(LONICERA MAACKII) COMPARED to OTHER WOODY SPECIES By

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

(LONICERA MAACKII) COMPARED to OTHER WOODY SPECIES By ABSTRACT BEAVER (CASTOR CANADENSIS) ELECTIVITY FOR AMUR HONEYSUCKLE (LONICERA MAACKII) COMPARED TO OTHER WOODY SPECIES by Janet L. Deardorff The North American beaver is a keystone riparian obligate which creates and maintains riparian areas by building dams. In much of the eastern U.S., invasive shrubs are common in riparian zones, but we do not know if beavers promote or inhibit these invasions. I investigated whether beavers use the invasive shrub, Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), preferentially compared to other woody species and the causes of differences in L. maackii electivity among sites. At eight sites, I identified woody stems on transects, recording stem diameter, distance to the water’s edge, and whether the stem was cut by beaver. To determine predictors of cutting by beaver, I conducted binomial generalized regressions, using distance from the water’s edge, diameter, and plant genus as fixed factors and site as a random factor. To quantify beaver preference, I calculated an electivity index (Ei) for each genus at each site. Lonicera maackii was only preferred at two of the eight sites though it comprised 41% of the total cut stems. Stems that were closer to the water’s edge and with a smaller diameter had a higher probability of being cut. Among sites, L. maackii electivity was negatively associated with the density of stems of preferred genera. BEAVER (CASTOR CANADENSIS) ELECTIVITY FOR AMUR HONEYSUCKLE (LONICERA MAACKII) COMPARED TO OTHER WOODY SPECIES A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Janet L. Deardorff Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2019 Advisor: Dr. David Gorchov Reader: Dr. Susan Hoffman Reader: Dr. Bartosz Grudzinski ©2019 Janet L. Deardorff This thesis titled BEAVER (CASTOR CANADENSIS) ELECTIVITY FOR AMUR HONEYSUCKLE (LONICERA MAACKII) COMPARED TO OTHER WOODY SPECIES by Janet L. Deardorff has been approved for publication by The College of Arts and Sciences and Department of Biology ____________________________________________________ Dr. David Gorchov ______________________________________________________ Dr. Susan Hoffman _______________________________________________________ Dr. Bartosz Grudzinski Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………....IV LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………....V LIST OF APPENDEXES………………………………………………………………………..VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………….VII INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...1 Beaver Foraging Behavior………………………………………………………………...1 Herbivore/Plant Interactions………………………………………………………………2 Amur honeysuckle, Lonicera maackii…………………………………………………….2 Beaver Abundance in Ohio……………………………………………………………......3 Potential Importance of Beaver-Lonicera Interactions in Riparian Zones……………......3 Study Questions…………………………………………………………………………...3 METHODS……………………………………………………………………………………......4 Transect Configuration……………………………………………………………………4 Woody Plant Sampling……………………………………………………………………5 Canopy Openness………………………………………………………………………….5 Beaver Residency Time…………………………………………………………………...5 Density of Preferred Stems……………………………………………………………......5 Photos of Beavers Cutting………………………………………………………………...6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………...6 Probability of a Stem Being Cut………………………..…………………………………6 Electivity…………………………………………………………………………………..6 Linear Regressions…………………………………………………………………….......7 RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………………………7 Factors Influencing Stem Cutting…………………………………………………………7 Electivities…………………………………………………………………………………8 Differences in L. maackii Electivity Among Sites………………………………………..8 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………………………..8 Difference Among Sites………………………………………………………………….10 Few Cut Stems in Spring Census………………………………………………………...10 Future Research………………………………………………………………………….11 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………..11 REFERENCES……...…………………………………………………………………………...13 TABLES…………………………………………………………………………………………17 FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………………...23 APPENDIX 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………37 APPENDIX 2…………………………………………………………………………………….41 APPENDIX 3…………………………………………………………………………………….48 iii List of Tables Table 1. The location, city, beaver residency time, management entity, aquatic system, and transect type, and field notes from spring/summer 2018 at each site. ….……………………….17 Table 2. Analysis of Deviance table (Type III Wald chisquare tests) for generalized binomial regression on whether a stem was cut or uncut, using stems from all genera…………………...18 Table 3. Analysis of Deviance table (Type III Wald chisquare tests) for generalized binomial regression on whether a stem was cut or uncut using stems from genera found in five or more sites……………………………………...……………………………………………………….19 Table 4. Analysis of Deviance table (Type III Wald chisquare tests) for generalized binomial regression on whether a stem was cut or uncut using stems from L. maackii…………………...20 Table 5. The number of browsed stems for each genus and each diameter class at each site during the fall census……...……………………………………………………………………………..21 Table 6. The number of cut and browsed stems during the spring re-census in each genus and each diameter class.………………..………………………………………………………….....22 iv List of Figures Figure 1. First survey of beaver in Ohio 1949 after extermination in 1830. The author inferred beaver colonies in the northwest came from Michigan and the eastern colonies came from Pennsylvania. Figure from Chapman (1947)……………………………..……………………...23 Figure 2. Map describing the distribution and abundance of beavers in Ohio in 2012. Image taken from http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/mammals/beaver ………………………………………………………………………………………...………….24 Figure 3. Beaver population estimates in Ohio from 1980-2011. Image taken from http://wildlife. ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/mammals/beaver ..………………...…...25 Figure 4. Locations of study sites in southwest Ohio…………………………………………....26 Figure 5. Schematic of transect designs………………………………………………………………….27 Figure 6. Photos taken during summer 2018 from Browning (Model BTC-5HDE) trail cameras placed at Bachelor Pond (Oxford, Oh)…………………………………………………………..28 Figure 7. Barplot of proportion of stems cut out of all stems within each distance class………..29 Figure 8. Barplot of proportion of stems cut out of all stems within each diameter class………30 Figure 9. Barplot of proportion of L. maackii stems cut out of all L. maackii stems within each distance class……………………………………………………………………………………..31 Figure 10. Barplot of proportion of L. maackii stems cut out of all L. maackii stems within each diameter class…………………………………………………………………………………….32 Figure 11. Barplot of proportion of cut stems belonging to each genus………………………....33 Figure 12. Electivity values (Ei) for all genera found within this study..………………………...34 Figure 13. Electivity values (Ei) for genera found within five or more sites……………………..35 Figure 14. Regressions of L. maackii electivity on average canopy openness, beaver residency time (years) per site, and density of preferred stems among the eight sites……………………..36 v List of Appendices Appendix 1. The total number of stems, stems cut, proportion cut, proportion of total stems cut and electivity (Ei) for each genus at each site…………………………………………………..37 Appendix 2. R code and output for binomial generalized regressions and linear regressions….41 Appendix 3. Barplot of the proportion of L. maackii stems cut within each size class for stems close to the water’s edge and stems far from the water’s edge………………………………….48 vi Acknowledgements I would first like to thank Dr. David Gorchov for his invaluable insight and attentiveness throughout this entire project. I would like to thank Zoey Armstrong, Zoey Scancarello, Kelly Benoit, Courtney Dvorsky, Anna Bowen, Nicole Berry, and Jake Godfrey for their assistance in the field, Mike Mahon for his help with statistics, and the Gorchov and Stevens labs for providing helpful feedback on study design and presentations. I also thank Dr. Bartosz Grudzinski and Dr. Susan Hoffman for serving on my committee and providing insightful feedback as well as access to labs and field equipment. I am grateful for financial support from the John L. Vankat Student Grant Fund for Field Research in Terrestrial Plant Ecology. Lastly, I would like to thank the staff at Great Parks of Hamilton County, Five Rivers Metroparks, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, the Oxford Department of Service and Engineering, and the Miami University Natural Areas for answering all my questions and giving me permission to conduct research at their sites. vii INTRODUCTION Throughout the United States, riparian zones, interfaces between waterways and land, have become a conservation concern for land managers. Riparian zones have large ecological importance because they maintain the thermal regulation of water and establish microclimates, supply coarse organic matter to aquatic systems, provide large woody debris that affects the channel shape and water flow, provide refugia to fish and substrate for aquatic invertebrates, purify water and regulate nutrient inputs into streams and lakes, dampen floods and droughts by decreasing surface runoff and replenishing groundwater, and stabilize stream banks and stream- bed sediments (Naiman et al. 2005). The management goals for riparian areas increasingly include conservation of both terrestrial and aquatic wildlife because riparian zones have been found to support high levels of biodiversity on small areas of the landscape
Recommended publications
  • 5 Fagaceae Trees
    CHAPTER 5 5 Fagaceae Trees Antoine Kremerl, Manuela Casasoli2,Teresa ~arreneche~,Catherine Bod6n2s1, Paul Sisco4,Thomas ~ubisiak~,Marta Scalfi6, Stefano Leonardi6,Erica ~akker~,Joukje ~uiteveld', Jeanne ~omero-Seversong, Kathiravetpillai Arumuganathanlo, Jeremy ~eror~',Caroline scotti-~aintagne", Guy Roussell, Maria Evangelista Bertocchil, Christian kxerl2,Ilga porth13, Fred ~ebard'~,Catherine clark15, John carlson16, Christophe Plomionl, Hans-Peter Koelewijn8, and Fiorella villani17 UMR Biodiversiti Genes & Communautis, INRA, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France, e-mail: [email protected] Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universita "La Sapienza", Piazza A. Moro 5,00185 Rome, Italy Unite de Recherche sur les Especes Fruitikres et la Vigne, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France The American Chestnut Foundation, One Oak Plaza, Suite 308 Asheville, NC 28801, USA Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA-Forest Service, 23332 Highway 67, Saucier, MS 39574-9344, USA Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Universitk di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 1lIA, 43100 Parma, Italy Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Alterra Wageningen UR, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, P.O. Box 47,6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA lo Flow Cytometry and Imaging Core Laboratory, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101,
    [Show full text]
  • Beaver Damage Prevention and Control Methods
    DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Arkansas System FSA9085 Beaver Damage Prevention and Control Methods Rebecca McPeake The American beaver (Castor The purpose of this fact sheet is Professor - canadensis), our largest North Ameri­ to provide information about alterna­ Extension Wildlife can rodent, is nature’s equivalent of tive control methods to address these a habitat engineer (Figure 1). Beaver issues. Because wildlife laws are sub­ Specialist create ponds and wetlands used by ject to change, refer to a local wildlife waterfowl, shorebirds, mink (Mustela officer, an Arkansas hunting guidebook vison), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), or an Arkansas Game and Fish Com­ river otters (Lutra spp.), fish, amphib­ mission office (800-364-4263, www ians, aquatic plants and other living .agfc.com) for current information. species. Beaver ponds generally slow the water flow from drainage areas Description and and alter silt deposition, which creates new habitat. During drought Life History conditions, beaver ponds create water holes for livestock and wildlife, partic­ The beaver is a large, stocky- ularly wood ducks (Aix sponsa) and appearing rodent, generally 35 to river otters. However, their engineer­ 40 inches long from head to tail. It ing feats cause problems when they: has a broad, flat paddle-shaped tail, short ears and generally brown fur. • Flood homes, roads and croplands. The beaver ’s tail is used as a rudder • Dam canals, drainages and pipes, while swimming and is slapped which inhibits water control. against the water as a danger signal. The beaver ’s four large front teeth • Girdle and fell valuable trees.
    [Show full text]
  • Beaver Management in Pennsylvania 2010-2019
    Beaver Management in Pennsylvania (2010-2019) prepared by Tom Hardisky Wildlife Biologist Pennsylvania Game Commission April 2011 So important was the pursuit of the beaver as an influence in westward movement of the American frontier that it is sometimes suggested that this furbearer would be a more appropriate symbol of the United States than the bald eagle. -- Encyclopedia Americana 12:178, 1969. This plan was prepared and will be implemented at no cost to Pennsylvania taxpayers. The Pennsylvania Game Commission is an independently-funded agency, relying on license sales, State Game Land timber, mineral, and oil/gas revenues, and federal excise taxes on sporting arms and ammunition. The Game Commission does not receive any state general fund money collected through taxes. For more than 115 years, sportsmen and women have funded game, non-game, and endangered species programs involving birds and mammals in Pennsylvania. Hunters and trappers continue to financially support all of Pennsylvania’s wildlife programs including beaver management. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Native Americans maintained a well-calculated balance between beaver populations and man for centuries. The importance of beavers to the livelihood and culture of native North Americans was paramount. When western civilization nearly wiped out beavers in Europe, then successfully proceeded to do the same in North America, the existence of beavers was seriously endangered across the continent. Native American respect for beavers was replaced by European greed over a 300-year period. Conservation-minded individuals and state agencies began beaver recovery efforts during the early 1900s. The return of beavers to most of North America was a miraculous wildlife management achievement.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant + Product Availability
    12/2/2020 2020 A = Available AL = limited availability B = bud/bloom potted plants can not be shipped via UPS, FedEx or USPS all shipping is FOB origin and billed at actual cost Lotus Seeds & Pods Nelumbo lutea, American Lotus (native, yellow), for sprouting 12 seeds, gift wrapped $21.00 A 50 seeds $75.00 A 125 seeds $156.25 A 250 seeds $250.00 A 500 seeds $375.00 A 1000 seeds $600.00 A Nelumbo, mixed cultivars, parents unknown*, for sprouting 12 seeds, gift wrapped $23.00 A 50 seeds $80.00 A Nelumbo, mixed, pod parent known, labeled*, for sprouting 12 seeds, gift wrapped $25.00 A 50 seeds $87.50 A * FYI, there is no such thing as blue lotus; or turquoise, purple, black or orange, etc. Nelumbo seed pods, dried, each (generally w/o seeds) mini <2" $0.50 A small 2-3" $1.00 A medium 3-4" $1.50 A large 4-5" $2.00 A extra large 5"+ $3.00 A Book The Lotus Know It and Grow It $10.00 A by Kelly Billing and Paula Biles Gifts textiles, lotus color it takes approx 9200 stems to make one lotus scarf 100% lotus scarf 7" x 66" $103.00 A natural (no color) lotus thread is delicately extracted from the stem 100% lotus scarf 7" x 66" $103.00 A red sappan wood and woven by only a 100% lotus scarf 7" x 66" $167.00 blue indigo small number of skilled 100% lotus scarf 10" x 66" $149.00 natural (no color) craftspeople in Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Trees of Georgia
    1 NATIVE TREES OF GEORGIA By G. Norman Bishop Professor of Forestry George Foster Peabody School of Forestry University of Georgia Currently Named Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources University of Georgia GEORGIA FORESTRY COMMISSION Eleventh Printing - 2001 Revised Edition 2 FOREWARD This manual has been prepared in an effort to give to those interested in the trees of Georgia a means by which they may gain a more intimate knowledge of the tree species. Of about 250 species native to the state, only 92 are described here. These were chosen for their commercial importance, distribution over the state or because of some unusual characteristic. Since the manual is intended primarily for the use of the layman, technical terms have been omitted wherever possible; however, the scientific names of the trees and the families to which they belong, have been included. It might be explained that the species are grouped by families, the name of each occurring at the top of the page over the name of the first member of that family. Also, there is included in the text, a subdivision entitled KEY CHARACTERISTICS, the purpose of which is to give the reader, all in one group, the most outstanding features whereby he may more easily recognize the tree. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to the Houghton Mifflin Company, publishers of Sargent’s Manual of the Trees of North America, for permission to use the cuts of all trees appearing in this manual; to B. R. Stogsdill for assistance in arranging the material; to W.
    [Show full text]
  • Educator's Guide
    Educator’s Guide the jill and lewis bernard family Hall of north american mammals inside: • Suggestions to Help You come prepared • essential questions for Student Inquiry • Strategies for teaching in the exhibition • map of the Exhibition • online resources for the Classroom • Correlations to science framework • glossary amnh.org/namammals Essential QUESTIONS Who are — and who were — the North as tundra, winters are cold, long, and dark, the growing season American Mammals? is extremely short, and precipitation is low. In contrast, the abundant precipitation and year-round warmth of tropical All mammals on Earth share a common ancestor and and subtropical forests provide optimal growing conditions represent many millions of years of evolution. Most of those that support the greatest diversity of species worldwide. in this hall arose as distinct species in the relatively recent Florida and Mexico contain some subtropical forest. In the past. Their ancestors reached North America at different boreal forest that covers a huge expanse of the continent’s times. Some entered from the north along the Bering land northern latitudes, winters are dry and severe, summers moist bridge, which was intermittently exposed by low sea levels and short, and temperatures between the two range widely. during the Pleistocene (2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago). Desert and scrublands are dry and generally warm through- These migrants included relatives of New World cats (e.g. out the year, with temperatures that may exceed 100°F and dip sabertooth, jaguar), certain rodents, musk ox, at least two by 30 degrees at night. kinds of elephants (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Honors Theses Honors College Spring 5-2016 Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi Hanna M. Miller University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses Part of the Biodiversity Commons, and the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Hanna M., "Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi" (2016). Honors Theses. 389. https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses/389 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi by Hanna Miller A Thesis Submitted to the Honors College of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in the Department of Biological Sciences May 2016 ii Approved by _________________________________ Mac H. Alford, Ph.D., Thesis Adviser Professor of Biological Sciences _________________________________ Shiao Y. Wang, Ph.D., Chair Department of Biological Sciences _________________________________ Ellen Weinauer, Ph.D., Dean Honors College iii Abstract The North American Coastal Plain contains some of the highest plant diversity in the temperate world. However, most of the region has remained unstudied, resulting in a lack of knowledge about the unique plant communities present there.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Common Native & Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska
    Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska Cover photographs by (top to bottom, left to right): Tara Chestnut/Hannah E. Anderson, Jamie Fenneman, Vanessa Morgan, Dana Visalli, Jamie Fenneman, Lynda K. Moore and Denny Lassuy. Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska This document is based on An Aquatic Plant Identification Manual for Washington’s Freshwater Plants, which was modified with permission from the Washington State Department of Ecology, by the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs at Portland State University for Alaska Department of Fish and Game US Fish & Wildlife Service - Coastal Program US Fish & Wildlife Service - Aquatic Invasive Species Program December 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ............................................................................ x Introduction Overview ............................................................................. xvi How to Use This Manual .................................................... xvi Categories of Special Interest Imperiled, Rare and Uncommon Aquatic Species ..................... xx Indigenous Peoples Use of Aquatic Plants .............................. xxi Invasive Aquatic Plants Impacts ................................................................................. xxi Vectors ................................................................................. xxii Prevention Tips .................................................... xxii Early Detection and Reporting
    [Show full text]
  • Oak in Focus: Quercus Rubra, Red
    Oak in Focus—Red Oak Red Oak (Northern Red Oak) Similar Species: e black oak (Q. velutina) is less common than the Cris Fleming notes: “In the publication e Natural Communities of Quercus rubra L. red oak in native woodlands. Many of its leaves are similar in shape Maryland, January 2011, e Maryland Natural Heritage Program (Quercus borealis F. Michx.) (though some may be more deeply sinused, especially when lists seven ecological communities with Quercus rubra as dominant or sun-exposed) but they are dark, glossy green above and usually have co-dominant. ese community groups are acidic oak-hickory forest, aryland’s oaks have put forth an abundant acorn “scurfy” (dandru-like) pubescence below in addition to hair tufts in basic mesic forest, basic oak-hickory forest, chestnut oak forest, crop during the Maryland Native Plant Society’s the vein axils. However, the pubescence may be gone this time of year. dry-mesic calcareous forest, mixed oak-heath forest, and northern Year of the Oak and you almost need a hard hat e black oak has very dark, broken, shallowly blocky bark (without hardwood forest.” when walking in the woods this fall! Now that “ski tracks”) and exceptionally large angled buds covered with gray- we’ve had three consecutive years of bountiful white pubescence, an excellent fall and winter diagnostic. e scarlet Carole Bergmann adds: “I think that Quercus rubra is one of the most acorn production, it’s dicult to remember the oak (Q. coccinea), the pin oak (Q. palustris) and the Shumard oak (Q. common oaks in the Maryland piedmont.
    [Show full text]
  • (Quercus Rubra) Populations from the Greater Sudbury Region During Reclamation
    Potential genetic impacts of metal content on Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) populations from the Greater Sudbury Region during reclamation By Anh Tran Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Biology School of Graduate Studies Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario © Ann Tran, 2013 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-91872-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-91872-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree of the Year: Liquidambar Eric Hsu and Susyn Andrews
    Tree of the Year: Liquidambar Eric Hsu and Susyn Andrews With contributions from Anne Boscawen (UK), John Bulmer (UK), Koen Camelbeke (Belgium), John Gammon (UK), Hugh Glen (South Africa), Philippe de Spoelberch (Belgium), Dick van Hoey Smith (The Netherlands), Robert Vernon (UK) and Ulrich Würth (Germany). Affinities, generic distribution and fossil record Liquidambar L. has close taxonomic affinities with Altingia Noronha since these two genera share gum ducts associated with vascular bundles, terminal buds enclosed within numerous bud scales, spirally arranged stipulate leaves, poly- porate (with several pore-like apertures) pollen grains, condensed bisexual inflorescences, perfect or imperfect flowers, and winged seeds. Not surpris- ingly, Liquidambar, Altingia and Semiliquidambar H.T. Chang have now been placed in the Altingiaceae, as originally treated (Blume 1828, Wilson 1905, Chang 1964, Melikan 1973, Li et al. 1988, Zhou & Jiang 1990, Wang 1992, Qui et al. 1998, APG 1998, Judd et al. 1999, Shi et al. 2001 and V. Savolainen pers. comm.). These three genera were placed in the subfamily Altingioideae in Hamamelidaceae (Reinsch 1890, Chang 1979, Cronquist 1981, Bogle 1986, Endress 1989) or the Liquidambaroideae (Harms 1930). Shi et al. (2001) noted that Altingia species are evergreen with entire, unlobed leaves; Liquidambar is deciduous with 3-5 or 7-lobed leaves; while Semiliquidambar is evergreen or deciduous, with trilobed, simple or one-lobed leaves. Cytological studies have indicated that the chromosome number of Liquidambar is 2n = 30, 32 (Anderson & Sax 1935, Pizzolongo 1958, Santamour 1972, Goldblatt & Endress 1977). Ferguson (1989) stated that this chromosome number distinguished Liquidambar from the rest of the Hamamelidaceae with their chromosome numbers of 2n = 16, 24, 36, 48, 64 and 72.
    [Show full text]
  • Acer Rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ ‘Red Sunset’ Red Maple1 Edward F
    Fact Sheet ST-47 November 1993 Acer rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ ‘Red Sunset’ Red Maple1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION ‘Red Sunset’ and ‘October Glory’ have proven to be the best cultivars of Red Maple for the south (Fig. 1). ‘Red Sunset’ has strong wood and is a vigorous, fast-grower, reaching a height of 50 feet with a spread of 25 to 35 feet. Trees are often seen shorter in the southern part of its range unless located on a wet site. This tree is preferred over Red Maple, Silver Maple or Boxelder when a fast-growing maple is needed, and will take on a pyramidal or oval silhouette. The newly emerging red flowers and fruits signal that spring has come. They appear in December and January in Florida, later in the northern part of its range. Leaves retain an attractive high gloss throughout the growing season. The seeds of ‘Red Sunset’ Red Maple are quite popular with squirrels and birds. GENERAL INFORMATION Scientific name: Acer rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ Pronunciation: AY-ser ROO-brum Common name(s): ‘Red Sunset’ Red Maple Family: Aceraceae Figure 1. Middle-aged ‘Red Sunset’ Red Maple. USDA hardiness zones: 4B through 8 (Fig. 2) Origin: native to North America DESCRIPTION Uses: Bonsai; wide tree lawns (>6 feet wide); medium-sized tree lawns (4-6 feet wide); Height: 45 to 50 feet recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or Spread: 25 to 40 feet for median strip plantings in the highway; near a deck Crown uniformity: symmetrical canopy with a or patio; reclamation plant; screen; shade tree; regular (or smooth) outline, and individuals have more specimen; residential street tree or less identical crown forms Availability: generally available in many areas within Crown shape: oval; upright its hardiness range Crown density: moderate 1.
    [Show full text]