perry E. Borchers. Describes the basic principles of photogrammetry and Metals in America's Historic Buildings: Uses their application to the recording of cultural and Preservation Treatments. Margot Gayle resources. Includes several case study and David W. Look, AIA. One of the most applications. 38 pages. 27 illustrations. complete sourcebooks available on historic Bibliography. 1977. architectural metals, such as lead, tin, zinc, bronze, copper, iron, nickel, steel and alumi Rectified Photography and Photo Drawings num. Part 1 focuses on the identification and for Historic Preservation. J. Henry Chambers, historic uses of architectural metals; Part 2 AIA. Explains the process of making photo provides in-depth information on repair and graphic negatives of a predetermined size or preservation methods, discussing each metal scale which can be enlarged to a convenient individually. 168 pages. 180 illustrations. architectural scale, then printed on photo Bibliography. 1980. sensitive drafting film for working drawings, surveys, and feasibility studies. 38 pages. Moisture Problems in Historic Masonry 13 illustrations. 1973. Walls: Diagnosis and Treatment. Baird M. Smith, AIA. Intended for architects, building Using Photogrammetry to Monitor Materials owners, property managers, and others Deterioration and Structural Problems on responsible for the care and maintenance of Historic Buildings: Dorchester Heights historic buildings. Discusses problems caused Monument, A Case Study. J. Henry Cham by excessive moisture in historic masonry bers, AIA. Details the cost-effectiveness of Photo: Jack E. Boucher, HABS walls and outlines a methodology for diagnos close-range photogrammetry in monitoring ing such problems and selecting appropriate the condition of historic masonry structures, treatments. 48 pages. 32 illustrations. particularly when more conventional methods 1984. Bibliography. of inspection are impracticable. 16 pages. 6 illustrations. Bibliography. 1985. Moving Historic Buildings. John Obed Curtis. Discusses the limited circumstances under X-Ray Examination of Historic Structures. which a historic masonry or frame building David M. Hart. Explains a method should be moved. Establishes a methodology for nondestructive probing of historic build for planning, research, and recording prior to ings that permits investigation of components the move; and addresses the siting, foundation normally hidden from view. Intended construction, building reassembly, and resto for architects, conservators, and other ration work after a successful move has taken professionals. 24 pages. 19 illustrations. place. 50 pages. 47 illustrations. Bibliography. Bibliography. 1975. 112 Technical Guidance Publications Preservation Case Studies Main Street Historic District, VanBuren, Preservation Case Studies provide practical, Arkansas: Storefront RehabilitationlRestoration solution-oriented information for developers, Within a Districtwide Plan. Susan Guthrie. planners, and owners by presenting and Illustrates in detail how storefronts in a small illustrating a specific course of action taken town's commercial center were successfully to preserve one building or an entire block rehabilitated. Emphasizes both planning and of buildings. Individual case studies may rehabilitation by inclusion of working drawings, highlight an innovative rehabilitation tech and before, during and after photographs. nique, financing strategies, or an overall 31 pages. 30 illustrations. 1980. planning methodology. Maymont Park-The Italian Garden, Richmond, [ .)O!l. Virginia: Landscape Restoration. Barry W. Abbeville, South Carolina: Rehabilitation Starke, ASLA. Outlines step-by-step process of Planning and Project Work the Commercial conducting historical research on a National Town Square. John M. Bryan and the Register-listed park, preparing existing condi Triad Architectural Associates. Excellent plan tions documentation, and recommending ning guide for historic building owners inter project work. Includes the landscape architect's ested in rehabilitating an entire block to enhance drawings and specifications to restore stone local commercial trade. Uses a series of architec walls, garden walkways, and domed pergola tural drawings and sketches, recommends according to Department of the Interior historic preservation work for each building inventoried preservation standards. 39 pages. as well as the urban setting. 55 pages. 29 illustrations. 1980. 24 illustrations. 1979. Planning for exterior Work on the First Parish Fort Johnson, Amsterdam, New York: A Church, Portland, Maine, Using Photographs as Historic Structure Report. Mendel-Mesick Project Documentation. John C. Hecker, AlA, Cohen. From an on-site inspection conducted and Sylvanus W. Doughty. Using annotated in 1974-1975, shows steps to take prior to photographs detailing physical damage and undertaking preservation or restoration work on deterioration of a specific church building, a historic building. Documents the current state shows how project work recommendations of the building's exterior and interior materials were made. Useful methodology for owners and overall structural stability. Recommends and developers planning rehabilitation work work that meets the Department of Interior's on any building. Includes architectural specifi historic preservation standards. Archeological cations for several work areas, such as site report included. 54 pages. 89 illustrations. improvements, mortar, brick masonry, rough Appendices. 1978. carpentry, slate roofing, dampproofing, Technical Guidance Publications 113 flashing, and painting. 58 pages. 15 illustra Preservation Tech Notes tions. Secretary of the Interior's Standards as Preservation Tech Notes (PTN) provide inno Appendix. 1979. vative solutions to specific problems in pre serving cultural resources-buildings, struc Olmsted Park System, Jamaica Pond Boat tures, and objects. Tech Notes are intended house, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts: Planning for practitioners in the preservation field, for the Preservation of the Boathouse Roof. including architects, contractors, and mainte Richard White. Focuses on planning the nance personnel, as well as for owners and preservation of a specific public park building, developers seeking the preservation tax invest but useful for planning an entire project to ment credit for rehabilitation. Topic catego meet Department of Interior historic preserva ries for this series to date include doors, tion standards. Presents a responsible process windows, finishes, interior spaces, mechanical of documenting proposed work, including a systems, museum collection storage, tempo brief history of the site and building, evalua rary protection, exterior woodwork, masonry, tion of deterioration, architectural drawings, and metals. and a summary of successful completed work. 58 pages. 25 illustrations. Appendix. 1979. PLUMBS AND LEVELS PTN 1 Windows(1): Planning Approaches to ~, -==- --- Rehabilitating Historic Hotels: Peabody ~ .. Window Preservation by Charles E. Fisher. ------"-- -- Hotel, Memphis, Tennessee. Floy A. Brown. January, 1984. Explains use of the preservation tax credit to rehabilitate an important downtown hotel. PTN 2 Windows(2): Installing Insulating Outlines the success of other hotel rehabili Glass in Existing Steel Windows by Charles E. Phoro: Jack E. Boucher, HABS tations across the United States, then focuses Fisher. January, 1984. on the Peabody Hotel in Memphis. The PTN 3 Windows(3): Exterior Storm Win case study describes the Peabody's architec dows: Casement Design Wooden Storm Sash tural importance, the scope of rehabilitation by Wayne Trissler and Charles E. Fisher. work, and the funding initiative. 44 pages. January, 1984. 21 illustrations. Appendix. 1979. PTN 4 Windows(4): Replacement Wooden The Morse-Libby Mansion: A Report on Frames and Sash: Protecting Woodwork Restoration Work, 1973-1977. Morgan W. Against Decay by William C. Feist. Phillips. Describes and illustrates preservation January, 1984. methods and techniques used in the exterior restoration of an Italianate mansion. 55 pages. PTN 5 Windows(5): Interior Metal Storm 84 illustrations. Appendices. 1977. Windows by Laura A. Muckenfuss and Charles E. Fisher. January, 1984. 114 Technical Guidance Publications l
PTN 6 Windows(6): Replacement Wooden PTN 15 Windows(13): Aluminum Replacement Sash and Frames with Insulating Glass Windows with Sealed Insulating Glass and and Integral Muntins by Charles Parrott. Trapezoidal Muntin Grids by Charles Parrott. January, 1984. September, 1985.
PTN 7 Windows(7): Window Awnings by PTN 16 Historic Interior Spaces(I): Preserving Laura A. Muckenfuss and Charles E. Fisher. Historic Corridors in Open Office Plans by September, 1984. Christina Henry. October, 1985.
PTN 8 Windows(8): Thermal Retrofit of PTN 17 Exterior Woodwork(I): Proper Painting Historic Wooden Sash Using Interior Piggy and Surface Preparation by Sharon C. Park, back Storm Panels by Sharon C. Park, AlA. AlA. May, 1986. September, 1984. PTN 18 Exterior Woodwork(2): Paint Removal PTN 9 Windows(9): Interior Storm Windows: from Wood Siding by Alan O'Bright. Magnetic Seal by Charles E. Fisher. September, 1986. September, 1984. PTN 19 Windows( 14): Reinforcing Deteriorated PTN 10 Temporary Protection(I): Temporary Wooden Windows by Paul Stumes, P. Eng. Protection of Historic Stairways During November, 1986. Rehabilitation Work by Charles E. Fisher. March, 1985. PTN 20 Windows(15): Interior Storms for Steel Casement Windows by Charles E. Fisher and PTN 11 Windows(10): Temporary Window Christina Henry. November, 1986. Vents in Unoccupied Historic Buildings by Charles E. Fisher and Thomas A. Vitanza. PTN 21 Windows(16): Repairing and Upgrading August, 1985. Multi-Light Wooden Mill Windows by Christo pher Closs. December, 1986. PTN 12 Windows(ll): Installing Insulating Glass in Existing Wooden Sash Incorporating PTN 22 Windows(12): Aluminum replacement the Historic Glass by Charles E. Fisher. for Steel Industrial Sash by Charles E. Fisher. September, 1985. December, 1986.
PTN 13: Not issued. PTN 23 Masonry(I): Substitute Materials: Replacing Deteriorated Serpentine Stone with PTN 14 Museum Collections(I): Museum Pre-Cast Concrete by Robert M. Powers. Collection Storage in a Historic Building September, 1988. - 0 Using a Prefabricated Structure by Don Cumberland, Jr.. September, 1985. Technical Guidance Publications 115 PIN 24 Mechanical Systems(l): Replicating PIN 33 Metals(3): In-kind Replacement of FLUSH RINGS Historic Elevator Enclosures by Marilyn E. Historic Stamped-Metal Exterior Siding by Kaplan, AlA. June, 1989. Rebecca A. Shiffer. September, 1991.
PIN 25 Doors(l): Historic Garage and Carriage PIN 34 Masonry(2): Stabilization and Repair Doors: Rehabilitation Solutions by Bonnie J. of a Historic Terra Cotta Cornice by Halda, AlA. July, 1989. Jeffrey S. Levine and Donna Ann Harris. Septermber, 1991. PIN 26 Historic Interior Spaces(2): Preserving
Historic Office Building Corridors by Thomas 'PTN 35 Site(l): Restoring Vine Coverage to Fluah Rings, fur Sliding Barn and Trap Doors. G. Keohan. July, 1989. Historic Buildings by Karen E. Day. October, 1991. PIN 27 Metals(l): Conserving Outdoor Bronze Sculpture by Dennis R. Montagna. PIN 36 Windows(19): Aluminum Replace August, 1989. ment With True Divided Lights, Interior Piggyback Storms, and Exposed Historic PIN 28 Exterior Woodwork (3): Log Crown Wooden Frames by Charles Parrott. Repair and Selective Replacement Using Epoxy October, 1991. and Fiberglass Reinforcing Rods by Harrison Goodall. September, 1989.
PIN 29 Windows( 17): Repair and Retrofitting Industrial Steel Windows by Robert M. Powers. August, 1989.
PIN 30 Museum Collection(2): Reducing Visible and Ultraviolet Light Damage to Interior Wood Finishes by Ron Sheets and Charles E. Fisher. September, 1990.
PIN 31 Finishes(l): Process Painting Decals as a Substitute for Hand-Stencilled Ceiling Medal lions by Sharon C. Park, AlA. September, 1990.
PIN 32 Metals(2): Restoring Stamped Zinc and Galvanized Steel Roof Cornices by Richard Pieper. September, 1990.
116 Technical Guidance Publications Co-Published Books Interiors Handbook for Historic Buildings. National Park Service and the Historic Preserva tion Education Foundation (HPEF). Charles E. Fisher, Ed. Prepared for a national conference on appropriate interior treatments for historic buildings, includes nearly 400 pages of technical papers as well as guidance for architects, devel opers, building managers, curators, and property owners. Addresses both rehabilitation and restoration issues, including inspection, evalua tion and planning, architectural features and materials, systems and fixtures, space utilization and adaptive reuse, finishes and decorative accessories, and fire protection and building codes. 550 pages. Illustrated. 1988.
Respectful Rehabilitation: Answers to Your Questions on Historic Buildings. National Park Service and National Trust for Historic Preserva tion. Kay D. Weeks and Diane Maddex, Eds. Provides answers to 150 questions often asked in rehabilitating historic buildings for new uses. 185 pages. 150 illustrations. Bibliography. 1982.
The Window Handbook: Successful Strategies for Rehabilitating Windows in Historic Buildings. National Park Service and the Center for Architectural Conservation, Geor gia Institute of Technology. Charles E. Fisher, Ed. 16 Preservation Tech Notes on windows. 262 pages. Illustrated. Appendices. 1986.
Technical Guidance Publications 117
ISBN 0-16-035979-1 90000
9 780160 359798 "The many awards garnered by historic rehabilitation projects throughout the Nation are testimony to the value of the Secretary's Standards and Guidelines. " Nellie Longsworth President Preservation Action