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Relationships Among Swimming Performance, Behavior, Water

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Relationships Among Swimming Performance, Behavior, Water RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SWIMMING PERFORMANCE, BEHAVIOR, WATER VELOCITY, TEMPERATURE, AND BODY SIZE FOR SAUGER SANDER CANADENSIS AND LONGNOSE DACE RHINICHTHYS CATARACTAE by David Russell Dockery A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Fish and Wildlife Management MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana January 2015 ©COPYRIGHT by David Russell Dockery 2015 All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not be possible without the assistance, mentorship, hard work, and support of my graduate committee: Tom McMahon, Kevin Kappenman, Matt Blank, Megan Higgs, and Bob Bramblett. I would like to thank the staff at the Bozeman Fish Technology Center for their assistance in altering experimental conditions and feeding test fish. I would also like to thank Nick Pinkham and Chris Forrest for all their hard work on the project and their friendship. Thanks to my family and friends for their support, advice, and kindness through some difficult times. This project was the result of generous contributions and collaborations of the following organizations: the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Region Six Fish Passage Program, Plains and Prairie Potholes Landscape Conservation Cooperative of the USFWS, Bozeman Fish Technology Center USFWS, Western Transportation Institute of Montana State University (MSU), Ecology Department of MSU, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Montana Water Center, Turner Enterprises Incorporated, Gallatin National Forest U.S. Forest Service, and the Montana Chapter of the America Fisheries Society. I would like to thank Scott Roth who has been instrumental in securing funding for fish passage projects at the Bozeman Fish Technology Center and throughout Region six. I would also like to acknowledge the USFWS Pathways program, which provided me the opportunity to conduct this project, develop professionally, and make important connections within the USFWS. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................5 2. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SWIMMING PERFORMANCE, BEHAVIOR, WATER VELOCITY, TEMPERATURE, AND BODY SIZE FOR SAUGER SANDER CANADENSIS .................................................................................................8 Abstract ............................................................................................................................8 Introduction ......................................................................................................................9 Methods..........................................................................................................................13 Study Design ..........................................................................................................13 Test Fish .................................................................................................................15 Passage and Sprint Tests .......................................................................................16 Usprint Test ...............................................................................................................19 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................20 Passage Test ...............................................................................................22 Sprint Test ..................................................................................................23 Usprint Test ...................................................................................................23 Results ............................................................................................................................24 Test Conditions ......................................................................................................24 Passage Test ..........................................................................................................25 Sprint Test ..............................................................................................................27 Usprint Test ...............................................................................................................27 Discussion ......................................................................................................................29 Tables .............................................................................................................................40 Figures............................................................................................................................43 Literature Cited ..............................................................................................................48 3. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SWIMMING PERFORMANCE, BEHAVIOR, WATER VELOCITY, TEMPERATURE, AND BODY SIZE FOR LONGNOSE DACE RHINICHTHYS CATARACTAE .................................................56 Abstract ..........................................................................................................................56 Introduction ....................................................................................................................57 Methods..........................................................................................................................63 Study Design ..........................................................................................................63 Test Fish .................................................................................................................64 Passage and Sprint Tests .......................................................................................65 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................68 Passage Test ...............................................................................................69 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS – CONTINUED Sprint Test ..................................................................................................71 Results ............................................................................................................................71 Test Conditions ......................................................................................................71 Passage Test ..........................................................................................................73 Sprint Test ..............................................................................................................76 Discussion ......................................................................................................................77 Tables .............................................................................................................................87 Figures............................................................................................................................91 Literature Cited ..............................................................................................................96 4. CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................105 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................109 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................112 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Summary of test conditions and results for the nine velocity and temperature (T) treatment combinations during sauger passage testing in the experimental flume. Reynolds number (Re) is dimensionless. Mean velocity, Reynolds number, Dmax, and ground velocity are presented as mean ±1 SE (standard error). ...............40 2.2 Summary of hydraulic conditions and test results for the three temperature (T) treatments during sauger sprint testing in the experimental flume. Reynolds number (Re) is dimensionless. Trials represent the total number of trials performed within a given treatment. .........................................................................................................41 2.3 Summary of test results from the seven sauger Usprint temperature treatments. Results are split for the two groups. Temperature (T) recorded in °C and Usprint in cm/s. Trials represent the total number of trials performed within a given treatment ........................................................41 2.4 Coefficient estimates from the final linear mixed model describing the relationship between the maximum swimming velocity of sauger, as estimated in sprint tests, and temperature (°C), and fish length (cm) ..............42 2.5 Coefficient estimates from the final linear mixed model describing relationships between Usprint, as estimated in sauger swim chamber Usprint tests, temperature (°C), and fish length (cm). Data presented separately for group one (top) and group two (bottom) ...................................42 3.1 Summary of hydraulic conditions for the 12 velocity and temperature (T) treatment combinations during longnose dace passage testing in the experimental flume. Reynolds (Re) and Froude (Fr) numbers are dimensionless. Bottom velocity, mean velocity (measured
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