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Biology and Management of Lantana Camara L Agric. Rev., 26 (4) : 272 - 280, 2005 BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF LANTANA CAMARA L. - A REVIEW H. V. Nanjappa, P. Saravanane and B.K. Ramachandrappa Department of Agronomy, G.K.V.K., University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore - 560 065, India ABSTRACT Lantana camara L. (Family: Verbenaceae) considered as one of the ten world's worst weeds. It Is a weed of fence lines, pastures, rangelands, waste places and cultivated lands. It Is a perennial, erect shrub of 2 to 5 m taD with branches. Its seeds are dispersed by frugivorous birds. It Is found to be an alternate host of Dlaporthe sp., Physalopora fusca, Ascochyta phaseoJarom, Pratylenchus pratensls, HapJathrips navlceps and Thrips tabad. Lantana Is used far soil eroslan control, biogas production, fuel and medicinal purposes. lantana tops may be used as a plant nutrient source since It contains rich source of N, P and K, respectiwly. Management of lantana by mechanical and chemical control has not met with any reasonable success. So, lantana becomes a target for classtca1 bioIogtca1 control. Numerous natural exotic species and natural indigenous species were tried as bio control agents have also met with little or anly partial success. It can also be managed by utilizing as alIelopathlc source for weed management and as nutrient source for sustainable crop production. Thus, an Integrated management approach for the control of lantana should be evolved to control this noxious weed In the long run. Research Information on various studtes regarding the biology and management of this weed In India and allover world are reviewed In this paper. Lantana camara L. (Family : 1917 and by 1941, it become serious problem Verbenaceae) is a perennial evergreen shrub on 40000 ha (Chakravarthy, 1963). At that spreads rapidly by its abundant seed and present, the total extent of lantana infestation shallow crown buds. Lantana is known by in the forests of Himachal Pradesh is to the several common names such as lantana, red tune of 1,30,000 ha. This weed has infested flowered sage, wild sage, white sage etc. around 55 per cent of the forestland in lower Lantana is an invasive plant originated in elevation «100 m) of Himachal Pradesh central and south America. However, a few (Ambika Sharma, 2002). Although no studies species of lantana are native to Africa and Asia. have been made on the exact area presently Lantana camara is the most common species under its domain, lantana has spread all over of lantana and it has been considered as one the country invading newer and newer areas of the ten worst weeds in the world (Holm and (Kazmi, 1999). Herberger, 1969). Description Lantana is a perennial, erect shrub or Historical background Lantana camara L. was introduced in in shady places, it is a straggling shrub, strongly odorous, 2 to 5 m tall with branches. 1809 at Calcutta botanical garden (Thakur et aJ., 1992) from Srilanka as ornamental Biology hedge bearing multicolour flowers. Because of a) Taxonomy, variation and plasticity its prolific seed production, it escaped to Lantana camara is highly variable cultivated land and now has become a serious species. It has been cultivated for over 300 weed in pastures, wastelands, road sides and years. These belong to the Lantana camara forests replacing local vegetation in most parts complex. Cultivars can be distinguished of India. This ~pecies was first recognized as a morphologically (variation in the flower size, serious weed in forested areas near Madras in shape, colour, leaf size, hairiness, and stem 1893. It had invaded 2000 hectares during thorniness), physiologically (Variation in the Vol. 26, No.4, 2005 273 Table 1. Description of Lantana camara and its parts Plant parts Description Stem Four angled, armed with recurved thorns Leaves Opposite, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5 to 10 em long, 1.75 to 7.5 cm wide, acuminate, the margins are crenate to dentate, upper surface is scabrous & rugose and lower surface is finely pubescent Petiole 2cmlong Inflorescence A dense, axillary, flat topped head-like spike, 1-3 cm across Calyx Cup shaped, 1.2 .:.. 2.2 mm long, shallowy 2 lobes, subtended by a bracteole Corolla Salverform, tube covered, 6-910ng,limb spreading, 4-8 mm across, yellow, orange, red or pink in the same head (generally yellow and pink on opening of corolla but changing to orange and red, sometimes blue or purple) Petals Four Peduncle 2.5 to 7.5 em long Fruit A drupe, globular, dark purple to black, 4-6 mm across at maturity, borne In clusters Seed One, about 1.5 mm long growth rates, toxicity to livestock) and by their. toxic-~ompound, Lantad-C, which caused chromosollle number and DNA content. hepatic lesions and changes in blood plasma b) Reproduction of animals compelled to graze upon It (Gupta, Rowers are yellow, later turning 1999). orange then red and remain on the axillary Ecology inflorescence for three days. The flowers when It Is a weed of cultivated land, fence yellow, produce nectar and are pollinated by lines, pastures, range lands and waste places. butterflies. The species is an obligate It thrives in dry and wet regions and often grows outcrosser. It Is unclear whether apomixis In valleys, mountain slopes and coastal areas. occurs. The fleshy drupe is 3-6 mm in diameter It is highly light-demandlng species and thrives containing 1-2 seeds (1.5 mm long). Fruits good on well drained soils with sufficient mature rapidly and change colour from dark moisture and with climate comparatively green to black. The seeds were dispersed by without extremes of heat and cold (areas with frugivorous bit'ds such as bulbul, sparrow, 1250 - 3750 mm rainfall). mynah, parrot, crow and ringdove and also by It can tolerate both humid and dry heat sheep and goats. Aowering and fruiting takes but cannot survive very low temperatures. It place throughout the year with a peak during Is slightly shade-tolerant and therefore can the first two months of the rainy season. Heavy become the dominant understorey In open fruit production takes places yearly. forestry or In tropical tree crops. However, Lantana may also.asexually reproduce excessive shade such as dense forests inhibits through cuttings taken In the summer time. its growth. It has low tolerance for boggy soils, c) Resilience and resistance saline soils and is susceptible to frost. Lantana regenerates quir.kly from the Distribution crown buds after cutting, trampling or burning Lantana camara can grow from to form dense, Impenetrable thick lets. Stems latitude 45° Nto 45°5, although it is most and roots coppice freely following herbicidal serious in the Caribbean area in Eastern Africa, treatment. South Africa, Southern Asia, Australia and the The alkaloid rich leaves are virtually Pacific Islands. Its presence is noticed in Pacific Immune to herbivory. These leaves contain a islands, Pacific rim and-Indian ocean islands. 274 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS It attained the status of obnoxious weed in the tse - tse fly infected with trypanosomes of Australia, South Africa and India. It is also domestic animals. The leaves and seeds are recognized as noxious weed in New Zealand toxic to many animals. Photosensitivity, gastro and banned from sale in that country. intestinal disturbances and death have followed Rao (1920) gave a detailed account the ingestion of these plant parts by sheep and of its distribution in India from the Himalayan calves. foothills to cape camorin. It has adapted well This species has been detrimental to to tropical and subtropical climatic conditions sandal wood forests in India, both through the and semiarid to humid regions. Tadulingam competition it offers and through its role in and Venkatnarayana (1932) mentioned it to the spread of sandal spike disease (Nayar and be a very troublesome weed in Coorg, Srimathl, 1968). Lantana acts as alternate host Travancore, Cochin, Tirunelvely, Yercaud, for several insects and diseases (Table 2). parts of Coimbatore and upto 5000 feet in Economic importance the Nilgris in south India. Lantana is often used for hedges and The lantana has adopted itself to soil erosion control. Twigs are used as fuel. conditions in Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Number of minor uses includes seeds as lamb Assam, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi, Uttar food, blogas production when its tender twig Pradesh etc. is mixed with cowdung and medicinal purpose. Lantana has been used to treat ailments such Agricultural importance as the common cold, chicken pox, chest cold, Lantana camara is mainly a weed of fever, flu, fresh cuts, tooth aches and plantation crops and pastures. It is ranked inflammation in human beings. among the three most serious weeds in coffee in Indonesia. It is a principal weed of coconut Recently, Himalayan environmental in Rji and Trinidad and cotton in Turkey. studies and conservation organization (HESCO) of Himachal Pradesh started many It is troublesome in pastures in projects to utilize lantana by making incense Australia, East Africa, Fiji, Hawaii, India, sticks, incense cakes and mosquito repellents Philippines, South Africa and Zambia. (Kazmi, 1999) since their mosquito repellents It is a weed of banana in Samoa, Pine were found to have 70% effectiveness against Apple in Philippines, Sugarcane in Australia, mosquitoes. India and South Africa, tea in India and Lantana has a high coloriflc value and Indonesia, rubber in Malaysia, Cotton in carbon content which on partial burning Nicargua and rice in Indonesia (Holm et al., produces coal which would be made into 1977). briquettes for use in rural home as fuel. This In Tanzania, the weed provides a could help to reduce the burden that is now favourable environment and breeding areas for being placed on the fuels. Moreover, lantana Table 2. Role of Lantana as an alternate host for some important insects and diseases Weed Pest and diseases References Lantana camara Diaporthe sp.
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