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Tree Biology Tree Biology Urban Forestry Commission Vincent Verweij July 25, 2019 What is a tree? How is a tree different from a perennial herbaceous plant? How is a tree different from a vine? How is a tree different from a shrub? Trees perform Amazing feats of Physics Pumping water up several hundreds of feet Intercepting and evaporating thousands of gallons of water Resisting extreme forces of wind energy, compensating with roots, flexibility, and changing wind dynamics BASIC BIOLOGY OF TREES Basic Plant Cell Cell Walls- made of cellulose and lignin Central Vacuoles- stores water and gives rigidity Plasmoderma- connects cytoplasm Chloroplasts- conducts photosynthesis Plant Cell Wall Middle Lamella – shared with other cells, lignin and pectin, gives compressive strength Primary cell wall – oriented cellulose fiber, gives tensile strength Plasma membrane – same as animal cell membrane When fungi attack these fibers, the trees weakens in different ways Wood Cells How does a tree grow? Primary Meristem Secondary Meristem AKA Buds AKA Cambium Elongates into shoots Located between bark and Produces wood Cortex Produces vascular tissue Epidermis Xylem persists as wood Lateral buds and moves water and Or becomes a leaf nutrients Or becomes a flower Phloem becomes bark or is reabsorbed and moves sugars Pericycle: a thin layer of structural plant tissue between the endodermis and the phloem. Endodermis: Layer between hard bark/root skin, allowing transfer of nutrients Tree Cross Section Cambium: a cellular plant tissue from which phloem, xylem, or cork grows by division, resulting (in woody plants) in secondary thickening. A Closer Look Vessels Growth Ring Early Wood/ Late Wood Divide Aging and Death Must grow new sapwood every year. Why? This becomes a bigger and bigger energy drain. Can grow less wood, but that means less water for energy production. Eventually growth in energy demand is greater than growth in energy production, the tree goes into energy deficit, declines and dies. Some trees can decline for centuries WHAT DO TREES NEED? Water Water for establishment (natural and planted) More water as the tree grows Trees can store water, and have mechanisms to reduce evaporation in high heat A mature tree can evaporate several hundreds of gallons of water a day Soil Nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium Metals (Iron, Zinc, boron, copper) Acidity Most trees around here prefer low, acidic pH Quantity and Porosity Trees need space to let their roots grow Compaction limits growth Soil Carbon dioxide and oxygen THREATS TO TREES Topping Poor landscape practice Decay Insect Pests Non-native Invasive Vines Root compaction and damage Extreme weather Storms Drought ADAPTATIONS OF TREES Light needs Tall Use of light spectrum Some understory trees and shrubs use part of the visible spectrum that canopy trees do not Sensitivity Pioneer trees need full sunlight, Tuliptree, for example Understory and ‘climax’ trees can tolerate shade Water/ Low oxygen Fire resistance - Bark Wind adaptation Deciduous leaves More energy efficient Replenish degraded chlorophyll Even happens in tropical areas, in dryer seasons Different trees retain different chemicals after chlorophyll leaves, creating different colors Root anatomy Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees (CODIT) Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees (CODIT) Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees (CODIT) Resources Trees: Their Natural History, by Peter A. Thomas Tree Mechanics Explained, by Claus Mattheck Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes, by Ed Gilman Urban Forests, by Jill Jonnes Up By Roots, by James Urban Youtube channel Veritasium, search “trees” Questions? Vincent Verweij Arlington County Urban Forest Manager 703-228-1863 [email protected] Facebook.com/ArlingtonUrbanForestry TAXONOMY Taxonomy Kingdom KD(P)COFGS – Division (Phylum) Lumps living things that are similar Class KD(P)COFGS – Order splits living things that Family are dissimilar Genus Genus species makes up Species scientific name What is a Tree? A Rose is a woody shrub in the genus Rosa. But the lowest taxonomic group which contains all trees is the Kingdom Plantae Evolution of Trees Pine Oak Palm Kingdom Plantae – Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division Coniferophyta– Magnoliophyta– Flowering plants Conifers Class Pinopsida Magnoliopsida– Liliopsida– Dicotyledons Monocotyledons Convergent Evolution Trees in NoVa are conifers or dicots, which evolved separately millions of years apart. This means the pines and oaks are as closely related as crabs and mice, but they have solved the problems of being tall woody plants in almost identical ways! Softwood v. Hardwood IDENTIFYING TREES How to Identify a Tree Use sight, touch, smell, taste Use all individual parts – leaves, twigs, bark, flowers, fruit, thorns Look at shape Look at location Look at debris Practice, practice, practice! Tools to Aid in Identification Your senses – sight, touch, smell, taste Dichotomous keys and field guides Hand lens - details matter! A good memory! Optional: sharp knife or clippers Most important tools: Pattern recognition, attention to detail, memory Leaf Parts Leaf Characteristics Deciduous or evergreen? Arrangement on stem Simple or compound? Pinnate or palmate lobes, leaflets or veins Margins Base and tip features Special characteristics (smell, texture, stipules, glands, etc.) Types of Leaves Simple Leaves Needles Pine needles are clustered Other conifers have single needles or scales Leaf Margins Leaf Shapes http://www.clemson.edu/extension/natural_resources/landowner/youth_environ_educa tion/terminology.html Leaf Tips http://www.clemson.edu/extension/natural_resources/landowner/youth_environ_educa tion/terminology.html Leaf Bases cuneate — wedge-shaped obtuse — rounded cordate — heart-shaped truncate — squared or abruptly cut off oblique — asymmetrical, unequally sided http://www.clemson.edu/extension/natural_resources/landowner/youth_environ_educa tion/terminology.html Characteristics? Leaf Arrangement Alternate Opposite MADCapHorse Maple, Ash, Dogwood CAPrifoliaceae is a family of shrubs and vines that include honeysuckles Horsechestnut (and buckeyes) No longer includes viburnums and elderberry – common opposite leaved shrubs Tree Form / Shape Do you know trees that display these forms/shapes? Habitat – where is the tree growing Bark Characteristics Terminology is somewhat subjective. Descriptive terms may include smooth, scaly, ridged, furrowed, fissured, platy, blocky, netted, and more! Characteristics? Honey Locust – Gleditsia triacanthos Twig Characteristics One Year’s Growth Leaf scar, w/ Lenticels (the bundle scars tiny dots) Pith Bud Scar Terminal bud Lateral bud Pawpaw – Asimina triloba Oak – Quercus spp. Flower Buds PRACTICE Pinus virginiana Virginia pine Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash Quercus alba White Oak Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud Fagus grandifolia American Beech Carya glabra Pignut Hickory QUESTIONS? Winter Tree Identification What’s left after the leaves leave? Bark Buds Form Fruit Branching Habitat How do you identify Arlington’s deciduous trees in winter? • Acer/Maple • Gleditsia/Honeylocust • Gymnocladus/Coffeetree • Aesculus/Buckeye • Halesia/Silverbell • Ailanthus/Tree of Heaven • Juglans/Walnut • Amelanchier/Serviceberry • Liquidambar/Sweetgum • Liriodendron/Tuliptree • Asimina/Pawpaw • Maclura/Osage Orange • Betula/Birch • Magnolia • Carpinus/Hornbeam • Malus/Crabapple • Metasequoia/Dawn redwood • Carya/Hickory • Morus/Mulberry • Castanea/Chestnut • Nyssa/Tupelo • Catalpa • Ostrya/Hophornbeam • Celtis/Hackberry • Oxydendrum/Sourwood • Platanus/Sycamore • Cercis/Redbud • Prunus/Cherry • Chionanthus/Fringetree • Pyrus/Pear • Cladastris/Yellowwood • Quercus/Oaks • Rhus/Sumac • Cornus/Dogwood • Robinia/Locust • Corylus/Hazel • Salix/Willow • Cotinus/Smoketree • Sassafras • Styphnolobium • Crataegus/Hawthorn • Taxodium/baldcypress • Diospyros/Persimmon • Tilia/Linden • Fagus/Beech • Ulmus/Elm • Fraxinus/Ash • Viburnum • Ginkgo Acer/maple negundo,rubrum, saccharum,saccharinum Opposite Flaking/cracked bark Clustered buds Large canopy Streams Sooty mold? Ailanthus/Tree of Heaven altissima Smooth bark, slightly bumpy Giant bud scars Invaded habitat Will grow out of anything Bark/twigs smell like rancid peanut butter Amelanchier/serviceberry arborea, canadensis, laevis Striped bark Lichen Remnant fruit Cedar apple rust Small trees Understory Betula/birch nigra, papyrifera White bark Paper-like bark Thin canopy Medium size Often multitrunk Streams Common landscape plant Carpinus/Hornbeam Caroliniana, betulus Bark like muscle/sinew Small tree Native: gnarly Non-native: straight and fastigiate Carya/Hickory cordiformes, glabra, illinoensis, ovata, tomentosa Native bark with tight lines and ridges Pecans and shagbark more variable Buds are often the id Hickory nuts Large tree, wide range Not typically planted Celtis/Hackberry occidentalis, tenuifolia Warty bark Remnant fruit Uneven form Cercis/redbud canadensis Stripped/flaking bark Remnant fruit/beans Uneven form Small tree Common landscape Cornus/dogwood alternifolia, florida, kousa, mas, sericea Opposite (except alternifolia) Blocky/flaky bark Distinctive buds Uneven form Small tree Common landscape Diospyros/persimmon virginiana, kaki Dark blocky bark (Ebony!) Remnant fruit Medium tree Native rarely planted Non-native
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