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Imprimer Cet Article Faits de langue et société, n° 6, 2020 : pp. 126-135 FRANÇAIS ET AMAZIGHITE A TRAVERS L’HISTOIRE DU MAGHREB French and amazighity a through the history of Maghreb Par /By Mohammed Qitout Résumé L’auteur de cet article se propose de porter son regard sur un sujet rarement évoqué, celui du rapport de la France aux amazighes et à l’amazighité. Il est vrai que l’on a souvent entendu parler de la « politique berbère de la France ». Mais cette politique a-t-elle réellement existé, une politique linguistique entendu au sens d’une stratégie raisonnée et finalisée aboutissant à des actions concrètes sur les terrains-clefs de l’amazighité à savoir la langue et la culture amazighes. C’est à cette interrogation que tentera de répondre ce papier en creusant la question à travers toute la période de la colonisation française du Maroc et de l’Algérie. Mots clefs : langue amazighe, Amazighes, amazighité, politique berbère, dahir berbère. Abstract The author of this article intends to focus on a rarely mentioned subject, that of France's relationship to Amazigh and Amazigh. It is true that we have often heard about "the Berber policy of France". But did this policy really exist, a linguistic policy understood in the sense of a reasoned and finalized strategy leading to concrete actions on the key lands of Amazighity, namely the Amazigh language and culture. This paper will attempt to answer this paper by exploring the question throughout the period of the French colonization of Morocco and Algeria. Keywords: Amazigh language, Amazigh, Amazigh, Berber politics, Berber dahir. https://revues.imist.ma/index.php?journal=FLS 126 Faits de langue et société, n° 6, 2020 : pp. 126-135 Depuis l’occupation de l’Algérie par la France en 1830 jusqu’à nos jours en passant par le protectorat imposée au Maroc en 1912 ainsi qu’à la Tunisie par le traité du Bardo du 12 mai 1881 au terme d’une rapide conquête militaire s’impose à l’observateur une curieuse attitude de la France vis-à- vis des Amazighes et de l’amazighité en général. C’est ainsi qu’on a souvent entendu parler ça et là d’une « politique berbère » de la France tout particulièrement pour ce qui est du Maroc mais de l’Algérie également. Du coup, on se propose dans ce papier de s’interroger si cette politique a- t-elle vraiment existé ? Une politique qui serait liée à une politique plus générale fondée sur une spécificité amazighe ayant abouti entre autres au fameux « dahir berbère » au Maroc et à l’intérêt qu’a suscité l’étude de la langue amazighe chez les Français. Cette politique, correspond-t-elle à une réalité objective ou est-elle l’œuvre d’une idéologie véhiculée à la fois par l’arabo-islamisme, par l’anticolonialisme de gauche et par un discours colonial amazighophile qui reste d’ailleurs aussi bien exceptionnel chez les scientifiques éminents que rares chez des politiques de premier plan. (Chaker, 1989) Cette spécificité, comme on va le voir, n’a jamais eu de traduction sur les terrains-clefs de l’amazigho-phonie à savoir la langue et la culture, mais par contre, elle a été constamment exploitée à des fins de politique politiciennes. Mais voyons d’abord sur le terrain les décisions qu’ont prises les autorités coloniales en faveur de la langue amazighe : En Algérie, dès 1880, l’enseignement de l’amazigh est institutionnalisé à la faculté des lettres d’Alger. En 1885, le brevet de langue kabyle est créé. Il donnera plus tard lieu à une prime annuelle comme c’était le cas d’ailleurs du brevet de langue arabe. 1887, un diplôme de dialectes amazighs est mis en place. De même que l’École normale de Benzariah verra quelque temps après un enseignement régulier de l’amazighe. Parallèlement à ces initiatives, les Pères Blancs créent en 1946 le Fichier de documentation berbère. Il donnera lieu à des travaux de recherche et d’investigation d’une grande valeur linguistique et ethnologique. Au Maroc, trois ans après la signature du protectorat conclu à Fès, le 30 mars 1912, entre la Troisième République française et Moulay Abd El Hafid, le Comité d’Etudes Berbères est fondé pour centraliser les travaux sur les populations amazighes. Parallèlement, la revue Archives berbères est publiée pour en recueillir les résultats. Plus tard, une chaire de l’amazigh est créée à Rabat et le collège d’Azrou dans le Moyen-Atlas permettra un enseignement secondaire sous la direction du berbérisant A. Roux. La colonisation permet, il est vrai, une production scientifique jamais égalée auparavant dans le domaine amazighe. Les autorités coloniales, https://revues.imist.ma/index.php?journal=FLS 127 Faits de langue et société, n° 6, 2020 : pp. 126-135 civiles et militaires, ont encouragé cette production. Les militaires, eux- mêmes, ont été d’ailleurs, à l’origine des plus grands travaux sur l’amazighe au XIXe siècle, mais aussi au début du XXe siècle1 lorsque l’université prendra principalement la relève de ces travaux. Et si ce rôle joué par les Français en faveur de l’amazighe, s’interroge à juste titre, S. Chaker (1989), ne se limitait-il pas justement là, c’est-à-dire au seul rôle de diffusion de ce savoir sur la langue amazighe et sur les Amazighes ? La France, dit-il, un pays centralisateur, qui a mené, pendant des siècles, une croisade unique en Europe contre les particularismes culturels régionaux sur son territoire propre, ne peut concevoir ni développer tant soit peu une quelconque politique berbère ainsi liée à une spécificité ethnolinguistique dans des territoires censés intégrer plus tard la mère patrie régie par le sacro-saint concept d’Etat Nation. Les faits constatés tout au long de la présence française au Maghreb, plaident en effet en faveur de cette hypothèse : la scolarisation s’est toujours faite dans la langue de l’Institution ou en arabe, mais jamais en amazighe, l’écrit amazighe est resté le grand absent pendant toute la durée de l’occupation : aucune presse en amazighe n’a jamais vu le jour par exemple, les études amazighes sont restées exclusivement académiques sans aucune traduction sur le terrain social, absence de toute relève amazighisante locale : toutes les thèses soutenues en amazighe par des Maghrébins l’ont été après les indépendances. La présence française a plutôt été un support à l’arabisation en profondeur des populations amazighes et des régions qu’ils habitent, et ce par : - L’ouverture des routes, - Le mouvement des populations (exode rural, fuite devant l’ennemi, etc.) - La désorganisation des fondements économiques et sociaux des sociétés amazighes, - La densification des échanges avec les zones arabophones, - L’intégration des zones amazighes dans des divisions territoriales artificielles et hétérogènes. La Kabylie fera partie de la zone de Constantine ; les touaregs seront écartelés entre l’Algérie, la Libye, le Mali et le Niger avec les conséquences dramatiques que l’on sait désormais, etc. 1. Comme le Général Hanoteau pour le kabyle : Essai de grammaire kabyle, Alger, Jourdan, 1858) et le touareg : Essai de la langue tamachek, Alger, Jourdan, 1860 ou G. Mercier : Le chaouïa de l’Aurès, Paris, Leroux, 1896 ou encore le Père Ch. De Foucauld, un ancien officier devenu religieux, pour le touareg également : Dictionnaire abrégé touareg- français, 2 vol., Alger, 1951. https://revues.imist.ma/index.php?journal=FLS 128 Faits de langue et société, n° 6, 2020 : pp. 126-135 La présence française, par les institutions éducatives (écoles), juridiques (tribunaux) et administratives qu’elle a mises en place, a eu un impact désastreux sur des populations amazighes dont la langue, le mode de vie et les structures sociales et économiques sont restés jusqu’au là épargnés. Rappelons à titre indicatif que l’arabe est devenu à un certain moment, dans un souci d’ouverture et sous l’effet de l’action nationaliste, une langue obligatoire dans les écoles françaises et dans les écoles franco-arabes dans tout le Maghreb, et même dans les écoles des Pères Blancs que l’on accusait, en Kabylie et ailleurs, d’avoir été les promoteurs de la langue amazighe. A ce titre, les Français ont permis curieusement à la langue arabe de pénétrer dans des zones qu’elle n’a jamais atteintes auparavant. Une des nombreuses conséquences de ce phénomène sur les populations amazighes est l’impact considérable et immédiat sur la nomenclature onomastique du Maghreb notamment l’Algérie et le Maroc : la détoponymisation (Quitout, 2001) est d’une ampleur considérable aussi bien en faveur de l’arabe que du français. L’anthroponymie (Quitout, 1997) achève de dépersonnaliser des Berbères qui n’ont plus désormais d’identité anthroponymique propre. Quand on ne leur attribue pas un anthroponyme de sens arabe, souvent un nom de famille, on leur en invente un totalement arbitraire. La situation était d’un paradoxe tel que les personnes se retrouvent parfois avec deux anthroponymes2 : l’un, intime, quand elles s’expriment en amazighe ; l’autre, public ou d’état civil, lorsqu’elle s’exprime en arabe ou en français. L’auteur de ces lignes a toujours connu deux prénoms pour son père qui lui-même en a connu deux pour le sien, soit Haddou et Ahmed ; Notre tante, elle, pour donner un exemple au féminin se prénommait, au choix, Berri et Meryem. Quant au nom de famille « Quitout », prononcé avec un « t » emphatique en arabe, il est sans signification aucune nulle part, d’après la tradition orale recueillie sur place, il était inconnu chez les arrière grands-parents, et son irruption eut lieu curieusement lors de la pacification de la région natale par les Français dans les années 20.
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