WORLD MONUMENTS FUND THE FIRST THIRTY YEARS

WORLD MONUMENTS FUND TIlE FIRST TIIIRTY YEARS

CHRISTIE'S Thc printing of World ~Ionulllcnts Fund: Thc First Thirty Ycars is gcncruusly supportcd hy Christic's Acknowledgments The World Monuments Fund is This book is the product of a collaboration among numerous individuals. a private nonprofit organization founded David Sassoon researched and developed a retrospective catalogue of the World in 1965 by individuals concerned Monuments Fund's work in Europe. Bonnie Burnham subsequently expanded about the accelerating destruction of it into a comprehensive overview of WMF's 30-year history. Dr. Marilyn Perry important artistic treasures throughout added signi ficant information regarding the history of projects supported by the the world. In more than 30 years of Samuel H. Kress Foundation. Isabelle de Broglie in Paris, Donatella Asta and activity, the World Monuments Fund has Stephen Eddy in Venice, and Victoria Agnew in London-WMF's European orchestrated over 135 major projects staff members-helped to document and provide visual material for their respec­ in 32 countries. Today, with affiliate tive project texts. In the New York office, Rebecca Anderson edited the manu­ organizations established in Europe- script and oversaw all stages of production, with help from John Stubbs and in Britain, France, Italy, Portugal, and Felicia Mayro of the program staff, and Dr. Samuel Gruber, program consultant Spain-the World Monuments Fund for Jewish heritage. Martha Flach assisted in selecting photographs and com­ sponsors an ongoing program for the posing captions. WMF's development office, under Anthony Newman, super­ conservation of cultural heritage world­ vised the compilation of the retrospective list of donors. wide. The World Monuments Watch, Cynthia Nadelman copy edited the manuscript. Susan Skoorka of Skoorka a global program launched in 1995 on Graphic Design, New York, N.Y., designed the publication and the WMF the occasion of the 30th anniversary 30th-anniversary logo and supervised print production. of the World Monuments Fund, aims Many project entries in the current volume are adapted from previous WMF to identify imperiled cultural heritage publications. A comprehensive listing of these appears on pages 96-97. sites and direct financial and technical The World Monuments Fund gratefully acknowledges the generosity ofthe support for their preservation. Samuel H. Kress Foundation in funding the development ofthe texts on WMF's European projects. WMF is also grateful to Christie'sfor printing this publication and to the Kress Foundation and Christie'sfor sharing the printing costs.

COVER: THE SCUOLA GRANDE 01 SAN GIOVANNI EVANGELlSTA IN VENICE World Monuments Fund WITH RESTORATION WORK IN PROGRESS 949 Park Avenue IN THE SALA MAGGIORE New York, N.Y. 10028 INSET: THE SAME VIEW AS IT U.S.A. APPEARS TODAY Telephone: (212) 517-9367 FRONTISPIECE: INTERIOR OF THE RESTORED SCUOLA GRANDE 01 SAN Fax: (212) 517-9494 ROCCO IN VENICE WITH VIEW TOWARDS THE ALTAR ISBN: 0-9627931-6-7 Copyright © 1996 World Monuments Fund All rights reserved Printed in Great Britain

4 Table of Contents

Preface 7 Murals Conservation Program. Mexico City. Mexico 55 The Rt. Honorable The Viscount Norwich, Facade of the Primatial Church of St. Trophimc. 56 HOllorary Clwinllall, World MOil tilIIellIS FUlld alld Aries, France Chairll/all, World MOIiU/llelll.l· FUlid ill Brilaill Ponada de la Majestad. Collegiate Church of Santa Marfa la Mayor. Toro. Spain 59 .\ Toast from the Chairman 8 Chaleau de COlllmarque. Les Eyzies 60 Dr. Marilyn Perry. Chairll/all (Perigord). France Church of St. Ann and the Holy Trinity. What Is a World Monument? 9 Brooklyn. New York 63 Bonnie Burnham. Execlllil'e DireclOr Giandomenico Tiepolo Murals. Church of San Giovanni Battista. Meolo. Italy 64 History of the World ~Ionuments Fund 12 Dome of the Hotel des Invalides. Paris. France 67 Cima da Conegliano's BaplislI/ (~f Chrisl, Church The First Thirty )ears 22-85 of San Giovanni in Bragora, Venice. Italy 68

Catalogue of ~Iajor Projects 23 The 1990s Temple of Preah Khan. Historic City of Angkor. The 1960s Cambodia 71 Rock-Hcwn Coptic Churches. Lalibela. Ethiopia 24 Muctejar Cloister, Royal Monastery of Guadalupe. Archaeological Sites of Easter Island. Chile 26 Guadalupe. Spain 72 Scuola Grandc di San Giovanni Evangelista, Basilica of Ererouk, Armenia 75 Vcnice. Italy 28 Tempel Synagogue. Cracow. Poland 76 Tintorelto's paintings for the Scuola Grande di PotageI' du Roy. Versailles. France 79 San Rocco. Venice. Italy 30 Lednice and Valtice Castles and Environs. Southern Moravia. Czech Republic 80 The 1970s Tower of Belem, Lisbon. PO/'lUg'll 83 Church of San Pietro di Castello, Venice, Italy 32 The FulUre 84 Church of the Pictil (Santa Maria della Visitazione), Venice. Italy 35 World ~Ionuments Fund Field Activities 86 Scuola Canton. Venice. Italy 36 Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta on Torcello. ~Iajor Donors 1965-1995 91 Venice. Italy 39 Toledo Calhedral Museum. The Hadrian Award and Toledo. Spain 40 World ~Ionumcnts Fund Gold ~Icdal 94 Gokarna Temple Complex. Kathmandu Valley. Nepal 43 Bovolo Staircase. Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo. World ~lonul11ents Fund Publications 96 Venice. Italy 44

World i\lonuments Fund Board of Trustees The 19S0s and Intermltional Leadership 98 Conservation Laboratory. Scuo/a Vecchia del/a Misericordia. Venice. Italy 47 Convento de la Coria. Trujillo. Spain 48 World ~Ionuments Fund Directory 99 Doneraile Court. County Cork. Ireland 51 Ciladelle Henry. Milot. Haiti 52 Index 100

5 In Memoriam

Dedicatcd to

James A. Gray (1909-1994) Founder

Lucius R. Eastman (J 913-1991) Trustee and Board Chairman

Emmanuel dc Nlargcric (J 924-1991) President World Monuments Fund France

Franklin D. ~[urphy (1916-1994) Chairman Samuel 11. Kress Foundation

6 Preface

t has been my good fortune 10 have been have not yet followed Colonel Gray to Lalibela or associated over theyears with three great to Easter Island, I have every intention of doing so I conservation orgalllzatlons, two of them before long. Meanwhile, I have associated myself British, the other genuinely international; and all still more closely to WMF by becoming chairman three of them celebrate important anniversaries of its new British affiliate; and I have now seen in 1995. The two British bodies are the National work begin on the two most staggering examples Trust. which was founded just one hundred years in the country of, respectively, the Victorian Gothic ago. and the Venice in Peril Fund, which-though and neoclassical styles: the Albert Memorial in it seems almost unbelievable to those of us who London and St. George's Hall in Liverpool. were involved from the start-has already been In short, under the inspired direction of Marilyn going for a quarter of a century. The third organi­ Perry and Bonnie Burnham, WMF is going from zation is the World Monuments Fund, which­ strength to strength. It has already been responsi­ where its age is concerned-falls between the ble for the restoration, wholly or in part, of some other two. It is 30 years old this year-and I only 135 different monuments, and as I write these wish I could say the same. words its work is in progress on some twenty It was in Venice, and through Venice, that different sites. It remains-a fact which cannot I first became associated with the International be too insistently stressed-the only private charity Fund for Monuments. as we called it in those that exists anywhere for the preservation and con­ early days. The great Colonel Gray remained servation of all the great monuments of the world, for me a shadowy figure, whom I met only once wherever they may be; believing as it does that or twice; though already well over seventy, he those monuments belong in a very real sense always seemed to be hurtling between Ethiopia to the world. and are consequently the world's and Easter Island, Haiti and Kathmandu. My responsibility to maintain. Its task is immense­ really close friends then were John and Betty just how immense, the new program that we McAndrew-what an enchanting couple they have called World Monuments Watch wi II one were, and how I miss them-and Marilyn Perry, day reveal-and, clearly, will never be completed. then a free-lance art historian working in Venice There will always be more work to be done. more (though already occupying one of the most beauty to be preserved, more buildings to restore. enviable flats in the whole city). Little did any of But given the encouragement and support of those us know in those days the heights she was shortly who believe in it. many of the greatest creations to scale, first in the Kress Foundation and soon of the human spirit will continue, thanks to WMF, afterwards in the IFM, rising to be president of to stand firmly and confidently-for our children one and chairman of the other, and forging the and our children's children to wonder at, learn close links between the two that have made from, and enjoy. possible the astonishing growth of the World Monuments Fund-for we must now give it its modern title-over the past ten years. Since WMF did me the quite undeserved honor of appointing me honorary chairman, I have been following its fortunes with ever-increasing wonder and admiration. Its income, despite the continuing generosity of the Kress Foundation and others, remains relatively modest; but I know of no organization anywhere that uses that income more brilliantly or makes it go further. I have seen WMF at work not only in Italy but in France and Spain; in Mexico and the United States: in Haiti. John Julius NOl"\rich Cambodia, and the Czech Republic; and though I Honorary Chairman

7 A Toast from the Chairman

30th anniversary toast, if I may, to the A decade later, WMF is a leader in internat­ remarkable evolution of the World ional preservation. Executive director Bonnie AMonuments Fund, and to the elements Burnham (a visionary operating as an admin­ that have made it possible-our mission, our istrator) and director of programs John H. Stubbs staff, and our supporters. (an enthusiast refined as a preservation architect) Anniversaries are occasions for assessment, head a staff of twelve in New York, plus field and the World Monuments Fund at 30 has much to offices in Paris and Venice. Projects and celebrate. Around the world, from Easter Island programs have proliferated. WMF has pioneered to Kathmandu, unique historic structures are pre-planning for building and landscape preserva­ standing, thanks to our work. In New York, our tion, initiated on-site training programs, tackled small, stalwart team occupies new headqual1ers fiscal and educational issues, supported promis­ on Park Avenue. In Europe, WMF affiliates are ing research, and published technical reports registered in France, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, and broad surveys. In the field, new partnerships and Spain. Our annual World Monuments Fund with funders, governments, and private-sector Hadrian Award confers deserved recognition for groups have steadily 'leveraged' project support international leadership on behalf of cultural at impressive levels. Even modern computer heritage. A major new commitment from technology is placed at the service of time-worn American Express Company gives impetus to our art through the endangered-heritage listings World Monuments Watch, a worldwide call to of the World Monuments Watch. arms for sites in imminent peril. At 30, WMF and its accomplishments are a At the heart of the WMF achievement is our tribute to passion, talent, grit, and money. Our work in the field-an unmatched record of donors-more generous than numerous-are international projects of astonishing variety and farsighted trustees, foundations, individuals, and beauty. Ancient Roman ruins in Asia Minor, rock­ (more rarely) corporations who are excited by the hewn Coptic churches in Ethiopia, Cambodia's importance of the work, the adventure of creating jungle temples, a mudejar fountain house and a viable organization, and the challenges ahead. garden in Spain, a Gothic stair tower in Venice, They share our view of the universality of art adobe churches in New Mexico, the dome of the and recognize that to cherish and preserve the Invalides in Paris, a folly-studded landscape in the finest human achievements is also to renew Czech Republic, the Tempel synagogue in Cracow, our most enduring values. and on and on. To prolong their existence is our My toast is to this purpose, and to the work goal-and our reward. of the World Monuments Fund to come! During our first twenty years, the International Fund for Monuments operated by adopting works of art and architecture in need of restoration, pairing them with donors, and supervising the conservation process-all managed by the prodigious energies of Colonel James A. Gray. When failing eyesight forced his retirement in the mid-1980s, the trustees (myself, by then, included) determined to maintain and strengthen his legacy by restructuring as a professional preservation organization. We reasoned that rFM's experience and project orientation would be valuable touch­ stones for many of preservation's emerging issues, such as standards of practice, work-force training, documentation, strategic planning, technical surveys, fundraising, public-private partnerships, education, and advocacy. Our new name-World Monuments Fund-conveyed our new sense Marilyn Perry of mission. Chairman

8 What Is a World Monument?

o mark an important anniversary, this catalogue constituency has other concerns that seem to surpass records 30 years of work in the fields of architectur­ in urgency those of saving old buildings. Both views T al and artistic conservation. It contains detailed are misguided, but they are widespread, and our success entries describing 30 of the World Monuments Fund's most depends on choosing projects that can rise above the important undertakings and also includes a full list of all "we can't help" response to capture the imagination of the projects in which the organization has played a role, people who will help. ranging from one-time financial support to stem a critical Enormous risks are involved in making these choices. emergency to full project orchestration: from a small To make the right decisions, we must above all judge the grant to prevent the collapse of the tower of the town of potential partners that work with us. Every project in our Chatillon-sur-Saone in eastern France after heavy rains history has had a local partner-a government, a private to the massive undertaking of restoring the beautiful but organization, or, most frequently, an individual with a nearly derelict Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista dream. This partner is the key to the project. He sees in Venice during the height of the UNESCO campaign a potential that we believe can become a reality. Our for the city. presence will help to clarify a vision, raise its priority, A few words are warranted here on how these projects or give the partner the strength to move ahead. We do are chosen. This, indeed, is the question I am most not choose projects so much as we choose partnerships. frequently asked-by intimates and friends of the organiza­ These partnerships become vivid demonstrations of how tion, even our trustees; by journalists and people who preservation works, because they grow to the point that a are hearing about our work for the first time; and most community takes over the project, and the great building especially, by aspirants who would like to understand becomes, again, something important and necessary. how to present a project that they hope we will choose When a community realizes the magnitude of the human for our attention. What is a World Monument') vision that created its great buildings, then the buildings The answer, unfortunately, is not so simple. A World can be saved. Monument-or rather a site chosen by WMF-can be This book celebrates many projects that are now many things. It is a given that all the projects we have complete, projects that have given new lives to great chosen are highly significant and important works. But works that were on the brink of loss. It also shows some this is not in itself our main criterion, for there are more of our most important projects in progress, which may such works in the world deserving WMF's attention than occupy us for as long as another decade. The path we we could hope to count. By no means do we consider follow as we complete these challenges and open new our projects to be the most significant, or even the most ones is both intuitive and well identified. Each new urgent of the things that we might have chosen. project is a milestone. Reaching it brings us to new We could say that in our project choices we are looking opportunities-to reach a broader public, to gain access for sites whose meaning transcends their present situation, to new resources, and to widen the circle of people who sites which could be transformed through preservation. share our concern for the built environment-people who We are involved in an immensely exciting discovery want to work with us to make these irreplaceable assets process. and we look for opportunities to call attention to meaningful today and responsive to tomorrow's needs. works that might not have been rediscovered. It follows As we choose new partners in new situations, we that WMF does not often choose the most obvious and gather more and more adherents who share the rewards prominent works, for the very reason that these projects of doing what we consider the most important thing often do not need our help. one can do: to preserve and to use, with pleasure and We are also looking for identifiable sources of funding. to good purpose, the significant works created by man These may be official and formal sources-foundations on the earth-our heritage. giving funds in a fixed geographical range, or companies doing business in the area; or they may be the more intangible means of groups of individuals for whom we believe a certain project might have resonance-the Armenian community, for example, for the seminal site of Ererouk in the home country. When, sometimes, we are wrong, it is usually for one of two reasons: the constitu­ Bonnie 8urn/w/1/ ency thinks the government should be responsible; or the Executive Director

9 History of the World Monuments Fund

The Colonel and the Tower The World Monuments Fund owes its existence to one of the world's most flawed buildings-the bell tower of Pisa Cathedral, whose origins can be traced back to the year 1174. In that year an architect-engineer named Bonanno laid the first foundation stone for a graceful new tower to stand as a symbol of the powerful city-state and as a tribute to God. Completed almost two hundred years later with the final addition of a cupola, the Tower of Pisa attained the height of 185 feet; but with the weight of its 15,000 metric tons of marble far exceeding the supporting capabilities of the earth beneath, it had by then already begun to lean. Through the centuries, the Tower increased its lean, millimeter COLONEL JAMES A. GRAY (LEFT) OBSERVING WORK AT THE SCUOLA by millimeter, so that now its top GRANDE DI SAN GIOVANNI EVANGELISTA overhangs its base by more than sixteen feet. For fear that it might finally shafts as well as airstrips on swampy advising him of [FM's desire to assist topple from vibrations, Pisan authorities tundra. Colonel Gray prepared a financially in the saving of the Tower. stopped ringing its bells more than a proposal for applying the technique to A commission established to study the century ago. Yet the Tower had become the Leaning Tower, which he presented problems of the Tower of Pisa met for a wonder and an enchantment, renowned to the Italian authorities. many years, but Colonel Gray received and beloved the world over. This exercise prompted Colonel Gray no further official communication on One day in the early 1960s, Colonel to envision larger possibilities. He the subject. Still, the pursuit of a James A. Gray of the United States visited UNESCO in Paris, where he solution for a fascinating technical Army, a retired soldier enamored of Italy learned that there was no private organi­ challenge had opened a passionately and concerned for its welfare, attended zation to support the worldwide conser­ engaging new career. a reception in Rome. [n the course of a vation of art and architecture. Acting Although James Gray had received conversation, he opined that the leaning on a casually tendered idea, and with no training in art or architecture, his of the Tower could be arrested by freez­ guidance from UNESCO professionals, background had prepared him for the ing the subsoil below it. The Director Colonel Gray decided to create one. project to which he would devote the General of Fine Arts and Antiquities On March 15, 1965, he established the next two decades. Born in 1909 in San happened to be within earshot and was [nternational Fund for Monuments­ Francisco to the family of a Methodist intrigued. By the time the encounter twenty years later to be renamed the minister, he was educated as an electri­ was over, Colonel Gray had committed World Monuments Fund-a private, cal engineer. He was called up for himself to obtaining an engineering nonprofit organization incorporated in active duty in the army in 1940 and opinion on the subject. New York and dedicated to preserving served with the 82d Airborne Division The search for knowledgeable engi­ important historic buildings, archaeo­ as a paratrooper, making more than one neers took Colonel Gray to Pittsburgh, logical sites, and works of art, without hundred jumps over [taly. Assigned to Pennsylvania, then still a center of regard for national boundaries. The Rome after the war as an assistant mili­ American heavy industry, where he safeguarding of the Tower of Pisa tary attache with the American embassy, found an industrial refrigeration compa­ was its inaugural project. Colonel Gray came to know the social ny that confirmed his conjecture about Colonel Gray sent a letter to then­ and political elite of the city. He served freezing the subsoil. The technique was president Giuseppe Saragat of Italy­ in the Korean War as an intelligence a proven one, used to stabilize mine who happened to be an old friend- analyst in Tokyo before returning to

10 Italy as the inspector general of a rock-hewn churches of Lalibela in under the direction of the architect supply base in Livorno. He retired Ethiopia. These little-known churches, Sandro Angelini. from the army in 1960, and while he carved directly into a mountainside, The project continued unti I 1972, continued to be active in Italy as a are believed to date from the twelfth when the Selassie govcrnment was representative for American business, century and rival in size some of the overthrown and foreigners were it was really the Tower of Pisa that monuments of ancient Egypt. expelled from Ethiopia by the brought him out of retirement. Communist junta that succeeded him. "Have just returned from Ethiopia with a mass of welts from the bed bugs of A One-Man Show Seven Olives Hotel in Lalibela:' Content with the pension he drew as Colonel Gray wrote in i.l letter to a retired army officer, Colonel Gray Richard Howland of the Smithsonian took no salary. Although he occasional­ Institution in Washington, D.C.-one ly hired part-time assistants, he prided of the organization's early trustees, himself on running a frugal operation "but with the satisfaction of turning and boasted to donors that 100 percent over to the Antiquities Administration of their tax-deductible contributions the completed monumcnt. God would be applied directly to the project preserve me from faraway places." of their choice. "Our administrative His prayer was not to be answered. overhead is at an irreducible minimum From Ethiopia, Ambassador Korry and those costs are paid by our moved to Chile, and soon he was invit­ trustees," he wrote to an early contribu­ ing Colonel Gray to come and have a tor. With the high interest rates of the look at that country's archaeological 1970s and the strength of the dollar marvel-Easter Island, a small dot of in Europe, the new organization could land in the Pacific Ocean governed by carry out major projects with a relative­ Chile and situated 2,300 miles away ly modest budget in U.S. dollars, while from South America. Through an covering its administrative costs introduction from Ambassador Korry, STONE HEAD FROM AN EASTER ISLAND through interest earned on monies held travel promoter Lars Lindblad contacted MOAt ON VIEW IN FRONT OF Colonel Gray and proposed to under­ while a project was in progress. THE SEAGRAM BUILDING write an archaeological research project Colonel Gray was in a position to IN NEW YORK become a one-way channel for donors there. The board of trustees approved, in the United States who were interested Colonel Gray agreed to see what he and Colonel Gray established an Easter in helping to preserve architectural her­ could do. The year was 1966, and the Island Committee. Thor Heyerdahl, itage abroad. American philanthropist Lila Acheson author of KOIl Tiki and many theories This management style proved Wallace, who, together with her about the history of the island, served successful. "I am most impressed by husband DeWitt Wallace, had founded as honorary chairman of the Easter what the Fund has accomplished last Readers Digest, was becoming known Island Committee, which was to year, particularly if we consider the size for her interest in Egyptian art and cul­ sponsor a long-term research program. of the staff and of the administrative ture. Colonel Gray wrote to her about Colonel Gray traveled to Easter Island. budget," wrote H. Peter Stern to the the Lalibela project, and she consented There, he decided to bring back a head Colonel in 1973. Mr. Stern, president to provide the full budget-a staggering from one of the legcndary monolithic of Star Expansion, a manufacturing sum of $150,000. In cooperation with stone statues, known as IllOai, for company in the Hudson Valley, and UNESCO, Colonel Gray assumed exhibition in the United Slates. chairman of the Storm King Art Center, direction of the work at Lalibela. In The president of Chile signed a was one of the earliest supporters of Ethiopia he worked with the American special decree permitting the temporary IFM and remains today a trustee of the embassy in Addis Ababa and with removal of one of these statues. The World Monuments Fund and vice­ Princess Desta, the granddaughter of Colonel and the American archaeologist chairman of the board. "You are a one­ Emperor Haile Selassie. The U.S. William Mulloy, an Easter Island spe­ man army and I am most pleased and ambassador at the time, Edward M. cialist from the University of Wyoming, honored to be associated with you." Korry, helped to set up a program that spent more than a week selecting an While the Tower of Pisa project paid for the entire indigenous work appropriate piece. The cight-foot head languished for lack of a response, other force of five hundred with nonconvert­ was selected because, having been ideas began to develop. Through ible funds held by the U.S. government severed from its body by a tidal wave UNESCO, a proposal was presented for in Ethiopia. Colonel Gray chose a team in 1960, its five-ton weight was assistance with the conservation of the of Italian restorers to oversee the work, relatively manageable.

1 I Upon his return to the United States, the city of Venice. Built over the course unprecedented international appeal. Colonel Gray contrived to bring the of a millennium on marshy islands in Saving the city and its magnificent art statue to Santiago aboard a U.S. Air the middle of a lagoon, Venice had long and architecture became a global Force Hercules transport plane. He experienced flooding. [t was evident, concern. expected to assume responsibility for since at least the end of the eighteenth John McAndrew, a professor at the final leg of the journey to the U.S. century, that the city had been decaying Wellesley College in Massachusetts, But good luck and military connections s[owly and sinking into the sea. Yet this offered to organize help for the city. intervened, and Colonel Gray received a flood was particularly catastrophic Professor McAndrew had led the call from the U.S. Air Force to advise him that the five-ton statue could be retrieved from a hangar at McGuire Air Force Base in New Jersey. During the month of October 1968, the mysterious head gazed upon Park Avenue in front of the Seagram Building in New York and elicited publicity. It then traveled to the Pan American Union in Washington, D.C. While all the attention generated dona­ tions of only $2,200, the visit of the maai had long-term benefits for the new organization. When, several years later, H. Peter Stern became interested in IFM, he soon fixed his attention on Easter Island. He and Colonel Gray developed an arrangement whereby IFM agreed to cover Professor Mulloy's teaching salary at the University of Wyoming for six months of the year in THE CHAPEL MOLIN AT SANTA MARIA DEL GIGLIO IN VENICE. WHERE order to release him to work on Easter LUCIUS R. EASTMAN (AT LEFT). FORMER WMF CHAIRMAN, AND HIS WIFE TERRY Island. The Chilean government agreed SPONSORED THE RESTORATION to pay the travel and site costs of the archaeological reconstruction work because the waters rose more than two Florence flood recovery through a that Mulloy did between 1972 and meters above normal and remained high group called the Committee to Rescue 1978, the year he died. for more than twenty-four hours. The Italian Art (CRIA). [n Venice he recog­ Mulloy's work remains the most tide changed twice in the city of Venice, nized the need for a focused long-term important restoration work that has been undermining the foundations of its campaign. He and Colonel Gray joined done on Easter Island to date. And already deteriorated buildings and forces. McAndrew assembled an more than a decade after the maai's leaving these structures on the verge impressive group of individuals who appearance in New York, the colonel's of collapse. had pledged support for the rescue fundraising strategy bore further fruit. The international community of Venice, and IFM became the parent In 1984, Willard Somerville, a doctor responded immediately, as it did to organization of the Venice Committee, from New Jersey whose interest in the flood of the Arno, which struck with Professor McAndrew as chairman Easter [sland had been inspired by Florence the same night of November 4. and Colonel Gray as executive secre­ seeing the maai in New York, and his However, the Florence recovery resulted tary. In short order the committee wife Ruth left a substantial bequest, from an immediate outpouring of funds completed its first project-the restora­ which now supports WMF's ongoing and expertise to save the works of art tion of the facade of the Ca' d'Oro, the conservation activities on Easter Island. that had been inundated and now hung finest Gothic palace in Venice-and in a precarious state. That rescue was [FM had embarked on the most impor­ over in a few years. The Venice recov­ tant chapter of its early development. Thc Venice Committee ery, affecting entire buildings and The American public responded much of the fabric of the city, required powerfully to the appeal to rescue On November 4, 1966, a combination a much more complex response. and restore the Queen of the Adriatic. of strong winds, heavy rains, and UNESCO structured a rescue effort to Chapters of the Venice Committee unusual atmospheric conditions created save more than one hundred endangered sprang up in cities across the country. huge tides in the Adriatic that flooded structures. By 1969, it had prepared an Each chapter adopted a specific project

12 SCUOLA GRANDE 01 SAN ROCCO, VENICE, DURING RESTORATION OF THE TINTORETTO PAINTING CYCLE in Venice and endeavored to raise involved. When we decide to Beginning in 1967 and continuing money for its completion. Their efforts go ahead with the restoration, through the present, IFM/WMF has lasted more than a decade, and the our architect prepares invita­ supported more than twenty-five Venice Committee generated a national tions for an apalto, and sends projects in Venice, making the city the membership base outside the individual these to several rei iable imp­ largest beneficiary of the organization's chapters. This grassroots effort, and rese. The winner (low bid) of time, resources, and attention. Projects IFM's management of the projects in the apalto then prepares a have differed in scale and scope. In the field, established the organization's contract which, after being some cases IFM supported the restora­ reputation as reliable, committed, examined and signed "Vista" tion of entire structures, while in others and professional. by the Soprintendenza, is it sponsored the conservation of a cycle signed by IFM and the Colonel Gray kept administration of paintings or a single work of art. imprese and then registered. simple. IFM paid contractors directly While Venice gained much from As work progresses, faIture the generosity of individuals and on all its restorations in Venice against "per 10 stato di avanzamento" foundations in the United States who certified vouchers for work properly are presented by the imprese, contributed to the campaign for her performed, thereby bypassing normal certified as correct by the restoration, IFM also grew in stature bureaucratic obstacles. Colonel Gray architect and by the owner of explained to his membership in English the building, whereupon IFM and experience. Valuable lessons were and Italian in an early newsletter: issues a check directly to the learned and contacts made through the imprese. I should have stated Venice campaign, which led to new When [FM starts to consider that before any of this could opportunities to work in a wider arena. a restoration project, it asks begin, a progeffo would neces­ Beginning in the 1970s. IFM began to for a preventil'o so that we sarily have been approved by direct projects in other parts of Italy. may know approximately both the Comune and by the including the Cathedral of San Petronio how much money is Soprintendenza ai Monumenti. in Bologna and the Church of the

13 Madonna di Loreto in Spoleto, both the common heritage of humanity. by Henry Christophe, a leader of the sponsored by the Samuel H. Kress The convention gave UNESCO the revolution that expelled the French colo­ Foundation, which would become a mandate to organize special conserva­ nial government from the island in 1803 major project partner and sponsor. tion campaigns. The Venice campaign and freed its slave population. With its Colonel Gray also turned his atten­ became one of the first of these appeals eighteen-foot-thick walls and eight can­ tion elsewhere in Europe. He formed a to be placed under the auspices of the non galleries, the Citadelle could garri­ Committee for Spain under the leader­ World Heritage convention. Following son five thousand soldiers. As the bas­ ship of Angier Biddle Duke, the former tion to protect the world's first black U.S. ambassador, and persuaded promi­ independent state, the Citadelle was cen­ nent individuals in Spain and the United tral to Henry Christophe's defense plan States to become members. IFM spon­ for the island. Funding from IFM/WMF, sored renovations in the cathedral in provided by several U.S. foundations, Toledo, conservation of the Gothic permitted local artisans to reconstruct wooden choir stalls in the cathedral of wooden and tile roofs over the grand Oviedo, and the major reconstruction gallery and batteries, using traditional and restoration of the convent of La carpentry methods, and to consolidate Coria in Trujillo. Similarly, Colonel the stone galleries of the fortress. Gray formed a Committee for Ireland The private contributions generated by under the leadership of Rose Saul IFM/WMF were matched by the United Zalles. In cooperation with the Irish Nations Development Program and the Georgian Society, and with support Haitian government, which provided sig­ from the Kress Foundation, IFM spon­ nificant funding to pay the work force. sored a series of projects in Ireland, including the restoration of Doneraile Court, an immense eighteenth-century The Colonel Retires country house set in rolling parkland, today administered as a wildlife DR. FRANKLIN D. MURPHY. PRESIDENT Almost since the inception of IFM, the refuge and museum. OF THE KRESS FOUNDATION. IN VENICE TO Samuel H. Kress Foundation had been The Venice Committee eventually RECEIVE THE PREMIO TORTA IN 1982. a principal project sponsor. Founded took a new direction. John McAndrew WITH DR. MARILYN PERRY in 1929 upon the fortune created by and James Gray agreed in 1972 that the S. H. Kress & Co. variety stores, they could better pursue their interests closely came an appeal from the the Kress Foundation from the outset separately. McAndrew and his close government of Nepal for worldwide supported the preservation of art and associates formed Save Venice, Inc., assistance in conserving the cultural architecture in Europe. In IFM, the which has become a highly successful heritage of the Kathmandu Valley. foundation found an able partner and nonprofit organization operating today Colonel Gray's work would, from contributed consistently and generously for the benefi t of its namesake. time to time, take him to UNESCO's to projects, particularly in Venice. Meanwhile, WMF continued to main­ offices in Paris, and on one visit there "Early during our formative years," tain a presence in Venice and to sponsor he was shown a survey of the monu­ Colonel Gray wrote in his last news­ research and training there, as well as ments of Kathmandu and a master plan letter, "we were fortunate to make an occasional projects. In recent years, for their conservation. He learned that arrangement with the Samuel H. Kress these projects have frequently been joint restoration of these major monuments Foundation whereby IFM would accept, endeavors with Save Venice, Inc. would be cost-effective. After arrang­ in trust, funds for restoring a Kress­ ing for on-site reconnaissance in Nepal, sponsored monument or work of art IFM adopted the temple complex at and then supervise the project to ensure World Heritage Gokarna on the outskirts of Kathmandu its proper completion. Kress is spared The Venice campaign set the stage for as its first project in Asia. A commit­ the chore of supervision and IFM has expanded activities worldwide. For ment of $50,000 from [FM's trustee had interest income from Kress funds UNESCO, also, the Venice campaign Watson B. Dickerman III, matched on awaiting disbursement." ushered in a new era of focus on con­ a three-to-one basis by the Nepalese Over the course of almost two serving the earth's cultural and natural government, set the project in motion. decades, Colonel Gray maintained a environment. In 1972 UNESCO IFM also responded to UNESCO's close working relationship with the ratified the World Heritage Convention, appeal for assistance in conserving the Kress Foundation under its president, a cooperative agreement amongst Citadel Ie Henry, a remote and imposing the late Dr. Franklin D. Murphy. When governments worldwide to designate fortress in northern Haiti. The Citadelle Colonel Gray decided to retire at the the world's most important sites as was built in the early nineteenth century age of seventy-six, he turned to Dr.

14 Murphy and to Dr. Marilyn Perry, an arena and cultivating high-caliber Heritage city of Puebla. In its old friend from Venice who had recently international leadership to make these five years in Puebla, the Fundaci6n been named the Kress Foundation's activities possible. Mexicana sponsored training programs executive vice-president, to discuss the for conservators in Mexico and Latin question of how to continue IFM's America and continued a partnership work. Despite IFM's extensive record The Mexican Earthquake with the Autonomous University in of achievement, the future was difficult Mexico City to study the complex to envision. Colonel Gray conducted As the organization celebrated its condition of Juan O'Gorman's mosaic IFM programs on an informal ad hoc twentieth anniversary, a natural disaster facade of the university library. basis. His success stemmed from IFM's of unprecedented magnitude compelled reputation of efficiency and frugality. WMF to make its next program choice. Yet so much depended on the presence In September 1985, two calamitous Projects in France of the Colonel himself that his departure made it impossible to proceed, in the earthquakes struck Mexico City in rapid During the summer of 1985, WMF's future, on the same basis. To continue succession. Tens of thousands of executive director Bonnie Burnham to perform a meaningful role in world­ people were killed, and the city's rich began reviewing new projects in wide conservation, the organization architectural and artistic heritage was Europe. Crossing the south of France needed to develop into a bona fide seriously damaged. Due to the scale in transit from Spain to Italy, she visited professional body. of the human tragedy, the government Aries, a commercial center in Provence Was there a niche for such an lacked the resources needed to restore since Roman times, whose arena, organization? How would it pay for historic buildings. In response to this forum, and necropolis were built by the itself? How many long-standing board emergency, a group of prominent indi­ young Octavian before he returned members, comfortable with the old, viduals in Mexico and the U.S., led by to Rome to reign as the Emperor informal way of doing business, would Marieluise Hessel, established the Save Augustus. The crowning jewel of Aries is the Romanesque church of lose interest and lend their support else­ the Mexican Murals and Monuments St. Trophime. Burnham was distressed where? Could new board members be Fund, and requested WMF's assistance to find the sculpture of its portal and found? Could a new entity attract grants in orchestrating an emergency appeal. cloister in visibly poor condition. with regularity? With questions such WMF's Mexico program focused as these left to be answered, in 1984 The marble lions of the portal and the initially on the important murals created Colonel Gray retired and Bonnie capitals in the cloister showed serious by Mexican artists in the 1920s and Burnham assumed the position of execu­ deterioration-the resu It of exceptional­ 1930s for churches, public spaces, and tive director. Ms. Burnham, an expert ly cold winters that had, in the two government buildings. These were on cultural-property law and director for previous years, caused water trapped in a decade of the International Foundation seriously damaged by the earthquake the stone to freeze, causing the surface for Art Research (IFAR), worked closely because of the structural failure of the of the stone to spall. The entire sculp­ with Dr. Perry, now the president of walls on which the murals were painted. ture program was covered with a dense the Kress Foundation, and other IFM WMF sponsored the restoration of three black crust, itself marked with blisters trustees to establish a new footing. cycles that are universally acknowl­ and pock marks. Swifts were nesting IFM projects started under Colonel edged masterpieces of modern Mexican in the recessed arc of the tympanum Gray continued uninterrupted and art: the Secretariat of Public Education, and their droppings covered the head gave the organization an active life with more than eighty individual of the majestic Christ in Glory and of during this transition. frescoes representing the seminal early the Apostles who sat in a row on the Ms. Burnham and the organization's work of Diego Rivera; the Church of lintel frieze below him. trustees talked with hundreds of individ­ Jesus Nazareno, where Jose Clemente Burnham inquired about the uals to investigate the future viability of Orozco's highly original and experi­ condition of St. Trophime. On her next IFM. The commitment and generosity mental works suffered extensive paint visit, she was met by a delegation from of the board members-in particular loss; and Diego Rivera's mature work the French government and the city Lucius R. Eastman, who became chair­ of Aries-its energetic mayor, Charles at the Autonomous University of man; and vice-chairmen Hilary Barralt­ Camoin; the voluble and good-natured Chapingo, located outside Mexico City. Brown and H. Peter Stern-made curator of the city of Aries, Jean­ it possible foLiFM to continue and even Save the Mexican Murals merged Maurice Rouquette: and the inspector expand its programs. In 1985, the with WMF in 1988, and in 1989 WMF general of French monuments, Jean­ organization was renamed World established the Fundaci6n Mexicana Pierre Dufoix. Burnham learned that Monuments Fund and embarked on para los Monumentos del Mundo, in the city and the French government a new decade, with the goals of partnership with the Mary Street were also very concerned about the expanding its activities in the worldwide Jenkins Foundation, based in the World deterioration of the sculpture of Sl.

15 by the Florence Gould Foundation, which, since 1987, has been a partner with WMF in its French projects and also in programs that promote French­ American exchange in the preservation of cultural heritage. The Gould Foundation has provided substantial support-over $1 million since 1987, which has helped WMF to structure its project financing on a very advantageous matching basis. The French government is required by law to contribute 40 per­ cent to the restoration of any classified monument in the country. With addition­ al support forthcoming from regional and metropolitan authorities, such as the city of Aries, WMF is able to undertake major works by providing a relatively PRESENTATION OF THE WMF GOLD MEDAL TO THE FLORENCE GOULD FOUNDATION IN modest 25 percent share of the total PARIS, OCTOBER 2, 1991. FROM LEFT-AMBASSADOR WALTER CURLEY: JOHN YOUNG. budget. American donors are pleased PRESIDENT. THE FLORENCE GOULD FOUNDATION; DR. MARILYN PERRY. CHAIRMAN. that their support can be the catalyst WORLD MONUMENTS FUND; AMBASSADOR EMMANUEL DE MARGERIE. PRESIDENT, WORLD MONUMENTS FUND FRANCE. that guarantees government funding; and for the French government WMF's Trophime. Treatment had been delayed As work began at St. Trophime, participation provides the incentive to because of an uncertainty about how to WMF began another project in France, raise the priority of an important project proceed. The city of ArIes welcomed a the conservation of the fragile monument that might not otherwise find funding. collaboration that would bring interna­ and its site at Chateau de Commarque in In recent years WMF has been able tional expertise to bear on designing Perigord. This rare structure, surviving to structure this kind of partnership a program to treat, if not to cure, the from the early medieval period, is a virtu­ as it has can'ied out such outstanding problems besetting this precious monu­ al time capsule, conserving some 80,000 projects as the conservation of the ment of French medieval culture. The years of human history from the earliest dome of the Invalides-the inaugural ensuing collaboration led to an intensive prehistoric times through the end of the project of WMF France in 1989-and study of the condition of the portal Middle Ages. Com marque is located in the restoration of the PotageI' du Roy sculpture, including monitoring the a pristine natural setting in a small river at Versailles, a work-in-progress environmental conditions surrounding valley. As precious as its prehistoric art­ championed by Hubert de Givenchy, the monument, repairing the entire works are the rare remains of a small the current president of WMF France. facade to make it better able to protect village on a rocky outcropping above the the sculpture program against the Commarque cave. Above this site rises elements, and cleaning that revealed the formidable prow of the Com marque The Kress Foundation the stunning beauty of the sculpture and castle, a fortress and defensive outpost European Preservation from which a prominent family kept the extraordinary craft of its execution. Program The initial scientific partnership watch over its lands. The French between the French government, the government classified the chateau as a Requests for project assistance flowed city of Aries, and WMF lasted four historic monument in 1943. The chateau to the Kress Foundation from WMF years, through the completion of remained an unprotected ruin and the on a case-by-case basis, and it eventually preliminary studies and cleaning tests. site a tangle of vegetation until Hubert became clear that it would be appropriate The French authorities continued the de Commarque, a descendent of one of to formalize this well-established part­ conservation work, which was complet­ the noble families that built the fortress nership. In 1987 the Kress Foundation ed in the fall of 1994. Annual meetings complex, bought it in order to conserve approved the European Preservation of conservators, which began while it and open it to the public. WMF's Program, and WMF received an the study and cleaning were in process, collaboration with Commarque has initial $1 million grant to be used have continued to take place and will comprised support for the stabilization over a five-year period to support the monitor the conservation of the church of the ruins and development of a conservation of significant works of and assure continued maintenance to site-interpretation program. European art and architecture. WMF prevent the situation from again The St. Trophime and Commarque assumed the responsibility of accepting reaching crisis proportions. programs were both advanced materially and reviewing applications for project

16 became chairman and principal sponsor of the program. The opening of Central and Eastern Europe in 1990 broadened the challenge. WMF's Jewish Heritage Program launched an ambitious survey of the state of preservation of Jewish monu­ ments with an international conference, "The Future of Jewish Monuments," in November 1990. The conference brought together in New York City the leading institutions and individuals working on the preservation of Jewish heritage throughout the world. It focused on the problems facing historic Jewish sites and structures, explored possible solutions, and-enhanced by a traveling photographic exhibition that toured the United States-broughl Ihese issues before the public. The Jewish Heritage Program also began important field work, working with the Union of Italian Jewish Communities and the Superintendency of Archaeology in Rome to initiate a IBN DANAN SYNAGOGUE. FES. MOROCCO: DETAIL OF THE TEVAH. conservation survey of the two surviving WHERE THE TORAH SCROLLS WERE READ Jewish catacombs-among the oldest surviving Jewish sites outside Israel. assistance. WMF's close association and launch of a major preservation WMF also sent an architect and a with the Kress Foundation continued, campaign; and for research, documenta­ photographer to Morocco in 1989 to with foundation president Marilyn Perry tion, publication, and training. A broad survey 250 synagogues and 30 Jewish assuming the chairmanship of WMF in range of projects across the continent cemeteries remaining in the country. 1990, upon Lucius Eastman's retirement. has benefited from this program. Between 1987 and 1992, the Kress A decrease in the Moroccan Jewish Foundation European Preservation population in recent decades had led Program supported thirty-two projects in to the neglect and abandonment of hundreds of sites, the remains of more a dozen countries. Outside contributions The Jewish to these projects matched its grants on a than two thousand years of continuous more than three-to-one basis, generating Heritage Program Jewish presence. a total support of more than $3.2 mil­ The restoration of the Scuola Canton In Eastern Europe, the U.S. lion. Upon reviewing these impressive synagogue in Venice, a project begun Commission for the Preservation results, the Kress Foundation renewed by the Venice Committee in the early of America's Heritage Abroad has the program with another $1 million 1970s, concluded in 1988. Involvement commissioned WMF's Jewish Heritage grant to WMF for 1993-1996. in this project revealed an important program to conduct comprehensive The Kress program is intended to and neglected sphere of concern: historic surveys of Jewish sites in Poland, the generate or complement other forms Jewish sites. The decimation or migra­ Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Ukraine. of support. Grants generally do not tion of Jewish communities had left As its first in-situ preservation effort, exceed $25,000 and are offered on a behind thousands of endangered Jewish the Jewish Heritage program chose one-time basis. The grants serve a vari­ sites throughout the world, and no the Tempel synagogue in Cracow. ety of purposes: to challenge initiation organization had a specific mandate to Poland's only intact nineteenth-century of a conservation project; to carry out a care for them. After discussions with synagogue, the Tempel was once the specific phase of work, on a matching scholars, preservationists, and Jewish thriving center of the Association of basis; or to complete a conservation leaders, WMF established a program Progressive Jews of Poland. When project that is already under way. The devoted to Jewish Heritage in 1988. work is completed, it will be used again program also provides modest funding The Honorable Ronald S. Lauder, as a synagogue and as a location for for emergency work; for the planning former U.S. ambassador to Austria, local and international cultural events.

17 An International Constituency: The Network of Affiliates In the I980s, as the organization matured, WMF realized that the funds it raised in the United States could be used to generate support elsewhere. WMF also became aware that its role would always be limited unless the organization could develop private leadership abroad to share the mandate of building a world organization of sig­ nificant size and influence. Beginning in 1988 WMF began discussions with leading philanthropists abroad about establishing independent affiliate groups, licensed to use WMF's name but respon­ sible for the choice of projects and solicitation of funding within their own AT ZUNI PUEBLO. NEW MEXICO, A TRIBAL ELDER INSTRUCTS YOUNG MASON countries. By 1989 three affiliates had ON PROPER STONE DRESSING PROCEDURES been established-in Italy, under the leadership of Count Paolo Marzotto, the years: to involve a nation's social, A U.S. ProgratTI an industrialist and cultural leader from economic, and political elite in the Begins Vicenza; in France, under the honorary selection of significant, high-profile chairmanship of Mme Franc;ois projects for conservation using the World Monuments Fund has been Mitterand and the leadership of Mme highest degree of professionalism. relatively less active within the United Helen Vari; and in Mexico, in partner­ The leverage gained through partnership States, where dynamic local and ship with the Jenkins Foundation. As with the affiliates allows WMF to man­ national private groups have created of 1995, six independent affiliates are age a significantly increased roster of a broad constituency of concern for the in existence, with others in planning. projects without significantly expanding country's heritage. WMF has identified Each of the affiliates has had its its staff and overhead. WMF headquar­ a meaningful role in the sponsorship own genesis. The Fundaci6n Mexicana ters "packages" major projects by of projects that offer training in archi­ was formed as a funding partnership developing their conservation philoso­ tectural craft skills. These have been to create a center in Mexico to support phy, defining their scope, analyzing and eroding in the United States, resulting in conservation training and research. developing a fundraising strategy, and lost opportunities to preserve important The Comitato Italiano grew out of providing seed funds to cover these parts of the country's architectural fab­ WMF's long history of support for initial expenses. Joint planning ric and to provide work in the process. projects in Italy. In France, the Florence between WMF and its affiliate brings WMF began working in partnership Gould Foundation has been a significant each project to the point that it can be with two domestic groups in 1989 supporter of French-American joint completed by the WMF affiliate or and 1990 to establish craft training projects and the Conseil Superieur du partner. While WMF headquarters helps programs within the contexts of major Mecenat Culturel has responded with the affiliates in the early stages of new conservation projects. One is the St. counterpart funds, paving the way for project endeavors, the affiliates help Ann Center for Restoration and the Arts further French-American collaborative WMF to demonstrate to its domestic in Brooklyn, New York-which efforts, now under the leadership of donors the leverage power of their was formed to conserve and provide a Hubert de Givenchy. In Britain, the support. With each U.S. dollar matched new use for the landmark church of American philanthropist Paul Mellon at least three or four times with local Sl. Ann and the Holy Trinity; and the provided generous seed funds; while in funding, WMF has managed to sustain other is the New Mexico Community Spain and Portugal, major projects- the "buying power" of its support, Foundation in Santa Fe, whose conser­ the Royal Monastery of Guadalupe even as the strength of the dollar has vation program-now an independently and the Tower of Belem-provided waned and with it the interest of U.S. registered nonprofit organization the impetus for the inauguration of donors in international charitable known as Cornerstones Community local associations. activity. WMF's affiliates have become Partnerships-seeks to preserve The affiliates strive to replicate the an essential as well as an attractive significant adobe architecture through model that WMF has established over strategy for doing business. community work efforts. As an

18 TilE RENDEZ-VOUS. A FOLLY WITHI THE LED ICE-VALTICE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE I SOUTHER MORAVIA. CI'.ECII REPUBLIC

RIGIIT: CARLO DE BENEDETTI (LEFT). RECEIVI G THE FIRST HADRIAN AWARD I I 19XX

outgrowth of these two projects. WMF opportunity to call attention to indiv­ of this damage was due to neglect. organized the symposium "Employment iduals who have made an exceptional in the case of Romania destruction of Strategies for the Restoration Arts" commitment to its cause, and in so cultural heritage became an outright III ew York City during the summer doing encourage others to follow goal of the government's policy of of 1993. Representatives of the craft the example. "systematization" under the dictator professions, city administrators, and The luncheon presentation of the Nicolae Ceausescu. To document this nonprofit leaders discussed how Hadrian Award has become an autumn process was a dangerous undertaking, preservation can be part of efforts to tradition for WMF and its extended but beginning in 1984 historian Dinu improve the urban environment of ew circle, attracting guests from around the Giurescu clandestinely photographed York City while promoting job training world and raising significant funds to the Ceausescu regime's systematic in the restoration arts. This meeting support WMF's operations. Recipients demolition of historic structures-both led to a further study, sponsored by to date of the Hadrian Award are: Carlo secular and religious-and entire urban the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, intended De Benedetti (1988); Paul Mellon and rural neighborhoods. In 1988, to design the criteria and scope of a (1989); the Prince of Wales (1990); Professor Giurescu emigrated to the city-wide program, which could be a Mrs. Vincent Astor (1991): Marella and United States and asked WMF for nationwide model, on craft training Giovanni Agnelli (/992): Dominique help in condemning this process. which in restoration. de Menil (1993); David Rockefeller had already led to the leveling of (1994): and, in 1995. Lord Rothschild. thirty towns and a large portion of old Bucharest. and the relegation of entire Recognizing communities to standardized and poorly The '90s: The Former \\TorId Leadership: equipped new apartment buildings and Communist Bloc agro-industrial complexes. The Hadrian Award As WMF celebrated its 25th anniver­ With support from the Kress and Its Recipients sary in 1990, it prepared to take another Foundation European Preservation As WMF expanded the geographic major step after the Iron Curtain fell Program and in collaboration with range of its programs. the organization suddenly and unexpectedly. For the US/ICOMOS (the U.S. Committee also began to position itself as an first time in decades, the condition of of the International Council on advocate of worldwide architectural the region's monuments and sites was Monuments and Sites), WMF publishcd conservation. The Hadrian Award, open to study, and WMF responded The Ra:illf; (!{ ROl/1allia '.I' Pasl in 1989. presented annually to a public leader quickly to the opportunity. The book immediately received the whose support of cultural activities The former Communist regimes of attention of preservationists, diplomats, has greatly enhanced the understanding, Central Europe significantly damaged human-rights agencies, and the con­ appreciation, and preservation of world both the environment and the art and cerned public, and numerous copies of art and architecture. gives WMF the architecture of the region. While much the book were smuggled into Romania.

19 The expatriate Romanian community Europe. WMF plans to use these sites the Khmer Rouge, who also closed the rallied behind Giurescu's outcry, and to build cultural and ecological tourism universities and libraries. Architectural petitions from all over the world were in the area, to create jobs, and to re­ conservation specialists had perished, sent to the Romanian government. establish the economic vitality of the and only a handful of those who had Numerous articles and media interviews region through the conservation of its formerly worked at Angkor survived. drew public attention to the situation. principal asset, its cultural heritage. WMF's team recommended that any When the Ceausescu government In Hungary, WMF worked with new work at Angkor should emphasize was overthrown in December 1989, the the European Mozart Academy to plan training young Cambodians to care outright demolitions ceased. In 1991 the the conservation and use of Eszterhaza for their great artistic heritage Romanian Ministry of Culture requested Castle, near the Austrian border in in the future. WMF's permission to reprint the book the town of Ferttid. Built in the WMF then organized a program in Romanian translation, and it was eighteenth century, the majestic baroque to assist the Cambodian government published in 1994. Giurescu's public castle was the residence for 29 years in addressing the key preservation book signing in Bucharest was the of Joseph Haydn, who conducted the problems at one of the major Angkor largest on record, and the book sold palace orchestra and directed the music temples, the Preah Khan monastic out quickly. and theatrical program at the court of complex. One of several magnificent The opening of the former Soviet Miklos Esterhazy. While Eszterhaza twelfth-century temple cities built at bloc allowed WMF to respond to another is an important tourist destination Angkor by the Khmer king Jayavarman emergency. A major earthquake in for Hungarians, the palace complex VII, Preah Khan commemorates an Armenia in December 1988 had today is in disrepair and remains important victory circa 1180. This wrought tremendous damage to life underutilized. and property, and the president of the site of triumph was dedicated to learning republic issued an appeal for help in and religious practice, with individual assessing damage to historic monuments. chapels devoted to Buddhism, Saivism, WMF joined the U.S. National Park Vaisnavism, and ancestor worship. Service and U.S. Information Agency Saving Angkor The site occupies over fifty-three in supporting the mission of an hectares (130 acres), which is approxi­ The political climate after the collapse architectural conservator to conduct mately one-third the size of New of the Soviet Union also provided an a preliminary survey. York's Central Park. opportunity to study the temple com­ A documentary report on the mission WMF's annual missions to Preah plexes of Angkor in Cambodia, which established conservation priorities Khan began in the autumn of 1990. had been inaccessible for nearly two leading, in 1992, to the emergency Each year, a team of international decades due to civil strife and totalit­ treatment of the fifth-century basilica experts in architectural conservation, arian rule. Occupying a vast area in at Ererouk. Despite war in neighboring seismology, botany, and site documen­ north-central Cambodia, the Historic Azerbaijan and economic constraints, a tation spends four months in the field, City of Angkor is one of the world's program for the conservation of Ererouk training a group of Cambodian universi­ has gone forward. With support from most significant and endangered cultur­ ty students for future positions of the Getty Grant Program and the al treasures. Its legendary monuments stewardship in the Angkor conservation Kress Foundation, WMF is pursuing were built by a succession of Khmer facility-conducting scientific and plans to complete the stabilization of kings beginning in the ninth century. technical studies, shoring up collapsing this important site in 1996, helping With the fall of the Khmer empire structures, and overseeing a crew of it to survive. in the fifteenth century the area was one hundred local workers. abandoned, but the monuments have Elsewhere in Central Europe, WMF's The goal of WMF's program at continued to embody the artistic and work has focused on planning for con­ Angkor is to conserve Preah Khan cultural heritage of Cambodia. servation and economic enhancement of as a partial ruin and develop a site­ major castles that have been abandoned, WMF fielded an initial study mission interpretation program for visitors. neglected, or misused since World War II. to Angkor in December 1989. The But the work at Preah Khan aims not In the Czech Republic, WMF's work mission team surveyed the temples and only to preserve this architectural jewel. focuses on Valtice and Lednice, which evaluated the overall condition of the Site maintenance has provided jobs for until World War II belonged to the site. Contrary to expectations, the the local population and strengthened Liechtenstein family. These sites, ten temples were found to have sustained the sense of stability and security in the kilometers apart and within sixty-five only minimal and random damage. area. Conserving these monuments is kilometers of Vienna, are linked by a It was the Cambodian people who had fundamental to restoring Cambodia's two-hundred-square-kilometer park that suffered the greatest deliberate destruc­ economy and identity as part of the is one of the oldest, most extensive, tion. Virtually the entire educated world community. and finest-designed landscapes in all of population had been eliminated by

20 PREAII KHAN TEMPLE COMPLEX, HISTORIC CITY OF ANGKOR, CAMBODIA: WMF FIELD TEAM MONITORING STRUCTURAL STABILIZATION AT THE SOUTH PORTICO OF THE EAST GOPURA (ENTRANCE GATEWAY)

The 30th Anniversary: world, The program, called the World "Torld Monuments Monuments Watch, was announced in the summer of 1995 with a $5 million \Vateh Building, in el'er." cillture, \I'as once grant from American Express, It is the a sacred occupation, This is e\'ident in Over its 30-year history, WMF has been first global effort to gather information the ceremonies and rituals that are still acutely aware that its efforts, however on endangered sites, draw the public's comlllOn pmctice-I\,henel'er \I'e pierce inspiring, address only a fraction of attention to the most critical cases, and the earth, consecmte a plot o{ lalld, the sites that need to be saved, Many mobilize preservation efforts. Time and prepare a dwelling for Iwhiwtion, or others, in critical need of conservation, war take their toll, But today's destruc­ may be lost because they cannot attract tion proceeds apace due to many other cut the ribbon on thejinished stl'llctllre, a vital constituency of concern, There factors: pollution, urban growth, tourism, These traditions, plus the lIlodem has been no worldwide monitoring of and a willingness to sacrifice cultural world's unprecedented awareness o{ sites in danger, and thus private-sector heritage for short-term gain, the limitations and preciousness o{ hoth participation in heritage conservation The World Monuments Watch makes IIwn-lmilt and natuml resources on the has been reactive and ad hoc rather the basic assumption that cultural envi­ earth, make it /7/ore illlporwnt than el'er than preventative and structured, ronments can be saved by reawakening .liJl' WMF to pursue its.lillldalllenwllllan­ In developing a new program to the community pride that has assured date-to de\'ise ne\l'er and el'er-1Il0re celebrate its 30th anniversary in 1995, their survival until now, Designed to efTeetil'e \1'01'.1' to sa{eguwd the II'orld's WMF approached a major project spon­ engage communities, government agen­ cllltllr{1! inheriwnce, It is \\'ith this lIlan­ sor-American Express Company-for cies, and specialists in cultural preserva­ date that WMF begins itsjiJllrth decade, support in launching a comprehensive tion, the World Monuments Watch will initiative to identify and safeguard be an instrument of public conscience imperiled cultural sites around the analogous to the endangered-species list.

21 The First Thirty Years

22 (

Catalogue of Major Projects

This section describes 30 projects paid for six months' teaching salary; [FM also responded to special undertaken over WM F's first three the Chilean government covered appeals from UNESCO for support to decades. which IOgether demonstrate Mulloy's travel costs to and from preserve World Heritage sites, sponsor­ tlte llragnitude ofthe orgwli:ation 's the island and paid the work force. ing projects in the Kathmandu Valley contribution to the conservation of of Nepal and at the Citadelle in Haiti. the world's cultural heritage. [n each case, in-country funding from The 1970s the government substantially matched The campaign to preserve Venice IFM's private support. in the aftermath of the 1966 floods The 1960s was [FM's focus throughout the 1970s. The 1990s The first projects of the [nternational Local Venice Committee chapters, Fund for Monuments (now World established by IFM throughout the [n the present decade, WMF continues Monuments Fund) established impor­ United States, each adopted a project. to focus on strengthening its parlnering tant precedents for project organization The Venice Committee became so skills. Vigorous affiliates have been and management, which would develop well known and respected that many established in France, Great Britain, into the methodology that guides WMF's Venetian merchants-including the Italy, Portugal, and Spain; and each field programs today. At Lalibela in most prestigious hotels and restaurants takes responsibility for raising funds Ethiopia-the young organization's first -offered discounts to travelers bearing for its own projects. WMF, while project-IFM established its role as the Venice Committee membership cards. continuing to work in partnership with source of international expertise and Membership swelled, and the numerous these groups, has extended its project experience. Lalibela also established projects in progress attracted an agenda into the former Communist bloc [FM's role in obtaining significant enthusiastic volunteer corps to [FM's and developing countries. The expan­ leverage for the funds contributed Venice headquarters in the Scuola sion of its worldwide agenda has by the Americans who sponsored the Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista. led to the establishment of the World project. While [FM paid for the field Monuments Watch, an international costs of an international team of experts program addressing severely endan­ who guided the project, the Ethiopian The 1980s gered sites. With lead funding of government, using nonconvertible local By 1980, [FM began to apply the $5 million from American Express currency funds, supported the labor skills learned in Venice-orchestration, through the end of the decade, the force that carried out the work. constituency-building, and project World Monuments Watch offers an At Easter [sland, [FM's second major management-to other projects in opportunity for WMF to multiply, many involvement, a partnership with the Europe. The Samuel H. Kress times over, its capabilities of identifying Chilean government was established, Foundation and IFM strengthened their major sites in need of conservation; which allowed a prominent archaeolo­ collaboration. IFM became the operat­ organizing plans to save them; and gist, Professor William Mulloy, to work ing partner for the Kress Foundation in bringing in partners who can help (he on the island six months a year. [FM all its European conservation work. organization to accomplish its vision.

2J Rock-Hewn Coptic Churches of Lalibela Ethiopia

Background and scraping, sanding, use of chemicals, Significance and even burning, which embedded the tar more deeply into the porous stone. The eleven Coptic churches of Lalibela Fortunately, it was discovered that in northern Ethiopia, hewn from living during the cooler hours of the day, rock, may have been created over a when the tar was brittle, it could be long period of time. According to leg­ flaked away by light tapping with a end, however, they were produced in pointed instrument, carrying with it twenty-three years by Emperor Lalibela the red paint. Fifty small picks with of the Zague Dynasty, which ruled case-hardened points were flown in in the twelfth century. It is widely from Italy, and the slow and systematic believed that these churches were dug job of removing thirty thousand square out to form a new pilgrimage destina­ feet of painted surface, in one-square­ tion after Muslim conquests halted inch segments, was carried out by Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land. the Ethiopian work force. The extraordinary architecture and Corrugated metal roofing was engineering of the churches and their removed, as well as a heavy layer of remarkable history as the nucleus of cement underneath. to expose the naked a "New Jerusalem" intended to attract stone and its bas-reliefs in the forms of European pilgrims during the Middle large crosses and arches. Susceptible Ages places the site among the world's areas were treated with water-repellent greatest religious monuments. Previous restorations, some undertak­ chemical treatments. and crude restora­ The churches were hewn from en in recent decades, have done more tions were removed and redone. massive rectangular blocks, chiseled harm than good. In certain cases, to Excavations were carried out to ensure and carved into edifices thirty to retard deterioration, the exterior walls adequate drainage of rainwater and fifty feet high, with windows, carved were coated with tar and covered with to prevent rubble from washing into columns and arches, and ornate ceilings incongruous red paint. This process the monuments. and roofs. They were surrounded by an actually halted the natural breathing of The work at Lalibela halted in extensive system of ditches and trenches the rock and trapped moisture, leading 1972, just before a revolution overthrew in a gigantic engineering and artistic to further damage. Some roofs had Emperor Haile Selassie and his govern­ accomplishment. Frescoes, bas-reliefs been sheathed with corrugated metal, ment, which had sponsored the work. and paintings adorn the interiors, and destroying their original appearance; More than twenty years later, a new brilliantly colored geometric designs in other areas cornices and pillars had government is established in Ethiopia cover many of the ceilings. While Copt been rebuilt gracelessly with cement. and pilgrimages to Lalibela have craftsmen from Egypt and Jerusalem resumed. It is time for a new conserva­ probably did the main construction tion survey to reevaluate the condition work, stylistic evidence suggests The Project of this extraordinary site. Fortunately, that Indian artisans may have the work completed before the collapse decorated the interiors. The principles guiding the original of the Selassie government has insured Over time, the Lalibela churches IFM effort were to safeguard against the future of these extraordinary have suffered much of the same deterio­ further deterioration, remove unauth­ shrines. ration that can be found in conventional entic additions, and reestablish the buildings-the wear and tear of wind, monolithic forms that had been com­ weather, and man. In addition, these promised. Initially, cracks and fissures stone edifices are susceptible to crack­ were consolidated to prevent collapse ing and shearing due to uneven settling by injecting a highly expansive and over the centuries. Cracks and fissures adhesive cement. have opened up. Constant penetration The most tedious task was the of roots into the crevices and the growth removal of the tar coating from the Project Dates: 1966-72 of lichens and microorganisms acceler­ exterior walls of the church. It resisted Project Partners: Ethiopian government; ated this natural deterioration process. all efforts to clean the surface by UNESCO

24 OPPOSITE: EXTERIOR. ROCK-IIEWN CHURCII TOP: DETAIL OF INTERIOR ARCII. WITH BAS-RELIEF AND FRESCO BELOW: SC LPTURED MO D VIEWED FROM CO RTYARD

25 ABOVE: MOAI AT AHU HANGA KIO'E, RESTORED BY DR, WILLIAM MULLOY OPPOSITE: QUARRY AT RANO RARAKU, WHERE STATUES WERE LOWERED INTO PITS WHICH, OVER THE CENTURIES, HAVE FILLED WITH AN ACCUMULATIO OF EARTH SO THAT ONLY THE HEADS REMAIN ABOVE GROUND

26 Archaeological Sites of Easter Island Chile

Baclq~round and Significance In the middle of the south Pacific, several thousand miles west of Chile, is the most isolated inhabited piece of land on the earth: Easter Island. It was named by the Dutch commander Jacob Roggeveen, who first sighted it on Easter Sunday, 1722. Natives of Polynesia call it Rapa Nui, the big Rapa, by comparison with the smaller Rapa island. According to local tradition, the island was never given a proper name, but a common legend tells that when settlers arrived on the island, King Hoto Matu' a called it Te Pito '0 (e Henua, the Navel of the Earth. The island is famous for its huge statues and the mysterious aura imparted to studying the island. Excavations that led to (heir destruction. This to them by the reports of the European and restorations of several ceremonial restoration work ceased with Mulloy's explorers who discovered and visited centers that he carried out in the 1960s death in 1978. the island in the eighteenth century. and 1970s raised the general awareness Since 1986 WMF has collaborated It was incomprehensible, in their eyes. of both islanders and the rest of the with the Chilean park service (CONAF), that such enormous sculptures and world of the importance of these and with ICCROM, (he International monuments could have been fashioned magnificent monuments. Centre for the Study of the Preservation by an apparently primitive people. From these and subsequent efforts. and Restoration of Cultural Property. Easter Island's location is so remote the original characteristics of these in a series of on-site training courses that the arrival of the first inhabitants incomparable relics-the allU, or and international colloquia to identi fy must have been accidental. For those ceremonial altars, with moai, or conservation priorities and implement navigators in their frail canoes the island monumental statues-became apparent. appropriate procedures. In 1995. represented salvation; later it became The work also revealed serious conser­ UNESCO approved Easter Island's a homeland and a lifelong prison. This vation problems. In particular the 1110ai, nomination to the World Heritage List. small human settlement astonishingly carved of volcanic tuff, have suffered With this recognition comes broader developed one of the most extraordinary seriously from long-term atmospheric respect, increased political stature, and cultures on the planet. On Easter Island and biological effects. Another increased tourism. WMF is currently spectacular advances were made, such as conservation challenge concerns the working with CONAF and Chile's the development of a written language preservation of the island's heritage National Center of Conservation to with no parallel in the rest of the world within its natural context. improve visitor control and interpreta­ and the creation of innumerable sculpted tion and to create facilities that will and architectural stone works of great help these agencies manage the island size and quality. Sadly, the ancient island \VMF Projects as a national park. a phenomenal natural society also indulged in internecine resource, and a self-contained wars that caused great harm to In the late 1960s the International Fund world-class monument. their civilization. for Monuments (later WMF) began Despite a significant accumulation collaborating with William Mulloy in of research into the island's history, the restoration of several monumental conservation of the monumental sites on the island-the ahus at Tahai, heritage of Easter Island received no Hanga Kio'e, and Akivi, and the Project dales: I968-the present serious consideration until some three ceremonial houses at Orongo among Project Partners: Centro de Restauraci6n. decades ago. The prime mover was the them-conveying for the first time an Santiago; Corporaci6n Naci6nal Forestal distinguished American archaeologist accurate idea of how these ceremonial (CONAF); Easter Island Foundation; William Mulloy, who devoted his career centers appeared before the wars ICCROM; University of Wyoming

27 TOP LEFT: AFTER RESTORATION-MARBLE SCREEN AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE SCUOLA GRANDE DI SAN GIOVANNI EVANGELISTA TOP RIGHT: MAURO CODUCCI'S RENA1SSANCE STA1RCASE ABOVE: THE ORATORIO DELLA CROCE

28 Senoia Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista Venice, Italy

Background and Cross (today among the most popular laid on a new foundation of cement, Significance works in the Accademia Gallery). gravel, and insulating asphalt. Stone Another major redecoration took rain gutters were repaired and drain The seuo/a is a peculiarly Venetian place in the eighteenth century, when pipes replaced. institution through which laymen, often the scua/a voted funds to renovate The wooden ceiling beams in the vast of the same craft or trade, participate the Sala Maggiore by raising the ground-floor area were either restored or in works of religious devotion, charity, ceiling and adding windows to replaced. The Sala Maggiore, redesigned and mutual aid. The .I'cl/o/a served an improve the lighting. by Giorgio Massari in the eighteenth important harmonizing function during Napoleon abolished the scua/e of century, received the painstaking atten­ the Venetian republic by making Venice in 1806. He stripped the Scuola tion of artisans who scraped down the material distributions to the poor and Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista of walls to their original pale beige color securing the spiritual participation of its treasures and its Holy Relic, and at the rate of two square feet per man all. The competition in good works used the ground floor to stable his per day. The carved woodwork at the among the confraternities also extended horses. Although the building changed top of the walls of this room was also to the decoration of their buildings, hands in the nineteenth century, it was consolidated. Artisans restored the which over the centuries became eventually reacquired by the confrater­ carved eighteenth-century marble impressive repositories of collections nity. The relic was returned from a mosaic floor in front of the altar in the of art, including many of the most nearby church in 1929, but the seuo/a Sala Maggiore, and they also restored familiar decorative cycles of Venetian never recovered its former wealth. the marble portions of Coducci's double painting. SCI/o/e of all sizes were to staircase. Stonemasons rechiseled be found throughout Venice; the largest staircase handrails and moldings. and most prominent-both financially The restoration was completed with and artistically-were distinguished The Project the installation of new electrical with the title of "Scuola Grande." The restoration of this seua/a was wiring for the entire building. In 1369, Filippo di Masseri, grand the first and largest undertaking of the In appreciation of the Venice chancellor of the kingdom of Jerusalem Venice Committee, which, upon begin­ Committee's help, the Archconfraternity and Cyprus, donated a fragment of the ning the restoration, found the walls of San Giovanni Evangelista offered True Cross to the Scuola Grande di San in danger of collapsing into the canal. IFM space in the scuo/a. The Venice Giovanni Evangelista. This holy relic Work commenced with repairing the Committee maintained its headquarters made it one of the most prestigious roof, strengthening and stabilizing the at the scuo/a throughout the height and important confraternities in walls, and analyzing the foundations of the Venice campaign. Venice for five hundred years. and support capabilities of the ground Founded in 1261, the confraternity beneath the building. undertook an extensive renovation of Once the structural integrity of the its building in the late fifteenth century. edifice was assured, restorers worked Outside, the courtyard in front of the to arrest the infiltration of water and scuo/a was enclosed by an ornate poly­ salt into the structure. An ingenious chrome marble screen surmounted by system to prevent flood damage was an eagle (the symbol of Saint John the constructed, consisting of a basin Evangelist) designed by the sculptor to collect water placed underneath Pietro Lombardo. Within the building, the building, connected to a pumping the architect Mauro Coducci construct­ system triggered "on" by a rise in ed a spectacular double staircase that water level. is unique in Venice. To embellish the Continuous ribbons of sheet lead o/'(/lOrio, the finest painters of the were inserted at the base of the walls Project Dates: 1969-1979 day-Gentile Bellini, Carpaccio, and to provide a barrier against capillary Project Partners: Arciconfraternitil eli San their contemporaries-produced a action. The pavement in the entrance Giovanni Evangelista per Ic Artc spectacular series of scenes of Venetian hall was then replaced. White lstrian Edificatorie; Ministero per i Bcni Culturali life associated with the relic of the True stone and red Verona marble were e Ambientali

29 Tintoretto's Paintings for the Scuola Grande di San Rocco Venice, Italy

Background and Significance The Scuola Grande di San Rocco was the richest and largest scuo/a of republican Venice, founded in 1478 under the protection of St. Roch, patron saint of plague victims. The building of the scuo/a was begun in 1516 by Bartolomeo Bon and completed in 1549 by Antonio Scarpagnino. The elaborate carvings and inlaid decorations of its facade were made possible by donations from citizens seeking protection from the plague of 1527. By far the greatest glory of the saw/a is the renowned cycle of fifty­ eight canvases by Jacopo Tintoretto that cover the vast ceilings and spacious walls with incomparable scenes of interpretation to the charitable aims of the Edgar J. Kaufmann Charitable the life of Christ and related biblical the confraternity. His powerful spiritual Trust provided funding to the Venice subjects-including the immense vision spoke directly, as in the Sala Committee to bring Tintoretto's Crucifixion that is one of the most Grande, where the common theme of the masterpieces back to life. Venetian celebrated treasures of Venice. spiritual bread of the Eucharist refers to conservators removed a thick patina of Moreover, San Rocco is one of the obligation of the confraternity mem­ dust and candle smoke to reveal much the few scuo/e to retain its original bers to relieve the hunger of the poor. of the original vibrancy. Aside from paintings, and thus to present intact the dirt on the canvas surfaces, humidity a vital segment of Venetian life. had damaged the supporting framework. [n 1564, the Council of San Rocco The Project New supports were constructed from seasoned wood. This work, as well as announced a competition to decorate In the 1850s, the writer and critic John the cleaning and restoration, was carried the saw/a and invited artists to submit Ruskin reported the dire conditions at out in a special conservation workshop drawings for the central picture in the the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, where constructed in the center of the ground­ smaller upstairs meeting room known as "three of the pictures of Tintoret ... floor room of the saw/a. A team of the albergo. Contestants included such were hanging down in ragged fragments, restorers worked on three to four formidable talents as Giuseppe Salviati, mixed with lath and plaster, round canvases at once, conserving thirty-eight Paolo Veronese, and Federico Zuccari, the apertures made by the fall of three paintings between 1969 and 1975. but the commission was awarded to Austrian heavy shot." (Munera Pu/veris) Tintoretto, who, it is reported, did Rainwater fell through the paintings not prepare a drawing but rather to be caught by buckets on the floor. contrived to have his completed When Henry James visited in 1869, painting clandestinely hung in the he too lamented the state of the pictures: designated ceiling. "Incurable blackness is settling fast upon Tintoretto's grandiose vision all of them," he wrote, "and they frown unfolded over twenty-three years. For at you across the sombre splendour of a period, the artist delivered three can­ their great chambers like gaunt twilight vases each year on the feast day of St. phantoms of pictures." (Ita/ian Hours) Project Dates: 1969-1975 Roch. He painted episodes from the A century later, in response to Project Partner: Ministero per i Beni Old and New Testaments, relating their the UNESCO campaign for Venice, Culturali e Ambientali

30 ABOVE: UPPER HAll OF THE SC OlA GRANDE 01 SAN ROCCO AS IT APPEARS TODAY OPPOSITE: TINTORETTO'S ASSUMPTION OF THE VIRGIN. IN TilE GROUND FLOOR HALL. AFTER CONSERVATION

31 Church of San Pietro di Castello Venice, Italy

Background and Significance Located along the easternmost edge of historic Venice, where the lagoon opens to the Adriatic sea, the estuary island of Castello derives its name from a castle that defended the city. Originally called Olivolo, for the olive groves that flour­ ished there, the island was home to a shrine to saints Sergius and Bacchus as early as A.D. 650, long before Venice existed as a city. Upon the site of this shrine, the church of San Pietro was built in the ninth century. When the islanders united with the Realtine islands to form Venice, the basilica of San Pietro became its cathedral. For a millennium, the church of San Pietro di Castello served as the religious center of the the bell in order to repair it in situ. In city. The bishop of Castello had his The Project a grueling four-hour brazing operation seat there; the doges were elected Shortly after the flood of 1966, the with smoke billowing out of the bell and judges appointed there; and, in government of Italy repaired the roof tower, Signor Giacometti successfully the fifteenth century, the bishop of the church. In 1970, WMF began a repaired the crack in the bell and was invested there with the title of long-term project to restore the church recreated a portion of its missing patriarch of Venice. completely: the window casings, floors, circumference, repeatedly plunging Between 1482 and 1490, the walls, stone and wooden furnishings, his thick leather gloves into cold renowned architect Mauro Coducci the bell tower, its cracked bell, and water to cool off his scorched hands. almost entirely reconstructed the bell the magnificent eighteenth-century The church's eighteenth-century tower using blocks of white Istrian Nacchini organ. The restoration organ, one of the most beautiful antique stone. In the early seventeenth century, also included a complete rewiring of organs in the whole Veneto, required the church was rebuilt according to the church, providing electricity for special attention. A restoration in 1898 designs prepared by Andrea Palladio a system to play the bells and to had altered many of the original regis­ in the late 1550s. The facade of the illuminate the interior. ters, and woodworm had come to infest church was executed by Francesco Much of the work was relatively the keyboard and foot pedals. In the Smeraldi, and the interior was straightforward. Restorers erected a complete restoration, the organ's origi­ executed by Giovanni Grapiglia. huge scaffolding that almost completely nal baroque cabinet was refinished; the With the fall of the republic of filled the 150-foot-high interior of the registers were returned to their original Venice, the church of San Pietro was church. They washed and scraped the order and repaired; and damaged, worn, stripped of its authority and many of walls to restore surfaces to their original or obsolete parts inside the housing its treasures. In 1807, the emperor manl1orino finish, installed copper anti­ were replaced. of Austria decreed San Marco to pigeon screens outside the windows, Today, despite the remote location be the cathedral of Venice and, replaced damaged pavement blocks of the church, San Pietro has become almost overnight, San Pietro became with newly cut pieces of red Verona a premier site for organ concerts, which a simple parish church in an isolated, marble and Istrian stone, refastened attract the best organists in Europe and poorer quarter of the city. During or replaced loose stonework, rebuilt full attendance to this ancient site of World War I, the church was fire­ rain gutters, replaced the lightning worship and splendor. bombed and its dome was destroyed. rod, and restored the portals. Although rebuilt after the war, insuffi­ The cracked bell required the special Project Dates: 1970-1982 cient funds and maintenance ensured attention of Riccardo Giacometti, who Project Partner: Ministero per i Beni the decline of the church. built a furnace on a platform beneath Culturali e Ambientali

32 ABOVE; INTERIOR WITH VIEW TOWARDS THE ALTAR OPPOSITE: SAN PIETRO 01 CASTELLO WITH ITS BELL TOWER

33 ABOVE: THE OVAL INTERIOR LOOKING TOWARDS THE ALTAR OPPOSITE: EXTERIOR, AFfER RESTORATION

34 Church of the Pieta (Santa Maria della Visitazione) Venice, Italy

Background and was separating from the reed lathing underneath. The danger to the frescoes Significance was made worse by the heavy weight In the mid-fourteenth century, a of pigeon droppings that had accum­ Franciscan friar, Pietro of Assisi, ulated over the years as thousands of initiated an exceptional effort to care pigeons flew in and out through for Venice's growing population of holes in the attic. foundlings. To his appeal for piele/­ Cleaning the attic was a major compassion-the Venetians responded chore. The holes were closed with generously, with alms and bequests. copper mesh. To stop damaging leaks, Fra Pietro's Ospedale della Pieta restorers retiled and rebuilt the roof, quickly became part of the social sealed the joints of stone rain gutters fabric of the city. and installed new copper gutters and The Pieta provided its young charges downspouts where needed. The church with basic training in various trades. was made safe against the infiltration A few of the girls were taught to sing of water from above, and the work or to play an instrument so that they of consolidating and cleaning the could provide musical accompaniment frescoes began. at the hospital's religious services. Water rising into the church was By the beginning of the seventeenth also checked in a number of ways. century, the beauty of their music The lower walls of the baptistery was attracting large crowds. chapel were rebuilt with a ribbon of A century later, the Pieta was sheet lead running along the base. functioning as a conservatory of music The wall between the nave and the for its foundlings, in keen competition Tiepolo painted three separate works. entrance hall was also damp-proofed with three similar institutions in Venice. The Triumph of Faith is celebrated in and rebui It. Workers scraped the walls With nine hundred children in residence a large oval that graces the nave of and polished stone cornices and col­ and four thousand others lodged with the church, and the Three Theological umns to reveal their original finishes. wet nurses and foster parents, the Pieta Virllles-Faith, Hope, and Charity- The restorers also repaired the inlaid needed to expand. The institution hired are depicted in the ceiling over the altar. marble flooring before the high altar, Giorgio Massari, the most eminent Above the altar itself is a monochrome refurbished the choir lofts, and cleaned architect of the day, to design and roundel of David and Ihe Angel, a tribute and reconstructed the church's elaborate build a church and new wings for its to the Old Testament author of the Psalms wrought-iron screens. The project was hospices. Massari designed the church who was himself a gifted musician. completed with the restoration of a as a concert hall for the musicians of The facade of the church was not magnificent Nacchini organ and the the Pieta, by now famous throughout completed until 1905, based on designs installation of a new lighting system. Europe. Best known among its masters by G. D. Graziussi executed in 1856. [n 1978, the restored Church of the was Antonio Vivaldi, who taught the Of Palladian inspiration, Graziussi's Pieta was the setting for a concert to facade is believed to represent the orphan girls from 1709 until his commemorate the three hundreth realization of Massari's original design. death in 1741. anniversary of Vivaldi's birth. The Church of Santa Maria della Visitazione, built between 1745 and 1760, provided the setting for the last The Project major religious decorative scheme in Humidity from both rising damp and the history of Venetian painting. The water infiltration through the roof had architect himself designed the rococo caused serious damage to the interior Project Dates: 1971-1978 furnishings, and Giambattista Tiepolo, of the church and threatened Tiepolo's Project Partners: Instituto Provenciale the greatest fresco painter of the age, frescoes. Their finished coat of plaster per L'lnfanzia "Santa Maria della Pieta"; was commissioned to decorate the ceil­ was separating from the rough coat Ministero per i Beni Culturali e ing and the wall above the high altar. of the plaster support which, in turn, Ambientali

35 SenoIa Canton Venice, Italy

Background and Significance Documents record the presence of Jews in Venice from the earliest centuries of settlement and describe, as well, the restrictions imposed upon them. For a time, Jews were allowed to conduct business only on the island of Spinalunga, later called Giudecca; in 1288 they were banished to the Mestre, and at different times they were also forced to wear various sorts of identification marks. Venetian authorities also controlled the Jewish community by restricting the length of sojourn permissible in the city. The Jewish community remained The Jews in Venice purposely camou­ Restorers reinforced the foundation small unti I the fourteenth century, when flaged and preserved the anonymity masonry and the floors, and stopped Venice experienced a large influx of of their houses of worship. The Scuola the swelling and overhang of the Jews from Eastern Europe. At the end Canton occupies the top floor of a buildin o exteriors over the canal. of the next century, the city became o devoid of architectural distinction. Once the building was secure, a refuge for Jews fleeing the Spanish In contrast to the exterior, the synagogue's restoration of the synagogue itself Inquisition. Venice became the home interior is richly decorated with wood, could proceed. Major support for of a few thousand Jews. marble, stucco, and gilding. Built in the completion of the restoration In 1516, Venetian authorities 1532 and renovated in the seventeenth was provided, beginning in 1983, by adopted a novel approach to control to nineteenth centuries, the synagogue's the Venice Committee and by the the Jewish presence. The maggior typical Venetian arrangement of interior J. M. Kaplan Fund in New York. consiglio decreed that all Jews would elements has remained undisturbed. Workers made structural repairs to live in a single neighborhood, surround­ The gates to the ghetto were the matroneo (women's balcony); ed by high walls, enclosed by two pulled down in 1797 when Venice fell reopened windows on the interior gates manned by Christian guards, and to Napoleon, but the segregation of the wall; rebuilt the marmorino ceilino-0' patrolled by boats cruising the adjacent Jewish population lasted until they were installed a new electrical system with canals. This was the first "ghetto," so given a parity of rights and responsibilities concealed light sources; and cleaned called for the neighborhood into which when Venice was united with Italy in 1866. and repaired carved and gilt surfaces, the Jews were settled, known for its Jews fled Venice in laroe numbers durino the 18th-century terrazzo floor, the iron foundries. o 0 World War II. Today, the Jewish commu- bronze chandeliers, and the red linen The Scuola Canton-named "scuola" nity of Venice numbers several hundred curtains. The restoration also provided (also known as schola, in Venetian people, although only about twenty for a maintenance fund. dialect) in imitation of the Christian Jewish families still occupy the ghetto. Today, the Scuola Canton has confraternities of the city-was the been included with the Scuola Tedesca second synagogue to be constructed in and the Scuola Levantina-two other Venice after the confinement of the Jews. Venetian synagogues-in the tour Founded by a family of either French or The Project of the ghetto organized by the German descent, the conoreoation0 Restoration of the synaoooue beoan o o 0 0 Museo Israelitico. followed the Ashkenazic liturgical rite. in 1973 with a modest emergency As is characteristic of all the Venetian grant provided by the Chicago chapter synagogues, the plan featured the ark of the Venice Committee. At the time, Project Dates: 1973-1974,1986-1989 and hima (reader's platform) set at the ghetto building housing the Scuola Project Partners: Jewish Community opposite ends of the prayer hall in the Canton on its top floor was in danger of Venice; Ministero per i Beni Culturali manner of the Sephardic rite. of collapsing into the adjacent canal. e Ambientali

J6 TOP: PULPIT BEFORE RESTORATION ABOVE LEfT EXTERIOR WALL OF THE SCUOLA CANTON (RIGIIT). FROM THE CANAL ABOVE RIGHT: EXTERIOR VIEW SHOWING SCUOLA CANTON CUPOLA OPPOSITE: THE ARK. AFTER RESTORATION

37 TOP: MOSAIC RESTORERS AT WORK ABOVE: VII?CIN AND CHILD AFTER RESTORATION

38 Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta on Torcello Venice, Italy

Background and inconsistent in quality, rendered Experts analyzed the mortars differences in style and period visible. Significance backing the tesserae and developed Surveys undertaken in 1977 revealed a a technique to map the extent of The island of Torcello in the Venetian serious threat to the mosaics. Not detachment. Using a stethoscope and lagoon provided a safe refuge for coastal only were the individual tesserae com­ tuning fork, they detected gaps beneath dwellers fleeing wars and invasions on ing loose from the mortar of lime and the mosaic and gauged their depth from the Italian mainland in the sixth and straw in which they were embedded, changes in the pitch of sound echoing seventh centuries. Responding to the but the mortar bed itself was pulling from the walls. wishes of the emperor Heraclius and away from the masonry. In places, The mosaics were repaired using a the exarch of Ravenna, the inhabitants light from the outside could be seen mixture-that closely approximated the there established a church dedicated filtering through the loosened tiles original substances-of air-hardening to the Virgin Mary. of the mosaic. lime, marble dust, brick powder, water, An inscription found at the church, In 1978 a number of the private and acrylic resin, carefully injected dated A.D. 639, is the oldest known committees working in Venice formed so as not to interfere with the general authentic document of Venetian history. the International Torcello Committee. physical and chemical behavior of Between its founding and the early A group of international mosaic experts both masonry and wall surface. In the eleventh century, the church was was assembled to oversee the very central apse, the Vi/gill ond Child was significantly reconstructed and enlarged delicate, innovative, and sophisticated in such delicate condition that a precon­ to its present imposing scale, the major study and repair of these irreplaceable solidation set of acrylic resin injections renovation coinciding with the appoint­ treasures. Because the mosaics were was applied between the tesserae before ment of Orso Orseolo, son of the doge too fragile to move, the restoration the injection of the final consolidating of Venice, as bishop of Torcello. presented an opportunity to prepare mixture. Wooden laths placed fi I'teen Near the ruins of an ancient baptistery, a new methodology for repairing centimeters apart and secured into the the arcaded facade opens into a wide delicate mosaics in situ. brickwork provided a support frame central nave and side aisles terminating Experiments were conducted to quan­ during this operation. in hemispherical apses. The ceiling is tify climatic conditions and humidity constructed in a traditional fashion levels inside the basilica and to measure with exposed wooden tie-beams, and the salt and water content of the walls. the floor is of polychrome marquetry. Thermographic soundings were taken Most precious of all are the to see if the walls had shifted in relation elegant and elaborate eleventh-century to the mosaics, and investigations were Byzantine wall mosaics that decorate conducted to study the location and the main walls. In isolated splendor behavior of water beneath the church. against the glittering gold background Combined with sonar soundings of the of the main apse stands the solemn, foundations, the studies provided data regal figure of Mary, the Queen of for plans to lower the water table. Heaven, with the infant Christ in her Il was revealed that the wall mosaics anns. Below her, the twel ve apostles had separated from their supports due to are arranged around the base of the a cycle of crystall ization within apse. Leaving the church, visitors are the walls of large quantities of soluble confronted with a vast mosaic vision salts, humidity-induced capillary action, of the Last Judgment on the entrance contact with the salty water of the wall. As angels trumpet, Christ elevates lagoon, and water infiltration through the holy to paradise and condemns the the roof. Humidity had also damaged wicked to eternal damnation in fiery hell. the tesserae themselves: those made of marble and clay were corroding; The Project those of glass paste had become iridescent and opaque; and the upper­ Project Dates: 1977-1985 Restorations of the mosaics began as most vitreous surface of the gilt Project Partners: International Torcello early as the twelfth century and contin­ tesserae was detaching and leaving Committee; (CCROM; Ministero per ued through the early 1900s. The work, the golden layer unprotected. i Beni Cullurali e Ambienlali

39 Toledo Cathedral Museum Toledo, Spain

Background and (1517-1524) by Enrique de Arfe that Significance is one of Toledo's greatest treasures, and the solid silver statues of the One of the greatest artistic complexes Four Continents. of Spain, the soaring cathedral of Other aspects of the project Toledo, was built between 1227 and at Toledo Cathedral. The cathedral's entailed adapting several rooms 1493. Its sacristy, chapels, and other chapter responded enthusiastically to within the cathedral complex to house dependencies were added later. Over his idea of creating a small museum the small museum, constructing new the centuries, this early Gothic seat to display these treasures publicly. passageways, and creating a four-flight of the primate of Spain became the cus­ In 1977, several rooms were adapted to staircase and visitor's entrance from the todian, through purchase and donation, display a selection of works that were Calle Sixto Ramon Parro. In the course of a priceless collection of works formerly inaccessible to the public. of the work, a number of architectural of art-notable paintings by Bellini, As the nascent museum grew in size features formerly hidden under previous Caravaggio, and EI Greco, illuminated and importance, the cathedral developed reconstructions were exposed and manuscripts, precious reliquaries, a proposal for a new museum wing, renewed. The demolition of an old sculptures, vestments, and other integrated with the cathedral's sacristy passage in one section exposed decorative arts. and the Ochavo. a large high-ceilinged the beautiful exterior facade of the Among the cathedral's treasures octagonal reliquary room completed King and Queen Chapel, with Gothic are four solid silver allegorical statues in the 1620s by EI Greco's son Jorge windows and coats of arms. Removal representing the Four Continents, Manuel Theotocopoulos. The Kress of an obtrusive counterroof revealed a masterpieces of the seventeenth-century Foundation agreed to sponsor the beautiful Gothic cornice and gargoyles. Spanish artist Manias Melin. For the entire project. Restorers also rerouted drainage United States bicentenary exhibition in pipes and repaired catch-water drains. 1976, the National Gallery of Art in Broken tiles in the center of the patio Washington requested to borrow the Thc Project and galleries were replaced, and iron statue of America, a seminude female handrails and staircase supports were figure wearing a feathered headdress The project was carried out in several fixed. A new electrical system also seated on a globe. Kress Foundation phases. The restoration of the Ochavo made it possible for the cathedral to president Franklin D. Murphy, who involved repairing the roof and cleaning install new lighting and fire-and theft­ was also a trustee of the National the ceiling fresco by Francisco Ricci and protection devices. Gallery, arranged for the loan and, Juan Carreno as well as the fine marbles as a reciprocal gesture, agreed to lining the walls and noor. Intricate sponsor the conservation of all conservation work was carried out on Project Dates: 1977-1987 four silver Continents. the objects for display, including the Project Partners: Chapter of Toledo During a visit to Toledo, Dr. Murphy cathedral's famed custodia, an extraordi­ Cathedral; Cardinal-Archbishop and noted the wealth of material in storage narily elaborate late Gothic monstrance Primate of Spain

40 ABOVI':: INTERIOR OF TI IE OCHAVO (OCTAGONAL CHAPEL). WITII PAINTINGS BY JORGE MANUEL TIIEOTOCOPOULOS. THE SON Of' EL GRECO OPPOSITE: EXTERIOR VIEW OF TilE CUPOLA Of' THE Ocr/AVO

.tl TOP: DETAIL OF AN ENTRANCE PORTAL ABOVE: MAHADEV TEMPLE COMPLEX DURING RESTORATION

42 Gokarna Temple Complex Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Background and government. As often is the case in ing part of the process was the cleaning Significance such programs, the donor's hard-curren­ of the sculpted wooden elements. cy funding paid for international expert These had been covered, over the cen­ The culture of Nepal represents a fees, while the Nepalese government turies, with annual coatings of mustard singular variant on the great religions in turn paid the work force in its oil to protect them. In recent years, old and cultural patterns of Asia. The local currency. engine oil had replaced the traditional mountainous Himalayan country has Gokarna is a sacred site, located on oil in these annual applications, and the since ancient times sheltered high the bank of the Bagamati River outside surface of the sculpture was covered sacred pilgrimage places and remote Kathmandu. It has been a sacred with a sticky, glutinous residue that hermitages for religious retreat. place for Buddhists for centuries and concealed all the detail. Religions practiced in Nepal include is the culminating point for a Newari This residue proved to be resistant Hinduism, Buddhism, and Tantric cults. Buddhist pilgrimage each year. to solvents and to scraping. One of the Religious observance is at the heart of On this same site, beginning in the conservation team members invented everyday life, and the country abounds fourteenth century, the Mahadev temple a technology that eventually produced in temple complexes dedicated to was built by Hindus and dedicated to results. Clay was dug from the river worship and observance of rituals Siva. It is a three-tiered timber-roofed bank and mixed into a paste using con­ that underlie and enrich life as it has structure constructed of brick and wood centrated ammonia. This was applied been lived for thousands of years. with plentiful carvings on the roof truss­ to the sculptures as a poultice and left The recent growth of the population es, or IUllasi, lintels, and door jambs. in place several hours to soften the around the urban center of Kathmandu The Gokarna complex also encom­ sticky residue. When it was removed, has brought modern development passes other buildings. including a it became possible to scrape off the problems in their most acute form to Vishnu shrine, or paduka, and priests' residue. Several applications were Nepal. Pollution, overcrowding, and houses. AII these secondary structures needed to regain the original surface of rapid growth are undermining the were in an advanced state of decay. the wood carvings. A group of sixteen country's natural resources and its The Vishnu paduka's roof, a recent local girls was trained to administer this civilization. The historic architecture addition of corrugated metal, destroyed cleaning technique. It took them eigh­ of the Kathmandu Valley, fragile after the structure's aesthetic appearance and teen months to complete the work. a long decline over the last century, also admitted water. The priests' houses The second stage of the work was is disappearing rapidly. were run-down and abandoned. to dismantle and restore the Vishnu Of the sites on the World Heritage paduka, which was too fragile to be list, the Kathmandu Valley is among repaired in situ. In the process, the the most imminently threatened by the The Project original ritual offerings placed beneath the building were found. A rededica­ changes of the twentieth century. This Over time, the Mahadev temple had tion ceremony was held, and the old fact led the Nepalese government to ask settled, loading structural supports with offerings of precious stones and a small UNESCO for help in organizing a special excess weight and leading to collapse. copper pot with coins in it were put campaign to bring foreign assistance to Unrepaired holes in the roof permitted back in place, with new coins added the preservation of the country's architec­ water to percolate through the structure, to commemorate the new phase of the ture. UNESCO announced a World and the moisture penetrating into the temple's life. Old wooden elements Heritage campaign in 1972 and began a building made it susceptible to fungal were treated, cleaned, and set back program, directed by the conservation and beetle attacks. The conservation in place; new, identical replacements architect John Sanday, to reinvigorate team trained through the UNESCO were used when the old materials the craft traditions needed to restore program at other sites in the Kathmandu were unusable. Finally, the priests' historic buildings. Valley undertook the conservation of houses were restored. In the 1970s, World Monuments the Gokarna temple complex. All Fund joined the campaign by adopting conservation work employed local the Gokarna temple complex from technologies and avai lab Ie materials. the list of sites urgently in need of The entire building was surveyed. assistance. The program was supported Rotten timbers were replaced, structural solely by Watson B. Dickerman Ill, fail ures were corrected, and the Project Dates: 1978-1984 whose contributions were matched foundations were strengthened to make Project Partners: Dcpartmcnt of three-to-one by the Nepalese the building sound. The most painstak- Archaeology of the Governmcnt of Ncpal

43 Bovolo Staircase, Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo Venice, Italy

Background and The Minnesota chapter of the Venice the steps, which were cracking, were Significance Committee restored the staircase as repaired with the aid of invisible ties its contribution to the Venice campaign to bind them together. Stainless-steel The Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo and worked on the project over a period rods. inserted into holes radiating from takes its name-in the Venetian dialect, of seven years. In 1992 the chapter was the central column, helped to anchor bovolo means snail shell or spiral awarded the prestigious Premio Torta, the steps in place. staircase-from the distinctive external named in honor of engineer Pietro Torta, Airborne sulfates had also blackened stair tower that was added to the palace who devoted his life to the preservation the Istrian stone of the colonnade. in the late fifteenth century and is today of Venice's artistic heritage. The prize Chemical poultices, followed by the sole survivor of its type in Venice. is given in recognition of organizations neutralizing agents, cleaned the stone Within a rising arcade of round-headed in Italy and abroad which have made of black encrustation. Exfoliating arches, seventy steps curl upward significant contributions to the preser­ stonework was consolidated with around a central pillar to provide vation of the historic fabric of Venice. micro-injections of epoxy resins, and access to open loggias superimposed as a final protective measure, a film of on the earlier Gothic palace. resin was applied to the staircase after The Bovolo staircase is a peculiar completion of the restoration. to resist and rare structure in which Renaissance­ The Project the penetration of moisture into style arches are set into the traditional Gradual decay, combined with the its web of tiny cracks. round Byzantine towers of the Venetian detrimental effects of nineteenth-century lagoon. The unknown architect showed restorations, had led to a serious desta­ an indifference to symmetry and bilization of the staircase. By 1966. its Renaissance systems of proportion, central core was on the verge of collapse yet the staircase exhibits a genius in and the steps had fallen out of register. conception and a skill in execution. Climbing the staircase had become Tucked away today in a tiny courtyard perilous. The restoration aimed to inhabited by stray cats, the Bovolo return the building to its original state. Project Dates: 1979-1985 staircase is nevertheless one of the The first step required the structural Project Partners: Istituzione di Ricovero most popular monuments of Venice, consolidation of the central supporting e di Educazione (IRE), Venice; Ministero a unique survivor of its period. column. Once this was accomplished, per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali

44 ABOVE: EXTERIOR OF TilE BOVOlO STAIRCASE OPPOSITE: RESTORATIO WORK INSIDE THE BOVOlO STAIRCASE

45 ABOVE: VIEW INSIDE LABORATORY FACILITIES AT THE MISERICORDIA LABORATORY OPPOSITE: VIEW THROUGH THE GARDE OF THE MISERICORDIA COMPLEX TOWARDS BUILDING ADAPTED TO HOUSE THE CONSERVATION LABORATORY

46 Conservation Laboratory in the SenoIa Vecchia della Misericordia Venice, Italy

Background and agreed to help create a permanent beneath the garden, as was an electrical Significance scientific facility 10 monitor conditions system for power, light and phone in Venice through sophisticated comput­ lines, and security and fire control. The construction of the Scuola Vecchia er technology, advanced biological To initiate the Misericordia della Misericordia began in 1261 and and chemical surveys, and other data­ Laboratory program, the Kress continued ovcr three centuries, during retrieval systems. Space for the labora­ Foundation supported the salaries of which time it was enlarged, enhanced tory was made available within the technicians during an inaugural phase. with precious objects and decorations, grounds of the Scuola Vecchia della The Jtalian government, for its part, transformed, and finally abandoned. In Misericordia, which had been recently purchased electron-scanning micro­ 1634, the buildings lost their religious acquired by the state. scopes and computers to interpret the function and were sold to silk weavers. data gathered from minute samples Thc works of art collected by the of slOne and biological materials confraternity were sold and scattered. The Project throughout Venice. In the nineteenth century, the buildings Today, the Misericordia LaboralOry were used as warehouses, then as Restoration work comprised rehabilita­ is fully financed by the Italian govern­ private housing, and eventually they tion of a small building in the garden ment and is one of the most advanced were bought in 1920 by the painter of the Misericordia complex which centers in the world for the study of Italico Brass, who restored the struc­ required little work in order to function stone materials. The Kress Foundation as a scientific facility. The roof of the tures. In 1974, the Italian government continues to support an annual course in bought the property from his estate. structure was made impermeable, and stone conservation organized in Venice As a result of the significant restora­ the water-handling system was com­ by UNESCO for advanced conservation tion work taking place in Venice after pletely redone to secure the building. students from all over the world. the flood, UNESCO began, in 1976, The original dimensions of the old to offer courses in stone conservation building were reestablished by demol­ for both Venetian and international ishing partitions that had been added at Project Datcs: 1980-1982 conservators, taught by international a later date. Pavements were repaired Project Partner: Ministero per i Bcni experts. In 1980 the Kress Foundation and replaced. A heating plant was put Culturali e Ambientali

47 Convento de Ia Coria Trujillo, Spain

Background and The Project Signifi cancc The historic and architectural The city of Trujillo is situated on a importance of the convent made it rocky granite hilltop in the heart of very appropriate for restoration as a a barren area of the southwestern cultural center devoted to the study of province of Extremadura in Spain. the Spanish contribution-in particular On a main trade route that stretched that of Trujillo and Extremadura-to from Toledo to Portugal, Trujillo was the New World. Xavier and Carmen first settled in the second century by de Salas personally purchased the Romans who valued its natural strategic convent and set up a foundation at the advantages. Over the centuries the city Coria dedicated to [bero-American grew in this unyielding land and gave research. birth to conquistadors and explorers­ Restoration began with the construc­ tion of a roof and ceiling, using the among them the Pizarro brothers- original buttressing that had remained who brought to the city great wealth, intact. The roof was covered with old splendor, and political importance. from the road to Coria that passed tiles from the rubble around the site. Trujillo flourished until early in the beneath a nearby stone-arched portal. Collapsed walls were rebuilt to their nineteenth century, when the city's for­ It was also called the Convent of original height, and the convent's tunes changed drastically as a result of the Noble Ladies due to the fact that three staircases were restored to allow the Peninsular Wars. Retreating French the wives and daughters of Trujillo's passage through the whole building. soldiers sacked Trujillo and carried soldiers were sheltered there during Local artisans and craftsmen carried out off its treasures, leaving its citizens times of war. the restoration using traditional methods so demoralized that they abandoned A noble family of Trujillo, the of stone and woodworking, and they the city to isolation and ruin. Loaisas, established the convent in trained younger laborers in traditional Trujillo's recovery is owed to the fifteenth century and, together with techniques and processes. Craftsmen the efforts of a number of prominent other noble families, continued to sup­ also restored ironwork, the floors of the Spaniards. Foremost among them port its enlargement for three centuries. first and second stories in both wings, was Xavier de Salas, director of the In the mid-sixteenth century, a Loaisas windows, and passageways. Rather Prado Museum, and his wife Carmen. descendant became the first archbishop than attempt a costly reconstruction Together with the Count and Countess of Peru and founded the first university of the church, whose Gothic vaults had in the Americas in Lima. The convent of Romanones, who owned property completely collapsed, it was decided also figures prominently in much of nearby, they rallied people who were to clean and consolidate the remains interested in preserving Trujillo and in the noble and courtly history of Trujillo. of the church, and have it serve as 1974 established the Friends of Trujillo, Francisco Pizarro, the discoverer of a visitors' entrance. an association devoted to restoring Peru, was born illegitimately within the fabric and life of the city. This the walls of the convent. nonprofit organization salvaged nearly The three-story cloister complex thirty houses and gardens, attracted includes a refectory, a church, and wealthy international buyers, and dormitories. Its roof had collapsed, stirred the city with energy. but considerable areas of original One of the most impressive struc­ buttressing and the ribbed vaulting tures in Trujillo is the Convent of the remained intact. Because Trujillo had Coria, which formerly housed an order been abandoned and isolated, entire of Franciscan nuns. Located along sections of the structure lay undisturbed Project Dates: 1980-1990 the ancient Roman wall of the city, the where they had fallen and were Project Partner: Fundacion Xavier Convent of the Coria took its name recovered for use in restoration. de Salas

48 TOP: DETAIL OF THE PATIO AFTER RESTORATION ABOVE: ARCADED PATIO BEFORE RESTORATION OPPOSITE: A MEETING ROOM. AFTER RESTORATION

49 ABOVE: MAIN STAIRCASE AFTER RESTORATION OPPOSITE: DONERAILE COURT AS SEEN FROM THE GARDEN

50 Doneraile Court County Cork, Ireland

Background and Significance The Georgian country house known as Doneraile Court was built in the 18th century by the St. Leger family, Viscounts Doneraile, in a five-hundred­ acre park of outstanding beauty along the banks of the river Awbeg in County Cork. Located near the town of Mallow, about twenty-five miles from the city of Cork, the estate was famed for its hunting grounds. woodlands. Fish ponds, and a formal sheet of water a quarter of a mile long. In 1969 the Irish government purchased Doneraile Court as a wildlife preserve. Improvements to the grounds followed, but the state lacked both the expertise and the funds to restore the badly deteriorating house. Rescue of the Court began in 1976 when the Irish Georgian Society obtained a one-hundred-year lease­ rent-free-on the mansion and fourteen As reported in the newsletter of the and rebuilt a large section of a surrounding acres with the intention Irish Georgian Society, "A great deal stone boundary wall. In 1984 the Kress Foundation of restoring it to its former splendor. of work has to be done, and the towns­ Founded in 1958 by The Hon. Desmond people have been most cooperative awarded a third grant towards the Guinness, the Irish Georgian Society's in providing beds, etc., for our helpers. remaining work required to open mission is to protect and preserve Special thanks are due to Mr. Tim the building to the public. The Irish outstanding examples of Irish Sheehan who provided our hungry Georgian Society completed structural Georgian architecture. volunteers with much needed suste­ repairs and replaced the windows prior nance from his garden." to handing the house back to the state in From such beginnings, the Irish 1993. Since then, the Office of Public The Project Georgian Society managed the restora­ Works has concentrated on the reorgani­ tion of Doneraile Court, raising the zation of the park lands and gardens, The Irish Georgian Society led a necessary funds from its members and which are now open to the public. prodigious campaign to raise funds to from foundations, and employing local The Irish Georgian Society's project support the restoration and refurnishing artisans and laborers. The society was was notable in raising the awareness of Doneraile Court. Colonel Gray took fortunate also to receive donations and pride of the people of Donerai Ie, an immense interest in the projecl of paintings and period furniture who are now extremely vigilant about and approached the Samuel H. Kress for the interior. the welfare of their cultural heritage. Foundation, which approved grants Restorers completed repairs on to support restoration work in the roof to stop damaging water leaks. /981 and 1982. They replaced a coved ceiling that had Efforts initially focused on recuperat­ collapsed in the court's old kitchen. ing the complicated system of guttering and repaired its round windows with atop the cut stone cornice, long over­ specially made wedge-shaped bricks. grown with ivy. that was causing interior Workers also replaced all eighty damage compounded by broken pipes windows of the structure. peeled away twelve feet from the ground that many layers of wallpaper, restored the Project Dates: 1981-82, 1984 poured water into walls and basement. iron gate, painted newly plastered walls, Project Partner: Irish Georgian Society

51 Citadelle Henry Milot, Haiti

Background and The Project Significance World Monuments Fund joined the Henry Christophe, the self-appointed World Heritage campaign organized king of Haiti, ruled the only nation by UNESCO to preserve this amazing forged from a slave rebellion. Fueled monument to both freedom and tyranny. by the revolutionary spirit of the Heavy rainfall in the mountainous Enlightenment and the French colonial­ region had eroded the Citadelle's ists' notoriously poor treatment of their galleries and cannon decks, its roofs slaves, the rebellion was ignited by had disappeared, and the building a voodoo priest named Boukman in stood defenseless against the elements. August 1791. During a frenzied cere­ WMF funds were used to buy mony, Maroon slave leaders pledged materials for the large Haitian work themselves to insurrection, and the next force that was being trained under night they burned the great plantation United Nations Development Program houses throughout the island, slaughter­ experts. Workmen carried beams ing their inhabitants and livestock. weighing a ton or more up the steep hill Out of this maelstrom and the chaos to restore roofs of the main batteries that followed it three leaders emerged and cannon decks. These galleries were -Toussaint L'Ouverture, a literate given a new pavement, and a factory former coachman who became the was set up to manufacture roofing revolution's hero and ideologist; Massive and majestic, it sprawls over tiles to serve the project. Jean-Jacques Dessalines, a crude and four acres at an elevation of nine hundred WMF also sponsored a traveling fierce warrior who led the makeshift meters, its walls thirty-five meters thick exhibition and an award-winning short slave army; and Henry Christophe, a and at some points sixty meters tall. film about the history of the Citadelle, former hotel manager who had fought It was built to garrison five thousand which traveled to schools throughout with George Washington's troops in soldiers in time of war. But despite the the United States to introduce students Savannah, Georgia. Led by these three continuous bloodshed and turmoil that to the history of this living symbol revolutionaries, the slaves fought have characterized Haiti's history, the of the first free black republic. their way to independence in 1803. war never came. Although the project's goal of Toussaint was ambushed by the French, Henry Christophe was a shrewd establishing a permanent museum in and transported to France, where he businessman who restored Haiti's econo­ the Citadelle was never realized, the died in exile; Dessalines was assassin­ my to its colonial vibrancy by enforcing conservation treatment was completed ated by his followers in 1806; Henry stringent work laws. He established before the onset of the current political Christophe survived to impose rule over schools and hospitals, rebuilt plantations chaos in Haiti. It will, no doubt, the people of Haiti, the former colony and towns. However, his determination survive to inspire the Haitian people of St. Domingue, and establish its first to prove to the world that a nation of of another generation as the symbol of government. He was crowned king of former slaves was the equal of other their quest for peace and stability. the northern sector (the south remained countries became a compulsion. The in turmoil) in 181 I. immense building projects, carried out Fearful that the French would through forced labor, were his eventual one day attempt to reclaim their former downfall. In '820 Henry Christophe colony-which sugar production had suffered a stroke that he saw as an omen made the richest in the New World­ of his end. Surrounded by rumors Henry Christophe built an elaborate of rebellion, he killed himself. His fortification system on the country's body was carried up the steep trail to the highest peaks. Controlling this Citadelle by his wife and daughters and network, the Haitians could withdraw hidden in a vat of mortar, where it Project Dates: 1985-1987 to the interior and defend themselves. remained until it was unearthed during Project Partners: Institul du Sauvegarcle The keystone of this defensive the recent restoration. It lies today in the du Patrimoine National; UNESCO; system was the Citadelle Henry. Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince. United Nations Development Program

52 TOP: WORK IN PROGRESS ABOVE: OVERALL VIEW OF THE CITADELLE HENRY OPPOSITE: AERIAL VIEW

53 CONSERVED MURAL BY DIEGO RIVERA. IN THE CHAPEL OF THE AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF CHAPINGO

54 Murals Conservation Program Mexico Ci ty, Mexico

Background and over the next three decades, and remove the murals from the ruined even spread into the United States. walls of condemned buildings. Significance Many of these great artistic programs Additional fundraising permitted WMF The turbulence and bloodshed of the were painted in churches, chapels, and to adopt specific projects: the treatment Mexican revolutionary period ended other edifices in the city center, which of the Rivera murals in the Secretariat with the presidency of Alvaro Obregon, stands in a swampy and geologically of Public Education, with four of them a revolutionary whose successful active zone that is prone to settling removed from the wall in destabilized establishment of a unified government and vulnerable to earthquakes. The areas of the building: the repair of in 1920 ushered in a period of peace Secretariat of Public Education itself is Orozco's work in the Church of JesLis and internal growth. For his minister of built above a geological fault and has Nazareno; and the conservation of education, he chose Jose Vasconcelas, suffered earthquake damage since its Rivera's great late work in the chapel who initiated educational reforms to construction. Other bui ldings housing of the Autonomous University of bring literacy to the country's culturally the murals have been plagued by spo­ Chapingo, outside Mexico City. diverse people. Seeking to bring an end radic disuse and the general economic WMF also supported studies by the to Mexico's domination by colonial and decline of the city center in recent Mexican Autonomous University of external interests, Vasconcelas set out to decades, as the commercial life of Mexico Ci(y on the condition of the convince the people of the importance Mexico City has moved away from the huge mosaic facade of the university of their pre-Hispanic traditions and historic center toward its outer rim. library, whose deterioration was the dignity of their ethnic heritage. These circumstances formed the accelerated by the earthquakes: and tilizing the European medieval and background to the devastation of the the restoration of the chapel of the Renaissance approach of teaching two earthquakes in the autumn of 1985. Colegio de las Vizcainas, a preparatory civic lessons through public art, he among the most catastrophic events in school located in one of the city's commissioned vast mural programs on Mexican history. Flimsily constructed most important colonial edificcs. themes of Mexican history, culture, recent buildings, including hospitals and These projects were complcted and folkways to embellish the public hotels, collapsed in the tremors, while in three years, but many of the great architecture then being created or refur­ historic buildings survived the quakes edifices that house Mexico City's great bished in Mexico City. So began the but su ffered damage that the belea­ cultural heritage remain in distress. Mexican murals renaissance, which guered government could not address. The preservation of the historic center engaged the country's greatest artists Several of the mural programs were of Mexico City remains among the and exploded into a vital movement destroyed and others were left in need greatest conservation challenges placing them at the vanguard of of urgent repair. Some murals were of our time. twentieth-century art. trapped inside condemned buildings. The most visible leader of this To salvage them, conservators had to renaissance was Diego Rivera, who had take the great risk of working inside returned from Europe as a modernist buildings on the verge of collapse. with a deep affinity for the frescoes of the Italian Renaissance. His first major project with Vasconcelas was the deco­ The Project ration of the the Secretariat of Public WMF established its Save the Mexican Education, a newly built neo-colonial Murals and Monuments Fund shortly building. Rivera dominated (he after the earthquakes under the leader­ program and executed more than eighty ship of Marieluise Hessel. a collector frescoes depicting the history 01' the of contemporary art who was moved Mexican Revolution and other socialist to help in the artistic recovery after the themes. This cycle was the starting disaster. Funds were raised to send Project Dates: 1985-1988 point of a massive pedagogical art massive quantities of conservation Project Partners: Instituto Nacional program that engaged such artists as materials to the poorly supplied Instituto de Bellas Artes (INBA): Universidad Jose Clemente Orozco, David Siqueiros, Nacional de Bellas Artes, including Autonomo de Mexico ( NAM): and later Juan O'Gorman and others large amounts of canvas needed to Colegio de las Vizcainas Facade of the Primatial Church of St. Trophime ArIes, France

Background and dants; and to identify the composition Significance of the black crusts and the nature and sources of pollution. The studies were Aries was designated a Roman colony vital to the development of an ongoing during the reign of Julius Caesar in conservation program at St. Trophime, 46 B.C. It grew into an impressive and would also prove useful elsewhere imperial outpost, a "little Rome" in addressing the global problem of of Gaul with forum, amphitheater, stone disease caused by air pollution. aqueduct, and other characteristic The studies found that the sculpted public works. In the fourth century stone was of high porosity and low A.D., Aries nearly became the new density. Deterioration was proceeding capital of the Roman Empire-instead rapidly. especially in parts of the lintel of Constantinople-and was chosen as frieze, which had to be fixed immedi­ the location for the first and numerous ately using Japanese paper and a stone subsequent meetings of Gaul's Council consolidant to prevent crumbling. of Bishops. From this time onwards, Fortunately, most of the facade was the city became home to an important not in such an advanced state of decay. Christian community. Over the next three years, the portal Around the year 450 Bishop was slowly and carefully cleaned of Hilarius commissioned the first building its blackened crust. Care was taken to minimize damage to the surface on the site of the present church of condition-as the most perfect example of the stone. Unexpectedly, the St. Trophime. Tt was dedicated to St. of the Proven~al Romanesque church. cleaning of the portal revealed that it Stephen, the first Christian martyr. Over the last century, however, air was composed not only of limestone In the tenth century, the structure pollution caused a dense accumulation and marble from local sources but was placed under the protection of of foreign material to build up on the included stone columns in two distinct St. Trophime, who-according to local exterior stone and the sculptures of colors: pink and black. legend-was the first bishop of Aries. the portal in the form of a tough, black Air pollution continues to threaten The massive, narrow vault of the present crust of dirt and grime entrapped in the integrity of the church, and experts church was constructed in the early salt crystals. Tn the cloister, water are researching the best method for twelfth century, as was a crypt for now threatens the vaulted galleries and providing lasting protection for the the relics of St. Trophime which were carved marble capitals. Moisture is newly vulnerable facade. Each year transferred there in 1152. The tower rising through the walls from the garden they gather to conduct tests and monitor and portal were added, and the cloister by means of capillary action, and the condition of the restored portal, begun by the end of the century. rainwater spilling from roof gutters while they advance plans to undertake For the road-weary pilgrim of the is eroding walls and columns. Middle Ages or the unlettered local work in the unconserved cloister-the next phase of the challenge to pass devotee, the ornately carved program this rare treasure on to the next of the facade offered a living pictograph generation. of religious teachings. To the left, The Project expectant souls awaited judgment; World Monuments Fund initiated an opposite, the damned burned in flames urgent restoration program in 1987 of carved stone. Overhead, command­ involving the participation of an inter­ ing all, Christ in Glory gazed down. national team of conservation experts. Although much of the great religious During the first year, the cornices heritage of medieval France was were repaired and a copper facing was destroyed or disfigured by the wars installed to protect the facade from rain. of religion and revolution that swept Studies were conducted to determine Project Dates: 1987-1995 over the country in the sixteenth and the composition, density, and resistance Project Partners: City of Aries; eighteenth centuries, St. Trophime of the stone; to compare the efficacy Inspection Generale des Monuments was spared to survive-in excellent of various cleaning agents and consoli- Historiques

56 TOP: DETAIL OF TIlE TYMPANUM DURING RESTORATION BOTTOM: THE PORTAL BEFORE TREATMENT OPPOSITE: RESTORED FACADE AND PORTAL

::'7 TOP: FIGURE OF A KING WITH OPEN BOOK ON THE NORTH SIDE OF THE SECOND ARCHIVOLT. BEFORE (LEFT) AND AFTER RECOVERY AND CONSERVATION OF ORIGINAL MEDIEVAL POLYCHROMY ABOVE: THE PORTADA DE LA MAJESTAD BEFORE (LEFT) AND AFTER RESTORATION

58 Portada de la Majestad, Collegiate Church of Santa Maria la Major Toro, Spain

Background and completeness from this period have Subsequent campaigns followed in survived anywhere in Europe. The 1506.1547.1566, and 1772. The 1547 Significancc extent and freshness of the Portada endeavor involved a complete repainting The Collegiate Church of Santa Marfa de la Majestad's polychromy provide of the entire portal, compromising the la Major is situated on a cliff at the a rare and breathtaking glimpse of original aesthetic and hiding many edge of the fortified city of Toro in the full beauty of a Gothic portal, and sculptural details. the province of Zamora in north central make it especially valuable to scholars, Discussions among the project's Castile. To the north it overlooks historians, conservators, and art lovers directors, conservators, students, and the narrow, jagged streets of the city, all over the world. specialists established general criteria and to the south, a steep drop to the for restoration. The original medieval winding Duero River and the fertile polychromy, found to be in excellent plains beyond. Thc Project condition over eighty percent of the Construction of the church began sculpted surface. was to be uncovered in the middle of the 1I00s and continued 1n 1941. the roof of the chapel and preserved. Where this original for a century. The culmination of its enclosing the Portada de la Majestad layer was damaged or destroyed. con­ artistic achievement is the grand collapsed, and the portal was left servators would preserve the 1408 western portal. known as the Porrada exposed to the elements for almost repainting. as it was very near to the de la Majestad. completed no later fifty years. The sculpture and the original in color, style, and technique. than 1240. polychromy began to suffer serious Three seasons of work between /987 The portal celebrates the glory of deterioration from environmental and 1990 succeeded in treating 60 the Virgin and includes more than /25 and biological attack. percent of the sculpture. In 199/. work individual figures in its iconographic The conservation program begun was suspended during construction of repertoire. Carved by anonymous in 1987 was conceived to consolidate a permanent new roof over the chapel craftsmen. it is a masterpiece that and protect the portal from further where the sculpture is located. WMF demonstrates the local and international damage. while encouraging internation­ Espana then adopted the final phase of influences active in the birth of Gothic al technical cooperation. This included conservation work as its first project. art in Spain. The lower portion of the an exchange program between Spain The program at Toro has been a portal follows a mature Romanesque and the United States that involved model of collaboration between experts design. Above, the composition reflects young conservators from both countries, and conservation trainees from Spain the influence of Gothic prototypes from under the auspices of the U.S.-Spanish and other countries: between the various Notre Dame in Paris. imported perhaps Joint Committee for Educational and disciplines working in concert-sculp­ via sculptural workshops active at Cultural Cooperation. ture conservation. pigment analysis. Burgos during this period. With the discovery of the extent documentation methodology. and An accident of history has made and quality of the surviving medieval others: and between well-equipped this masterpiece extremely precious. polychromy on the portal, the project laboratories and a working field site. Shortly after its completion in the was expanded to include extensive his­ This collaborative effort has generated mid-thirteenth century, a new chapel was torical research, analysis of techniques remarkable cross-fertilization and constructed to the west, encompassing and materials used for the various layers improved understanding of the history. the western portal and thereby protecting of polychromy. and a comprehensive aesthetics. and technology of early it from the elements. ot only did conservation assessment of the Gothic art in Europe. the sculpture of the portal survive portal itself. magnificently; the original. brilliant Documents revealed that the poly­ medieval polychromy that adorned the chromy had been applied on the portal stone surfaces of the portal-a fragile in many distinct layers. The original skin of pigment-also survived almost layer, completed by 1240, was contem­ wholly intact. porary with the sculpture and integral Such polychromy is known to to the original conception of the Project Dates: 1987-1995 have been common on Rornanesque monument. A partial repainting of Project Partners: Fundaci6n Gonzales and Gothic sculpture. but practically damaged original polychromy in 1408 Allende: Junta de Castilla-Leon: no examples of such magnitude and followed the first color program closely. WMF Espana

59 Chateau de Commarque Les Eyzies (Perigord), France

Background and Significance Com marque was an early medieval stronghold controlled by the more powerful feudal families of Perigord. Before 1240 power and authority were only vaguely established in the region. What is known of the history of the chateau is that it began as a group of knights' houses. As the settlement expanded. each family defended a spe­ ci fic sector of the enclosure. The most intense building took place during the fifteenth century. What is known of the chateau's relatively short but dramatic history is that it was associated with the Commarque and Beynac families; with chateau was listed as a national monu­ drawbridge. The original dungeon has their conversion to Protestantism, the ment in 1943. These designations pro­ been restored as well. chateau was drawn into the Wars of vided recognition and protection to the Of particular concern is the fragility Religion and was captured and damaged site. In 1972, Hubert de Commarque of the site in relation to vandalism and during a Catholic siege in 1569. a direct descendant of the founders of to approximately 30,000 unsupervised Although recaptured in 1592, it was the chateau and a native of Perigord visitors who explore it annually. A abandoned shortly thereafter. The specializing in rural planning and road gate restricti ng access to speci fied ruins have survived unspoiled by later development, purchased the ruin. His hours, a self-guided tour with descrip­ development, and today they stand as a vision was to restore the chateau and tive signs and pictorial displays, and rare surviving example of a medieval to make the entire site a center for well-marked and delineated paths are forti fied castrum. historical and archaeological research, among the measures to be undertaken Commarque is situated in the Beune teaching, and public education. with WMF support. Present plans call River valley within unspoiled forest. for a comprehensive stabilization and The surrounding region, formed by the protection strategy that will preserve the Dordogne and Vezere rivers, is called The Project site as a ruin, making its history as visi­ the "cradle of civilization" because of ble as possible. WMF's participation in its numerous caves decorated with pre­ Hubert de Commarque worked for a the program has enhanced knowledge of historic art. The area has been placed decade to become familiar with the site, the history of the site, the architectural on the World Heritage List for its rich in 1983 establishing the Association complex, and the development of both and extensive remains of prehistoric Culturelle de Com marque. Officially over time. Preliminary scientific studies culture. The Com marque site was recognized as a nonprofit organization completed by a WMF-sponsored inter­ inhabited from earliest times through in \984, the Association, based in national team in 1995 generated a plan the Middle Ages. Beneath the chateau nearby Sireuil, has created a strong for conservation action and site presen­ are the foundations of a protohistoric academic base, with multiple research tation-to conserve the ruin without settlement and a Carolingian chapel. contracts and formal collaborative disturbing its authenticity and to This entire complex, in turn, is built agreements with the University of improve the "legibility" of the site upon the prehistoric Grotte de Bordeaux and the Musee National de while avoiding intervention that would Commarque, a series of caves decorated la Prehistoire in Les Eyzies. In 1994, disturb its evocative visual qualities. with prehistoric art. Thus, this one the Com marque site was transferred to unique location provides evidence of a family trust in order to guarantee its 80,000 years of human habitation and permanent public access and clear the its evolving relationship to technology way for conservation funding. To date, Project Dates: 1988-1992, 1994-1995 and the natural environment. restoration work has focused on consol­ Project Partner: Association CullUrelle The Grotte de Com marque was listed idating masonry, protecting walls, de Commarque; Inspection Generale des as a historic monument in 1924, and the removing vegetation, and replacing the Monuments Historiques

60 TOP: INTERIOR OF THE PREHISTORIC GROTTE DE COMMARQUE ABOVE: AERIAL VIEW OF THE COMMARQUE SITE. WITH CHATEAU AT UPPER RIGHT OPPOSITE: THE THIRTEENTH-CENTURY KEEP AS SEEN FROM THE ROOFLESS STRUCTURE OF THE CORPS DE LOGIS

61 TOP: INTERIOR VIEW TOWARD SOUTH ELEVATION AFTER RESTORATION OF STAINED-GLASS WINDOWS AT THE CLERESTORY LEVEL ABOVE LEFT: FRENCH MASONS WORKING ON STONE CONSERVATION ABOVE RIGHT: RESTORATION OF WOOD TRACERY IN PREPARATION FOR RETURNING STAINED GLASS TO ITS FRAME

62 Church of St. Ann and the Holy Trinity Brooklyn, New York

Background and joined the effort to save the church. In the summers of 1990 through Significance The Landmarks Conservancy initiated 1993 WMF organized annual campaigns a pilot project to preserve three bays of to conserve other elements of the The Church of the Holy Trinity was wood, glass, and stone and sponsored a building fabric. A French-American built in 1844 by Edgar Bartow, a rich multiple-use plan for the church, which exchange program permilled appren­ Brooklyn merchant eager to grace the called for its combined use as a place tices from France to join American city of Brooklyn with a work of reli­ of worship, a performance facility, and trainees in the conservation of the gious architecture to rival the churches a museum of stained glass. It raised south-facade masonry and woodwork. across the East River in Manha((an. It funds to remove the window located in In 1993, a program was set up at was dcsigned by Minard Lafever in the the organ loft, which was blocked from St. Ann and the Holy Trinity through Gothic Revival style with flamboyant general view, and place it on permanent the New York City Department English tracery. William Jay Bolton, loan at the Metropolitan Museum of of Employment's Summer Youth a young Anglo-American craftsman, Art. In 1983, as a final step in its part­ Employment Program to restore was commissioned to execute for the nership, the Landmarks Conservancy the nineteenth-century cast-iron fence. church the first figurative stained-glass helped to establish the St. Ann Center Youth-program trainees also workcd windows ever produced in the nited for Restoration and the Arts to with the masonry-. wood-. and States. Featuring scenes from the administer this multiple-use program. glass-conservation teams. Old and ew Testaments and the The St. Ann Center took up In conjunction with the 1993 Transfiguration of Christ. Bolton's 64 residency in the church and began summer training program, WMF brilliant windows are masterpieces of raising funds to restore it. But it. too, convened a three-day seminar to focus American stained glass. found the job daunting. WMF joined on architectural craft training and its For a century, the church prospered. the program in 1986 and, with the potential economic impact on the city From 1900 to 1950 the rector, the SI. Ann Center, conceived a program of ew York. The symposium gencrat­ Reverend John Howard Me/ish, built a to preserve the church through in-house ed further cross-disciplinary studies successful urban ministry that respond­ conservation training programs in intended to encourage a consortium edto both the social and spiritual needs stained glass, masonry, wood, of institutions to work together to of the changing Brooklyn landscape. and ironwork. advance specialized crafts training in In the 1950s, however, a dispute the restoration arts. The St. Ann Ccnter arose over who would succeed the stained-glass studio continues its work aging Melish. Part of the congregation on the chancel windows. in the hopc supported the ministry of Melish's of fulfilling its goal of preserving thc controversial son, William Howard, The Project great edifice while also accomplishing a liberal who was also the chairman a social mission appropriate to thc of the ational Council for Soviet­ The first step in the conservation church-of training young people for American Friendship; part of the con­ training program was to establish a productive and satisfying future jobs. gregation did not. A struggle ensued stained-glass conservation studio in which, during the anti-Communist hey­ the rectory building of the church. The day of the McCarthy era. culminated in stained-glass studio began operation in the closing of the church in 1959 by the 1987 under the direction of the master bishop of Long Island. in whose diocese craftsman Melville Greenland, who was the church falls. During the decade that later joined by a second master restorer. followed, the neglected building fell David Fraser. Assisted by three appren­ into a perilous state of deterioration. tices, the studio team completed the The St. Ann's School in Brooklyn conservation of all the south-elevation took the Church of the Holy Trinity windows by 1992 and began work on under its care in the early 1970s, and the massive chancel window depicting the church adopted both names. But the Transfiguration. The windows the school was soon discouraged by of the north elevation were stabilized the challenge it confronted in putting to prevent further deterioration Project Datcs: 1988-1995 the church in good order. In 1979 the during the ten-year duration of the Project Partners: Thc St. Ann Center for New York Landmarks Conservancy conservation work. Restoration and the Arts. Inc.

63 Giandomenico Tiepolo Murals, Church of San Giovanni Battista Meolo, Italy

Background and nied by monochrome figures of The Project Significance the cardinal and theological virtues. While the decorative scheme echoes One of the objectives of the recent Nothing is known about the commission Giambattista Tiepolo's program for the restoration was to verify the stability that brought Giambattista Tiepolo's church of San Francesco della Vigna of this earlier restoration. The frescoes son and most important collaborator, in Venice, Giandomenico's treatment were found to be in relatively good Giandomenico, to the small town of of the Evangelists in Meolo evinces condition in spite of surface damage Meolo near the margins of the Venetian his profound graphic originality, and resulting primarily from old leaks in lagoon to decorate the vault of the his distinct and increasingly mature the roof. Corrosive mineral deposits church of San Giovanni Battista. sensibility is revealed by the striking were removed, and the entire surface Furthermore, his work there has characterization and delicate overall was cleaned and-wherever neces­ received scant critical attention and coloring of the central tondo. sary-consolidated, as was the support, remains neglected by even scrupulous [n 1917, a bomb destroyed a thus preventing the imminent loss of tourists to the Veneto. Nonetheless his portion of the vault fresco. Luckily, additional areas of the pictorial surface. signature and the date on the book held none of the figures in the tondo was To aid in the viewing of the works by St. Matthew verify the fact that damaged, and the Evangelists, as in situ, a new lighting system was Giandomenico painted these frescoes well as three of the four allegories installed. in 1758, one year after his brilliant surrounding them, suffered relatively and highly praised contribution to the minor losses. A restoration undertaken decoration of the guest house of the immediately after the bombing saved Villa Valmarana ai Nani in Vicenza. the frescoes from further deterioration. The central subject of the Meolo Each element was removed intact ceiling is the Baptism afChrist, and transported via canal (for fear of Project dates: 1989-1990 foreshortened so that the event possible bombardment of the railway) Project Partner: Associazione Comitato occurs directly above the viewer. to laboratories in Venice for restoration. Italiano World Monuments Fund; Monochrome Evangelists observe the The frescoes were returned to the Ministero per i Beni Culturali scene from the pendentives, accompa- church in 1921. e Ambientali

64 ABOVE: f'RESCO DETAIL DURI G CONSERVATIO TREATMENT OPPOSITE: VIEW OF TIEPOLO FRESCO CYCLE INSIDE THE CH RCH VA LT

65 TOP LEFT: EXTERIOR DOME OF THE HOTEL DES INVALIDES AFTER REGILDING TOP RIGHT: CONSERVATION TREATME T OF JOUVENET FRESCO ABOVE: FRESCOES OF DOME INTERIOR AFTER RESTORATION

66 r------(~.~

A Dome of the Hotel des Invalides Paris, France

Background and to a hospital specializing in physical WMF France took the lead in the Significance rehabilitation, the Musee de I' Armee, restoration of the interior paintings a government ministry, military parade as its inaugural project. Analysis of the King Louis XIV commissioned the grounds, and tombs of illustrious gener­ paintings revealed that their deterioration Hotel des Invalides in 1676 as a hospital als, as well as the church of St. Louis. was signi ficant and advanced. The and retreat quarters for infirm soldiers From the time of its construction, works of Charles de la Fosse were who had served their king faithfully the dome was a flawed structure. As extensively overpainted. and all pictorial in war. The domed section was to be changes of temperature provoked the layers were flaking and separating from a royal chapel, reserved for the king's expansion and contraction of its lead the underlying gesso. The paintings on worship. Adjacent to it was a soldier's ornaments, holes were ripped in the the drum of the dome, by Jean Jouvenet, church, St. Louis. Convention forbade leading of the roof. Water infiltration were also extensively repainted and the king from worshiping with harmed the paintings on the interior. exhibited delamination and flaking, with commoners, or even from entering High winds and the poor capability their visible surfaces largely the handi­ by the same portal. Thus the royal of lead to support gilding caused the work of a nineteenth-century restorer. chapel was connected to the church gilding of the splendid lantern and Conservators had to develop an of St. Louis, but rendered separate ornaments to flake away. overall philosophy to guide their work. and discrete by a glass wall. The exterior of the dome was A purist approach, at one extreme, The Invalides is the masterpiece regilded whenever an important state would have required returning the of architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart, occasion permitted this extravagant paintings to their full integrity, which, grand-nephew of Franc;:ois Mansart, the luxury-in 1715, the year of Louis because of damage to original layers, illustrious architect and court favorite XIV's death; in 1807, under Napoleon; may not have been possible. At the of the period. Hardouin-Mansart based in 1869, when Napoleon himself was other extreme, the most interventionist his design of the Invalides on unexec­ laid in state there; and in 1937, for proposal called for fully and freely uted plans his grand-uncle had prepared the Paris World's Fair. repainting Jouvenet's apostles on the for the Chapelle des Bourbons at SI. The interior showed much evidence drum of the dome, where the originals Denis. Dedicated in 1691, the struc­ of deterioration. The paintings were had virtually disappeared. Because ture's interior decoration, including badly damaged from leaks through the the monument itsel I' has undergone the paintings on the cupola executed by cupola roof and were restored heavily extensive changes of considerable Charles de la Fosse and Jean Jouvenet, in the nineteenth century. By 1988, the importance, disparate stylistic continued into the first decade of year of the formation of WMF France, elements have coexisted there for the next century. the paintings of the Invalides were more than one hundred years. Although Louis XIV had intended considered by the French government A conservation plan was adopted to be buried in the Invalides, this wish to be among the most important that respected these elements and was not carried out. His tomb was endangered works in Paris. sought to maintain the harmony of placed with his ancestors' in SI. Denis, the whole. The paintings on the dome where it was desecrated during the were cleaned and consolidated, relief French Revolution. The lnvalides surfaces and gilt frames were cleaned instead became the shrine and last The Project and repaired, and a new lighting system resting place of Napoleon, whose was installed to illuminate the rotunda. remains were brought to Paris by his The restoration of the dome of the Hotel Finally, with support from the Samuel H. nephew Napoleon If/. The placement des lnvalides was an event of symbolic Kress Foundation. WMF sponsored the of Napoleon's tomb beneath the rotunda national importance. Mme Franc;:ois publication in France of a book on the in 1869 was the occasion for a major Mitterand served as honorary chairper­ entire restoration project, The Dome of remodeling, which imposed a cool son of the Invalides campaign, and the the II1\ Jolides, by Franc;:ois Poche and classicism upon the baroque church regilding of the exterior by the French Jean-Claude Rochette. interior. Nevertheless, the editice government was timed to coincide remains the most important classical with bicentenary celebrations in July monument of Paris and the dome is, 1989. More than twelve kilograms of Project Dales: 1989-1994 today, a primary landmark of the Paris twenty-three karat gold were applied Project Partners: WMF France; skyline. A vital and multifaceted to the dome in 550,000 separate Inspection Generale des Monuments institution, the Invalides is home paper-thi n sheets. Historiques

67 Cima da Conegliano's Baptism of Christ, Church of San Giovanni in Bragora Venice, Italy

Background and work not only for the artist but for devoted to rescuing the artistic heritage of Significance Venetian Renaissance painting. the city. Nevertheless, many high-quality The earliest surviving large-scale works had not received any attention for Founded in the seventh century, the representation of the subject, the picture many years. Cima's painting, one of a parish of San Giovanni in Bragora established Cima's reputation­ number of masterworks that the small is one of the oldest in Venice and has particularly in regard to the naturalistic parish sought to conserve, was a continuously played an important role portrayal of landscape-and strongly prominent example. in the city's religious, social, and artis­ influenced his contemporaries The restoration of the Baptism of Christ tic life. The existing church, which is and successors. involved careful removal of accumulated typical of the Venetian late Gothic style, Though a humble parish church, layers of overpainting dating from the dates from a building campaign begun the Bragora has been blessed with sixteenth century. As recently as thirty in 1475 and completed within fifteen distinctions. It is the place of baptism years ago, the painting received a coat years. Pope Paul II, who was born and of Antonio Vivaldi (1678), as well of varnish, which darkened its surface baptized in the parish as Pietro Barbo, as the repository of such holy relics considerably. Underneath these layers, granted indulgences to the church, thus as the entire body of St. John the the picture proved to be in extremely good giving a special incentive for donations Almsgiver, a fragment of the True condition and its extraordinary original to support the building. Cross, and a finger of St. John the beauty was recovered. Similarly, the Giambattista Cima da Conegliano's Baptist. Its rich artistic program attests stone-and-marble frame and stucco of painting of the Baptism of Christ is the to centuries of solicitous devotion. the presbytery vault responded to conser­ treasure of the church. It hangs beyond vation, revealing the outstanding qualities the altar in the east end presbytery, of these fine but overlooked decorative surrounded by a stunning marble works of Renaissance Venice. frame-the sole remains of an elegant The Project choir screen carved by Sebastiano By I988-when WMF agreed to spon­ Mariani of Lugano. Completing the sor, with Save Venice, the conservation present arrangement is a stuccoed of the presbytery of San Giovanni in vault of the late sixteenth century Bragora and its masterpiece by Cima­ attributed to Alessandro Vittoria. the major emergencies created by the Project Dates: 1989-1990 Executed between 1492 and 1494, Venice flood had been addressed. Project Partners: Save Venice, Inc.; Cima's Baptism of Christ is a pivotal More than twenty years' work had been Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali

68 ABOVE: DETAILS OF CIMA DA CONEGLlANO'S ALTARPIECE DURING RESTORATION OPPOSITE: BAPTISM OF CHRIST AND ORIGINAL MARBLE FRAME

69 l

TOP RIGHT: A LOCAL WORK-FORCE MEMBER POSING BEFORE A GARUDA. ONE OF SEVENTY-TWO MONUMENTAL SCULPTURES OF THE MYTHICAL GUARDIANS ALONG THE PREAH KHAN ENCLOSURE WALL TOP LEFT: CLEARANCE OF VEGETATION AT THE EAST GOPURA (PROCESSIONAL GATEWAY) ABOVE: THE PAVILION OF THE SACRED SWORD AT PREAH KHAN. THE ONLY TWO-STORY STRUCTURE AT ANGKOR

70 Temple of Preah Khan Historic City of Angkor, Cambodia

Background and Buddhist, Saivist, Vaisnavist, and ances­ Endem'oLir to investigate Angkor's Significance tor worship-reveals Jayavarman VII's hydrological system and related urban toleration for different faiths. There is development. and for archaeological Amidst the lush jungle in northwest evidence that the temple also served as research. On October 4, 1994, at Cambodia near the great lake called a place of learning. A stele, erected in WMF's request, NASA's Jet Propulsion the Tonie Sap lies Angkor, the ruins one of the central shrines, relates that Laboratory collected data on archaeo­ of a great city that flourished between thousands of Buddhist monks coexisted logical and ecological sites at Angkor the ninth and fifteenth centuries. there with practitioners of Hinduism. to assist in the documentation and Renowned in its day as a religious analysis of the ancient capital. In center and capital of the Khmer empire, The Project February 1995, WMF and the Royal Angkor is no less famous today, hailed Angkor Foundation organized a round by Cambodians and foreigners alike as WMF has worked since 1991 to table held at Princeton University to one of the "wonders of the world." preserve Preah Khan as a partial ruin, establish a detailed program for ana­ Since the nineteenth century, scholars which can be enjoyed by visitors while lyzing this data. The meeting offered have attempted to understand the rise it continues to playa meaningful role a rare opportunity for specialists in and fall of the Khmer civilization at within the local community as a center archaeological and ecological fieldwork Angkor. Except for temples and civic for spiritual sustenance and a source of to join forces with scientists in space­ works, such as the embankments of forest products. Through this process, based radar-imaging research to learn the towns, baray.l' (reservoirs), canals, conservation practices are being estab­ how state-of-the-art technology might bridges, and defensive walls, no visible lished that can be applied to ancient aid in the pursuit of the knowledge buildings remain from the Angkor sites throughout Cambodia that have of man's past. period. The greatest temples of the similar characteristics. Major objec­ The data provided by the space-shut­ historic city were built by Khmer kings tives of the program are to train a new tle images has permitted a reinterpreta­ to commemorate battles, ancestors, generation of Cambodian students tion of the use of important environmen­ or important events. Angkor Wat, of archaeology and architecture- tal structures at Angkor, particularly the the masterpiece of the Khmer king who work on-site under international bcmn's, by landscape architects working Suryavarman, was built in 1120. Later experts-and provide jobs for local under the auspices of the French gov­ in the same century. the prolific builder­ artisans. WMF's international team ernment. A subsequent radar-imaging king Jayavarman VII constructed the works in the field for three months symposium took place in spring 1996 mysterious Bayon temple and other every year, accompanied by seven at the University of Florida. complexes, including Preah Khan, Cambodian students and approximately A final step in the WMF Angkor pro­ Banteay Kdei, Ta Prohm, and the one hundred local workers. During this gram is the support of advanced studies walls enclosing Angkor Thom. period, the team directs specific conser­ for the Cambodian student trainees. In WMF sent its first expedition to vation exercises, such as surveying the December 1995, Sareth Lek, a student Angkor in December 1989. The team buildings, reinforcing areas that might architect from Phnom Penh. traveled surveyed the temples at Angkor and otherwise collapse, clearing vegetation to the Frank Lloyd Wright School of chose the site of Preah Khan for the and debris, cleaning stone surfaces, and Architecture in Scottsdale, Arizona. establishment of a long-term conserva­ restoring parts of the temple complex for a year of advanced training in archi­ tion program as a collaborative effort that require treatment. During the tecture. As he and other Cambodian with the people of Cambodia. Preah remainder of the year, the Cambodian students complete supplementary Khan, or "Sacred Sword," was built team continues maintenance work, and studies abroad. they will be ready to by Jayavarman VII and dedicated in the project's trainees take an increasing lead the efforts to preserve this most I 191 as the "City of Royal Victory." role in managing day-to-day routines. precious example of the world's Jayavarman VII may have built the Because Preah Khan is part of the common heritage. temple city on the site of a momentous larger Angkor historical city, WMF victory over the Chams, a rival dynasty supports cooperative activities with from present-day Vietnam. Dedicated other groups working at Angkor sites. to the king's father, Preah Khan is WMF and the Budapest-based Royal Project Dates: I989-the present unique among Khmer monuments. Its Angkor Foundation have begun a Project Partners: APSARA; Royal approach to religious practice-with collaboration to interpret radar-imaging Cambodian Government: International individual chapels constructed for data generated by the U.S. space shuttle Coordinating Committee for Angkor

1..- 71 ---' Mudejar Cloister, Royal Monastery of Guadalupe Guadalupe, Spain Background and for royalty. Queen Isabel the Catholic analytical chemists, and conservators spent long periods there. It was from contributed to a careful analysis of Significance Guadalupe that she granted Christopher different aspects of the stone and In the forested valley of the Guadalupe Columbus the commission for his stucco conservation problems in River, in the Marianica mountains in historic voyage in 1492, and it was the mudejar cloister. southwestern Spain, a miracle occurred there that Columbus returned after The temp/ete had lost its ability to in the fourteenth century that was to his second voyage to pay homage shed water, and its structural integrity be commemorated around the world to both his patrons, the queen and was further threatened by poor drainage for centuries to come. A shepherd in the Virgin Mary. at its base. Nearly all of the stucco the hills with his cattle found a calf that Over six centuries, the monastery finishes and most of the decorative had died. Deciding to skin the animal, grew into a rich complex of eccles­ architectural tiles were gone, and each he cut a cross in its breast, whereupon iastical buildings, hospices, courtyards, rainfall added to overall deterioration. the calf sprang to life. Simultaneously towers, and defensive walls. The While conservators worked with the Virgin appeared and instructed richly decorated seventeenth-century craftsmen in Spain to make and install the shepherd to summon the priests of sacristy, embellished with a cycle of new tiles, others worked to stabilize Oiceres-125 kilometers away-to dig Francisco de Zurbanln's finest canvases, the remaining stucco and polychromy in the ground where she stood. When at is one of the great surviving baroque that once embellished the structure. last the priests were persuaded to follow interiors of Europe. The garden surrounding the the Virgin's command, they discovered Abandoned by the Hieronymite temp/ere-known as the Cloister of the a perfectly preserved image of the monks in the early nineteenth century Oranges-was also restored. Utilizing Virgin, supposedly carved by St. Luke. as a result of Napoleonic suppression geometric proportions and moti fs from The faithful quickly constructed a of monastic orders, Guadalupe suffered the surrounding architecture, the design hermitage to commemorate the serious deterioration. Franciscan monks recreates the spirit of the original shepherd's miraculous discovery eventually reoccupied Guadalupe in Spanish-Moorish garden. Plantings and to shel ter the statue. 1906. The site still attracts pilgrims included evergreen shrubs, medicinal King Alfonso XI contributed to from around the world, and its pristine herbs, and orange trees. According to the construction of a church to replace natural setting remains unspoiled. Islamic tradition, the blossoms of the the hermitage, and after his victory orange tree exert a healing influence; at the Battle of Salado in 1340, he and in Christian tradition, they renewed his generosity and placed symbolize the purity of the Virgin. Guadalupe under royal patronage. The Project Monitoring of structural movement Over the centuries the site grew into a Because of its abandonment for nearly in the sacristy was also carried out. fortified monastic complex and became a century, the entire monastic complex This led the Spanish government one of the most important Christian was in need of restoration. In anticipa­ to conserve the mural decorations pilgrimage sites in Spain. The cult of tion of the 1992 quincentenary of the within the sacristy. Restoration of the the Virgin of Guadalupe also spread discovery of America, the Franciscans monastery of Guadalupe continues, throughout the Americas. and the local government identified in part as a resul t of the posi ti ve Guadalupe was a particularly the mudejar cloister and the sacristy as influence of this first major important locus of Spanish faith during restoration priorities. Teams of experts demonstration project. The WMF the reconquest of the peninsula from began work on various studies to deter­ conservation treatment of the Mudejar the Moors. During this period, militant mine optimal restoration procedures. Cloister of Guadalupe received the monastic Christianity encountered and A microbiologist advised on the best Europa Nostra prize in 1996. absorbed the influences of the Islamic way to remove lichens and mosses world in southwestern Spain. The that had accumulated on the marble cloister and the temp/ete, or fountain and stucco of the base of the temp/ete. house, of Guadalupe are stunning Scholars and craftsmen teamed up examples of the synthesis of these to replace the stucco and replicate the Project Dates: 1990-1992 two cultures into the mudejar style­ original colors and finishes adorning the Project Partners: ]nstituto Central later carried by Spain's envoys into temp/ete. Other experts studied struc­ de Conservaci6n y Restauraci6n the New World. tural cracks and micro-environmental de Obras de Arte, Madrid; By the end of the fifteenth century, conditions; archaeologists excavated Real Monasterio Santa Maria de Guadalupe had become a fit residence the cloister garden; mineralogists, Guadalupe

72 TOP: MASO 's APPLYING BASE STUCCO DURING CO SERVATION OFTHE 7EMPl.ETE ABOVE: VIEW AFTER RESTORATION OF THE TEMPLETE J THE MUDI~JAR CLOISTER

73 TOP LEFT: DETAIL OF APSE TOP RIGHT: EMERGENCY STRUCTURAL SHORING ERECTED BY WMF TEAM ABOVE: OVERALL VIEW OF THE EREROUK BASILICA

74 ..------L~~:J'---

Basilica of Ererouk Armenia

Background and necessities-including candles, soap, of the east end, the front of the west Significance and medicine-were nonexistent. end, and at the northwest towcr of the When he expressed his shock to a basilica. The system was designed Armenia was one of the first Eastern stonemason with whom he was work­ to prevent the braced portions from outposts of Christianity, its Orthodox ing, the response was, "We suffer, but moving away from the interior core church having been established in the it is our religious monuments that stay of the building. third century A.D. For their persistent with us forever. Our monuments hold The winters of 1993 and 1994 brought faith the Christians of Armenia have us together." During his visit Crosby further troubles to Armenia. The fighting endured centuries of persecution, learned that lack of funds and materials, which erupted in a contested enclave boycott. and outright massacre from as well as escalating costs, have serious­ of neighboring Azerbaijan, home to a their neighbors. While Armenians are ly undermined the work of Armenia's significant Armenian minority popula­ now dispersed throughout the world, Commission for the Protection and Use tion, brought the tentative thaw in their homeland survives as a tiny, of Historical and Cultural Monuments. relations with Turkey to an abrupt halt. newly independent republic abutting Repairs have ceased on 190 of the 200 With instability in Georgia, Armenia Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Iran. listed monuments in the country. was effectively barricaded by its other It contains some of the world's most Crosby's visit identified a number neighbors and virtually isolated. Oil interesting Christian architecture, built of ways in which expertise, material pipelines were cut off, and the country during the fifth to eleventh centuries support, and funds might be channeled was on the verge of starvation. and heralding the fortified medieval to help to conserve this heritage. While further work was stalled, architecture of Europe, at a time when Meetings with the Armenian community the year 1995 brought greater stability. European Christianity survived mainly in New York ensued, and three projects Support from the Getty Grant Program in monasteries. were chosen as priorities for assistance. and the Samuel H. Kress Foundation Isolated from the West for decades The most urgent was the ancient site permitted another field mission in the fall of this century as part of the former of Ererouk, dominated by the ruin of of 1995 by Gevorkian and conservators Soviet Union, its religion suppressed its fifth-century basilica. Gaiane Casnati and Gionata Rizzi. and its churches abandoned, Armenia During this mission the stabilization is now struggling to reestablish work begun in 1993 was supplemented, an economic footing. The Project and plans were begun for long-term In December 1988 Armenia suffered intervention. Members of the Armenian a major earthquake and sent out an In October 1992, Crosby led a team community in Italy, which has long international appeal for assistance that of experts on a return visit to Armenia supported architectural conservation was renewed on the opening of direct to participate in discussions with the in the homeland, also participated. negotiations with the West in 1991. commission and to visit the three sites. The urgent goal of WMF's mission in A special request was made for It was agreed that any joint project Armenia, repair of Ererouk to prevent assistance with historic architecture should be an opportunity for training its collapse, is on its way to being damaged by the tremor. This appeal in planning, design, and management accomplished. was endorsed by the United States of conservation work. The Armenian ambassador in Moscow and passed authorities reiterated their concern on to the United States Information about the struclUral instability of the Agency, which approached WMF for Ererouk basilica. WMF agreed to help. help in mounting an expert mission Two months later, team member Vitali to Armenia to assess the earthquake Gevorkian, an Armenian architect damage to its monuments. living in Washington, D.C., returned to In July 1991, USIA and WMF sent Armenia to erect protective buttressing Projecl Dates: 199 I-the prcscnt Anthony Crosby, historical architect to prevent collapse of the basilica walls Projecl Partners: Armenian Commission with the Denver office of the U.S. before conservation treatment could be for the Protection and Use of Historical National Park Service, to Armenia. He undertaken. As winter snow began to and Cultural Monuments; Unitcd Statcs was appalled by the limited resources fall, steel structural shoring was placed Information Agcncy; U.S. National in the country, where even the simplest at critical locations along the perimeter Park Service

75 Tempel Synagogue Cracow, Poland

Background and Philharmonic Orchestra. At the second Significance concert, before an audience that includ­ ed the mayor and other dignitaries, The Tempel is the only nineteenth­ WMF announced the adoption of the century synagogue in Poland to have Tempel restoration and named the first survived the Holocaust intact. It was sponsor, the Getty Grant Program. built between 1860 and 1862 by the In 1993, the newly privatized Polish Association of Progressive Jews of Conservation Workshops (PKZ) con­ Poland, a group with strong ties to the ducted a planning study sponsored by Polish culture of the day. In 1893-94 WMF, researching the history and archi­ the building was substantially enlarged tecture of the Tempel and analyzing its with the addition of a monumental structure, decoration, and condition. facade and other elements, giving it Their findings provided the basis for the appearance that we see today. discussions and consultations among Evincing the cultural cross-fertilization conservators, government officials, of nineteenth-century Poland, the Cracow's Jewish community, and Tempel reflects the strong influence outside consultants, and led to the of contemporary synagogue architecture drafting of a work plan. in Germany. The building incorporates The first phase of work-repair and elements of Romanesque and restoration of the roof and replacement Gothic Revival styles, as well as neo­ of the exterior water-handling system­ Renaissance details. The inclusion began in 1994. WMF was gratified that of a large Decalogue (tablet of the Ten now the focus of a renovation program. a municipal consortium, the Spleczny Commandments) in the center of the Restoration of the structure and its Komitet Odnowy Zabytk6w Krak6w, facade clearly identifies the building expanded use for cultural events will offered to support restoration of the as a synagogue. enhance the revitalization of Kazimierz. facade and the remaining elements The free-standing building was The synagogue belongs to the Cracow of the exterior, as well as to provide originally a square hall. Two stairways Jewish community, today numbering services in kind such as new plumbing. off the vestibule lead to the women's fewer than two hundred people. They Essential structural repairs were gallery, supported by columns of iron lack the resources to restore the struc­ completed by the summer of 1995. and wood. Elaborate polychrome ture, and government funds have not Funds are now being sought by designs decorate the walls and ceiling; been made available for this purpose. the Jewish Heritage Program of WMF and forty-eight stained-glass windows, for the sustained work that will be bearing donors' names, depict religious necessary to restore the interior. A goal motifs. At the east end, steps lead has been set for the summer of 1997, to a reader's platform in front of an The Project when Cracow will celebrate its biennial elaborate marble ark wall. In the WMF's Jewish Heritage Program Jewish cultural festival in Kazimierz. center of this wall, framed with intricate chose the conservation of the Tempel enamel work, is the ark that houses synagogue as its first field restoration the Torah scrolls. project. Conservation priorities includ­ During World War II, occupying ed reinforcement of structural elements, German forces used the synagogue replacement of the roof, control of as a stable, removing its furnishings rising damp and other water infiltration, and religious objects. The essential installation of a new heating system, structure of the building survived, and conservation of wall paintings however, as did the interior decorations, and stucco decorations. but all were in serious need of In 1992 WMF-in cooperation restoration. with the U.S. Information Agency The Tempel is located just outside and the Ronald S. Lauder Foundation­ Project Dates: I992-the present Kazimierz, Cracow's historic and cosponsored a concert series at the Project Partner: Jewish Community long-neglected Jewish district, which is Tempel featuring the Cracow of Cracow

76 TOP: ARCHITECT JANUSZ SMOLSKI. DIRECTOR OF THE TEMPEL SYNAGOGUE PROJECT. ATOP THE NEWLY RESTORED ROOF ABOVE: DETAIL OF THE FACADE. BEFORE RESTORATION OPPOSITE: VIEW OF THE ARK AND PAINTED CUPOLA. BEFORE RESTORATION

77 TOP: VIEW OF THE POTAGER DU ROY, THE KITCHEN GARDEN OF LOUIS XIV ABOVE: DETAIL OF THE MONOGRAM OF LOUIS XIV. ATOP THE RESTORED GRILLE DU ROY. THE ONLY ORIGINAL SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY WROUGHT-IRON GATE AT VERSAILLES

78 Potager du Roy Versailles, France

Background and family-took pride in the abundance of gate were inspected, restored, and ulti­ Significance fresh produce available virtually the mately regilded following the original whole year round. Even the most exotic designs. The completed restoration "The property of Versailles would plants were cultivated for the pleasure was inaugurated in December 1993 and be incomplete without the PotageI' du of the king, including figs and asparagus dedicated to the memory of Ambassador Roy," writes Jean Pierre Babelon, the for Louis XIV and pineapples and Emmanuel de Margerie, the late Directeur du Musee et du Domaine de coffee for Louis Xv. president of WMF France. Versailles; his comment underscores After the Revolution and throughout Work is currently under way to the importance that the Potager-or the nineteenth century, the PotageI' restore other features of the Potager kitchen garden-had in the eyes of declined. In 1874, the Ecole Superieure du Roy that have been compromised Louis XlV. d'Horticulture was created and installed by inappropriate interventions over the The king reclaimed the entire south at Versailles, where it remained until years. Of particular importance is the portion of the Versailles park, which its relocation to Angers in 1994. In large central fountain that provides the was formerly an area of marshlands 1946 the Ecole Nationale Superieure visual and symbolic equilibrium of known as "the stinking pond," by exca­ du Paysage was established at Versailles, the garden. The fountain restoration vating a large reservoir and constructing where it remains headquartered today. involves resetting the original paving an exemplary fruit and vegetable garden The PotageI' still yields fruits and stones, now covered with a shallow on the site. Jules Hardouin-Mansart vegetables throughout the year. Many layer of concrete; recreating the struc­ was commissioned to design and tons of ·royal' produce are sold to the ture's original appearance; replacing construct the bui Idings, terraces, stairs, public annually, including more than the pipes to original specifications: and reservoir: and Jean Baptiste de La sixty varieties of apples and pears and recreating the fountain's effect in Quintinye was named director of the numerous types of squash. flow and height, in keeping with the PotageI' itself. Work commenced in The PotageI' du Roy constitutes an designer's intentions; and installing 1678 and was completed in 1681 integral part of the overall design for an electric pump to permit the with the placement of the gate. Versailles, as it was commissioned with continuous flow of water. Occupying just over twenty-three great interest by Louis XIV and super­ The French authorities responsible acres, the PotageI' consists of a large vised by the same team of architects for Versai lies, most notably the Consei I central square, divided into sixteen and landscapers who built the palace Regional, have agreed to assume square garden plots surrounding a and larger grounds. The character of responsibility for the heavy restoration central fountain. Elevated terraces­ the PotageI' provides endless insights work of the walls, terraces, and subter­ eight feet in height-enclose the plots, into the daily life of the French court ranean passages of the Potager du Roy. allowing visitors to enjoy sweeping and king during one of its most WMF France will be responsible for views of the Potager. Twenty-eight glorious eras. restoring certain areas of the central smaller gardens along the periphery­ Grand Carre to their original state. enclosed by walls reaching the level of the terrace-provide the special soil The Project and light conditions needed for the In 1993. at the instigation of M. Hubert cultivation of numerous varieties de Givenchy. the newly appointed of plants and bushes. president of World Monuments Fund Thanks to the ingenuity of La France, a major restoration campaign Quintinye, who designed an under­ was launched for the PotageI' du Roy. ground drainage system and introduced The first stage comprised restoration natural fertilizers to the site, the PotageI' of the Grille du Roy-the elegant formal could provide the king's court with all gate by which the king entered the gar­ the vegetables and fruits that it required. den from the chateau and the orangerie. Throughout the seventeenth century an The only original gate still extant in the army of thirty gardeners, in addition to Versailles complex, the Grille du Roy Project Dates: 1993, 1995-prescnt seasonal workers, assured the proper is the work of Alexis Fordrin, one of Project Partners: Direction Generale upkeep of the Potager. Each of the the finest metalworkers of the age. des Monuments de Versailles; Ecole Potager's directors-first La Quintinye, The grille was in a very poor state Nationale Superieure du Paysage. then the generations of the Le Normand of conservation. All the elements of the Versailles

79 Lednice and Valtice Castles and Environs Southern Moravia, Czech Republic

Background and follies-built throughout the grounds Foundation, the purpose of which Significance from the late eighteenth and through the is to help protect the entire property. first half of the nineteenth century-still Revenues earned by the foundation Among the many Eastern European survive, and include a Turkish-inspired from profitable operations at thc sitc sites competing for the limited minaret, a Moorish single-story will sustain restoration and maintenance resources available to rescue them from water-pump building, a monumental of the buildings and the landscape as ruin, conserve their historical features, colonnade, a "temple" in the form of a well as ongoing research, education, and restore them to appropriate use, Roman victory arch, and a semicircular and cultural activities. the castles of Lednice and Valtice late-classical-style building surrounding A new hotel, restaurants, and other are especially compelling. sculptures of the Three Graces. accommodations, combined with a Both castles were established in the substantial increase in cultural events early Middle Ages to defend the hilly at the castles, are expected to generate border of Southern Moravia. From revenues from visitors-notably from the fourteenth century onwards the The Project Vienna, which is only sixty-five kilome­ Liechtenstein family maintained their In the summers of 1993 and 1994, ters away. The project offers dynamic principal residence at Valtice and their WMF sponsored on-site architectural possibilities for integrating existing summer home at Lednice. As the fami­ and program-planning sessions on industries and resources-viniculture, ly gained wealth and prominence at the the protection and future use of the horticulture, and equiculture-with the Hapsburg court in Vienna, the succes­ castles and their surrounding landscape. potential to create mutually reinforcing sive dukes of Liechtenstein embellished Experts from the Czech Republic and conditions for sustainable tourism. the castles. Valtice survives as a great abroad in architectural conservation, In 1995 the Czech government baroque complex, with its wings landscape architecture, economic nominated the area for listing as a designed by Johann Fischer von Erlach. development, finance, cultural-event U ESCO World Heritage site. Current Lednice is today a Gothic Revival mas­ planning, and tourism convened over conservation priorities include caring terpiece, enhanced by a grand cast-iron­ five days in working groups and plenary for endangered rare trees and threatened and-glass conservatory. Many of the sessions. They formulated plans of structures, conducting architectural interior spaces of both castles remain action based on one guiding principle: surveys, and promoting new arts intact, in spite of the abandonment of that the Lednice-Valtice cultural events and classes. the entire area, which lay behind the landscape, with its architecture, is WMF continues to assist the Iron Curtain, throughout the postwar the largest and earliest intact man-made Southern Moravia Heritage Foundation Communist period. landscape of its type in Europe and that in developing a business plan for the As important as the castle buildings its conservation is therefore imperative. mixed use of Valtice and Lednice as a is the entire two-hundred-square­ Program participants reached this recreational and cultural center. WMF kilometer cultural landscape in which conclusion in the face of impulses is also planning a program with a .S. they stand. The Lednice-Valtice area is already developing locally to carve up university to conserve the follies in the a superb example of landscape design the area in the name of privatization. Lednice-Valtice park through summer inspired by contemporaneous prototypes They agreed that such an approach training workshops for Czech and of the English garden. The earliest pic­ would only stifle both public and private American graduate students in turesque park construction at Lednice enterprise and lead to the irretrievable architectural conservation. and Valtice involved costly modification loss of a precious and unique asset. of the Lednice park at the end of The meetings recognized that the the eighteenth century. During the Czech government currently lacks the nineteenth century, the Valtice garden resources needed to conserve the area Project Dates: I993-the present was also enlarged and modified, and the single-handedly and promote its eco­ Project Partners: Greenways/Zelene land between Valtice and Lednice was nomic development. Following WMF's Stezky; State Institute for the turned into a cultivated landscape with meeting, a nonprofit entity was char­ Preservation of Monuments, Brno; architectural features. Fifteen of these tered as the Southern Moravia Heritage Southern Moravia Heritage Foundation

80 TOP LEFT: DETAIL OF CARVED WOOD SPIRAL STAIRCASE IN THE LIBRARY AT LEDNICE CASTLE TOP RIGHT: VIEW TOWARD THE VALTICE CASTLE ENTRANCE ABOVE: SIDE ELEVATION OF THE CASTLE OF LEDNICE WITH THE CAST-IRON-AND-GLASS CONSERVATORY

81 ABOVE: OVERALL VIEW OF THE TOWER OF BELEM OPPOSITE: VIEW OF NICHE, ADDED IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY TO THE COURTYARD PARAPET, WITH THE VIRGIN OF THE GRAPES (ALSO CALLED OUR LADY OF GOOD SUCCESS)

82 Tower of Belem Lisbon, Portugal

Bac]q~round and culture. Shaped like a galleon heading completed a physical survey and analysis Significance out to sea, the Tower of Belem has of the exterior of the tower in 1994. become a symbol, in the minds of the Planning was also completed to restore Four miles from the heart of Lisbon, Portuguese, of this great moment. the interior, improve the site as a whole, the beach at Restelo-also known The tower served as a fortress until and create a permanent exhibit on the as Belem, Portuguese for Bethlehem­ 1580, when it became a state prison history of the tower for visitors. was a primary departure point during under Spanish occupation. In the The project was initiated as a three­ the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries for nineteenth century it was restored and way cooperative effort between the maritime expeditions to Africa, the New modified for use as a lighthouse and Portuguese ministry of culture, World World, and the Far East. At this site, telegraph station. Today it is used for Monuments Fund, and the Associac;ao on the rocks near the middle of the temporary exhibitions, receptions, and WMF. Work was suspended during Tagus River, King Joao II ordered the concerts; and since 1984, it has been on 1994, when Lisbon served as the construction of the Tower of Belem in UNESCO's World Heritage list, together Cultural Capital of Europe. 1513 as part of the strategic defense with Jeronimos Monastery nearby. Fundraising began again in 1995. plan for the Lisbon port. But the Portuguese curators of the and the restoration of the exterior is Today, due to accumulating silt monument have sought in vain an oppor­ scheduled for 1996, in anticipation and the powerful earthquake of 1755 tunity for a comprehensive conservation of the International Exposition (Expo) that changed the course of the river, treatment as well as a new and better to be held in Lisbon in 1998. the tower is practically on shore. Yet use for the monument. it stands as an important national symbol of Portuguese prominence in exploration during the Renaissance. The Project It is also an archetype of the Manueline The importance of the Tower of Belem style of architecture, which developed as a cultural icon and the present as a result of contacts with Africa and need to restore, maintain, and plan the Far East. Forming an ensemble for the future of the tower made it an Project Dates: I993-the present with the Jeronimos Monastery and the ideal inaugural project for a new WMF Project Partners: Administration of the Chapel of Sao Jeronimo, the tower affiliate in Portugal, and the Associac;ao Jeronimos Monastery/Tower of Belem; attests to the wealth that poured into WMF (Portugal) was established Associac;ao WMF (Portugal); Instituto Portugal during the Age of Exploration in 1993. WMF and the Instituto Portugues do Patrimonio Arquitectonico and to the influx of new ideas that Portugues do Patrimonio Arquitectonico e Arqueologico; Ministry of Culture of ushered in the golden age of Portuguese e Arqueologico (IPPAR) jointly Portugal

83 The Future

Albert Memorial St. George's Hall Alexander Palace London, England Liverpool, England St. Petersburg, Russia The Albert Memorial is recognized St. George's Hall is one of the finest At the invitation of Anatoly Sobchak, worldwide as one of the great London neoclassical civic buildings in Europe­ mayor of St. Petersburg, and Dr. Ivan landmarks. Upon the death of the a symbol of nineteenth-century Petrovich Sautov, director of the State prince consort in December 1861, Liverpool's success and prosperity. Museum at Tsarskoje Selo Historic at the age of forty-two, the idea of It was built between 1841 and 1854 to Preserve, WMF has joined the Museums a national memorial dedicated to the the design of the young architect Harvey at Tsarskoje Selo (the Tsar's Village) prince gained immediate public support. Lonsdale Elmes, who combined concert in planning for the conservation of the There was a broad consensus that the halls, law-court facilities, and a civic hall Alexander Palace, the imperial palace memorial should encapsulate the spirit in one building. Elmes's design also most associated with the lives of the last of the age and of the man, reflecting included the first attempt at air condi­ Romanovs, Nicholas II and Alexandra. Britain's preeminent position in social tioning a public building. After Elmes's The program will conserve the great reform, manufacture, and international sudden death, Charles Robert Cockerell neoclassical building and restore its inte­ affairs, as well as the prince's influence succeeded him as architect in 1848. riors to the period of its final occupancy; in these spheres and in the arts Cockerell, whose commissions create a major new museum; and and sciences. included the Ashmolean at Oxford, enhance the significant attractions of In March 1863, on the advice of made some alterations to Elmes's origi­ Tsarskoje Selo as a destination for both a special committee chaired by Sir nal design. The decoration of the Small Russian and foreign visitors. Charles Eastlake, Queen Victoria chose Concert Room is entirely Cockerell's; Tsarskoje Selo was the summer a design by Sir George Gilbert Scott. and he commissioned the magnificent residence of the tsars and is situated Scott's memorial was a Gothic Revival Minton tile floor in the Great Hall. about twenty-five kilometers outside masterpiece, a medieval shrine encrusted As soon as St. George's Hall was St. Petersburg. An increasingly impor­ with jewels and gilding, surrounded by opened in 1854, it was hailed as a tant national and international tourist symbolic statues and housing a gilded symbol of Liverpool's greatness and destination, Tsarskoje Selo is one of statue of the prince consort. It was civic pride. It was in almost constant the finest groups of royal buildings. opened to the public in 1872. use for concerts, plays, meetings, It includes the neoclassical Alexander The memorial, which has deteriorated fairs, rallies, banquets, and exhibitions. Palace; the exuberantly rococo Catherine significantly due to pollution and water Encroachment by the law courts Palace, which has been restored; ingress, was encased in its present gradually drove out other users and, and more than one hundred smaller scaffolding in 1990. Repair will since the transfer of the law courts structures. involve the extensive stripping down to the waterfront in 1984, it has A WMF planning mission traveled to of the structure. While the statue itself lain virtually unused. St. Petersburg in 1995 and determined is structurally sound, it will be cleaned The Liverpool city council has been that the restoration of the Alexander and, for the first time since World War I, successful in returning the Great Hall to Palace is viable. The wealth of relevant gilded once again. On the lower levels, use, giving the people of Liverpool the furnishings and artifacts that have been the famous podium frieze needs exten­ opportunity to again enjoy this part of preserved and the growth-within sive cleaning to remove the copper the building. The next phase of work Russia and internationally-of interest sulfate that has turned the Campanella will be critical in returning the majority in the last Romanovs and the historical marble green. All the marble statue of St. George's Hall to everyday use: the events in which they played such a groups will be repaired and cleaned. creation of proper access and facilities central role support the practicability of At the invitation of English Heritage, for the public and the restoration and using the structure as a museum to illus­ World Monuments Fund in Britain reopening of the concert hall, which trate and interpret the period of Nicholas has become a trustee of the Albert was closed in 1989. II's rule. WMF's completion of its Memorial Trust, created by the WMF first became involved in survey and compilation of the historic­ secretary of state in 1994. World planning for the restoration and reuse structure report and feasibility study Monuments Fund in Britain looks of St. George's Hall in 1990. World will provide an objective assessment of forward to an active involvement in Monuments Fund in Britain is represent­ the state of the building and the require­ raising funds for the restoration of the ed on a recently established Trust to ments for the proposed restoration and Albert Memorial, which is scheduled assist in raising funds and implementing museum, as well as an indication of the for completion in the summer of 1999. the restoration of this important building. resources needed to realize the goal.

84 TOP LEFT: ALBERT MEMORIAL. LONDON TOP RIGHT: ST. GEORGE'S HALL. LIVERPOOL. VIEW OF GREAT HALL ABOVE: ALEXANDER PALACE. ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA. DETAIL OF THE DOUBLE COLONNADE AT THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATION OF THE PALACE

85 World Monuments Fund Field Activities

TilE A~IEIUCAS AFIUCA AND EL·RO!'E ASIA Ai\"D TilE PACIFIC

'\Todd Monuments Fund Mission

• To make available to people today • To foster the exchange of technical This mission is carried out through the heritage of man's extraordinary past expertise in the areas of materials support of field projects allover the achievements by encouraging the res­ conservation, restoration methodologies, world. During its first 30 years, WMF toration and preservation of monuments historical interpretation, financial has supported more than 135 projects in of exceptional artistic, historical, and cul­ procedures, and education relating to 32 countries. It has sponsored project tural significance throughout the world. preserving architectural monuments planning, field surveys, on-site training throughout the world. in the building crafts, publications • To create an international constituency relating to conservation work, and the for monuments preservation by devel­ • To enhance the quality of life in development of long-term strategies for oping its own membership and by communities in the United States and the protection of monuments and sites. conducting extensive education and throughout the world through programs WMF has also contributed financial advocacy activities. that address education, training, support to many projects managed by or sustainable development within other groups, in addition to directing • To develop a broad base of financial the context of cultural resources and overseeing its own field programs. support-from private contributions, preservation. A list follows of projects supported by government funding, and earned income WMF during its first 30 years. -for monuments preservation and for related education and advocacy activities.

86 World Monuments Fund Activities

Croatia • Francc • Albania o Dallllalia . Conservation survey ArIes' Church of Saint Trophime: of monasteries portal restoration: conservation studies for cloister o Czech Rcpublic

BUlrinl . Archaeological site of Butrint: planning for site interpretation and protection Survey of Jewish Heritage sites Symposium on cultural tourism Chl1lillon-sllr-Sarlne . Great Tower: • Armcnia and adaptive reuse, held at Olomouc emergency conservation of the and Prague Ererollk . Basilica of Ererouk: town's oldest architectural feature emergency stabilization of fifth-century COlllpiegne . Theatre Imperial: ruins interior conservation Les E\':ies . Chateau de Commarque: o Barbados ruins stabilization and site interpretation Bridgetown' Financial assistance to Mainlenon . Chateau de Maintenon. Barbados National Trust for conservation Prague' Belvedere at Prague Castle: Church of SI. Nicholas: restoration of of Collymore Rock Complex and roof repair the roof and spire of the Gothic chapel. Gun Hill Signal Station which is part of the chateau complex Soulhern Moravia' Lednice and • Cambodia Valtice castles and environs: planning for restoration and reuse Hisloric Cily olAngkor . Survey of Angkor monuments · Banteay Srei: proposal for site protection • Temple of Preah Khan: site conservation and presentation

o Chile Tele' Church of the Holy Ghost: Marl\'-Ie-Roi • Desert de Retz: emergency repair of thirteenth­ conservation of broken-column folly EasIer Island· Conservation of archaeo­ century tower logical monuments of Easter Island Paris· Hotel des Invalides: research • Planning for interpretive center for dome regilding: restoration of interior frescoes by Charles de la Fosse Sanliago ' Conservation laboratory • Dominican Rcpublic and Jean Jouvenet at the Museum of Pre-Columbian Art Sanlo DOlllingo . Mercedarian • Archival conservation study at Convent: seed funding for cloister Versailles' PotageI' du Roy: restoration the National Library restoration of original gate and fountain at the · Survey of earthquake damage kitchen garden of Louis XIV

EI Salvador o • Grcat Britain lora de Ceren Archaeological Monlllllenl . conservation survey Caemw.J'on, Wales· 6 Palace Street: support for effort to prevent demolition of the oldest building in Wales. a rare G Ethiopia surviving example of timber construction in the town. Valparaiso' Survey of Lalibela . Rock-hewn Coptic churches: earthquake damage site conservation and stabilization

87 Glasgow, Scotland· Ingram Street • Orsanmichele: Removal of Donatello's Tea Rooms: conservation of gesso stone sculpture of San Marco from exte­ friezes-The Wassail by Charles Rennie rior niche for conservation and protection Mackintosh and The May Queen by from the elements Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh • Palazzo Pitti: climate study of Galleria Palatina Pees· Pecs Cathedral: conservation and anastylosis of medieval sculpture

• India

Lincoln· Lincoln Cathedral: emergency conservation of Romanesque frieze panels Liverpool· St. George's Hall: conservation planning for nineteenth­ century neoclassical civic landmark · San Lorenzo: scientific study of London· Albert Memorial: participation Ladakh· Palace of Leh: architectural Donatello stuccoes in the Sacrista in English Heritage campaign to restore survey of seventeenth-century Vecchia; catalogue and traveling exhibi­ Gothic Revival landmark Himalayan palace tion, "Donatello at Close Range" · Santa Croce: The Story ofSt. Sylvester, fresco cycle by Maso di Banco in the • Ireland Bardi di Vernio Chapel County Cork· Doneraile Court: · Santa Felicit~l: emergency conservation Support towards Irish Georgian Society of Jacopo Pontormo's Deposition oj' effort to restore and return original fur­ Christ nishings to eighteenth-century mansion • Santo Spirito: Fifteenth-century altar frontals; Ulisse Ciocchi's Vision oj' Oxfordshire . Ditchley Park: County Kildare· Castletown House: St. Augustine; Christ Appearing to emergency stabi Iization of eighteenth­ purchase and return of original St. Augustine (anonymous) century ltalianate ceiling in the Saloon furnishings Meolo (Veneto) . Church of San Stratfield Saye . Siborne model County Tipperary· Damer House: Giovanni Battista: Giambattista Tiepolo of the Battle of Waterloo restoration of interior staircase frescoes Wentworth Castle· Gothic folly Milan· Giambattista Tiepolo's Madonna Winchester· Winchester Cathedral: • Italy del Carmela (Pinacoteca di Brera) grant towards restoration program Bassano del Grappa . Restoration of Jacopo Bassano's paintings of the Modena· Paolo Veronese organ shutters from the demolished Venetian church of • Haiti Podestil Matteo Soranzo (Museo Civico, Bassano del Grappa) and Last San Geminiano (Galleria Estense) Milot· Citadelle Henry: Participation Supper (Villa Borghese, Rome) in World Heritage campaign, sponsorship of traveling exhibition, and production Bologna· Guercino's altarpiece, Saint of award-winning video William Recei\'es the Monastic Habit

• Hungary

Narni . Santa Pudenziana: exterior . San Petronio: portal-sculpture stabilization and conservation of conservation interior frescoes Florence· Certosa del Galluzzo: Parma· Fondazione Magnani-Rocca: Conservation of Jacopo Pontormo Titian's Madonna and Child with Saints frescoes and sixteenth-century oil copies Perugia . Twenty-four panel paintings by Fertod . Eszterhaza: planning for restora­ Perugino that once comprised the altar­ tion and reuse of eighteenth-century piece of the church of Sant' Agostino baroque castle and dependencies

88 . Mechanical support for the Altarpiece · Church of the Frari: bell tower and · Scuola Canton: interior restoration ofthe NUlls of5allt 'AlltOllio, by Piero sculpted tombs of sixteenth-century synagogue della Francesca (Galleria Nazionale · Church of the Madonna dell'Orto: · Seuola dei Carmini: facade, Tiepolo dell' Umbria) Bellini's Madonna and Child paintings, and stucco decoration of the · Church of the Pieta (Santa Maria staircase della Visitazione): restoration of the church and Tiepolo frescoes · Misericordia Laboratory: establishment and equipping of conservation-research laboratory · Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo: Pistoia . San Giovanni Forcivitas: Bovolo Staircase facade conservation • Scuola Dalmata (San Giorgio degli Schiavoni): fire detection and security systems for Carpaccio painting cycle • Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista: architectural restoration · Scuola Grande di San Rocco: Tintoretto painting cyclc restorcd in on-prcmises conservation facility Rome· Jewish catacombs: conservation · Palazzo Ducale: stuccoes of the studies and controlled public-access plan Scala d'Oro Vicenza . Epiphany, by Marcello • Querini StampaJia Library: Fogo/ino (Pinacoteca di Vicenza) San Cilllignano . Photo documentation Bartolomeo Nazzari's Cardinal Angelo • Villa Pojana: Andrea Palladio's of Taddeo di Bartolo frescoes (Collegiata Mario Querini; renovation of heating staircase di Santa Maria Assunta) and storage facilities 5chio • Jacquard Garden · San Giovanni in Bragora: Cima • Jordan da Conegliano's Baptis//7 ofChrist, Spoleto . Church of Madonna di Loreto: its original stone frame, and the restoration stuccoed presbytery vault; restoration Venice· Ongoing support for biannual of the Byzantine Madonna and the (CCROM stone-conservation course marble angels at the high altar · San Moise: painting of the Madonna ofthe Rosary · San Nicolo da Tolentini: Bernardo Petra· Byzantine church: contribution Strozzi's Charity ofSt. Lawrence to conservation effort by American • San Pietro di Castello: restoration Center for Oriental Research to conserve of the church and its decoration, excavated Byzantine church organ, and bell tower · San Polo: sculpted lions at campanile base • Lithuania · San Salvatore: Altarpiece with · BibJioteca Marciana, AntisaJa: conser­ Three Saints, by Girolamo da Treviso vation of ceiling' paintings-architectural il Giovane perspective by Cristoforo and Stefano • San Simeone Grande: Tomb of Rosa that surrounds the ccntral allegory San Simeone and exterior bas-relief of Wisdo//7 by Titian depicti ng Sant' Ermolao · Biblioteca Marciana: international · Santa Maria Assunta (Torcello): course for conservation of books and participation in campaign for complete paper restoration · Ca' d'Oro: marble friezes on the facade • Santa Maria dei Derelitti (Ospedaletto): Vilnius· Preliminary planning for restoration of thirty-two paintings; conserving Bernardine monastery international campaign for the sola della /IIusica · Santa Maria del Giglio: architectural restoration · Santa Maria della Visitazione . Ca' Zenobio: emergency repair of (San Gerolamo dei Gesuati): painted staircase; planning for restoration of ceiling medallions baroque garden

89 G Mexico Cracow' Tempel Synagogue: roof Toro . Collegiate Church of Santa Chapingo . Autonomous University: restoration and interior conservation Marfa Major: recovery and conservation Diego Rivera murals in the chapel of intact medieval polychromy on e Portugal the Portada de la Majestad Trujillo· Convento de la Coria: Lisbon· Tower of Belem: exterior restoration conservation and site interpretation • Casa-Museo Francisco Pizarro: completion of building restoration G Romania and its equipping as an interpretive Mexico City' Autonomous University: museum conservation study for Juan O'Gorman's facade mosaic G Sweden · Colegio de las Yizcainas: Isle of Oland· Support for construction structural stabilization of kiln at Borgholm Castle to produce · Church of Jesus Nazareno: historically compatible mortar for Jose Clemente Orozco murals Publication of The Ra:ing of Romania's conserving historic sites in the region Past, by Dinu C. Giuvescu CD Syria o Russia Pavlovsk . Imperial Palace: support for the American Friends of Pavlovsk St, Petersburg' Alexander Palace: planning for restoration and reuse of the last residence of the Romanovs · Secretariat of Public Education: Diego Rivera murals Survey of Jewish Heritage sites fa Slovakia Morocco Banska Stiavnica • symposium on cul­ CD Turkey G tural tourism and adaptive reuse of his­ 1.--. toric town and former mining center " 'l~ ., ti! :Ii' ...~. _,~] . .••11 ..J G Spain ,.I ~- .... -- ;. __ r ~!'" ,'\ Guadalupe· rr-' .... Monastery of Guadalupe, .. ~:. Mudejar Cloister: templete conservation Survey of Jewish Heritage sites and garden restoration Aphrodisias • Tetrapylon: anastylosis Tangiers· Former U.S. consulate: planning and design for restoration CD l'nitcd States Brooklrn, New York· Church of SI. Ann CD Nepal and the Holy Trinity: on-site studios for sandstone, stained-glass, and Kathmandu Valley· Gokarna Temple wood-tracery restoration Complex Oviedo' Oviedo Cathedral: restoration New York, New York· New York of High Gothic choir stalls Public Library: stone lions Poland e Toledo· Toledo Cathedral Museum Charleston, South Carolina . Middleton-Pinckney House: planning for restoration and reuse Santa Fe, New Mexico' Support for survey of historic adobe churches by , Cornerstones: Commu nity Partnersh ips l ..... __ ..I _.' and site conservation, notably at San I~.··--:~· Rafael in La Cueva and Zuni Pueblo I" .. - '.,...... ~ ...... "-._. -- . Survey of Jewish Heritage sites • Santo Domingo el Antiguo: restoration of paintings, including El Greco altarpieces

90 Major Donors 1965-1995

Ms. Estannc Abraham British Embassy. Phnom Penh Mrs. Gladys Krciblc Delmas Mr. and Mrs. William R. Acquavella Mr. Thomas C. T. Brokaw Deloittc & Touche Ahmanson Foundation Mr. David Brown Mr. and Mrs. John D. Dennis The Airlic Group. L.P. Mr. W. L. Lyons Brown, Jr. Mr. Ralph Destino Alitalia The Brown Foundation Jamcs W. Deter Mr. and Mrs. Ethan Allcn Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Brownell Founders Society of the Dctroit Institute of Arts Alliancc Capital Managemcnt. L.P. Elinor Hays Bueklcy Memorial Fund Ms. Hestcr Diamond Mr. Arthur G. Altschul The Buffett Foundation Watson B. Dickcrman III America-Italy Socicty of cw York The Bulldog Trust Mr. and Mrs. C. Douglas Dillon America-Italy Society of Philadelphia Mr. and Mrs. Carter Burden Mr. and Mrs. J. Richardson Dilworth American Express Company Mr. Rolf von Buren Mrs. Joseph Dobronyi American Exprcss Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Arpad Busson Donaldson. Lufkin & Jenrctte. Inc. American Express Philanthropic Program Ms. Catherine Cahill and Ms. Michele Oka Doner American Intcrnational Group Mr. William Bernhard Ms. Jody Donohuc American Stock Exchangc The Cahnman Foundation. Inc. Doyle Graf Mablcy H. van Ameringen Foundation Caixa Geral de Depositos Dreyfus Corp. Fundacion Amparo Royal Government of Cambodia The Dun & Bradstreet Corp. Thc Hon. and Mrs. Waltcr Annenbcrg Ms. Sara Beth Canaday The Durst Foundation. Inc. The Anncnbcrg Foundation Cantor. Fitzgerald Foundation Mr. John Eastman Mr. and Mrs. Lucius R. Eastman Anonymous Donors (3) Capital Cities/ABC. Inc. Mr. Placido Arango Arias Cartier. Inc. Mr. William A. Edmundson Art and Music Foundation. Geneva The Carwill Foundation Emigrant Savings Bank ARTncws Mr. Leo Castelli Mr. and Mrs. Arthur D. Emil Asian Cullllral Council The Catto Foundation Mr. Robert Lynn Emmett The Vinccnt Astor Foundation Centennial Foundation The Hon. and Mrs. Thomas Enders Mrs. Vinccnt Astor The Hon. Anne Cox Chambers Mrs. Charles Engclhard The Charles Engclhard Foundation AT&T Chase Manhattan Bank. N.A. Mrs. Lily Auchincloss Chemical Bank The Equitable N. W. Ayer & Son. Inc. Chemonies International Inc. The Eranda Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Anthony P. Balestrieri Mrs. Malinda P. Chouinard Mr. Myron Erkilctian Banco dc Extremadura Christie's Armand G. Erpf Fund Banco di Roma Christie's Europe Mr. and Mrs. Ahmct Ertegun Banco Hispano Amcricano Chrysler Corporation Mrs. Angcles Espinosa Rugarcia Fundacion Banesto Mr. and Mrs. Gustavo Cisneros European Union William C. Bannerman Foundation Organizacion Cisneros EXOR America Mr. and Mrs. Ephraim Baran The CIT Group Foundation Exxon Corporation The Esmee Fairbairn Charitable Trust Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Barrows Citibank. N.A. Mr. and Mrs. Hubcrt H. Bartlett City of New York Department of Employment Fairchild Publications Ms. Annc H. Bass CL Global Partners Securities Corp. Lady Fairfax Mr. Lawrencc I. Bass Mr. Anthony P. Clark Patricia H. Falk Mr. and Mrs. Sid R. Bass Mr. Alain Coblence Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Falk II Bass Entcrprises Production Co. Dr. Angela Cobra Mr. and Mrs. Luis Farinha dos Santos Bauman Family Foundation The Coca-Cola Company Ms. Gcrtrude Hclcn Fay Mr. and Mrs. William Feick Bay Foundation Coca-Cola Southwest Europe Mr. Edmund Baysari Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Cogan Mr. Massimo Fcrragamo Bcchtcl Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Jerry Cohen Ms. Wanda Ferragamo Ferrari North Amcrica. Inc. Mr. David Beer Dr. and Mrs. John M. Cohen Mrs. Gcorgc S. Behrendt Mr. and Mrs. Saul Z. Cohen Mr. Antonio Luis Ferre Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Belin Mr. William T. Coleman, Jr. FIAT USA, Inc. Carlo Dc Bcnedetti Mr. E. Robertson Collins Ms. Lcslie Field Ms. Susan L. Beningson Estate of Evelyn Combes Dr. and Mrs. Jacob Finkclstcin Ms. Margaret R. Bennett Condumcx Mr. D. F. J. Finlay Mr. and Mrs. orman S. Bergcl Mr. Edward T. Cone Professor and Mrs. Jamcs M. Fitch Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Berkowitz Mr. and Mrs. Sidney M. Cone. III Fleming Charitablc Trust The Berlind Foundation Conseil Superieur du Mecenat Culturel Mrs. Maya Felicitas Flick Ms. Patti Cadby Birch Coopers & Lybrand Mr. and Mrs. Anastassios Fondaras Mrs. Eleanor W. Birgc Corning Glass Works Foundalion Mr. and Mrs. John C. Fonlainc Mr. and Mrs. Conrad Black Corning Incorporated Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm S. Forbes. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. Black Cosmair. Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Ford The Blackstone Group Mrs. Jan Cowles Mr. Richard E. Ford Mr. Bill Blass The Cowles Charitable Trust Ford MOlOr Company Foundalion Mr. Winton M. Blount Credit ational Mr. icholas C. Forstmann Mr. and Mrs. D. Dixon Boardman Ms. Catherine G. Curran Mr. Ted Forstmann Mr. Andrca Botta Mrs. Jeanne Maric Dana Ms. Amalia LaCrozc De Fortabat Mr. Gilbert dc Botton Dasein Foundation Arnold D. Frese Foundation. Inc. Ruth Bowman Electronique Serge Dassault Fribourg Foundation. Inc. Bozellc. Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Michel David-Weill Mr. Ronald Fuhrcr Friends of Mexican Art. Phocnix. Arizona Mr. Christopher Brcwcr Mr. David L. Davis and Mr. John D. Weeden Mr. and Mn,. James Brice Mr. and Mrs. Michacl De Havenon Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Furland

91 Mr. and Mrs. Mario J. Gabelli International Herald Tribune Mrs. Eugene McDermoll Mr. Larry Gagosian International Music and Art Foundation McGraw-Hill Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz, Jr. International Paper Co. Ms. Kate Medina Mr. Mario Garraffo International Research and Exchanges Board Mr. and Mrs. Standish F. Medina Estate of Philip Geissler Interpublic Group of Companies Andrew W. Mellon Foundation General Foods Corporation Ms. Lydia Irwin Mr. Paul Mellon General Motors Corporation Mr. Jean de Jaegher Mellon Bank Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Geniesse Sidney Janis Ltd. Mr. Peter D. Meltzer The German Marshall Fund Mr. and Mrs. Guillermo Jenkins Ms. Adelaide de Menil of the United States Fundaci6n Mary Street Jenkins Mr. and Mrs. Fran~ois de Meni! The 1. Paul Gelly Trust Mr. Richard H. Jenrette Mrs. John de Meni! Mrs. J. Philip Gibbs, Jr. Mrs. Elizabeth Ross Johnson Lois and Georges de Menil Ms. Mary Laura Gibbs Mrs. Belly Wold Johnson and Mrs. Belly Burge Menell The Hon. Clive and Mrs. Gibson Mr. Douglas F. Bushnell Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. Charitable Trust Mr. Laurence T. Jones Charles E. Merrill Trust Ms. Virginia Gilder Mr. Jack A. Josephson Metropolitan Life Gilder Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Vera Bock Kaestlin The Joseph Meyerhoff Fund, Inc. Mr. Hubert de Givenchy Mr. and Mrs. Donald P. Kahn Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy M. Olivier Givenchy The 1. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Miller Mr. Eric Gleacher Katten, Muchin & Zavis Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Edith C. Milliken The Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Edgar J. Kaufmann Charitable Trust Minorco Ms. Toni K. Goodale . Mr. and Mrs. Stephen M. Kellen Mr. Walter Mintz Mr. Paul Gottlieb Elbrun and Peter Kimmelman Fund, Inc. Mobil Corporation The Florence Gould Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Moet and Chandon, Italy Mr. Charles M. Grace Mr. Austin Kiplinger Moet-Hennessy U.S. Corp. The Oliver R. Grace Charitable Foundation Mr. and Mrs. James Kirkman Montauk Foundation Mr. Henry W. Grady Dr. and Mrs. Henry A. Kissinger Montedison U.S.A., Inc. Mr. and Mrs. David Graham KLS Enterprises Morgan Stanley & Company, Inc. Mrs. Katharine Graham Mr. and Mrs. Henry R. Kravis Dr. Franklin D. Murphy Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Graham, Jr. Samuel H. Kress Foundation Mr. Thomas S. Murphy Joyce Z. and Jacob Greenberg Dr. Mathilde and Mr. Arthur B. Krim Nash Family Philanthropic Fund Alexis Gregory Foundation Ciments Lafarge National Endowment for the Arts Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Grimes Ms. Linda Noe Laine National Italian American Foundation The Hon. and Mrs. Henry A. Grunwald Mr. Dieter Lange Mr. and Mrs. Sarkis M. Nazarian Mr. and Mrs. Martin D. Gruss Mr. and Mrs. Leo Larkin Department of Archaeology of the M. and Mme Hubert Guerrand-Hermes Dr. Edmundo Lassalle Government of Nepal Guide Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Leonard A. Lauder Mr. and Mrs. Samuel I. Newhouse Ms. Agnes Gund and Mr. Daniel Shapiro The Lauder Foundation, Inc. Samuel I. Newhouse Foundation Mrs. Gloria Gurney The Ronald S. Lauder Foundation Mrs. Annalee G. Newman Gurney Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Lauren News America Publishing Mr. and Mrs. John H. Gutfreund Blanche & Irving Laurie Foundation, Inc. Newsday Mr. Richard E. Gutman Mr. and Mrs. Harding L. Lawrence New York Daily News Mrs. Frederick L. Haack Lazard Freres & Co. New York Stock Exchange, Inc. Mr. Bob Haboldt Mr. Jeffrey Leeds The New York Times Company Mrs. M. R. Hambro Robert Lehman Foundation Mr. Philip S. Niarchos Dr. Armand Hammer Mrs. Kenneth Leventhal Dr. Benjamin B. G. Nistal-Moret Mr. and Mrs. Mark Hampton Mr. and Mrs. Noel Levine Mr. and Mrs. Peter Nitze Hanes Foundation Mrs. J. M. B. Lewis, Jr. Norton Family Foundation HRH Archduchess Karl Von Hapsburg Sydney and Frances Lewis Foundation Lord and Lady Norwich Mr. and Mrs. Morton B. Harris Roy and Dorothy Lichtenstein Odyssey Associates Mr. Mark F. Haukohl Mr. and Mrs. John S. Lillard Nancy and Morris W. Offit Mrs. Enid A. Haupt Dr. William Liller Ralph E. Ogden Foundation President Vaclav Havel Lars-Eric Lindblad Mr. Richard Oldenburg Victor and Marcella Hazan Mr. George L. Lindemann Olive Bridge Fund The Headley Trust Eric and Jeanelle Lipman Foundation Olivetti Management of America, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Randolph A. Hearst Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Lipper Ing. C. Olivelli & c., S.pA The Hearst Corporation Ms. Vera List Open Society Fund Mrs. H. J. Heinz II Lucius N. Littauer Foundation Mr. James H. Ottaway, Jr. H. J. Heinz Company Foundation Mr. Laurence D. Lovett Ottaway Newspapers, Inc. Mr. Andrew Heiskell Mr. Henry Luce, III The Overbrook Foundation Mr. Donald Herman The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Ms. Sylvia Owen Ms. Marifc Hernandez R. H. Macy & Co., Inc. Paine Webber Mr. and Mrs. Roger Hertog Mr. and Mrs. Abe Magid Mr. William S. Paley Marieluise Hessel Mrs. Louis Marillonnet PanAtlantica Holding Company Mr. Henry H. Hilton Mr. James C. Marias The Papamarkou Foundation Mr. John H. Hobbs Mr. and Mrs. Donald B. Marron Parade Publications, Inc. Mrs. Eleanor Harris Howard Conte and Contessa Paolo Marzzotto Park Avenue Charitable Fund IBM Corporation Marzollo S.p.A. Dr. V. L. Parsegian IBM Europe Mrs. Pierre Matisse PATA Foundation IBM France S. A. Matra Friends of Pavlovsk IFINT-USA Mr. Stephen Mazoh Mr. and Mrs. John W. Payson Instituto Portugues do Patrimonio Mr. John McAndrew Pearsons Arquitect6nico e Arqueol6gico Estate of Susan McCulloch Mr. and Mrs. I. M. Pei

92 Ms. Carol M. Penn The Duke and Duchess of San Carlos The Hon. Cyrus R. Vance Mr. Donald Perry Mr. and Mrs. Julio Mario Santo Domingo Mrs. Sue Erpf Van de Bovenkamp Dr. Marilyn Perry Mrs. Louisa Stude Sarofim Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Van der Kemp Mr. and Mrs. Alton E. Peters Mr. Andrew Saunders George and Helen Vari Foundation The Petrie Foundation Save the Mexican Murals Ms. ancy K. Varnedoe Mr. and Mrs. Milton Petrie and Monuments Fund Mr. Mario Vazzoler Mr. Charles I. Petschek H.M. Marie Jose di Savoia Mme Jean-Marc Vernes Pfizer. Inc. Estate of Rose M. Sax Mr. and Mrs. John J. Veronis Philip Morris U.S.A. Mr. and Mrs. Roberto Schezen Mr. Juan M. S. de Vicuna Pirelli Armstrong Tire Co. Schlumberger Ltd. Mr. Paul Volcker Pirelli Enterprises Corp. Mrs. Maud Hill Schroll Mr. Henry Voremberg Mr. Jan Hird Pokorny Mr. and Mrs. Stanley DeForest SCOll Ms. Linda J. Wachner Mr. and Mrs. Leon Polsky Mrs. Virginia Steele SCOll Lila Acheson Wallace Fund Mrs. Barbara de Portago Mr. Walter SCOll, Jr. Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Foundation Potamkin Manhallan Corporation Dr. Joan T. Seaver Ms. Barbara Waltcrs Mr. John S. Price Sefri Construction International Ltd. The Andy Warhol Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Jay Pritzker The Hon. John Shad for the Visual Arts, Inc. Prudential-Bache Foundation Drs. Terry & Slephen Shapiro Warner Communications Inc. Dr. Franz Rader Shearson Lehman HUllon Inc. Warner-Lambert Co. Radio City Music Hall Productions Shell Oil Company Washington Post Company Mr. O. F. Raimondo Mr. and Mrs. James Sherwood Wasserstein Perella & Co. Random House Mr. and Mrs. Peter M. F. Sichel John H. Walls Charitable Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Roland Rasmussen Simpson Thacher & Bartlell Fund Dr. and Mrs. John C. Weber Anne and Harry J. Reicher Foundation The Singer Fund Mr. W. S. Weedon Remy Martin Amerique L. J. Skaggs and Mary C. Skaggs Foundation Marie-Helene and Guy Weill Mr. and Mrs. Oscar de la Renta Barbara and Randall Smith Mme Paul-Annick Weiller Republic ational Bank of New York Smith Barney Harris Upham & Co.. Inc. Commandant Paul Louis Weiller Ms. Bridget Restivo The Solow Art and Architecture Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Weiss Reuters Information Service. Inc. Estate of Willard and Ruth Somerville Mr. and Mrs. George Weissman Revlon Group Incorporated Mr. Jose Soriano Jane and Stuart Weitzman Mr. and Mrs. Hirshel Rich Sotheby's Mr. and Mrs. Keith S. Wellin Mr. Frank E. Richardson Mr. and Mrs. Paul Sperry White & Case Ms. ancy M. Richardson ate B. and Frances Spingold Foundation. Inc. Ms. Shelby White The Hon. Frederick W. Richmond Mrs. McFadden Staempfli The Hon. John C. Whitehead Mrs. Walter T. Ridder Mr. Benjamin F. Stapleton III The Whitehead Foundation Mr. Miles 1. Rivell-Carnac The Starr Foundation Mrs. John Hay Whitney Mr. Khalil Rizk Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Steiner Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm H. Wiener RJR Nabisco Mr. H. Peter Stern and Dr. Margaret Johns The Dave H. and Reba W. Mr. Charles Robins Stichting Nederlands Venetie Williams Foundation Mr. and Mrs. David Rockefeller Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Stiebel Mr. and Mrs. Harold Williams Mr. Laurance S. Rockefeller The Hon. and Mrs. Robert D. Stuart. Jr. Mr. Hiram P. Williams. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Rodman C. Rockefeller Julian J. Studley Inc. Mrs. H. A. Wilmerding Rockefeller Brothers Fund Mr. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Mr. and Mrs. Alfred S. Wilsey The Rockefeller Group Sulzberger Foundation Mrs. Josephine McCarthy Wilson Dr. and Mrs. Rodrigo Rodriquez Mr. Donald J. Sutherland Robert W. Wilson Ms. Carolyne Roehm TAP Air Portugal The Norman and Rosita Winston Ambassador and Mrs. Enriquillo del Rosario Mr. and Mrs. A. Alfred Taubman Foundation, Inc. Billy Rose Foundation. Inc. TECHINT INC. Ms. Anna Wintour Daniel and Joanna S. Rose Fund. Inc. Eugene V. and Clare Thaw Charitable Trust M. and Mme Didier Wirth Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Rose Mrs. Walter Thayer William D. Willer. Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Rosenthal Mr. and Mrs. Hunter Thompson World Monuments Fund In Britain Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Ross Tiffany & Co. World Monuments Fund in Espana Mr. Clifford Ross Time Warner Communications World Monuments Fund Francc Mr. and Mrs. Steven J. Ross Times Mirror Associazione WMF Comitato Italiano Lady Rothermere Tishman-Speyer Properties Associa"ao WMF (Portugal) Baron and Baronne Edmond de Rothschild Mr. and Mrs. Donald Tober WMF Vcnice Commillee Chapters: Baron Eric de Rothschild Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Tompkins Boston. Los Angeles. Minnesota. Sir Evelyn Rothschild Mr. A. Robert Towbin St. Louis. Washington. D.C. Baron and Baronne Guy de Rothschild The Hon. John Train Mr. Robert Wohlgemuth Lord Rothschild George Trescher Associates. Inc. Esthcr and Morton Wohlgemuth Mr. and Mrs. athaniel de Rothschild Triumph-Adler-Royal, Inc. Foundation. Inc. The Rowan Foundation Trust for Mutual Understanding Mr. and Mrs. James D. Wolfensohn Mr. Charles Rumsey, Jr. Mme Kuniko Tsutsumi The Woodward Charitable Trust Mr. and Mrs. Derald H. RUllcnberg Mr. Max Ulfane World Business Council, Inc. Mrs. John Barry Ryan Union Pacific Corporation Mrs. Charles Wrightsman Dr. Mortimer and Theresa Sackler Foundation U.S. Commission for the Preservation of Ms. Nancy B. Wyner Mr. and Mrs. Edmond Safra America's Heritage Abroad Young & Rubicam Foundation St. Louis Chapter, Venice Committee United States Information Agency Mrs. Victoria Zetcny St. Louis Post-Dispatch U.S. National Park Service Mr. and Mrs. Ezra K. Zilkha The St. Michaels Trust U.S.-Spanish Joint Commillee for Mr. Ronald Zimmerman Saladin Security Ltd. Educational and Cultural Cooperation Salomon Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Unterberg Mr. Richard Salomon UTA French Airlines

93 The Hadrian Award

The World Monuments Fund presents national cultural activities, both through the Hadrian Award annually to an their personal philanthropy and through international leader whose sponsorship the cultural programs of FIAT. Mr. of cultural activities has advanced the Agnelli has led the effort to save some understanding, appreciation, and preser­ of Italy's most distinguished buildings, vation of world art and architecture. such as the Palazzo Grassi in Venice; A brilliant commander and administra­ sponsored international conservation tor whose reign was marked by justice conferences and major art exhibitions; and military success, the Roman emper­ and served on the jury of the Pritzker or Hadrian (A.D. 76-138) sponsored Prize for Architecture. Mrs. Agnelli new construction while also conserving spearheaded the development of FAI, the masterpieces of Greek and Roman an Italian national trust for historically civilization. Hadrian restored the significant buildings and landscapes. Pantheon and the Forum of Augustus WMFS HADRIAN AWARD. in Rome, collected Greek and Roman DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED 1991 Mrs. Vincent Astor, in recog­ sculpture at his villa at Tivoli, and BY CARTIER SINCE 1988 nition of the numerous preservation contributed to the classical heritage programs that owe their success to her with many new architectural works. 1994 David Rockefeller, honoring early and sustained patronage as presi­ As a patron of the arts, the emperor his international, governmental, philan­ dent of the Vincent Astor Foundation. manifested a concern for the survival thropic, civic, and cultural activities Cherished by New Yorkers for her of outstanding artistic treasures coupled which consistently reflect his concerns tireless efforts on behalf of the city, Mrs. with a desire to convey the standards about art and culture, urban revitaliza­ Astor sets an example to be emulated embodied in these works to the contem­ tion, and the partnership of private by civic patrons throughout the world. porary world. As these concerns are and public institutions. An articulate no less vital to our times, the Hadrian advocate of the role of private patronage, 1990 H.R.lI. The Prince of Wales, Award salutes the cultural leaders of Mr. Rockefeller has been pivotal in the honoring his advocacy for quality in today for keeping this spirit alive. revitalization of Lower Manhattan, led the built environment and his 1989 by Chase Manhattan Bank; the expan­ publication, A Vision of Brilain, which sion of Rockefeller University; and the focused world attention on the loss of Museum of Modern Art, where he is traditional architectural values through Hadrian Award chairman emeritus. Outside New York, urban development and advocated a Recipients he has led urban revitalization projects return to traditional design in public such as L'Enfant Plaza in Washington, architecture. His Royal Highness 1995 Lord Rothschild, in recognition D.C., and Embarcadero Center in San sponsored the establishment of a of his lifelong dedication to cultural Francisco. new architectural school at Oxford and artistic activity. Lord Rothschild's and served as patron of the campaign achievements in historic preservation 1993 Dominique de Mcnil, for to restore the spire of Salisbury include: chairmanship of the National her lifelong advocacy of the arts and Cathedral. Heritage Memorial Fund; restoration of architecture. As president of the Menil Spencer House, the eighteenth-century Foundation, she established the Menil 1989 Paul Mellon, in recognition of town house of the earls of Spencer in Collection in Houston and commis­ philanthropic activity that reflects the St. James's; renovation of Waddesdon sioned the Rothko Chapel. Mrs. de virtue of private initiative dedicated to Manor, a National Trust property that Menil has supported many other cultural the public good. Mr. Mellon has donat­ is the Rothschilds' ancestral seat; and organizations, such as the Museum ed much of the art collection assembled the preservation of the Roman ruins at of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, with his wife, Bunny, to the National Butrint, in Albania. Elected chairman the Georges Pompidou Art and Culture Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., of the National Gallery in London Foundation, and the Musee National which was founded by Mr. Mellon's in 1985, Lord Rothschild led the d' Art Moderne in Paris. father; the Yale Center for British Art, museum's resurgence over his six-year which he established; and to the Virginia tenure, restoring the old Central Hall 1992 Marella and Giovanni Agnelli, Museum of Fine Arts, which he brought that now bears his name. in recognition of their support of inter- to international attention. As a patron of

94 19S5 19S9 1990 1991

1992 1993 1994 199:; architectural design, Mr. Mellon The late Lueius R. Eastman, a conservation documentation. practice. commissioned the late Louis I. Kahn member of the Board of Trustees of and research in Mexico through a for the Yale Center for British Art and the World Monuments Fund since 1972 five-year partnership with the World chaired the committee that guided and its chairman from 1983 through Monuments Fund. the construction of I. M. Pei's East the spring of 1990. Wing of the National Gallery of Art. The Samuel II. I(ress Foundation, Harvey Golub, chairman and chief World Monuments Fund's primary 1988 Carlo De Benedetti, chairman executive officer, American Express institutional sponsor for European and chief executive officer of Ing. C. Company. The World Monuments programs since 1970, establishing the Olivetti & c.. S.p.A .. in Milan. received Fund's leading corporate sponsor Kress Foundation European Preservation the first Hadrian Award. Under Mr. since 1988, American Express in July Program in 1986, and supporting De Benedetti's leadership, Olivetti 1995 announced a $5 million grant to the establishment of WMF's achieved recognition as one of Europe's launch the World Monuments Watch. European offices. outstanding corporate sponsors of the arts and architectural conservation. The Florenee Gould Foundation. The Honorable Ronald S. Lauder. as well as for its excellence in the leading sponsor of World Monuments a trustee since 1990 and the founding product design. Fund programs in France since their chairman of the World Monuments inception in 1987. Fund's Jewish Heritage program.

The Guide Foundation. whose presi­ II. Peter Stern. a trustee since 1972 dent, Hilary Barratt-Brown, has served and dedicated champion of the World \\Todd Monuments Fund as a trustee of World Monuments Fund Monuments Fund's program for Gold Medal since 1972, has supported in particular Easter Island. the work of WMF in relation to The World Monuments Fund Gold World Heritage sites. Robert W. Wilson, a trustee since Medal honors WMF's preeminent 1991, who spearheaded the launch in patrons. Recipients of the Gold The Fundaci6n Mary Street Jenl,ins, 1994 of the World Monuments Fund's Medal are: which furthered the development of campaign, "Winning the Race."

95 World Monuments Fund Publications

Titles Produced or Hale, Sheila. American Express Guide to World Monuments Fund. Preservation Venice. Special WMF edition with a Priorities: Endangered Historic Jewish Subsidized by WMF foreword on "Venice Restored" by John Sites. Illustrated catalogue of ten Julius Norwich. London: American imperiled synagogues in Africa, Asia, and Associazione Comitato Italiano World Express Publishing Corporation Inc., Europe. In production (fall 1996). Monuments Fund. Gala Fiorentino. 1986. Catalogue of projects of WMF affiliate Preservation Priorities: The in Italy. Venice: Associazione Comitato International Fund for Monuments. Angkor Challenge. Illustrated overview Italiano World Monuments Fund, 1995. Jewish Art Treasures in Venice. of the Preah Khan conservation project New York: International Fund for and WMF activities at Angkor. New Bandini, Fabrizio, and others. Monuments, n.d. York: World Monuments Fund, 1996. Donatello at Close Range. Bound off­ print from the Burlington Magazine, ___ . Lalibela-Phase l. Adventure ---. Saving Our Past: A Race March 1987. in Restoration. New York: International Against Time. Twenty-fifth anniversary Fund for Monuments, 1967. exhibition catalogue. New York: World Monuments Fund, 1990. Canova, Antonio. Di Villa in Villa. Kaley, Diana E. The Church ofthe Pieta. Treviso: Edizione Canova, 1990. Washington and Venice: International Fund for Monuments, 1980. 'VMF Project Charola, A. Elena. Easter Island: The Reports Heritage and Its Conservation. New Lee, Georgia. An Uncommon Guide York: World Monuments Fund, 1995. to Easter Island. Arroyo Grande, Ca.: International Resources, 1990. Cambodia

Corporaci6n Nacional Forestal. Maclean, Frances. Citadelle Henry. Considerations for the Conservation Archaeological Field Guide: Rapa Nui Booklet accompanying exhibition. and Presentation ofthe Historic City National Park. English-language Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian ofAngkor. Report I, Overview, edition. Santiago: 1987. Institution Traveling Exhibition September 1992. Service, n.d. Preah Khan Conservation Project, Gibbs, Mary Laura. The Church of Poche, Fran90is, and Jean-Claude Historic City ofAngkor. Report II, Santa Maria del Giglio. New York Rochette. The Dome ofthe Invalides. Project Identification, September 1992. and Venice: International Fund for Paris: Editions d'arts Somogy and Musee Monuments, n.d. de l'Armee, 1995. Historic City ofAngkor: Preah Khan Conservation Plan. Report III, US/ICOMOS and World Monuments September 1992. Giurescu, Dinu C. Distrugerea Fund. Trails to Tropical Treasures: Trecutului Romlmiei. Translated into A Tour ofASEAN'S Cultural Heritage. Preah Khan Conservation Project­ Romanian by Anca D. Giurescu. New York and Washington, D.C.: Project Mobilization. Report IV, Field Bucharest: Editura Museion, 1994. US/ICOMOS and World Monuments Campaign I, October 1992-March 1993. Fund, 1992. ---. The Razing ofRomania's Past. ---. Trails to Treasures: The Preah Khan Conservation Project, Washington, D.C: US/ICOMOS and Heritage ofSouth America. New York Historic City ofAngkor. Report V, Field World Monuments Fund, 1989. Second and Washington, D.C: US/ICOMOS and Campaign II, November 1993-May 1994. edition, London: Architecture, Design World Monuments Fund. In production and Technology Press, 1990. (late 1996). Preah Khan Conservation Project, Historic City ofAngkor. Report V, Gray, James A. The Walls ofVerona. Vittori, Ottavio, and Anna Mestitz. Four Appendix, Structural Repair & Venice Committee, International Fund Golden Horses in the Sun. Translated Consolidation Methods, Field Campaign for Monuments, Inc. (n.d.). and edited by James A. Gray. New York: LI, November 1993-May 1994. International Fund for Monuments, 1976.

96 Preah Khan ConsetTation Project, • No.4 Investigation and Restoration • Morocco Historic City ofAngkor. Report VI, ofthe Ceremonial Center ofOrongo­ The Synagogues oj'Morocco: An Field Campaign III, November Easter Island, Part One. By William Architectural and Preservation Survey. 1994-June 1995. Mulloy, 1975. By Joel Zack, with photographs by Isaiah Wyner. World Monuments Fund, Radar Imaging Survey ofthe Angkor • No.5 Easter Island Settlement 1993. Revised edition, 1995. Eco-Site, Report of the First Scientific Patterns in the Late Prehistoric and Round Table, Princeton, N.J., February Protohistoric Periods. By Patrick • Poland 1-2, 1995. World Monuments Fund and Carlton McCoy, 1976. Survey ofHistoric Jewish Monuments the Royal Angkor Foundation. in Poland. By Samuel D. Gruber and The Easter Island Bulletins ofWilliam Phyllis Myers. World Monuments Mulloy. Reprints of Bulletins No. 1­ Fund and U.S. Commission for the Czech Republic and Slovakia No.4 and two unpublished writings by Preservation of America's Heritage (excluding Czech Jewish Heritage report, William Mulloy, under the auspices Abroad, J 994. Revised edition, J 995. which is listed under Jewish Heritage) of the World Monuments Fund and Easter Island Foundation. In production • Syria Architectural Conservation in the C:ech (1996). The Synagogues ofSyria. By Samuel and Slovak Republics. Proceedings of D. Gruber, with photographs by a World Monuments Fund symposium Robert Lyons. Report based upon a held at Prague, Olomouc, Banska Hungary photographic survey conducted by the Stiavnica, and Bratislava, May 24-30, Az Esterhiizy-Kastely Helyreallitasa, photographer in 1995. In production. 1992. Muzeum, Zeneakademia es Oktatasi Intezmenyek Celjara TortenG Conservation & Economic Enhancement Hasznosiltisa. World Monuments Fund, Portugal Plan for Valtice Zamek & Its Environs. European Mozart Foundation, Orszagos Proposal for the Conservation ofthe Proceedings of Planning Chan'ette, July MGemlekvedelmi Hivatal. Keszltette: Tower of Belem, Lishon, Portugal, 1993. 11-16, 1993. Joseph Pell Lombardi & Associates, Architects and Preservationists, pc., Proposta para 0 Restauro, Reabilitafcio, Conservation & Economic Enhancement February 1993. e Interpretaf'cio de Torre de Belem. Plan for Lednice Zamek & Its Environs. Conference Report on the Restoration, World Monuments Fund, Secretaria de Proceedings of Planning Chan'ette, Conservation and Adaptation of Estado da Cultura-IPPAR, 1993. August 16-18, 1994. Eszterhaza as a Music Academy and Training Institution. World Monuments Survey ofthe State oj' Conservation o{ Easter Island Fund, European Mozart Foundation, and the Tower of Belem, Lisbon, Portugal, Bulletins of the Easter Island Hungarian National Board for the 1994. Committee, International Fund for Protection of Historic Monuments. Monuments Prepared by Joseph Pell Lombardi & Associates, Architects and United States • No. I Preliminarv Report of Preservationists, P.c., February 1993. Employment Strategies for the Archaeological Field Work, February­ Restoration Arts: Crq{t Training in July, I968-Easter Island. By William the Service oj' Historic Preservation. Mulloy, 1968 (Reprinted 1975). Jewish Heritage Report of a symposium organized by The Future ofJewish Monuments. By the World Monuments Fund, • No.2 Preliminary Report ofthe Samuel D. Gruber and David Sassoon. July 26-28, 1993. Restoration ofAhu Vai Uri-Easter In production. Island. By William Mulloy, 1970 (Reprinted J979). • Czech Republic Survey ofHistoric Jewish Monuments • No.3 Preliminary Report ofthe in the Czech Republic. By Samuel D. Restoration oj'Ahu Huri A Urenga and Gruber and Phyllis Myers. World Two Unnamed Ahu at Hanga Kioe­ Monuments Fund and U.S. Commission Easter Island. By William Mulloy, for the Preservation of America's 1973. Heritage Abroad, 1995.

97 International Leadership and Board of Trustees

Board of Trustees Honorary Co-Chairmen World Monuments Fund France M. Hubert de Givenchy OFFICERS The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Norwich President The Hon. Claiborne Pell Chairman Associazione Comitato Italiano WMF Marilyn Perry Count Paolo Marzatto President World Monuments Watch Vice Chairmen International Committee Hilary G. Barratt-Brown of Honor Associa<;:ao World ~Ionuments Fund The Hon. Ronald S. Lauder (Portugal) H. Peter Stern H. E. Javier Perez de Cuellar Dr. Paulo Lowndes Marques Chairman The Hon. Cyrus R. Vance Vice Chairman and Treasurer Co-Chairmen Robert W. Wilson World Monuments Fund Espana S.A.R. Infanta Dona Pilar Secretary Honorary Chairman Robert J. Geniesse Don Juan Carlos Fierro Chairman TRUSTEES World ~1onuments Fund in Britain Anthony P. Balestrieri The Hon. Clive Gibson Daisy Belin Founding Chairman J. Carter Brown The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Norwich W. L. Lyons Brown, Jr. Chainnan Bonnie Burnham Patricia Falk Louise L. Grunwald Ashton Hawkins Peter Kimmelman Jonathan S. Linen Lois de Menil Samuel C. Miller Bertrand du Vignaud Paolo Viti Nancy Brown Wellin

98 World Monuments Fund Directory

World ~Ionuments Fund World ~Ionuments Fund World ~Ionuments Fund Affiliates 949 Park Avenue European Offiees Xe\\' 't(lrle X.Y. 10028 World Monuments Fund France 34, avenue de New York 34, avenue de New York Telephone: (212) 517-9367 75016 Paris, France 75016 Paris, France telephone: (33 I) 47 2071 99 Telefax: (212) 517-9494 telephone (33 I) 47 20 71 99 telefax: (33 I) 47 20 71 27 telefax: (33 I) 47 20 71 27 Bonnie Burnham Isabelle de Broglie President European Represenlalive Associazione Comitato Italiano WMF Contra del Monte 13 Chantal de Beauregard 36100 Vicenza, Italy Headquarters Staff Executive Assislalll telephone: (39 444) 323 688 telefax: (39 444) 325 825 ADMINISTRATION Piazza San Marco 63 Stephen Eddy Daniel Burke 30124 Venice, Italy Program Coordil/alOr Office Manager telephone: (39 41) 523 7614 telefax: (39 4/) 523 76/4 Holly Hawkins Associa,<30 World Monuments Fund Donatella Asta Markeling AssiSlal/1 (Portugal) Program Representalive Monika Riely Mosteiro dos Jer6nilllos Direclor o{llI/emalional Markeling Anne Nguyen Pra,United Kingdom World MOI/UmenlS Walch Program Assislanl telephone: (44 171) 4998254 telefax: (44 171) 493 3982

EXTERNAL AFFAIRS Victoria Agnew DireclOr Laurie Beckelman Vice Presidenl, EXlernal Affairs Rebecca T. Anderson Direclor o{ Publicalions Martha E. Flach Ph010 Archivisl Baron P. Lobstein Developll1enl Assislant

99 Index A

Abbazia della Misericordia 89 Bernardine monastery 89 Church of Jesus Nazareno 15, 90 Accademia Gallery 29 Beune River 60 Church of St. Trophime 15-16, 56, 56, 57, 87 Addis Ababa 11 Beynac family 60 Church of the Pieta 34, 35, 35, 89 Administration of the Jer6nimos Biblioteca Marciana 89 Cima da Conegliano, Giambattista 68, 68, MonasteryfTower of Belem 83 Bologna 13, 88 69, 89 Adriatic 12 Bolton, William Jay 63 Ciocchi, Ulisse 88 Africa 83 Bon, Bartolomeo 30 Citadelle Henry 14, 23, 52, 52, 53, 88 Age of Exploration 83 Bonanno 10 Cloister of the Oranges 72 Agnelli, Marella and Giovanni 19, 94, 95 Borgholm Castle 90 Cockerell, Charles Robert 84 Akivi (ahu) 27 Boukman 52 Coducci, Mauro 28, 29, 32 Albania 94 Bovolo Staircase 44, 44, 45, 89 Colegio de las Vizcainas 55, 90 Albert Memorial 7, 84, 85, 88 Brass, Italico 47 Collegiata di Sta. Maria Assunta 89 Alexander Palace 84, 85, 90 Brno 87 Collymore Rock Complex 87 Alfonso XI, king of Spain 72 Brooklyn 18, 63, 90 Columbus, Christopher 72 Fundaci6n Gonzales Allende 59 Bucharest 19-20 Comitato Italiano (see Associazione Comitato American Center for Oriental Research 89 Budapest 71 Italiano WMF) American Express Company 8, 21, 95 Burgos 59 de Commarque, Hubert 16,60 American Friends of Pavlovsk 90 Burnham, Bonnie 7, 8, 9, 15-16 Committee for Ireland 14 Angelini, Sandro 11 Butrint archaeological site 87, 94 Committee for Spain 14 Angkor 20, 71 Committee to Rescue Italian Art (CRIA) 12 Angkor Wat 71 c Communist bloc, collapse of 19, 23 Aphrodisias 90 Compiegne 87 APSARA 71 Ca'd'Oro 12,89 Conseil Regional 79 Arciconfraternita di San Giovanni Evangelista 29 Ca' Zenobio 89 Conseil Superieur du Mecenat Culturel 18 de Arfe, Enrique 40 Caceres 72 Constantinople 56 Aries 15-16, 56, 87 Caernarfon 87 Convent of the Noble Ladies 48 Armenia 20, 75 Cambodia 7, 8, 20, 71 Convento de la Coria 14, 48, 48, 49, 90 Armenian Commission for the Protection and Cambodian government 20 Coptic churches 8, 24, 87 Use of Historical and Cuttural Monuments 75 Camoin, Charles 15 Cornerstones Community Partnerships 18, Armenian community abroad 9, 75 Campanella marble 84 18-19,90 Arno River 12 Caravaggio 40 Council of Bishops (Gaul) 56 Ashkenazic rite 36 Cardinal-Archbishop and Primate of Spain 40 Council of San Rocco 30 Ashmolean (Oxford) 84 Carpaccio 31, 89 County Cork 51, 88 Asia 14,43 Carreno, Juan 40 County Kildare 88 Asia Minor 8 Casa-Museo Francisco Pizarro 90 County Tipperary 88 Associavao WMF (Portugal) 83 Casnati, Gaiane 75 Cracow 8, 17, 76, 90 Association Culturelle de Commarque 60 Castello 32 Crosby, Anthony 75 Association of Progressive Jews of Poland 17, 76 Castile 59 Crusades 60 Associazione Comitato Italiano WMF 18, 64 Castletown House 88 Curley, Ambassador Walter 16 Astor, Mrs. Vincent 19, 94 Catherine Palace 84 Czech Republic 7, 8, 20, 80 Vincent Astor Foundation 94 Catholicism 60 Augustus, Emperor 15 Ceausescu, Nicolae 19 Austria 17 Central Europe 17,19-20 o Austria, Emperor of 32 Central Park 20 Dalmatia 87 Autonomous University of Chapingo 15, 55, 90 Centro de Restauraci6n, Santiago 27 Damer House 88 Autonomous University of Mexico City 15, 55, 90 Certosa del Galluzzo 88 De Benedetli, Carlo 19, 19, 95, 95 Awbeg River 51 Chams 71 Decalogue 76 Azerbaijan 20, 75 Chapel Ie des Bourbons 67 Denver 75 Chapter of Toledo Cathedral 40 Department of Archaeology of the government B Charles, Prince of Wales 19, 94, 95 of Nepal 43 Charleston, S.C. 90 Desert de Retz 87 Babelon, Jean Pierre 79 Chateau de Commarque 16,60, 60, 61,87 Dessalines, Jean-Jacques 52 Bagamati River 43 Chateau de Maintenon 87 Desta, princess of Ethiopia 11 di Banco, Maso 88 ChiHillon-sur-Sa6ne 9, 87 Dickerman, Watson B. III 14,43 Banska Stiavnica 90 Chicago chapter, Venice Committee 36 Direction Generale des Monuments Banteay Kdei 71 Chile 11, 27 de Versailles 79 Banteay Srei 87 Chilean government 12, 23 Director General of Fine Arts and Antiquities Barbados National Trust 87 Chilean park service (CONAF) 27 (Italy) 10 Barbo, Pietro 68 Christian pilgrimages 24, 72 Ditchley Park 88 Bardi di Vernio Chapel 88 Church of Madonna dell' Orto 89 Donatello 88 Barratt-Brown, Hilary 15, 95 Church of Madonna di Loreto 14, 89 Doneraile Court 14, 50, 51, 51, 88 di Bartolo, Taddeo 89 Church of St. Ann and the Holy Trinity 62, 63, Dordogne River 60 Bartow, Edgar 90 Duero River 59 Bassano del Grappa 88 Church of the Frari 89 Dufoix, Jean-Pierre 15 Bellini, Gentile 29,40,89 Church of St. Nicholas 87 Duke, Angier Biddle 14 Belvedere (Prague Castle) 87 Church of the Holy Ghost (Telc) 87

100 E de Givenchy, Hubert 16, 18, 79 Invalides, dome of 8, 16, 66, 67, 87 Glasgow 88 Iran 75 East River 63 Gokarna Temple Complex 14,42,43,90 Ireland 51 Easter Island 7,8,11-12,23,26,27,87,95 Golub, Harvey 95 Irish Georgian Society 14,51 Easter Island Committee 11 The Florence Gould Foundation 16, 18, 95 Iron Curtain, fall of 19, 80 Easter Island Foundation 27 Grand Carre 79 Isabel, Queen of Spain 72 Eastern Europe 17, 36, 80 Grapiglia, Giovanni 32 Istituto Provenciale per L'lnfanzia "Santa Maria Eastlake, Sir Charles 84 Gray, Colonel James A. 7,8,10-14,51 della Pieta" 35 Eastman, Lucius R. 12,15,17,95 Graziussi, G. D. 35 Istituzione di Ricovero e di Educazione (IRE) Ecole Nationale Superieure du Paysage, Great Britain 7, 8, 18, 23 44 Versailles 79 Great Tower (Chatillon-sur-Saone) 87 Istrian stone 29,32, 44 Ecole Superieure d'Horticulture 79 Greenland, Melville 63 Italian government 32, 47 Egypt 11,24 Greenways/Zelene Stezky 80 Italy 7,8,10,14,18,23,30,32,35,36,39, EI Greco 40, 90 Grille du Roy 78, 79 44, 64, 68 Elmes, Harvey Lonsdale 84 Grotte de Commarque 60 Endeavour, space shuttle 71 Guadalupe River 72 .J English garden 80 The Guide Foundation 95 English Heritage 84 Guinness, The Hon. Desmond 51 Jacquard Garden 89 Enlightenment 52 Gun Hill Signal Station 87 James, Henry 30 Ererouk basilica 9, 20, 74, 75, 87 Japanese paper 56 Esterhazy, Mikl6s 20 H Jayavarman VII, Khmer king 20, 71 Eszterh

101 Liechtenstein, dukes of 20, 80 Nacchini organ 32, 35 Polish Conservation Workshops (PKZ) 76 Lima 48 Napoleon 12,29,36,67,72 Polynesia 27 Lincoln Cathedral 88 Napoleon III 67 Pontormo, Jacopo 88 Lindblad, Lars 11 Narni 88 Port-au-Prince 52 Lisbon 83, 90 National Center for Conservation (Chile) 27 Portada de la Majestad 59, 90 Liverpool 7, 84, 88 National Gallery of Art 40, 94, 95 Portugal 8, 18, 23, 48, 83 Livorno 11 National Heritage Memorial Fund 94 Potager du Roy 16, 78, 79, 87 Lombardo, Pietro 29 National Trust (Great Britain) 7, 94 Prado 48 London 7, 84, 88 Nazzari, Bartolomeo 89 Prague 87 Losaisas family 48 Nepal 7,8, 14,23,43 Preah Khan 20, 21, 70, 71 87 Louis XIV 67, 79, 87 Nepalese government 14, 43 Premio Torta 14,44 Louis XV 79 New Jersey 12 Princeton University 71 LOuverture, Toussaint 52 New Mexico 8,18, 18 Puebla 15 Lugano 68 New Mexico Community Foundation 18 Puebla Center (Mexico) 18 New World 48, 72, 83 Pyrenees 60 M New York 8,17,18-19,20,63,90 New York Landmarks Conservancy 63 Q Mackintosh, Charles Rennie and New York Public Library 90 Margaret Macdonald 88 Nicholas II, Tsar 84 Querini Stampalia Library 89 Mahadev temple 42, 43 Norwich, John Julius 7 Maintenon 87 Notre Dame 59 R Mallow 51 Mansart, Franyois 67 o Rano Raraku quarry 27 de Margerie, Ambassador Emmanuel 16, 79 Rapa Nui (see Easter Island) Mariani, Sebastiano 68 Octavian 15 Ravenna, exarch of 39 Marianica mountains 72 Obregon, Alvaro 55 The Razing of Romania's Past 19,90 Marzotto, Count Paolo 18 Office of Public Works (Ireland) 51 Rendez-vous folly 19 Massari, Giorgio 35 O'Gorman, Juan 15, 55, 90 Restelo 83 di Masseri, Filippo 29 Olivolo 32 Ricci, Francisco 40 McAndrew, Betty 7 Olomouc 87 Rivera, Diego 15, 54, 55, 90 McAndrew, John 7,12,14 Orongo ceremonial center 27 Rizzi, Gionata 75 Melin, Manias 40 Orozco, Jose Clemente 15, 55, 90 Rochette, Jean-Claude 67 Melish, Reverend John Howard 63 Orseolo, Orso, bishop of Torcello 39 Rockefeller Brothers Fund 19 Melish, William Howard 63 Ospedale della Pieta 35 Rockefeller, David 19, 94, 95 Mellon, Paul 18, 19, 94-5, 95 Oviedo Cathedral 14, 90 Roggeveen, Jacob 27 de Menil, Dominique 19,94, 95 Oxfordshire 88 Romania 19-20, 90 Meolo 64,88 Romanian Ministry of Culture Mercedarian Convent 87 p Romanones, Count and Countess 48 Mestre 36 Romanov, Nicholas and Alexandra 84, 90 Metropolitan Museum of Art 63 Pacific Ocean 11 , 27 Rome 10,17,89 Mexico 7, 15, 18, 55, 95 Palace of Leh 88 Rosa, Cristoforo and Stefano 89 Middle Ages 16, 24, 56, 60, 80 Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo 44, 89 Lord Rothschild 19-20, 94, 95 Middleton-Pinckney House 90 Palazzo Ducale 89 Rouquette, Jean-Maurice 15 Milot 52,88 Palazzo Grassi 94 Royal Angkor Foundation 71 Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali 29, Palazzo Pitti 88 Royal Cambodian Government 71 30, 32, 35, 36, 39, 44, 47, 64, 68 Palladio, Andrea 32, 89 Royal Monastery of Guadalupe 18, 72, 90 Ministry of Culture of Portugal 83 Pan American Union 12 Ruskin, John 30 Minnesota chapter, Venice Committee 44 Pantheon 94 Russia 84 Minton tile 84 Paris 8, 10, 14,67,87,94 Misericordia Laboratory 46, 47, 47, 89 Parma 88 s Mitterand, Mme Franyois 18,67 Paul II, Pope 68 moai 11,11-12,27 Pavlovsk 90 Saints Sergius and Bacchus 32 Moors 72 Pecs Cathedral 88 Sala Grande 30 Morocco 17 Peninsular Wars 48 Sal a Maggiore 29 Moscow, U.S. ambassador in 75 Perigord 16, 60 de Salas, Carmen 48 Mudejar Cloister 72, 73, 90 Perry, Dr. Marilyn 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17 Fundacion Xavier de Salas 48 Mulloy, Professor William 11-12, 23, 27 Perugia 88 de Salas, Xavier 48 Murphy, Dr. Franklin D. 14,14-15,40 Perugino 88 Salisbury Cathedral 94 Musee de l'Armee 67 Petra 89 Salviati, Giuseppe 28 Musee National d'Art Moderne 94 Phnom Penh 71 San Francesco della Vigna 64 Musee National de la Prehistoire 60 Pietro of Assisi 35 San Francisco 10, 94 Museo Civico 88 Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan 88 San Giovanni Battista 88 Museo Israelitico 36 Pinacoteca di Vicenza 89 San Giovanni Forcivitas 89 Museum of Modern Art 94 Pistoia 89 San Giovanni in Bragora 68, 89 Muslim conquests 24 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 10 San Lorenzo 88 Pizarro brothers 48 San Marco 32 N Pizarro, Francisco 48 San Moise 89 Poche, Franyois 67 San Nicolo da Tolentini 89 NASA 71 Poland 8, 17, 76 San Petronio 13, 88

102 San Pietro di Castello 32, 33, 89 St. Leger family, Viscounts Doneraile 51 Venice 7,8,9,12-13,29,32,39,44,47,64, San Paolo 89 St. Louis, church of 67 68, 89, 94 San Rafael in La Cueva 90 St. Petersburg 84, 90 Venice Committee 12-13,14,17,23,29, San Rocco, Council of 28 State Institute for the Preservation 36, 44 San Simeone Grande 89 of Monuments, Brno 80 Venice in Peril Fund 7 Sanday, John 43 Stern, H. Peter 11, 12, 15, 95 Verona marble 29 San Salvatore 89 Stratfield Saye 88 Veron ese, Paolo 28, 88 San!' Agostino 88 Strozzi, Bernardo 89 Versailles 16, 79 Santa Croce 88 StUbbs, John H. 8 Vezere River 60 Santa Fe 18, 90 Superintendency of Archaeology in Rome 17 Vicenza 18, 64, 89 Santa Maria Assunta 38, 39, 90 Victoria, queen of England 84 Santa Maria dei Derelitti 90 T Vienna 20, 80 Santa Maria del Giglio 12, 90 Vietnam 71 Santa Maria della Visitazione Tagus River 83 Villa Borghese 89 (San Gerolamo dei Gesuati) 90 Tahai, ahu 27 Villa Pojana 89 Santa Maria la Major 58, 59, 90 Tangiers 90 Villa Valmarana ai Nani Santiago 12,87 Telc 87 Vilnius 89 Santa Pudenziana 88 Tempel synagogue 8, 17, 76, 76, 77, 90 Vittoria, Alessandro 68 Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) 87 templete 72, 73,90 Vivaldi, Antonio 35, 68 Santo Domingo el Antiguo 90 Tetrapylon 90 Wales 87 Santo Spirito 88 Theatre Imperial 87 Wallace, Lila Acheson and DeWitt 11 Sao Jer6nimo Chapel 83 Theotocopoulos, Jorge Manuel 40 Wars of Religion 60 Saragat, Giuseppe 10 Tiepolo, Giambattista 35, 64, 89 Washington, D.C. 11, 94 Sautov, Dr. Ivan Petrovich 84 Tiepolo, Giandomenico 64, 64, 65, 89 Washington, George 52 Save the Mexican Murals and Tintoretto, Jacopo 28, 89 Wellesley College 12 Monuments Fund 15, 55 Titian 88, 89 Wentworth Castle 88 Save Venice, Inc. 14,68 Tivoli 94 Wilson, Robert W. 95 Scarpagnino, Antonio 28 Toledo 40, 48, 90 Winchester Cathedral 88 Schio 89 Toledo Cathedral 14,40,41,90 "Winning the Race" campaign 95 Scotland 88 Tonie Sap 71 WMF affiliates 8, 18, 23 Scott, Sir George Gilbert 84 Torcello 39, 89 WMF Espana 59 Scuola Canton 17, 36, 37, 89 Toro 59,90 WMF France 16,67,79 Scuola Dalmata 89 Torta, Pietro 44 World Heritage (UNESCO) 14,15,23,27,43, Scuola dei Carmini 89 Tower of Belem 18, 82, 83, 90 52, 60, 80, 83, 95 Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista Tower of Pisa 10-11 World Heritage Convention 14 9, 10,23, 28, 29, 89 da Treviso il Giovane, Girolamo 89 "World Monument" defined 9 Scuola Grande di San Rocco 13,22,28, Trujillo 14,48,90 World Monuments Fund mission 86 29, 89 Tsarskoje Selo 84 World Monuments Fund renamed from Scuola Levantina 36 Turkey 75 International Fund for Monuments 10 Scuola Tedesca 36 World Monuments Fund Gold Medal 95 Scuola Vecchia della Misericordia, World Monuments Fund in Britain 7, 84 Conservation Laboratory 46, 47 World Monuments Watch 7, 8, 21, 23, 95 Seagram Building 11-12 Ukraine 17 World War I 32, 84 Secretariat of Public Education UNESCO 9, 10, 11, 14, 23, 24, 27, 28, 2943, Wright, Frank Lloyd, School of Architecture 71 (Mexico City) 15, 55, 90 47,52,80,83 World War II 20, 36, 76 Selassie, Emperor Haile 11, 24 UNESCO Venice campaign 9,12-14,30,44 Young, John 16 Siqueiros, David 55 Union of Italian Jewish Communities 17 SireuiJ 60 United Nations Development Program 14, 52 z Slovakia 17, 90 United States 7, 11, 17, 18-19, 55, 59, 63 Smeraldi, Francesco 32 University of Bordeaux 60 Zague Dynasty 24 Smithsonian Institution 11 University of Florida 71 Zalles, Rose Saul 14 Smolski, Janusz 77 University of Wyoming 11-12,27 Zamora 59 Sobchak, Anatoly 84 U.S. Commission for the Preservation of Zuccari, Federico 28 Somerville, Willard and Ruth 12 America's Heritage Abroad 17 Zuni Pueblo 18, 90 Southern Moravia 80, 87 US/ICOMOS 19 de Zurbaran, Francisco 72 Southern Moravia Heritage Foundation 80 U.S. Information Agency 20, 75 Soviet Union 20, 75 U.S. Internal Revenue Service 23 Spain 7,8,14,18,23,59,72 U.S. National Park Service 20, 75 Spanish government 72 U.S.-Spanish Joint Committee for Educational Spencer House 94 and Cultural Cooperation 59 Spinalunga 36 Spleczny Komitet Odnowy Zabytk6w Krak6w 76 Spoleto 14, 89 Valparaiso 87 The St. Ann Center for Restoration and Valtice 20,80, 81,87 the Arts, Inc. 18 Vari, Mme Helen 18 St. Denis 67 Vasconcelas, Jose 55 St. Domingue 52 Venetian Republic 29; fall of, 12, 32, 36 St. George's Hall 7, 84, 85, 88 Veneto 32, 64

103 PHOTO CREDITS: All photographs courtesy of World Monuments Fund archive unless otherwise indicated COVER: Venezia (archival photo), Archivio Bohm (inset) FRONTISPIECE: Archivio Bohm THIRTY PROJECTS: p. 13: Soprintendenza per i beni Ambientale e Architettonici di Venezia; p. 14: Courtesy of Samuel H. Kress Foundation; p. 17: Isaiah WynerfWorld Monuments Fund; p. 18: Edward E. Crocker; p. 19: Bryan Whitney (left), Jeanne Trudeau (right); p. 26, p. 27: A. Elena Charola; p. 28: Mark Smith (above left and below); Francesco Venturi/KEA (above right); p. 31: Edizioni Storti Venezia (top), Archivio Bohm (bottom); p. 32, p. 33: Mark Smith; p. 34: Mark Smith; p. 35: Franceso Venturi/KEA; p. 36: Archivio Bohm; p. 37: Soprintendenza per i beni Ambientale e Architettonici di Venezia (top); Courtesy of WMF Venice office; p. 38: Soprintendenza per i beni Ambientale e Architettonici di Venezia (top); Sarah Quill/UNESCO (bottom); p. 40, p. 41: Nicolas Sapieha; p. 42: Stephen Lowe; p. 44: Graziano Arici; p. 46, p. 47: Courtesy WMF Venice Office; p. 48: Nicolas Sapieha; p. 49: Nicolas Sapieha (top), Courtesy of Fundaci6n Xavier de Salas (bottom); p. 50: Redmonds of Roscrea/Courtesy of Irish Georgian Society; p. 51: K. Joseph Romanowski; p. 52, p. 53: Antonio Marcelli; p. 56: City of Arles; p. 57: R. Bougrain-Dubourg (top), M. Lacanaud/Musee Reattu (bottom); p. 58: Garanza, S.L. (top, 2); Nicolas Sapieha/KEA (bottom left); Joaquin Cortes (bottom right); p. 60: Gionata Rizzi; p. 61: Association Culturelle de Commarque (above); Gionata Rizzi (below); p. 62: Isaiah Wyner (top), Karen Reimann (bottom left), David A. Korman (bottom right); p. 64, p. 65: Vanni Tiozzo (2); p. 66: Franyois Poche (3); p. 68, p. 69: Cameraphoto (3); p. 73: Glenn Boornazian (2); p. 78: P.A. Lablaude (bottom); p. 81: Bryan Whitney (3); p. 82: Elena Charola; p. 85: Courtesy of English Heritage (top left); Martin Charles (top right) WMF ACTIVITIES BY COUNTRY NUMBER: I: Butrint Foundation; 7: Bryan Whitney (Jewish Heritage survey and Belvedere); II: American Friends of Vieilles Maisons Franyaises, Inc. (Chatillon); Courtesy of Pour Ie Theatre Imperial de Compiegne; 12: Courtesy of Lincoln Cathedral Fabric Fund; Gray, Baynes & Shew, Architects (Ditchley Park); 14: Bryan Whitney (Eszterhaza); Katalin Nador; 15: Corneille Jest; 17: E.di.Tech (Donatello stuccoes); Kathleen Buckalew/National Gallery of Art (Veronese); Marcello Fedeli (Santa Pudenziana); Aurelio Amendola (S. Giovanni Forcivitas); A. Benenson (Catacombs); Mark Smith (Marciana); Cameraphoto (Palazzo Ducale); 18: American Center for Oriental Research; 20: Nicolas Sapieha; Isaiah WynerfWorld Monuments Fund; 25: Dinu C. Giurescu; 28: Nicolas Sapieha (Toledo); 30: Robert Lyons; 32: Edward E. Crocker HADRIAN AWARD: p.94: M. Ferrari HADRIAN AWARD RECIPIENTS: p.95: 1995, Mary Hilliard; 1994, Mary Hilliard; 1993, Mary Hilliard; 1992, Mary Hilliard; 1991, Mary Hilliard; 1990, Moody Photographics; 1989, Jeanne Trudeau; 1988, Jeanne Trudeau World Monuments Fund and World Monuments Fund in Britain extend special thanks to Martin Charles for permission to use the interior of the Great Hall of St. George's Hall in Liverpool on p. 85.

104