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Anniversaries, Anabaptists and Rethinking Reformations

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COMMENT https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0290-1 OPEN Memories from the margins? Anniversaries, Anabaptists and rethinking Reformations Kat Hill1 ABSTRACT With the recent 500-year jubilee of the Lutheran Reformation, Reformation anniversaries have become big business and the subject of much scholarly 1234567890():,; debate. This paper considers the question of anniversaries in relation to suppo- sedly marginal religious groups in the era of the Reformation. What do they choose to commemorate? How did they fit into our accounts of religious change? And what does memory from the margins tells us? The paper argues that con- sidering memories and anniversaries amongst these communities allows us to reassess our categories of mainstream and marginal in relation to religious change in the early modern world and beyond, and to reconsider some of our narratives about the legacies of religious change. 1 Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to K.H. (email: [email protected]) PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:84 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0290-1 | www.nature.com/palcomms 1 COMMENT PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0290-1 Introduction 2017 was ‘Luther year’, the 500-year anniversary of the posting of the edges of the Reformations? Memory on the margins makes us the Ninety-Five Theses and the start of the Reformation. Ten reconsider the centre. years of preparation from the Lutheran Church and German The Mennonite church, which is coordinating the 500-year authorities culminated in celebrations all over the world. From anniversary, has its roots in Anabaptism. This reforming move- poetry slams to movies, panorama installations to conferences, ment of the sixteenth century rejected infant baptism along with heritage tours to a wave of publications, Luther 2017 sparked many of the conventional structures of society, such as swearing intense intellectual and academic analysis about the meaning of oaths and serving in the military (Stayer, 2002; Goertz, 1996). religious change in early modern Europe.1(Marshall, 2017; Roth, Anabaptism is not well integrated into Reformation histories. 2017, pp. 11–13). Histories of the radical or ‘left-wing’ of the Reformation remain Anniversaries and moments of memory activation invite us to understudied and marginalized from the mainstream historio- consider what narratives are being shaped about the past and graphical scholarship on the Reformation, and despite a spate of what narratives we as historians and scholars want to tell. histories produced in the 1970s and 80s on early modern Ana- Remembrance inevitably sparks renewed debates about origins baptism, Anabaptist studies have not seen the same energy since. and outcomes, and we can learn much about a movement, nation New waves of scholarship have started to redress this problem, or community at times of commemorative celebration. The first recognizing the fundamentally problematic label of the ‘radical big 500-year Reformation jubilee, that of Luther’s birth, initiated a Reformation’ and a group of new researchers are spearheading battle for ownership of his memory in a fractured Germany in the moves to bring Anabaptist histories into the digital age with the dying days of the GDR (Hoffmann, 1986; Scott, 1984). From open access website, Anabaptist Historians.5 Scholarship in the 2014–2018, visitors might have experienced the nuanced differ- last fifteen years has seen a handful of important monographs on ences of nationally inflected exhibitions commemorating the Anabaptist and Mennonite histories (Driedger, 2002; Räisänen- anniversary of World War One in, for example, Belgium, France, Schröder, 2011; Monge, 2015; Hill, 2015; Goossen, 2017a). But England, and Germany.2 The 100-year anniversary of women’s the scholarly imbalances and the division between mainstream right to vote and the suffragettes has struck chords with the and radical persist, especially for the pre-modern era. contemporary #MeToo movement. The Luther anniversary was, Not everyone agrees that Anabaptist studies are an endangered it seemed to many, a chance to embrace a more ecumenical enclave (Dipple, 2009; p. 244). Anabaptism does have a rich Luther, though there have also been concerns about the way in historiography, and there are Mennonite presses and journals, which commemorations renewed a hero image of the reformer notably the Mennonite Quarterly Review and Journal of Menno- (Evangelical Church in Germany, 2013; Roth, 2017). nite Studies, which are energetic and stimulating fora. However, But what if we did not focus on Luther’s story? The years 2025 the specialist focus of this publishing can also reiterate the and 2027 will mark the anniversary of a different part of the boundaries separating scholarship. Research is often produced in Reformation. These are the dates that the Mennonite World confessional contexts, and though confessional history in itself is Conference (MWC) has picked to commemorate the origins of not inherently problematic, I would agree with academics who Anabaptism. 2025 recalls the moment at which Conrad Grebel stress that there has been a return to confessionalised scholarship baptized George Blaurock in Zurich ‘to ignite a brand-new in Reformation studies. The 2017 anniversary sharpened this in Anabaptist movement which countered the movements of Luther, many cases, despite its claims to ecumenism, and has reinforced a Zwingli and Catholicism’.3 2027 coincides with 500 years since sense of separatism. Even sources may be divided. A special series the appearance of the Schleitheim Articles, a statement of Ana- exists for documents on the Anabaptist reform movement (with baptism’s separation from the world, and the Martyrs’ Synod, a the tactical name change from the pejorative ‘Wiedertäufer’ to meeting which established a principle of mission. (It earned its ‘Täufer’ in the late 1930s).6 So, while students of the European name because many of its principle participants died soon after). Reformation may have a week on radical Anabaptists in the The significance of these dates is clear, but any such immediate sixteenth century, few courses touch on much beyond this or connection is sidestepped on the front page of the MWC’s website examine the longer-term traditions that evolved from non- for the anniversary which focuses on the message of what has conformist impulses. been titled ‘Renewal 2027’. Renewal 2027 was launched in the The distorting nature of this scholarship has broader impli- same year as the 500-year anniversary of the Lutheran Refor- cations. It matters that Anabaptists have been on the edges of mation and is presented as a chance for ecumenical discussion historiography since it is partly a symptom and consequence of within and beyond the Mennonite church, with ten years of on one of the biggest, most problematic debates in Reformation events designed to invigorate Anabaptist faith globally.4 These historiography: confessionalisation (Brady, 2004). Reformation events are not likely to be on most people’s radar and will not scholars have for some time sought ways to write histories which spark the same rash of publishing as Luther’s 2017. Nor are the go beyond the confessionalisation thesis which ties long-term events uncontroversial amongst Mennonites some of whom narratives of religious change into accounts of state, discipline, question whether these anniversaries are an appropriate or rele- and institutions. Confessionalization neglects alternatives to the vant celebration of Mennonite identity (Goossen, 2017b). For model of institutional faith, faiths often related to national Mennonite communities and Mennonite scholars the question of identity and larger historical narratives of the rise of nationalism, anniversaries has stoked intense debate about the historical nar- and thus it omits a fundamental and long-lasting element of ratives that surround these public rituals of commemoration. confessional change (Lotz-Heumann, 2001). Moments of mem- (Roth, 2017, pp. 24–30; Osborne, 2017). Considering the anni- ory and celebration, therefore, are a chance for academics to versary celebrations and controversies of the lesser known part of address these questions. Anniversaries bring to the fore big the Reformation story, however, is also a chance for Reformation debates about origins and futures, as well as the place of com- scholars to revisit some of our accounts of religious change and its munities in the contemporary world, and so often implicate legacies. What if we switched our perspective to those who were national and international institutions. Though there are ques- supposed to be on the edges of the story? What do the debates tions about its success, a major emphasis of the Luther 2017 within the Mennonite community reveal about these memories commemoration, for example, was to attempt to move away and anniversaries more broadly? What new questions or old from national and confessionalised narratives and embrace a problems might we consider by examining remembrance from more ecumenical vision for Lutheranism’sfutureinthemodern 2 PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:84 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0290-1 | www.nature.com/palcomms PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0290-1 COMMENT world (LWF and PCPCU, 2017).7 The run of Reformation reinforces a monogenetic heritage which excludes the global anniversaries can stimulate conversations which re-invigorate church and diversity, and
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