Peran Sakamoto Ryūichi Dalam Perkembangan Musik Populer Jepang

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Peran Sakamoto Ryūichi Dalam Perkembangan Musik Populer Jepang UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA PERAN SAKAMOTO RYŪICHI DALAM PERKEMBANGAN MUSIK POPULER JEPANG MAKALAH NON-SKRIPSI SEKAR HAYUNING GALIH NPM 1206248073 FAKULTAS ILMU PENGETAHUAN BUDAYA PROGRAM STUDI JEPANG DEPOK JANUARI 2016 Peran Sakamoto ..., Sekar Hayuning Galih, FIB UI, 2016 Peran Sakamoto ..., Sekar Hayuning Galih, FIB UI, 2016 Peran Sakamoto ..., Sekar Hayuning Galih, FIB UI, 2016 PERAN SAKAMOTO RYŪICHI DALAM PERKEMBANGAN MUSIK POPULER JEPANG Sekar Hayuning Galih Program Studi Jepang, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia [email protected] Abstrak Skripsi ini membahas peranan Sakamoto Ryūichi terhadap munculnya genre baru dan perkembangan musik populer Jepang. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peraj Ryuichi Sakamoto berpengaruh terhadap munculnya genre techno-pop di Jepang dan perkembangan musik jenis electronic dan semacamnya pada era selanjutnya. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari banyaknya artis-artis baru yang mengusung genre techno dan festival musik dengan genre serupa, serta tempat-tempat seperti klub yang menyediakan instrumen elektronik seperti synthesizer bagi para penggemar musik techno. THE ROLE OF SAKAMOTO RYŪICHI ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF POPULAR MUSIC IN JAPAN Abstract The study focuses on the role of Sakamoto Ryūichi for the born of new music genre and the development of popular music in Japan. This study is categorized as qualitative study with a description method. Result of the study reveals that Sakamoto Ryūichi has played a main role on the new music genre of techno-pop in Japan and the development of the other electronic-music for the following era. It can be seen from many artists who chose this new techno genre and many festival music were conducted with similar genre. Then it is followed by many music clubs which provide electronic instrument such as synthesizer to accommodate the need of techno-music lovers. Keywords: Sakamoto, techno, music, popular, Japan Pendahuluan Musik populer Jepang mulai berkembang sejak industri musik Barat masuk ke Jepang pada tahun 1910-an. Perusahaan rekaman menghasilkan rekor baru dengan membangun industri di daerah-daerah yang menjanjikan keuntungan besar. Pada tahun 1910, the Gramophone Company mengoperasikan industri rekaman tidak hanya di Hayes (dekat London), Hanover, dan Paris, tetapi juga di Barcelona, Aussig (Austria-Hungaria), Riga, Moskow, St. Petersburg dan Tiflis (Rusia), Milan, bahkan Kalkuta (India). Perusahaan Amerika yang mensubsidi Gramophone, the Victor Talking Machine, mengontrol pasar Amerika Utara dari kantor pusat di Camden, New Jersey, dan Montreal, dan juga Peran Sakamoto ..., Sekar Hayuning Galih, FIB UI, 2016 mengoperasikan agensi di Amerika Tengah dan Selatan, Cina, Jepang, dan Filipina (Tschmuck 2008). Kata populer dalam konteks ini perlu diperjelas karena memiliki arti yang luas. Kata populer yang merujuk pada musik berarti dikonsumsi dalam jumlah besar, dan dinikmati oleh banyak orang. Musik populer juga dapat diidentifikasi sebagai sesuatu yang simpel karena diproduksi secara massal, menyebar luas, dan dikonsumsi banyak orang. Genre-genre yang populer juga bisa didefinisikan dengan adanya perusahaan-perusahaan yang mencari pasar untuk menarik konsumen. Musik populer juga sering didefinisikan bukan sebagai genre yang lain, misalnya populer adalah populer ketika musik tersebut bukan genre tradisional, musik rakyat, atau art music, untuk menempatkannya dengan tepat dalam pasar musik. (Manuel 1988; Middleton 1990; Shepherd et al. 2003; Shuker 1994; Starr and Waterman 2007 dalam Matsue, 2009). Awalnya musik yang populer pada masa tersebut bergenre ryūkōka. Kemudian pada era 1950-an ryūkōka mengalami transformasi genre menjadi kayōkyoku. Perkembangan teknologi pada masa itu merupakan salah satu faktor pendukung perubahan genre tersebut serta perkembangan industri musik di Jepang. Industri musik Jepang pada era tersebut sudah mampu memproduksi hasil rekaman dalam bentuk piringan maupun kaset. Musik populer Jepang mengalami perkembangan yang cukup signifikan setelah masuknya music modern dari Barat. Hal ini terlihat dari banyaknya klasifikasi genre pada rak di toko-toko CD/ kaset pada masa itu1. Ketika musik populer Jepang mulai menjadi tren, idola-idola juga mulai bermunculan. Selain mulai munculnya para idola, musik populer Jepang mulai menyebar ke negara lain. Salah satu negara yang menerima musik populer Jepang dengan tanggapan positif adalah Hong Kong. Hong Kong sangat berpengaruh dalam penyebaran musik populer Jepang. Walaupun sebenarnya kemajuan teknologi dan pola konsumsi para pendengar dapat memicu industri untuk memproduksi hasil rekaman, namun kreativitas industri tidak mampu memenuhi permintaan konsumen. Mereka butuh jumlah lagu yang lebih banyak untuk menjual hasil rekaman. Awalnya, lagu-lagu Jepang yang dinyanyikan ulang oleh para penyanyi lokal digunakan untuk memenuhi kuantitas yang dibutuhkan oleh industri tersebut. Namun, para pendengar ternyata lebih tertarik dengan versi yang diperbarui tersebut, dan hal ini meningkatkan popularitas musik populer Jepang di Hong Kong. Hal ini yang awalnya 1www. romanchii.stripper.jp Peran Sakamoto ..., Sekar Hayuning Galih, FIB UI, 2016 menjadi pemicu utama tingginya ketertarikan masyarakat luar Jepang terhadap musik populer Jepang. (Ogawa 2001:124 dalam Matsue 2009:147) Musik populer Jepang atau yang sekarang lebih dikenal dengan istilah J-pop mengalami peningkatan kepopuleran yang sangat drastis pada akhir tahun 1990-an sampai awal 2000-an. Hal ini dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu peristiwa yang paling penting dalam perkembangan musik populer di Asia2. Sebagai contoh, kita dapat melihat kondisi musik populer Jepang di Singapura. Pada tahun 1999 sampai 2002, penjualan musik Jepang di Singapura mengalami peningkatan. Dengan kata lain, kondisi musik populer Jepang pada masa tersebut sudah menyebar ke berbagai negara di Asia dan diminati oleh banyak orang. Penyebaran musik populer Jepang ke berbagai negara dipelopori oleh perusahaan rekaman besar di Jepang seperti Sony dan EMI yang membuka cabang di Hong Kong yang memproduksi secara resmi sekaligus memasarkan album J-pop untuk pasar Asia. Sony dan EMI merupakan perusahaan besar yang berpengaruh dalam perkembangan musik populer Jepang. Beberapa nama yang terlibat di dalamnya adalah Takahashi Yukihiro, Komuro Tetsuya, dan Sakamoto Ryūichi. Ketiganya merupakan musisi sekaligus produser yang bekerja pada salah satu perusahaan besar tersebut. Dari ketiga nama di atas, Sakamoto Ryūichi merupakan produser yang cukup aktif menyusun komposisi untuk mengisi soundtrack film. Selain sebagai musisi, komposer, dan produser, ia juga berakting dalam salah satu film yaitu Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence. Sakamoto Ryūichi bahkan disebut sebagai salah satu tokoh yang paling berpengaruh dalam perkembangan musik populer Jepang.3 Sakamoto Ryūichi sebagai salah satu pendiri Yellow Magic Orchestra, turut menciptakan lagu serta memproduseri proyek-proyek dari band tersebut. Band yang mengusung genre electronic, techno, dan ambient tersebut menjadi pelopor penggunaan instrumen musik elektronik seperti synthesizer, sampler, dan software dalam pembuatan sebuah proyek lagu. Ia juga bekerja sama dengan beberapa artis atau musisi Jepang lain seperti Yano Akiko yang merupakan seorang penyanyi dan pianis sekaligus istrinya, Imawano Kiyoshiro, dan Ijima Mari. Sakamoto Ryūichi mendapatkan penghargaan Oscar, Grammy Award, dan Golden Globe Award4 untuk komposisinya dalam mengisi soundtrack beberapa film, yaitu Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983), the Last Emperor (1987), the Sheltering Sky (1990), serta 2 Ng, Benjamin Wai-Ming. Japanese Popular Music in Singapore and the Hybridization of Asian Music. Asian Music, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Autumn, 2002 - Winter, 2003), pp. 1-18 3 McClure, Steve. 1998. Nippon Pop. Singapore: Routledge. 4 McClure, Steve. 1998. Nippon Pop. Singapore: Routledge. Peran Sakamoto ..., Sekar Hayuning Galih, FIB UI, 2016 the Little Buddha (1993). Selain itu, perjalanan kariernya memberikan Sakamoto kesempatan untuk berkolaborasi dengan beberapa musisi internasional seperti David Bowie, David Sylvian, dan David Byrne. Karya-karyanya beberapa kali menempati posisi teratas dalam penjualan album di Jepang. Pada tahun 2000, karyanya yang berjudul Energy Flow dalam album BTTB masih mampu menempati urutan kelima untuk kategori Song of the Year5. Berdasarkan latar belakang mengenai musik populer Jepang yang telah dipaparkan di atas, penulis merumuskan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu peran musisi, komposer, sekaligus produser Sakamoto Ryūichi dalam perkembangan musik populer Jepang. Musik populer Jepang merupakan sebuah produk budaya populer Jepang yang sudah menyebar ke berbagai negara pada era globalisasi ini. Penelitian ini khususnya akan memaparkan peran Sakamoto Ryūichi sebagai produser, musisi, dan komposer dalam mendukung perkembangan musik populer Jepang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka, yaitu dengan mengumpulkan data dari sejumlah buku dan sumber internet. Data-data yang valid kemudian dirangkai dan dianalisis. Sejarah Singkat dan Perkembangan Musik Populer di Jepang J-pop sebagai budaya populer Jepang tidak serta-merta muncul begitu saja. Lagu-lagu populer Jepang sudah ada sejak sebelum artis-artis besar muncul, bahkan sebelum teknologi rekaman berkembang luas. Namun, lagu-lagu tersebut merupakan lagu-lagu yang dinyanyikan ketika bekerja atau merayakan sebuah festival. Jenis tersebut dikenal dengan musik pop Jepang tradisional. Ketika Jepang membuka
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