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Strauss Rol 2021.Pdf (14.04Mb) Die rol van immigrante van St. Helena-eiland in die Kaapse en Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing, met spesifieke verwysing na die periode 1808-1908 deur Johannes Stefanus Strauss Proefskrif ingelewer ter gedeeltelike voldoening aan die vereistes vir die graad van Doktor in Geskiedenis in die Fakulteit Lettere en Wysbegeerte aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch Promotor: Prof. W.P. Visser Mede-promotor: Dr. H.F. Heese Maart 2021 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za i VERKLARING Deur hierdie proefskrif elektronies in te lewer, verklaar ek dat die geheel van die werk hierin vervat, my eie, oorspronklike werk is, dat ek die alleenouteur daarvan is (behalwe in die mate uitdruklik anders aangedui), dat reproduksie en die publikasie daarvan deur die Universiteit Stellenbosch nie derdepartyregte sal skend nie en dat dit nie vantevore, in die geheel of gedeeltelik, ter verkryging van enige kwalifikasie aangebied is nie. Kopiereg © 2021 Stellenbosch Universiteit Alle regte voorbehou Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ii OPSOMMING St. Helena se strategiese ligging het daartoe gelei dat die Portugese- en ander Europese seevaarders die eiland sedert die vroeë 1500`s as halfwegstasie op hulle seereise na en van die Ooste gebruik het. Die eiland het prominensie verkry toe verskeie bannelinge soos Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, die Zoeloekoning, Dinizulu kaCetswayo, en sy gesin in 1890 en ongeveer 6 000 Boere-krygsgevangenes vanaf 1900 tot 1902 na die eiland verban is. Die fokus van hierdie navorsingstudie is egter nie direk op die bannelinge ingestel nie. Die klem val eerder op die emigrasie van St. Helenas na Suid-Afrika, ʼn tema wat nie soveel aandag van Suid-Afrikaanse historici as byvoorbeeld Nederlandse, Britse-, Franse- en Duitse-immigrasie gekry het nie. In hierdie studie word verskeie kwessies oor St. Helena-emigrasie na Suid-Afrika ondersoek soos watter faktore immigrasie veroorsaak het, die aantal St. Helenas wat uiteindelik na Suid-Afrika geëmigreer het, waar hulle hulself gevestig het, watter beroepe die St. Helenas beoefen het, ensomeer. Vanaf 1808 het St. Helena-emigrante drupsgewys na die Kaapkolonie en ander gebiede in Suid-Afrika geëmigreer, maar mettertyd het die emigrantestroom al sterker gevloei. Verskeie stoot- en trekfaktore het veral na 1834 tot die sterker vloei van die emigrasie bygedra. Hierdie nuwe aankomelinge het ʼn impak op die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing gemaak en dit is onder andere ook die doelwit van hierdie navorsingstudie om ondersoek in te stel na die sosio-ekonomiese invloed van die St. Helenas op die Kaapse- en breër Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing. Oor die St. Helena-immigrante se koms na Suid-Afrika en die invloed van hierdie immigrasie op die land is daar nog nie veel navorsing gedoen nie en bestaan daar ongetwyfeld ʼn navorsingsleemte wat gevul kan word en waartoe hierdie proefskrif ʼn bydrae kan lewer. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iii ABSTRACT St. Helena's strategic location has led the Portuguese and other European seafarers to use the island as a halfway station on their voyages to and from the East since the early 1500`s. The island gained prominence when several exiles such as Napoleon Bonaparte were banished there in 1815, as well as the Zulu king, Dinizulu kaCetswayo, and his family who was banished to the island in 1890 and about 6 000 Boer prisoners of war who were banished to the island between 1900 and 1902. The emphasis is rather on the emigration of St. Helenas to South Africa, a theme that did not receive as much attention from South African historians as Dutch, British-, French- and German immigration. In this study, several questions about St. Helena immigration were investigated such as what factors caused the immigration, the number of St. Helenas who eventually emigrated to South Africa, where they settled, what professions they held, and so on. From 1808 the St. Helena emigrants gradually emigrated to the Cape Colony and other areas in present-day South Africa, but over time the flow of emigrants increased. Various push and pull factors, especially after 1834, contributed to the stronger flow of emigrants. These new arrivals would, by their nature, have made an impact on South African society and it is, among other things, the aim of this research study to investigate the socio-economic influence of the St. Helenas on the Cape and wider South African society. The St. Helena immigrants' arrival in South Africa and the influence of this immigration on the country did not receive much attention of historians yet and there is undoubtedly a research gap that exists to which this dissertation can contribute. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iv BEDANKINGS Alle eer aan my Skepper vir die gesondheid om hierdie studie te onderneem en af te handel. Ek dra hierdie werk graag op aan die volgende persone: My eggenote, Alfreda, vir haar volgehoue geduld, motivering en kennis van die St. Helena-afstammelinge van Namakwaland wat van haar ʼn onmisbare skakel gemaak het om familieverwantskappe van die St. Helenas uit te lê en te verifieer. My kinders, Reinhardt en Ilse vir hul motivering en lojale ondersteuning. My promotors, professor W.P. Visser en doktor H.F. Heese vir hulle geduld, inspirasie en konstruktiewe leiding. Die skrywer wil ook die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns en die Kaapse Skiereilandse Universiteit vir Tegnologie vir hul finansiële ondersteuning bedank. Hiermee wil die skrywer ook sy opregte dank betuig aan alle persone wat deur middel van die beskikbaarstelling van inligting dit moontlik gemaak het om die proefskrif te skryf. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za v INHOUDSOPGAWE VERKLARING ............................................................................................................................................. i OPSOMMING ........................................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ iii BEDANKINGS ........................................................................................................................................... iv INHOUDSOPGAWE .................................................................................................................................. v LYS VAN FIGURE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………vi AFKORTINGS ......................................................................................................................................... viii Hoofstuk 1 Teoretiese en metodologiese vertrekpunte ..................................................................... 1 1.1 Inleiding: Migrasie en transnasionalisme ........................................................................... 1 1.2 Internasionale migrasie en migrasieroetes. ....................................................................... 7 1.3 Migrasie in die Britse Ryk. .................................................................................................. 8 1.4 Stoot‐ en trek en netwerkfaktore op internasionale vlak. ................................................. 9 1.4.1 Stoot‐ en trekfaktore. ......................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Netwerkfaktore. ............................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Historiografie. ................................................................................................................. 166 1.6 Doelwitte en teoretiese uitgangspunte. ........................................................................... 22 1.7 Navorsingsmetodologie en ontwerp .............................................................................. 244 1.8 Struktuur. ........................................................................................................................ 311 Hoofstuk 2 Historiese omstandighedee en dryfver wat St. Helena‐immigrasie na Suid‐Afrika bevorder het. ........................................................................................................... 333 2.1 Inleiding .......................................................................................................................... 333 2.2 Historiese agtergrond. .................................................................................................... 333 2.2.1 Die eiland waarvandaan die St. Helena‐immigrante geïmmigreer het. ......................... 333 2.2.2 Ontdekking van die eiland. ............................................................................................. 355 2.2.3 Die Engelse neem die eiland oor. ................................................................................... 377 2.3 Die rol van slawe in die geskiedenis van St. Helena. ........................................................ 41 2.4 Maatskaplike toestande in St. Helena. ........................................................................... 466 2.5 Ekonomiese toestande op die eiland. ............................................................................ 544 2.6 Oorlog en bannelinge. .................................................................................................... 699 Hoofstuk 3 Die Kaap en breër Suid‐Afrika as St. Helena‐immigrante bestemming. ....................... 71 3.1 Gedwonge migrasie van St. Helenas na die Kaap. .......................................................
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