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UNESP UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” Faculdade De Ciências E Letras Campus De Araraquara - SP

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UNESP UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” Faculdade De Ciências E Letras Campus De Araraquara - SP UNESP UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” Faculdade de Ciências e Letras Campus de Araraquara - SP Mariana Ludolf de Souza MARCADORES PROSÓDICOS NA OBRA FOUNDATION DE I. ASIMOV ARARAQUARA – S.P. 2020 Mariana Ludolf de Souza MARCADORES PROSÓDICOS NA OBRA FOUNDATION DE I. ASIMOV Dissertação de Mestrado, apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística e Língua portuguesa da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras – UNESP/Araraquara, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Linguística e Língua portuguesa. Linha de pesquisa: Análise fonológica, Morfossintática, Semântica e Pragmática. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Carlos Cagliari ARARAQUARA – S.P. 2020 Souza, Mariana Ludolf de MARCADORES PROSÓDICOS NA OBRA FOUNDATION DE I. ASIMOV / Mariana Ludolf de Souza — 2020 149 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguistica e Lingua Portuguesa) — Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Faculdade de Ciências e Letras (Campus Araraquara) Orientador: Luiz Carlos Cagliari 1. Marcadores prosódicos. 2. Ficção científica. 3. Fundação. I. Título. Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo sistema automatizado com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a). MARIANA LUDOLF DE SOUZA Dissertação de Mestrado, apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística e Língua portuguesa da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras – UNESP/Araraquara, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Linguística e Língua portuguesa. Linha de pesquisa: Análise fonológica, Morfossintática, Semântica e Pragmática. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Carlos Cagliari Data da defesa: 22/06/2020 MEMBROS COMPONENTES DA BANCA EXAMINADORA: Presidente e Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Carlos Cagliari Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Araraquara - Unesp. Membro Titular: Profa. Dra. Cristina Martins Fargetti Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Araraquara - Unesp Membro Titular: Profa. Dra. Ana Carolina Freitas Gentil Almeida Cangemi Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro Local: Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências e Letras UNESP – Campus de Araraquara A todos os mestres que direta ou indiretamente contribuíram para minha formação como cidadã, professora e pesquisadora. AGRADECIMENTOS À minha família, companheiro e colegas que me deram suporte das mais variadas formas nessa jornada. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Luiz Carlos Cagliari pela infinita paciência e constante aconselhamento que ultrapassam a seara acadêmica. À FCLAR por me receber e auxiliar em minha formação não só como pesquisadora, mas como pessoa. “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” Arthur C. Clarke (1961, p. 233) RESUMO A pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar sistematicamente os marcadores prosódicos de seis primeiras partes do primeiro capítulo da obra Foundation de Isaac Asimov, dando continuidade a um trabalho de pesquisa realizado na graduação – monografia de conclusão de curso. Esse estudo ajuda a entender a caracterização e o desenvolvimento do perfil dos personagens em narrativas. O estudo se concentra nas seis primeiras partes da obra, e a natureza e o volume de dados têm se mostrado adequados para o objetivo do projeto. A dissertação traz informações gerais sobre o tipo de obra (Foundation), sobre o contexto de produção e críticas. Para além disso, há informações teóricas e metodológicas linguísticas que fundamentam e dão suporte às análises. Os dados são apresentados conforme a sucessão da narrativa e são analisados com comentários a respeito de exemplos selecionados. Um estudo sobre as análises evidencia a existência de categorias de marcadores prosódicos usados na obra. Por fim, uma seção discute as conclusões do projeto. Palavras-chave: Marcadores Prosódicos, Ficção científica, Fundação. ABSTRACT The present dissertation has as aim to analyze systematically the prosodic markers of six parts from the first chapter of the Foundation, by Isaac Asimov, continuing the research done during the undergrad course. This study helps to better understand the characters’ development and profile in this novel. The dissertation begins with an overall description of the novel (Foundation), of the sci-fic media at the time which support the analysis. The data is organized as the original text presents it, accordingly to the narrative time, and the examples are described and analyzed as so. One of the analysis considers the prosodic markers used in the novel. Due to the narrative’s motivation, there is a chapter about the science fiction history. Finally, the last section discusses the conclusions of the project. Keywords: Prosodic Markers in Writing, Sci-fic, Foundation by Asimov. LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 Quantificação de VD e AF da parte 1 63 Tabela 2 Quantificação de VD e AF da parte 2 69 Tabela 3 Quantificação de VD e AF da parte 3 76 Tabela 4 Quantificação de VD e AF da parte 4 92 Tabela 5 Quantificação de VD e AF da parte 5 102 Tabela 6 Quantificação de VD e AF da parte 6 115 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS MPL Marcador prosódico lexical AF Atitude do falante VD Verbo dicendi GT Grupo Tonal STS Sílaba tônica saliente Att Marcador de atitude do falante 0Att 0 (inexistência) de descrição de atitude do falante 0VD 0 (inexistência) de verbo dicendi FC Ficção Científica SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO 12 2 OBJETIVOS 13 3 JUSTIFICATIVA 14 4 CORPUS 16 4.1 Sobre a escolha da obra 16 4.2 Sobre o desenvolvimento da ficção científica: da Magazine Era até a New 20 Wave 4.3 Contexto Histórico Norte-americano 37 4.4 Crítica à Fundação 41 5 REFERENCIAL TEÓRICO 47 6 METODOLOGIA 55 7 ANÁLISE DOS DADOS 60 7.1 Primeira Parte 60 7.1.1 Caracterização 61 7.1.2 Análise quantitativa 63 7.1.3 Tom, entoação e tessitura 65 7.2 Segunda Parte 66 7.2.1 Caracterização 67 7.2.2 Análise Quantitativa 69 7.2.3 Tom, entoação e tessitura 70 7.3 Terceira Parte 71 7.3.1 Caracterização 74 7.3.2 Análise Quantitativa 76 7.3.3 Tom, entoação e tessitura 78 7.4 Quarta Parte 82 7.4.1 Caracterização 85 7.4.2 Análise Quantitativa 92 7.4.3 Tom, entoação e tessitura 94 7.5 Quinta Parte 97 7.5.1 Caracterização 100 7.5.2 Análise Quantitativa 102 7.5.3 Tom, entoação e tessitura 104 7.6 Sexta Parte 107 7.6.1 Caracterização 113 7.6.2 Análise Quantitativa 115 7.6.3 Tom, entoação e tessitura 116 8 ALGUMAS CONSIDERAÇÕES GERAIS 122 9 CONCLUSÃO 123 10 REFERÊNCIAS 125 11 ANEXO 128 12 1. Introdução A utilização de marcadores prosódicos em textos escritos tem sido pouco investigada academicamente (CAGLIARI, 2013). Fato esse que pode ser decorrente da ausência de um método produtivo e sistemático de análise ou da pouca importância dada ao objeto de estudo. São necessários, portanto, o teste e a fixação de um método de análise que supra as necessidades do objeto de estudo em questão. Esta dissertação de mestrado, através de análises de dados em língua inglesa de parte de uma obra de ficção (Foundation) coloca algumas questões teóricas não só para mostrar como elas ocorrem, mas também para propor um modelo de análise dos Marcadores Prosódicos Lexicais (CAGLIARI, 1989, 2007; PACHECO, 2003, 2009) que possa servir para a análise de obras que apresentem o desenrolar da ação através de muitos diálogos. Como esta pesquisa leva em conta principalmente fenômenos prosódicos e suprassegmentais da fala, serão levados em conta o modelo de Halliday (1970) e de Cagliari (2007). A dissertação apresenta uma caracterização da obra que leva em consideração o gênero a que pertence e o período histórico de sua produção, bem como um diálogo de análises críticas realizadas sobre Foundation de modo a enriquecer a compreensão da obra e suas peculiaridades. Foundation trata-se de uma obra de FC premiada com dois Hugos e amplamente conhecida pelo público do gênero. A narrativa se concentra ao redor de Hari Seldon, desenvolvedor de uma ciência preditiva fictícia, e de seu projeto para mitigar os danos da queda do Galact Empire, causados por uma ruína inevitável. A possibilidade de pesquisa desses fenômenos já foi apontada por Cagliari (1989) há bastante tempo. Porém, esse tema tem tido poucos estudos, não havendo sido encontrados até a presente data estudos desse fenômeno em língua inglesa, e mesmo as análises em língua portuguesa são relativamente restritas. Esta pesquisa sobre o tema indica tanto a relevância do objeto selecionado para a pesquisa, quanto a necessidade de se ampliarem as discussões relacionadas a questão teórica que embasa a pesquisa realizada. 13 1. Objetivos A pesquisa que antecede a dissertação de mestrado começou com grande curiosidade, a partir dos primeiros contatos com a teoria dos marcadores prosódicos da escrita. Por essa razão, o objetivo principal da pesquisa atual é verificar a natureza dos marcadores prosódicos e seus usos, analisando um material literário adequado, ou seja, uma narrativa com muitas falas dos personagens. Ao alcançar o objetivo principal, outros objetivos também são desdobrados, como usar as conclusões das análises para melhorar a teoria vigente sobre os marcadores prosódicos em língua inglesa, seguindo os modelos de Halliday (1970), fazendo levantamentos exaustivos e categorizações tipológicas dos recursos usados pelo autor (no caso Asimov em Foundation). Outros objetivos incluem contribuir para a área das Letras em geral, aplicando modelos teóricos desenvolvidos no campo da fonética em um corpus literário investigando possíveis diálogos interdisciplinares. A pesquisa assumiu também o objetivo de interpretar e refletir sobre como o código escrito expressa alguns aspectos ligados à fonética, em especial, os prosódicos. O nosso sistema de escrita revela muito pouco da prosódia, deixando-se mais restrita a análises acústicas da fala. 14 2. Justificativa O projeto de elaboração da dissertação de mestrado segue pesquisas sobre o mesmo assunto realizadas para a monografia de conclusão de curso: Marcadores prosódicos em excertos da obra Foundation de Isaac Asimov), do Curso de Graduação em Letras, da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) em 2015. O estudo teórico de embasamento da pesquisa tem mostrado um campo que liga a Linguística com a Literatura.
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