DOCUMENTS ~ n .'i STrR T/1108 INDEX UNIT lVI/·\ . C.i · SEP ~ ~J 1954

UNITED NATIONS

. United Nations Visiting Mission to . Trust Territories in West Africa, 1952 REPORT ON TOGOLAND UNDER FRENCH ADMINISTRATION

TOGETHER WITH RELATED DOCUMENTS.

TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL ·

OFFICIAL RECORDS : THIRTEENTH SESSION

(28 January - 25 March 1954)

SUPPLEMENT No. 3

NEW YORK, 1954 UNITED NATIONS

United Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in West Africa, 1952

REPORT ON TOGOLAND UNDER FRENCH ADMINISTRATION

TOGETHER WITH RELATED DOCUMENTS

TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

OFFICIAL RECORDS : TWRTEENTH SESSION

(28 January - 25 March 1954)

SUPPLEMENT No. 3

NEW YORK, 1954 NOTE

By its resolution 867 (XIII), adopted on 22 March 1954, the Trusteeship Council decided that the reports of the United Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in West Africa, 1952, including its special report on the Ewe and Togoland unifi­ cation problem, should be printed, together with the relevant observations of the Administering Authorities and the text of resolution 867 (XIII) concerning the Mission's reports.

· Symbols of United Nations documents are 'composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.

T/1108

March 1954

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Report on Togoland nnder French Administration submitted by the United Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in West Africa, 1952

Letter dated 5 March 1953 from the Chairman of the Visiting Mission to the· Secretary- General ...... 1

FOREWORD...... 1

PART ONE

INTRODUCTION •....•.•. ." .•.•...... , , .... , , •• , ••..•. , , , , , •.. , , , , , •.. , , , , •..•• , 2

ITINERARY ••...... •.•.••••.... ~ .••••. ·. . . . • • • • • . . . . . • • . • . . . 2

PART TWO

CHAPTER I. POLITICAL ADVANCEMENT A. General ...... , ...... 4 B. Relationship between the Trust Territory and the French Union ...... ~ . . . 5 C. Executive powers ...... 5 D. Chiefdoms...... 6 E. Administrative structure ...... ; ...... 6 F. Elected bodies ...... 7 (a) Territorial Assembly ...... 7 (b) Conseils de circonscription ...... 7 (c) Communes-mixtes ...... 8 G. Suffrage -, ...... -. : ...... _...... • . . 8 H. Participation of indigenous inhabitants in the administration of the Territory. . . 10 I. Judicial system ...... 11 J. Freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and freedom of movement...... 11

CHAPTER II. ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT A. General ...... 12 B. Agriculture ...... 13 C. Forests (a) General ...... IS (b) Classification of forests ...... 15 (c) Palm trees ...... 16 D. Chamber of Commerce ...... 16 E. Trade ...... 17 F. Industry ...... 18 G. Co-operatives ...... 18 H. Transport and communications (a) Roads ...... 19 (b) Bridges ...... 19 (c) Railroads ...... •• 20 (d) Water-ways and port ...... 20 (e) Air connexions ...... 20 (f) Taxation ...... 20

iii Page CHAPTER Ill. SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT . A. Labour (a) General ...... 20 (b) Customary dues ...... 21 B. Public health ...... :. 21 (a) Hospitals and dispensaries ...... 21 (b) Attendance of sick people in hospitals and dispensaries ...... 22 (c) Leprosaria ...... 22 (d) Morbidity ...... 23 C. Water supply ...... 23 D. Penitentiary organization ...... 23 E. Population (a) Civil status offices ...... 23 (b) Population pressure ...... 23 (c) Seasonal migration ...... 24

CHAPTER IV. EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT A. General ...... 24 (a) Difference between the South and the North ...... 25 (b) Language of instruction ...... 25 B. Primary education ...... 26 C. Secondary and technical education ...... 27 D. Higher education and scholarships ...... 27 E. Adult education ...... 28

CHAPTER V. DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ON THE UNITED NATIONS...... 28

ANNEx I. Itinerary ...... 29

ANNEX II. Map ...... inset between p. 30 and 31

Observations of the Administering Authority on the report of the Visiting Mission 31

Resolution 867 (XIII) adopted by the Trusteeship Council on 22 March 1954 ...... 35

jy REPORT ON TOGOLAND UNDER FRENCH ADMINISTRATION SUBMITTED BY •. THE UNITED NATIONS VISITING MISSION TO TRUST TERRITORIES IN WEST AFRICA, 1952

LETTER DATED 5 MARCH 1953 FROM THE CHAIRMAN OF THE VISITING MISSION TO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

I have the honour to transmit to you herewith in you would· allow an interval of two weeks to elapse accordance with Trusteeship Council resolution 465 (XI) between the transmission of this report to the members of 22 July 1952 and with rule 99 of the rules of procedure of the Trusteeship Council and its general distribution. of the Trusteeship Council, the report of the United I have pleasure in informing you that this report has Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in West been unanimously adopted by the members of the Africa, 1952 on Togoland under French administration. Visiting Mission. I should be grateful if, in accordance with the same rule, (Signed) Roy A. PEACHEY

FOREWORD

At its 409th meeting, tenth session, on 27 March 1952, Territories under Council resolution 36 (III) of 8 July the Trusteeship Council decided to send a mission to 1948 and to undertake the duties enumerated in Council visit the four Trust Territories in West Africa in 1952. resolution 311 (VIII) of 7 February 1951 on the same At the same meeting, it decided that the Mission should question ; to transmit to the Council as soon as practi­ be composed of persons nominated by Australia, cable after the completion of its visits a report on each Belgium, China and El Salvador. At its eleventh session, of the Territories visited containing its findings, with such on 24 June 1952, the Council approved the nomination observations, conclusions and recommendations as it of Mr. Roy A. Peachey (Australia) as Chairman of the might wish to make. Mission, and appointed Mr. Robert Scheyven (Belgium), In addition to its functions defined above the Visiting Mr. H. K. Yang (China) and Mr. Roberto E. Quiros Mission was requested by the Council's resolution 424 (X) (El Salvador) as members of the Mission. of 3 March 1952, reaffirmed in the preamble to reso­ By resolution 465 (XI) of 22 July 1952, the Council lution 465 (XI) of 22 July 1952, to investigate and submit directed the Visiting Mission to investigate and to report a special report on the Ewe and Togoland unification as fully as possible on the steps taken in the four Trust problem. This special report was transmitted by the Territories towards the realization of the objectives set Visiting Mission to the Council on 25 October 1952 and forth in Article 76 b of the Charter, taking into account reproduced as document T/1034 of 7 November 1952. the terms of General Assembly resolution 321· (IV) of The Mission, accompanied by seven members of the 15 November 1949 ; to give attention, as might be Secretariat, 1 departed from New York by air on appropriate in the light of discussions in the Trusteeship 18 August 1952 and arrived in Togoland under French Council and in the General Assembly and of resolutions administration on 21 August 1952. It visited Lome from adopted by them, to issues raised in connexion with the 21 August to 25 August; Accra, Gold Coast, the seat of annual reports on the administration of the four Trust the Government of Togoland under United Kingdom Territories concerned, in petitions received by the administration, from 25 August to ·28 August; Togoland Trusteeship Council relating to those Trust Territories, under United Kingdom administration from 28 August in the reports of the first periodic Visiting Mission to the to 9 September ; and Togoland under French adminis­ Trust Territories in West Africa and in the observations tration from 9 September to 25 September. of the Administering Authorities on those reports ; to It prepared its special report on the Ewe and Togoland accept and receive petitions without prejudice to its unification problem at Nganoundere (Cameroons under acting in accordance with the rules of procedure and to French administration) from 26 September to 14 October. investigate on the spot, after consultations with the local It visited the Cameroons under French administration representative of the Administering Authorities concerned, from 14 October to 10 November; the Cameroons under such of the petitions received as, in its opinion, war­ ranted special investigation; to examine, in consultation 1 Mr. J. J. Cebe-Habersky, Principal Secretary ; Mr. L. with the Administering Authorities, the measures taken Sternbach, Miss J. Brown-Harrop, Mr. F. T. Liu, Assistant Secre­ and to be taken in respect of the provision of information taries ; Mr. E. Sameh, Administrative Officer ; Mr. G. Margoulies, about the United Nations to the peoples of the Trust Interpreter ; Miss P. Lacerte, Stenographer.

1 United Kingdom administration from 10 November for the generous hospitality and cordial welcome extended to 23 November; Lagos, Nigeria, the seat of the Govern­ to it. ment of the Cameroons under United Kingdom admi­ After its return from West Africa the Mission prepared nistration from 24 to 25 November; London from its report at the United Nations Headquarters in New 26 to 29 November and Paris from 29 November to York. It has considered it convenient to divide its report 4 December. It returned to New York by air on into five self-contained parts as follows : 5 December 1952. Report on Togoland under United Kingdom During its visit the Mission covered approximately administration (T/1040) ; 18,200 miles by air, 6,500 miles by road and rail and Report on Togoland under French administration 100 miles by water. On three occasions it was obliged to (T/1041) ; change its itinerary because of difficulties caused by Report on the Cameroons under United Kingdom tropical rains making roads impassable, and on one administration (T/1042) ; occasion because an airfield was unsafe for landing. All Report on the Cameroons under French admi­ possible facilities were placed at the Mission's disposal. nistration (T/1043) ; The Mission was able to see whomever and whatever Report on procedures of visiting missions (T/1044). it wished. It received the full assistance and co-operation At the Mission's meetings on 4 and 5 March all these of the Administering Authorities concerned. It is grateful reports were approved unanimously and are hereby to the respective governments, officers of the admi­ submitted to the Trusteeship Council in accordance with nistration and to the peoples of the Territories visited the Mission's terms of reference.

PART ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. During its stay in Togoland under French admi­ rules of procedure of the Trusteeship Council that nistration, the Mission received most cordial hospitality 1,349 communications and memoranda were intended and co-operation both from the Administering Authority for its own information and took them into account and from all sections of the population. in the drafting of the present report as it did the obser­ 2. The Mission wishes to express its sincere appre­ vations of the Administration. · The Mission transmitted ciation to all those who have assisted it in its work. the remaining 22 communications to the Secretary­ General in accordance with rule 84, paragraph 1 of the 3. The Mission received in the Trust Territory rules of procedure of the Trusteeship Council to be_ d~alt 2,794 communications and memoranda transmitted by with in accordance with rules 85, 86 and 90. The M1sswn representatives of political groups, individuals or repre­ in drafting the present report took also into consideration sentatives of the people. Many of them referred in whole memoranda received from the Administration in the or in part to the Ewe and Togoland unification problem, Territory. and to this extent have been taken into account in the 4. The Mission wishes to thank Monsieur Pechoux, 2 Mission's special report on this question. Out of these Commissaire de Ia Republique au Togo sous tutelle communications and memoranda, 1,423 dealt wholly franr;aise, Monsieur Aubane1, who served as liaison with the Ewe and Togoland unification problem and the officer with the Mission as well as officers and members rest, i.e., 1,371 communications and memoranda, related of the French Administration both in the Territory and to general or local questions and, to some extent, to the in metropolitan France whom it had the pleasure to Ewe and Togoland unification problem. The Mission meet. The Mission regrets that it is not possible to decided in accordance with rule 84, paragraph 2 of the mention by name the many persons who aided it and from whom it received its most cordial hospitality and 2 See document T/1034. co-operation.

ITINERARY

5. On 21 August 1952 the Mission arrived in Lome under French administration to the French Parliament. by plane from Paris. It was greeted at the airport by the In the afternoon the Mission held hearings of individuals Secretaire general and other representatives of the Admi­ and representatives of political parties and iJ?- ~he e~ening nistering Authority. From the airport it drove to the held a meeting with the officials of the Adilllrustratwn. Government House where it had a meeting with the 6. The day of 22 August was devoted to oral hearings Commissaire de Ia Republique au Togo, followed by a of representatives of political parties and i~d~vidu~ls and meeting with the Senator and the Deputy of Togoland to a meeting with the officials of the Adilllmstratwn.

2 7. On 23 August the Mission travelled by car to of cotton. In the afternoon, the:Mission split up and one Tsevie ; on the way it stopped in Togblekope where it part went to the school and granted oral hearings to visited, an afforestation station and in Davie where it representatives of political parties, chiefs, representatives visited a schopl and had a short meeting with the chiefs of artisans and individuals. The second group in the and people, meantime held an interview with. the juge de paix a 8. In Tsevie the Mission visited the town and it~'~~ attributions correctionelles limitees d'Atakpame et de public buildings, including the building of the Conseil de Sokode and afterwards held a meeting with the com­ circonscription, the Societe Indigene de prevoyance, the mandant de cercle and the chief of the sub-division of Secteur palmeraie, the residence for the councillors, the Akposso Plateau. Tribunal, the school, the water tower and the post office 19. On 13 September the Mission travelled by car from building. Atakpame to Sokode. On the road it stopped at Agbandi 9. From Tsevie the Mission visited also the palm-oil where it visited a new well and heard a local chief. extraction plant in Alokouegbe and one group of the 20. For lunch the Mission stopped at Blitta and in Mission held at Tsevie oral hearings of the local popu­ two groups in the shade of teak trees it held oral hearings. lation, chiefs and representatives of the political parties. 21. After leaving Blitta the Mission entered the cercle In the evening the Mission returned by car to Lome. of Sokode and stopped at Sotoboua where it was greeted 10. The day of 24 August was devoted in Lome to by chiefs and the local population and attended a dancing oral hearings, to a meeting with officials of the Admi­ festival. It then visited the model farm. nistration and to a meeting with the Co-Chairman of the 22. The next day, 14 September, the Mission split Joint Council for Togoland under French Administration. up; one group spent the day at Sokode where it met the 11. On 25 August the Mission left by air for Accra. President of the Territorial Assembly and some members It spent 16 days, from 25 August to 9 September 1952, of the Joint Council and the superior chief of the Koto­ in the Gold Coast and in Togoland under United kolis, and granted oral hearings to notables, represen­ Kingdom Administration. tatives of political parties and individuals. It also held 12. Coming from Ho in Togoland under United an interview with the juge de paix a attributions correc­ King4om Administration, the Mission crossed the tionelles limitees d'Atakpame et de Sokode. frontier of Togoland under French Administration near 23. The second group in the meantime went on a Nyive on 9 September where it was greeted by officials very long trip by car to Bassari, Kabou and Guerin­ of the French Administration. Kouka. On the road it stopped also in Malfacassa in 13. The Mission proceeded by car to Kpadape where order to see a model horticultural farm. In Bassari the it visited a dispensary and then went to Palime and group met with the Superior Chief of the Bassaris, several Klouto ; in the afternoon one group held oral hearings other chiefs. and representatives of political parties. In at the school. The second group, in the meantime, visited Kabou the party visited the schopl and the new dispensary the town of Palime and the water supply centre. and saw some local dances. In Guerin-Kouka the group met the Superior Chief of the Konkombas and local 14. On 10 September all members of the Mission chiefs and population. visited the prison at Misahohoe and the hospital, the quarters of the gardes de cercle, the market place and the 24. On 15 September the whole Mission held a butchery buildings as well as the stadium in Palime. meeting with the commandant de cercle of Sokode in the presence of the President of the Territorial Assembly and 15. The Mission then split up and one group went to a member of the Joint Council. Afterwards, the Mission the school and held oral hearings while the second group proceeded by car to Lama-Kara. On the road the visited the ferme ecole at Tove. In the afternoon, after a Mission stopped in Koumonde where it visited a school meeting with the commandant de cercle and other French and saw the local chiefs. It also stopped in Bafilo where officials, the Mission split up again and one group went it visited the dispensary and met with several chiefs, to Tove to visit the re-education centre for juvenile notables and representatives of the local population. delinquents while the second group visited the Palime oil-extraction plant in Agou and had a meeting with the 25. In Lama-Kara the Mission met the Superior local chief of Gadja. Chief of the Cabrais and Lossos and the Superior Chief of the Lossos and visited the dispensary at Piya and the 16. On 11 September the Mission drove by car from dispensary at Tchare, localities situated near Lama-Kara. Misahohoe and Palime to Atakpame. On the way the Mission visited the leprosarium at Akata and gave an 26. On 16 September the Mission toured the district oral hearing to persons who wanted to be heard. Further surrounding Lama-Kara and at Defale visited the on, the Mission stopped at Adeta and visited a dispensary. dispensary as well as the new community pump and a At noon the Mission arrived at Kponvie where it· was mass education class opened in May 1952. greeted by several representatives of political parties. 27. In addition it went to Niamtougou where a .17. At Atakpame that afternoon the Mission split. Cabrais dance was specially performed for the members One group visited the hospital and the school, while the of the Mission. second group held oral hearings. 28. In the afternoon the Mission proceeded by car to , 18. On 12 September the Mission drove to Kolokope Sansanne-Mango and on the road stopped at Kande in order to visit the research establishment for selection where it was greeted by the Superior Chief of the J_ambas

3 'and Tambennas. -toea\ dances ·were staged lor the j6. On 22 September the :members of the Mission Mission. continued the meeting among themselves in order to 29. On 17 September the Mission visited the town of discuss the problems raised in the Territory. The Mission Mango, in particular the offices of the PTI and the met again the officials of the Administration. Afterwards, radio station, the customs office, the school, the private the Mission left by car for Anecho. After having arrived Gravillou farm and the central prison. It also attended in Anecho the Mission split up and one group went to a reception given by the Superior Chief of the Tchokossis. Attitogon where it held oral hearings; the other group proceeded to Agome Glozou. However, because of · 30. On 18 September the Mission travelled by car torrential rain and the bad state of the roads, this group from Mango to Dapango and back. On the way to was able to go only as far as Alouenou; it returned to Dapango the Mission stopped in Naudoga in order to Anecho. In the afternoon, one group of the Mission visit a school. In Bombouaka it visited the dispensary visited the Court of Anecho where it heard the Prince and met with the Paramount Chief of the Mobas. In Regent, chiefs and representatives of political parties Dapango the Mission was greeted by the Paramount and local population. The second group, in the meantime, Chief of the Gourmas and other local chiefs and held proceeded to Vogan and Togoville, but because of heavy hearings. In the afternoon, the Mission visited the rain and the bad state of the roads had to return to market, the customs office, the dispensary and an Anecho. In the evening both groups returned to Lome. agricultural farm. 37. On 23 September one groups of the Mission went 31. On the way back to Mango the Mission stopped to Vogan and Togoville where it met with the local chiefs at Pana in order to visit the mobile clinic of the Service and with the local population. The other group, which d'Hygiene mobile et de Prophylaxie and in Borkoissi remained in Lome, had an interview with the Judge and to visit an agricultural experimental farm. discussed frontier problems with the Customs Head­ 32. On 19 September in Mango the Paramount Chiefs quarters in Lome and with the officers in charge of the of the Tchokossis, local chiefs and notables bade farewell Customs Post and Police Post at Aflao. The same group to the Mission which departed by car for Sokode. The then held oral hearings, met the Co-Chairman of the day was spent travelling. Joint Council for Togoland under French Administration 33. The morning of 20 September was spent in and held a press conference. Sokode. Hearings of representatives of the local popu­ 38. The second group, after having returned from lation and political parties were held. Vogan and Togoville, had a meeting with the Chamber 34. The Mission then proceeded by car to Blitta of Commerce in Lome. where at the railway station it met ,with the chief of the 39. On 24 September one group of the Mission visited canton of Blitta and then left by rail-car directly for the Roman Catholic Secondary school and the new Lome where it arrived late in the evening. On the way the hospital in Lome, while the other group held oral hearings. Mission stopped in Nuatja where it was received and The same group visited also the Office des recherches greeted by the chief of Nuatja. scientifiques d'outre-mer. The whole Mission had then 35. On 21 September the members of the Mission a meeting with the Commissaire de Ia Republique au held several meetings among themselves in order to Togo. In the evening the Mission gave a reception to discuss the problems raised in the Territory and also French officials and to the local population and afterwards held a meeting with the officials of the Administration. attended the reception arranged by the Commissaire de In the afternoon, members of the Mission were enter­ la Republique au Togo. tained at the Yeke Yeke Festival of the Minas by the 40. On 25 September the Mission left Lome for Prince Regent Lawson in Anecho. Douala by plane.

PART TWO

CHAPTER I

POLITICAL ADVANCEMENT

A. GENERAL 42. In that report the Mission went fully into the unification problem and in doing so· also dealt with many 41. The Visiting Mission wishes to draw attention other aspects of the political advancement of the· people to the fact that it has already discussed some of the of the Trust Territory. In the further qbservations set problems relating to the political advancement of the forth below, the Mission does not propose to reprod~ce Trust Territory, and in particular the Ewe and Togoland the material contained in its special report. unification problem, in its special report.3 43. There are two political groups in the Territory, a See document T/1034. with conflicting opinions, strongly opposed to each other.

4 They are the Parti togolais du Progres and the Union des whom the Mission had very useful talks on various Chefs et des Populations du Nord Togo on the one hand matters concerning the Territory. In the bodies of the and the Comite de !'Unite togolaise and the Mouvement French Union, particularly in the National Assembly and d~ Ia Jeunesse togolaise " Juvento " on the other. ·. . .. the Council of the Republic, the basic legislation such as .. 44. The first group accepts internal self-government that relating to the composition and powers of local within the framework of the French Union for the time assemblies, suffrage rights, the penal and labo.ur cod~s being, while the second is seeking complete independence etc., is passed. for Togoland in the near future. · 50. Several problems were raised· in the Territory in 45. The platforms of these political parties have been connexion with the participation of Togoland in . the described in detail in the special report of the United French Union. These problems have already been consi­ Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in West dered by the Trusteeship Council. The Mission wis1->es, Africa, 1952 on the Ewe and Togoland unification therefore, to recall the statements of the representative problem.4 of France, of 31 March 1949, 5 8 March 1952 s and 7 46. Some indication of the present political balance 2 July 1952 and the decision of the Trusteeship Council 8 in the Territory may be seen in the results of the most of 23 July 1952 which, inter alia, stated that there was recent territorial elections-namely, those of 30 March no evidence to indicate that the practical operation of the 1952 for the election of the Territorial Assembly. The administrative arrangements affecting the Trust Territory electoral lists there totalled approximately 50,000. In and the French Union were incompatible with the Charter the South the Parti togolais du Progn!s and its adherents of the United Nations and the Trusteeship Agreements received 10,493 votes (6 seats) and the Comite de !'Unite concerned, and that the interpretations which the French togolaise and its adherents 10,161 votes (9 seats). In the representative had given of the relationship of the Terri­ North, 20,374 voted for the candidates of the Union des tory to the French Union would appear to be consistent Chefs et des Populations de Nord Togo and 489 for the with the provisions of the Charter and the Trusteeship second group, which put forward only one candidate Agreement, but that the Council did not feel itself (in Sokode). All the 15 seats in the North were won by competent to appraise the theories of constitutional law the Union des Chefs et des Populations du Nord Togo. which might underlie the arrangements between the Trust Territory and the French Union. 47. When the first Visiting Mission was in the Terri­ tory in 1949 the situation was quite different, since at that C. EXECUTIVE POWERS time, as stated by the 1949 mission, the Parti togolais du Progres had not . succeeded in having any candidate 51. The chief administrative officer in the Territory elected to the various representative bodies. In 1952 the is the Commissaire de la Republique who represents the total strength of the two political groups in the Territorial President of the French Republic. · He is assisted by ,a Assembly was for the Parti togolais du Progres and the Privy Council consisting of appointed indigenous notables Union des Chefs et des Populations du Nord Togo and the heads of administrative departments. 21 seats, and for the Comite de !'Unite togolaise 9 seats. 52. The Administering Authority informed the It may be noted that the South was divided between the Mission that one of the most important suggestions which two major political groups while the North was won by had been made in regard to the administrative structure the Union des Chefs et des Populations du Nord Togo, of the Territory was the proposal to create a Government affiliated to the Parti togolais du Progres. council (Conseil de Gouvernement) which would replace 48. The tension existing between the two political the Privy Council, half the members of which would be groups was very marked when the Mission was in the directly elected by the Territorial Assembly. This new Territory. council would assist the Commissaire de Ia Republique in putting into effect the views expressed by the Territorial B. RELATIONSIDP BETWEEN THE TRUST TERRITORY AND THE Assembly and in the performance of his administrative FRENCH UNION responsibilities. It was envisaged that the members of 49. Legislative authority over the Territory is exer­ the Territorial Assembly would wish to know the ultimate cised by the French Parliament, and the basic legislation results of their deliberations and the manner iii which applying to it is normally that which is enacted for the their opinions had been acted upon. The Government French Overseas Territories as a whole. The population Council could follow the steps which were being made to of the Trust Territory is afforded the opportunity of take into account the views expressed by the Territorial participating in the enactment of this legislation through Assembly and report to it on the steps taken ; it would elective representation in the French Parliament. Thus, sit more frequently than the existing Privy Council. the National Assembly includes a deputy elected by those 53. The Parti togolais du Progres requested orally Togolanders who have suffrage ; the second parliamen­ as well as in written communications .that an executive tary body, the Council of the Republic includes two council be instituted in the Territory. On the other hand, representatives from Togoland and the Advisory Assembly the Comite de l'Unite togolaise stated that if a new of the.French Union includes a representative from the 5 See document T/AC.l4/22, Rev.l. Trust Territory. The Mission met in the Territory the 6 Senator, Dr. Ajavon, the deputy, Mr. Grunitsky and the See document T/C.lfL.21. , . 7 See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fourth Session, Councillor of the French Union, Mr. Savi de Tove, with Supplement No. 4, p. 21. • See document T/1034. 8 See documents T/1030, p. 167 and A/2151, para. 312,

5 Government Council were to be instituted it should have regarding tax levies, providing information about any other powers and a composition different from that of epidemics in their areas, execution of sanitation instruc­ the Administrative Council (Conseil de !'Administration) tions, and informing the Administration regarding food which functioned until 1946; otherwise, they stated, it supplies in their respective areas. The chiefs of quarters would not be workable. are under the authority of the chiefs of villages and execute their orders in administrative and customary D. CmEFDoMs matters. The Administering Authority does recognize their existence ; it states that it does not wish to intervene 54. When the Mission visited the Territory in 1949 against their designation. the problem of the status of chiefs had become a very acute one. However, when the present Mission visited 58. The chiefs are selected in accordance with custo· the Territory controversy over the status of the chiefs was mary practices and are assisted by councils, the compo­ no longer acute. The Mission notes that a bill on the sition and functions of which are also determined in status of the traditional chiefs has been submitted to the accordance with custom. The Commissaire de la Repu­ National Assembly. blique is empowered to recognize the designation of the chiefs of the cantons and of the superior chiefs ; the 55. At present there are four categories of chiefs : district administrator is empowered to recognize the chiefs of villages, chiefs of quarters, chiefs of cantons and designation of the chiefs of villages. the superior chiefs. The village is the basic indigenous administrative unit of the Territory. 59. Certain problems regarding chiefs were brought to the particular attention of the Mission. On the one 56. The Mission met many chiefs of all these cate­ hand resentment was expressed that the powers of chiefs gories both in the South and in the North of the Territory. bad been curtailed, and suggestions were made that their In the South the chiefs have less traditional 'authority, authority should be strengthened. On the other hand, over relatively smaller groups and areas, while in the other criticisms were made that the powers of the chiefs in North, where some of the chiefs are Islamized, they general and of the superior chiefs in particular were to_o have greater traditional authority over larger units of extensive · that the designations made by their population and territory. The Mission met, inter alia, the constituedts had to be approved by the Administering superior chiefs of the Cotocolis (59.8 per cent of the Authority ; that they were subordinated to the district population of the Sokode sub-division), the superior administrators so that they became in practice adminis­ chief of the Bassaris (36.4 per cent of the population of trative officials and that they exercised undue influence the Bassari sub-division), the superior chief of the over their subje~ts in the elections to representative bodies. Konkombas (nearly 29 per cent of the population of the 60. The Administering Authority informed .the Bassari sub-division), the superior chief of the Cabrais Mission that chiefs were not administrative officials. (74.1 per cent of the population of the Lama-Kara They were representatives of the indigenous communities district and 11.2 per cent of the population of the Bas sari who elected them in accordance with custom. They sub-division), the superior chief of the Lassos (24.5 per played the role of intermediary between the indigeno~s cent of the population of the Lama-Kara district and communities , which they represented and the Admi­ 15.3 per cent of the population of the Bassari sub-division), nistering Authority. the superior chiefs of the Tcbokossis and of the Lambas and Tabermas (who between them rule over nearly 61. - It appears to the Mission that a reduction of the 50 per cent of the population of the district of Mango) authority of the chiefs will be brought about with the arid the superior chiefs of the Gourmas and of the Mobas progressive growth of local representative bodies. (who rule over nearly 90 per cent of the population of the new district of Dapango). The Mission also met the E. ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE Prince Regent of Anecho. 62. Togoland under French administration is divided 57:· · The adniinistrative functions of the chiefs of into eight administrative districts or cercles. From the villages, which are additiopal to their customary duties, south to north these cercles are: Lome (area approxi­ are as follows : general policing, rural policing, road mately 3,000 sq. kms.) with a population of 159,4.14, maintenance; sanitation, conciliation in civil and com­ comprising the sub-divisions 'of Lome and Ts~vie ; mercial matters, the levying of taxes, keeping of the civil Anecho ·(area approximately 2,400 sq. kms.) with a register and other matters such as transportation. As population of 184,233 ; Klo~to (area appr~ximatel~ far as the chiefs of the cantons and superior chiefs are 3,000 sq. kms.) with a populatiOn of 55,312 ; Atakpa_me concerned their duties include the transmission of orders (area approxirruitely 18,500 sq. kms.) with a populatiOn of administrative officers (chefs de circonscription), the of 107,165, with two sub-divisions, Atakpame and keeping of census registers and of the civil statu's file of Akposso-Plateau; Sokode (area approximately 1_1",800 sq; indigenous inhab~tants and_ immigrants, _control_ over kms.) with a population of 140,066, divided into the sub­ subordinate chiefs, control over the executiOn of orders divisions of Sokode and Bassari ; Lama-Kara (area of the Administering· Authority concerning agricultural approximately 2,500 sq. kms.) with a population_ of products, policing of markets,_ conciliation in civil and 188,170, Mango with a population of 64,133 and commercial matters, public orqer, _provision of infor­ Dapango with a population- of 116,631. ~ . . mation to the administrative officers about any subversive 63. Each ·district' is headed by a Commamf~nt de propaganda and· ail' acts . which might endanger. ppblic cercle or district administrator, and each sub-division by order and security, transmission of administrative orders a chef de la subdivision, or local administrative officer.

6 64. The Mission received several requests for transfor­ de Developpement economique et social) plan the mation of the sub-division of Dapango into a cercle. opinions of the Assembly were obligatorily sought; the Subsequently the Administering Authority informed the proposals of the Assembly on these matters were never Mission that this change had in fact been made. The modified, even though the funds under discussion were Mission also received several requests for the creation given or loaned by the metropolitan country. of a new administrative post in Bafilo, and was informed 70. The Mission was, as noted above, further informed by the Administering Authority that this would be done that the proposed new Government Council would assist as soon as personnel was available. the Commissaire de la Republique in putting into effect the opinions of the Territorial Assembly and in the F. ELECTED BODIES excecution of his administrative duties. 65. The elected bodies of the Territory, viz. the Terri­ 71. The Mission was informed, in addition, that torial Assembly, the Conseil de circonscription and the according to proposed new legislation the powers of the Municipal Commissions were not in session during the Assembly would be enlarged and the Assembly would Mission's visit to the Territory. The Mission was, have the right to deliberate, within the framework of the however, able to obtain information on the composition existing laws and decrees, on all questions relating to and work of these bodies, and to ascertain that the finances, administration of State property and economic Administering Authority had taken steps in respect of the and social questions. Thus in the view of the Admi­ political education of the population generally. In parti­ nistering Authority, the Assembly would become a cular, the Administering Authority published in 1947 a deliberative assembly within the framework of the pamphlet describing the election, operation and powers existing laws and decrees. of the Territorial (then Representative) Assembly and 72. The Mission would have been greatly interested had it widely distributed. The same procedure was to see the Territorial Assembly in operation. Since it applied to the rules of procedure of the Assembly, which was not in session at the time, the Mission is not in a had been drawn up by the Assembly itself. position to comment on its actual operation. However, 66. As for the Municipal Commissions, each Com­ the Mission met several members of the Territorial mission received a number of copies of a complete and Assembly in various parts of the Territory and wishes up-to-date document describing the communal organiza­ to record its impression that they included some well­ tion. The printing of this document in booklet form, educated men and that they benefited from the discussions as well as one on the Conseils de circonscription has been in the Assembly of territorial affairs and were in a proposed. Administrators who were chefs de circons­ position to discuss them intelligently with the Mission. cription and mayors had been asked for broad comments 73. Both political groups have expressed themselves on these documents. The Educational Service is planning in favour of increased powers of the Territorial Assembly. to organize, during the sessions of the Territorial It was pointed out to the Mission ( in many communi­ Assembly, an evening class to supplement the legal and cations received by it) that the Territorial Assembly, as political training of representatives who might feel the existing in Togoland, had been created for all the French need for such courses. Overseas Territories irrespective of the stage of develop­ 67. The Mission investigated this problem in view of ment reached in the particular territories, of customary some complaints received about the inadequacy of political institutions or of their ethnic composition; that political education in the Territory. The Mission, while the powers of the Territorial Assembly did not correspond appreciating the steps already taken by the Adminis­ to the real needs of the Territory, since the Assembly had tering Authority in the direction of giving to the popu­ no legislative powers, and that the budget and the taxes lation knowledge of political affairs, expresses the hope which were voted by the Assembly were controlled by the that further steps will be taken by the Administering Ministry of Overseas Territories in France and approved Authority to give more information to the members of by the French Conseil d'Etat. the Representative Assembly, Conseils de circonscription 74. The extent to which the Administering Authority and Municipal Commissions about the organization, at present envisages enlarging the powers of the Territorial functioning and powers of these elected bodies. Assembly has been mentioned above. The progressive (a) Territorial Assembly extension of the powers of the Assembly in the field of 68. The Territorial Assembly deliberates or gives legislation seemed to be a widespread demand in the opinions in relation to questions enumerated in title III Territory. · of the decree of 25 October 1946. It does not possess (b) Conseils de circonscription legislative powers. 75. The conseils de circonscription, or district and 69. In the view of the Administering Authority the local councils, came into being on the basis of the arrete Territorial Assembly, through such functions as the of 16 July 1951 ; they supplanted the former councils of deliberation on some financial matters, has a profound notables (conseils de notables). The conseils de circons­ effect upon the administrative activities in the Territory. cription which function in each cercle and sub-division The Administration stated that it had never disregarded must be consulted on different kinds of taxation, the the opinions of the Assembly and that it would never act establishment of draft budgets, the planning and execution contrary to them. The Mission was informed that t~e of public works, health and sanitation measures, t.he consultation of the Assembly went very far and that m establishment of new schools, dispensaries and matermty the preparation of the FIDES (Fonds d'Investissement et centres and the modification of sub-district and village

7 boundaries. These Councils may also be consulted on 80. Each commune mixte possesses an elected muni­ any questions concerning which the Administering cipal commission presided over by the mayor which, Authority considers that their views may be useful and like the councils in metropolitan France, has a deliberative they may express their wishes on social, economic and voice and whose powers in relation to budgetary general administrative questions. If a Council reaches questions are identical to those of the municipal councils. an unfavourable decision on any proposal of the Admi­ 81. In the view of the Administering Authority the nistering Authority, the Council may be asked to re­ communes mixtes have practically full powers in the examine the .matter; in the event that its views are municipalities they administer as far as finances, taxes maintained, the Administering Authority is empowered and communal administration are concerned. The only to decide on the question at issue, subject to any powers member of a municipal commission who is designated of the Territorial Assembly on the question. rather than elected is the mayor, and this for the reason 76. The Mission was informed that in June-July I 952 that it is difficult to find another person who could give the conseils de circonscription examined in each admi­ his full time to the administration of the commune and nistrative area the local budget, works programme and to following the execution of the decisions of the rate of local road taxes. Commission. 77. Unfortunately, none of the conseils de circons­ 82. The Mission noted that the population was greatly cription were in session during the Mission's visit in the interested in the increase in the number of communes Territory and the Mission is also not in a position to mixtes, and gratitude in particular was expressed for the comment on their actual operation. The Mission met raising of the town of Tsevie to the status of a commune several members of the councils, however, and gained the mixte. The Mission heard also opinions to the effect impression that they were well informed as to the functions that a commune mixte should be created at Bafilo. of the new bodies. 78. The Mission recalls the recommendation 9 of the G. SUFFRAGE Trusteeship Council adopted during its eleventh session 83. Various methods are applied to the selection of in July 1952 which inter alia noted that a draft law representatives on the various organs of the French conferring stili wider responsibilities on the conseils de Union and of the Territory itself. circonscription was in preparation. The Mission notes 84. One Togoland deputy is elected to the that in the view of the Administering Authority the Natio~al Assembly on the basis of the law of 23 May 1951, whtch conseils de circonscription have thus far consultative prescribes that the election shall be held in a single powers only, but that it is contemplated to extend the college. Two members of the of the powers of these councils in the framework of the respec­ C~uncil Fr~nch Republic are elected from the Terntory on the basts of tive regions. When the Mission was in the Territory in the law of 6 February 1952 by a single college and one September ~952, the position was the same as bad been member to the Council of the French Union is elected reported to the Trusteeship Council by the Administering from the Territory by the local Assembly. Authority. 85. Elections to the Territorial Assembly are held on (c) Communes m~xtes the basis of the new law of 6 February 1952 whereby a single college has been established in place of the double 79. At the time of the Mission's visit to the Territory college. This law of 6 February 1952 also extends the six towns had municipal status (commune mixte), namely, electoral body so as to include all heads of households ; Lome, Tsevie, Anecho, Palime, Atakpame and Sokode. it also determines electoral districts. The town ofTsevie was raised to the status of a commune 86. Since the term of the Representative Assembly rnixte in 1952. elected in December 1951 expired on 30 March 19?2, • See Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventh Session, new elections were held in March 1952 with the followmg Supplement No. 4, p. 219. results : Part/ togolals du Progres or I' Union des Chefs Abstentions et des Populations Comitede Circonscriptions Enrolled Voting (percentage) duNordTogo I' Unite togolaise Lome ...... •...... •...... •.••••• 5,958 4,187 30 863 3,234 Tsevie...... 3,867 3,161 18 1,557 1,557 Anecho ••.•.•...... ·..•...... •...... 10,523 7,480 28 5,841 1,523 Klouto ....•...... •.•• 3,798 3,128 17 909 2,199 Atakpame ...... 2,819 2,110 25 992 1,067 Akposso ...... •..... 1,142 921 19 331 581 TOTAL:roR:_THI! SoUTH 28,107 20,987 25 10,493 10,161 Sokode...... •...... 4,906 4,212 14 3,687 489 Bassari ..•...... •...... : . .. · · 2,554 2,367 7 2,349 Lama-Kara ...... ·...... 5,001 4,398 12 4,398 ·Mango .. , ...... _ .. , ...... , ...... · 4,871 4,617 5 4,617 Dapango ...... 5,476 5,323 3 5,323 ToTAL ·FOR THI! NoRTH 22,808 20,917 8 20,374 489 . 50,915 41,904 18 30,867 . 10,650 TOTAL FOR THE TEluuToRY AS A WHOLE -· 8 87. Thus, the results of the elections were as follows : 92. Three problems in connexion with suffrage were out of 15 seats allotted to the South nine were won by the brought to the attention of the Mission and were carefully Comite de !'Unite togolaise and its supporters 10 and six investigated by it. These problems referred to the unduly by the Parti togolais du Progres and its supporters ; 11 small number of voters inscribed on the electoral lists · all the 15 seats allotted to the North were won by the to the unsatisfactory distribution of electoral cards : Union des chefs et des Populations du Nord Togo. and to the inadequate revision of electoral cards, including 88. Elections to the conseil de circonscription are held the right of appeal against the rulings of the commissions which deal with this matter. on the basis of an arrete of 16 July 1951 according to which elections are conducted in two stages ; at the first 93. The Mission considered that all these problems stage each village designates, in accordance with the are of a serious nature and that they concern the repre­ customs in use for the designation of chief of the village, sentation of various groups of the Territory. It recalls one secondary elector for the village and one for each that a judicial inquiry on the question of elections was 100 inhabitants. In the second stage these electors, who carried out by the Procureur general, Mr. Baptiste, the constitute the electoral college, elect the actual members findings of whom are summarized in paragraph 58 of the of the respective conseils de circonscription. special report of the United Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in West Africa, 1952 on the Ewe and 89. As a result of elections to the conseil de circons­ Togoland unification problem (T/1034). During the cription conducted on this basis in August-September Mission's stay in the Territory no elections to any of the 1951, 48 seats in the South were won by the Parti togolais elected bodies were conducted ; therefore the Mission du Progres and 22 by the Comite de l'Unite togolaise did not have the opportunity of investigating the problems while in the North all 82 seats were won by the Union mentioned above in the most favourable conditions des Chefs et des Populations du Nord Togo. In the view possible, but despite these difficulties, the Mission is able of the Administering Authority, the elections to the to make certain observations. conseils de circonscription were less marked by political considerations than the elections to the Territorial 94. As to the number of voters inscribed on electoral Assembly. lists, the Mission wishes to recall that the Trusteeship Council at its ninth session noted with satisfaction that 90. Elections to the municipal commissions are held considerable progress had been made in increasing the by direct, universal suffrage. Each council is, in practice, number of electors in the Territory during the period composed of indigenous inhabitants only, with the under review ; it notes also that the number of electors exception of the municipal commission at Sokode where further increased during the elections held on 30 March one member is a European missionary. 1952 during which 50,915 persons were enrolled on the 91. The Mission draws attention to the large number electoral lists and 41,904 cast votes. The Mission notes of elections-six general and four local-which were held also a statement made by the Administering Authority to during the relatively short period of time from April 1950 the Mission that the number of electors would probably to July 1952 : exceed in the near future 100,000 or even perhaps 120,000. 9 April 1950-Additional elections to the Representative 95. It was, however, stated by the Comite de l'Unite Assembly to replace one delegate from the Circons­ togolaise that the electoral lists were restrictive and that cription of Anecho with a population of one million inhabitants only some 22 October 1950-Elections to the Enlarged Consultative 51,000 persons were inscribed on the electoral lists whereas Commission for Togoland Affairs in Dahomey, where the population totalled 1,400,000, 19 November 1950-Additional elections to the Repre­ more than 400,000 persons were inscribed. sentative Assembly to replace one delegate from the 96. As to the question of the distribution of electoral Circonscription of Atakpame cards it was explained that commissions on which each 19 November 1950-Municipal election in Lome and candidate is represented are constituted for the purpose Anecho of arranging for the distribution of electoral cards. The 17 June 1951-General elections to the National Assembly legislation does not stipulate that the commissions them­ 9 December 1951-Elections to renew the Representative selves should deliver the cards to the individual electors. Assembly That being so, it was agreed that the commissions should 30 December 1951-Second poll in the Circonscription of arrange the distribution of electoral cards by whatever Lome methods they considered best suited to the widely varying 30 March 1952-Elections to establish the Territorial local conditions, and that they should take their decision Assembly on this point by a majority vote. Thus, in urban centres 16 May 1952-Election of the Senator the commissions themselves were able to deliver the cards June-July 1952-Elections to the Conseils-mixtes. to electors who applied at the town hall. But in villages in outlying districts, the commissions did not have time, 10 Six seats were won by candidates of the Comite de l'Unite in the period allowed them, to go from village to village, togolaise, two by pro-Comite de l'Unite togolaise candidates oft~~ since a large number of villages were widely scattered and Union pour Ia Defense des Interets loca~ and one by~ pro-Comtte sometimes far from any road. The commissions would de !'Unite togolaise candidate of the Uruon des Syndicats. have required a period of several months to do that. 11 Five seats were won by candidates of the Parti togolais du Progres and one by a pro-Parti togolais du Progres candidate of Moreover, even if the commissions had time to go from the Union pour Ia Defense des Interets locaux. village to village, they would have had no satisfactory

9 way · of checking the identity of the electors, short of the Administration a completely free hand to favour their inquiring from the canton or village chief, as the only candidates, particularly in view of the fact that these person officially qualified to give the information and in lists were always revised before important elections. a position actually to know the people under his admi­ nistration. 102. In the view of the Administering Authority, at the time of the annual revision of 1952, nearly all adverse 97. In the view of the Administering Authority the rulings were the subject of appeals to the court ; this fact commissions could not seriously consider summoning made clear that appeals were possible. Moreover, even the electors to certain fixed places to collect their cards · on the assumption that the commission omitted or refused in view of the distances involved and the slight interest to give a decision in a particular case, the rules and taken by some of the people in electoral matters, a large practice categorically required that the court take up the number of cards would not have been collected. Further­ case directly. more, the absence of any check on identity which was only possible at the village level, would have left the way open for all sorts of fraud. In these circumstances the H. PARTICIPATION OF INDIGENOUS INHABITANTS IN THE ~om~ssions really had no choice but to arrang~ for ADMINISTRATION OF THE TERRITORY Identities to be checked and for cards to be physically delivered through the chiefs of cantons or chiefs of 103. At the time of the Mission's visit to the Territory villages, who were the only official intermediaries and there were 223 employees in higher categories of the incidentally, responsible under existing regulations forth~ administrative services, as compared with 185 in 1950, delivery of all administrative documents. These chiefs and 4,627 employees in lower categories as compared who took part in the delivery of electoral cards as with 5,052 in 1951. There were 154 women employees. described above were designated without regard to their The Europeans serving in the Administration were all political affiliation ; chiefs who were candidates for French ; 181 of them occupied higher posts and 7 lower· election were scrupulously left out of these operations. posts. The Mission met an African who was serving as adininistrative officer of a sub-division (chef de sub~ 98. On the other hand the Mission heard complaints division), viz. of Akposso-Plateau and was informed that that the commissions composed of candidates of the at Palime the Police Commissioner of the Commune­ opposing parties and the representative of the Adini­ mixte is a Togolander. nistering Authority were powerless, since the one member of the political party representing the Parti togolais du 104. The main political parties brought to the Progres always voted with the representative of the attention of the Mission that the number of Africans in Administering Authority and thus the representative of responsible positions was very small, and requested the the Coinite de !'Unite togolaise was always in the Mission to recommend the Africanization of the civil minority. staff, an independent Togoland civil service and greater participation by Africans in high positions in the 99. Regarding the revision of electoral lists, in parti­ Administration. cular in the district of Anecho, and the right to appeal against the rulings of the cominissions for the revision of 105. The Mission investigated this problem and notes electoral lists, the Mission notes that it was the function of that the ultimate aim of the Administering Authority is the commissions for the revision of electoral lists to so to organize the administration of the Territory that require whatever guarantees they considered necessary the participation of the indigenous inhabitants would be both as regards the identity of the electors and as regards complete. The indigenous inhabitants needed for the the evidence they required to corroborate the status of administration of the Territory are now being trained. electors. It had been found by the Administering Autho­ About two hundred persons are taking higher education rity upon investigation that the rejection of certain courses in France and would be the first persons able to applications for registration in the electoral lists in the take part in the administration of the Territory and able Anecho cercle was due to failure on the part of the to give a good start to all the new political institutions. applicants to produce any evidence in support of the The' Administration of the Territory is at present pre­ applications. The persons concerned appealed to the dominantly in the hands of Europeans and the ~number court against the rulings of the commissions for revision of Africans in senior positions is small. of electoral lists and the court disinissed their appeal 106. The Mission appreciates the difficulties of for the same reason. training Africans to the higher positions in the Admi­ nistrations, brought about in part by the recent war, and 100. As to the appeal against rulings of the com­ points out that in some cases educated Togolanders prefer missions, the Court of the First Instance, which heard occupations other than those in civil service. The appeals relating to the revision of electoral lists, called situation seems to be at present understandable, but the first for the production of the decision of the commission Mission, recalling the recommendations of the Trus­ concerned. teeship Council adopted on the subject during its ninth 101. On the other hand, it was alleged that actually and eleventh sessions, is of the opinion that the Admi­ an appeal against the decision of the commission for nistering Authority should further intensify the training revision of electoral lists was only possible so long as of Africans so as to comply with the wishes expressed by additional proof could be furnished by the electors to the both political groups for greater participation by Africans Appellate Court, and that the electoral lists could give in higher positions in the Administration.

10 I. JUDICIAL SYSTE~ . 115. The Mission is of the opinion that the Adnu­ 107. The civil judicial system is applied in the nistering Authority should take the necessary measures Tribunal of First Instance at Lome. The indigenous to remove obstacles which would prevent Togolanders from becoming judges or magistrates in the Trust Terri­ jurisdictional system is applied in tribunals of first and tory and is of the opinion that it should not be necessary second degree throughout the Territory. Appeals from in the Trust Territory to be a French citizen in order to the judgment of these courts go before the Tribunal be a judge or magistrate. colonial d'appel at Lome. Judgments of this Tribunal may be taken to the Chambre d'annulation de la cour 116. As to the problem of free exercise of the pro­ d'appel which since the beginning of 1952 has been fession of lawyer and their number in the Territory, the transferred from Dakar to Abidjan. Mission notes that there are at present regulations governing the legal profession and that the number of 108. The Mission notes that since 1952, three new lawyers is limited. A lawyer is not admitted to practice indigenous tribunals have been created viz. in Kewe, except on the advice of the Appeals Court and of the Gape and Agbatope (cercle of Lome) and the creation head of the judicial service ; admission can only be of two other indigenous tribunals is contemplated viz. refused for very weighty reasons as, .for example, those · in Noepe (sub-division of Tsevie) and at Kabou (sub­ relating to the applicant's integrity. As far as was known division of Bassari). to the Administering Authority no application had even 109. The criminal judicial system which is French is been rejected or delayed in the Territory. The fact that applied in the Tribunal correctional at Lome. There are the legal profession was not entirely free was in the view also three justices de paix at Anecho, Atakpame and of the Administering Authority not peculiar to the Terri­ Sokode, as well as the appeals court and the court at tory and there were very sound reasons for this regulation Lome. in a Territory where part of the population had not yet 110. During 1952 there were more Africans than attained a sufficient degree of education and advancement; French citizens in the juries which served in the Territory. it was essentially a measure for the protection of the mass of the population. 111. The Mission visited the offices of the Juge de paix a attributions correctionnales limitees at Atakpame 117. As to the limitation of the number of lawyers, and at Sokode and the office of the judge at Lome and the Mission notes that this regulation was based princi­ gained from them further information on the operation pally, in the view of the Administering Authority, on the of the judicial system in the Territory. desire to avoid an excessive rise in the cost of legal proceedings which might be caused by an abnormal 112. The Mission was faced with the problem of the increase in the number of lawyers ; however this limi­ separation of power, particularly in the sense that profes­ tation had not thus far led to the rejection of any applicant sional judges had not been appointed and that the juges for admission and it was obvious that the authorized de paix were often administrative officials ; that only number of lawyers could easily be increased. French citizens might be allowed to become magistrates ; 118. The Mission feels that the exercise of the legal and that lawyers, the number of whom was limited in the Territory, were not free to exercise their occupation since profession should not depend on any act on the part of the executive power, but should lie exclusively with higher they were nominated by the Commissaire de la Repu­ blique. judicial authorities. 113. As to the division of powers the Mission notes that the separation of powers is the principle of the J. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY AND judicial organization of the Territory and if any admi­ FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT nistrative officer performs judicial functions, he ceases to 119. On the question of freedom of expression, perform his administrative functions as long as he is detached for judicial services. Moreover, the court of freedom of assembly and freedom of movement, the Lome alone has about ten professional judges at the views of the Mission are divided. moment and that some assistant administrators were 120. On the one hand, two members of the Mission only temporarily appointed magistrates for a few months regret that because of the general situation in the Territory owing to lack of staff. .These exceptional measures had and the atmosphere in which they found themselves already come to an end in the case of the courts of while they were there, as well as in the light of the com­ Atakpame and Sokode, where a professional judge had plaints contained in the large number of communications now taken over. It was expected that at Anecho a magis­ received in the Territory concerning the actions of the trate, a professional judge, would be appointed soon and Administering Authority affecting freedom of expression, that on his arrival all the judicial appointments in the freedom of assembly and freedom of movement, they Territory would be held exclusively by professionals. find it difficult to express satisfaction on the matter. · 114. As to the requirement that magistrates be French 121. However, they did not in any way overlook the citizens, the Mission notes that according to the legislation fact that much of the political tension which gave rise in force, only French citizens (Europeans or indigenous to many complaints about the infringement of human inhabitants having French civil status) can be appointed rights and fundamental freedom was largely due to as professional judges. This condition of citizenship is misunderstanding between the Administering Authority not required from lawyers and auxiliaries of justice. and leaders of some of the political parties. ·

11 122. On the other hand, it appeared to one member investigation of the unification question demonstrated of the Mission that the political atmosphere in Lome was there are still sharp cleavages between the Adminis­ obviously. not as calm as he would have desired it to be, tration and the Comite de !'Unite togolaise on some smce: major issues. (a) The two main parties, the Parti togolais du Progres 124. The Mission is of the opinion that all-level close and the Comite de !'Unite togolaise, whose platforms co-operation between the Administering Authority and are diametrically opposed, have confronted each other the people is essential to future development of the at 11 elections organized in the Territory during the last Territory towards self-government or independence. In three years ; this respect, leaders of political parties will necessarily (b) The Comite de !'Unite togolaise which is allegedly have an important role to play, but this role must needs supported by influences foreign to the Territory and which be a constructive one. certainly finds encouragement in the communist press, 125. As regards the views of the Comite de l'Unite has been faced with decreasing power in the last few togolaise and of the Mouvement de la Jeunesse togolaise years and adopts a hostile attitude towards the Admi­ " Juvento " which are generally critical of the Admi­ nistering Authority and obviously towards its rival party. nistering Authority, a resume together with the comments In dealing with the latter, it uses methods of a terroristic of the Administering Authority has been included in the and fraudulent character ; Mission's special report on the Ewe and Togoland (c) TheParti togolais du Progres condemns the platform unification problem (T/1034) and therefore will not be of the Comite de !'Unite togolaise, which it considers, repeated here. does not serve the interests of Togoland, but is inspired 126. In this report, the Mission does not propose by private interests. The methods used by the Comite de to make a detailed study of all the communications !'Unite togolaise against the Parti togolais du Progres received. However, while in the Territory, the Mission's provoke on the latter's part a certain reaction ; attention was drawn particularly to allegations regarding (d) This situation obliged the Administering Authority bodily injuries and arrests and imprisonment of sup­ to be constantly watchful in order to maintain public porters of the Comite de l'Unite togolaise and of the order while respecting the rights of all. With a view to Mouvement de la Jeunesse togolaise " Juvento " and in maintaining order and in all fairness, the local Admi­ the light of what it saw on the spot, the Mission suggests nistration could not put at the disposal of the parties that the.}Administering Authority take appropriate premises belonging to the Municipality of Lome in measures to ensure that the police detailed to maintain which these groups wanted to organize meetings on the law and order do not overstep their authority. In the case occasion of the arrival of the Visiting Mission, but it of arrests and imprisonment, the Mission had made a has never prohibited meetings. thorough inquiry into the matter and found, much to its regret, that many allegations contained inaccurate 123. The Mission had the impression that since statements, as a number of the people who were said to May 1952 co-operation between the Administration and have been under arrest had in reality never been even the leaders of the Comite de !'Unite togolaise had called to appear before the Court or Magistrate. In the improved slightly and endeavours are being made to case of alleged forgeries the Mission also made inves­ bring about still further improvements. However, the tigation, the result of which indicated that there were special circumstances brought about by the Mission's 38 such known cases.

CHAPTER II

ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT

A. GENERAL number of cattle in the Territory is not large. The only mineral resources known to exist in the Territory are the 127. In travelling through both the southern and the chromites of Mount Ahito, near Chra, which have been northern parts of the Territory, the Mission was able to recently surveyed and some bauxite deposits which observe the different economic characteristics of these have not yet been explored. None of these minerals has two main parts. They have in common a basically agri­ as yet been exploited. Existing industries are so far cultural economy, characterized on the whole by relatively unimportant, but very promising steps in industrialization primitive methods. of the Territory have been taken by the building of a palm-oil factory at Alokouegbe and of a tapioca factory 128. The country is a rather poor one ; it is not well at Ganave in the district of Anecho. The Mission gained irrigated and this and other factors, including the quality the impression, however, that the Territory has consi­ of the soil, make the development of agriculture parti­ derable forest resources and that teak trees flourish in cularly difficult. There is a lack of pastoral land, and the many places.

12 129. The most important agricultural and other increased on the world market and of those for which the products which were exported in 1951 from the Territory demand had exceeded the supply in the past. This has are given in the following table : been made possible by the wide diversification of agri­ Value Per cent of value -;:;---=:,..,-----=-..,-- to the total value cultural cultivation in the Territory, with which the Quintals Frs CFA Dollars of exports Mission was impressed. Cocoa ...... 52,500.5 640,733,000 3,660,000 23.7 Coffee ...... 34,320 555,204,000 3,170,000 20.6 137. The Mission notes that the main economic Cotton ...... 21,874.5 369,604,000 2,110,000 13.6 problem of the Territory is to increase its exports suffi­ Copra ...... 62,121 288,524,000 1,640,000 10.6 ciently to secure an adequate supply of the manufactured Palm-kernels .. . 75,259.5 266,346,500 1,520,000 9.8 goods which have to be imported into the Territory and Groundnuts ... . 34,730.5 145,231,000 830,000 5.3 which are essential to its economic development. Dried and salted fishandshrimp 14,766 89,823,000 510,000 3.3 138. The economic development of the Territory is Karite (shea based on the ten-year plan of FIDES created by law butter)...... 22,640.5 61,472,500 350,000 2.2 of 30 April1946, the aim of which is : Kapok...... 3,417.5 57,530,500 330,000 2.1 (a) The development of agricultural production ; 130. Cocoa and coffee, as well as copra, kernels and (b) The development of transport and communications; dried and salted fish and shrimp, were exported from the (c) The development of social and educational South, and the other products from the North of the facilities. Territory, which also produces guinea corn and maize, the main food crops for the local population. 139. The total expenses foreseen for the ten-year period amount to 5,816,070,000 frs CFA ($33,230,000) 131. As far as cocoa and coffee are concerned it is of which 63.65 per cent is allocated for economic deve­ difficult to foresee any great expansion in the cultivation lopment and 36.35 per cent for social development. of these products, since cocoa can only grow in well­ shaded mountainous regions and the development of 140. By 30 June 1952 the following credits had been coffee is restricted to the region of the Basse-Cote where granted to the Territory : the land is suited to the cultivation of that crop. The Authorization for commitments : 2,485,414,000frsCFA plantations of cocoa and coffee are in the hands of the ($14,200,000); indigenous population and since the harvests are regular Credits for payment : 1,799,954,000 frs CFA they bring continuous profit to them. The cultivation of ($1 0,280,000). groundnuts also brings to the indigenous population Thus the Territory had received 42 per cent of the total considerable gains. The Mission saw in Bombouaka, on expenditure foreseen and 30 per cent of credits of the road from Sansanne-Mango to Dapango, a large payments of the same total. groundnut farm, and was informed that the cultivation 141. The contribution of the Territory and of the of this crop was an important source of wealth in the metropolitan country to the development plan is as region. follows: Metropolitan 132. Kapok and cotton are also produced in the Territory Country) (Percentage) North, but the cultivation of kapok was not expanded Expenditure on economic development.. 50 50 during the last year, largely because there was little Expenditure on social development.. . . . • 34 66 demand for this product on the world market.

133. During the year 1951-52 cultivation of rice was B. AGRICULTURE also started in the northern part of the Territory. 134. In the view of the Chamber of Commerce the 142. The Mission during its stay in the Territory development of some parts of the Territory, particularly visited farm schools and pilot centres and other agricul­ in the north, would be helped by the construction of tural schools in Tove, Kolokope, Malcafassa, Defale, roads to centres of production. The Mission notes that a Dapango and Borkoissi. These schools and pilot centres start has already been made in this direction by the were demonstrating the best farming methods for Africa, building in 1952 of 80 kms. of new roads in the northern and encouraging better farming by gifts of equipment part of the Territory. such as ploughs, carts and oxen. 135. The years 1950 and 1951 were years of prosperity 143. The farm school at Tove was opened in 1924 and in the Territory, but the year 1952 brought a fall in the is now subsidized from FIDES. It teaches modern world market prices of the main agricultural products methods of cultivation and is expected to become the exported from the Territory. Therefore, the income of seed-breeding centre for the whole of the Territory, the indigenous inhabitants was reduced during this particularly for coffee, palm-oil and fruit trees. period of time. This, in turn, resulted in a decrease both 144. The aim of the Kolokope station for the selection in their purchasing power as well as in the volume of of cotton, which was opened in 1949 is to choose types of imports entering the Territory. cotton that resist best a devastating infection known as 136. In the view of the Chamber of Commerce, the " black arm ". Otherwise superior imported types Administering Authority has introduced in the Territory proved unable to resist black arm, so the station now a policy designed to encourage from year to year the concentrates on improving local cotton, and increasing cultivation of those agricultural products whose price had its production.

13 145. At Malcafassa the Mission visited a model organization of markets, seed distribution, well-drilling, horticultural farm demonstrating new systems of irri­ shipment of agricultural products, mechanized coffl~e gation of fields and the use of manure. In Sotoboua it husking, mechanized palm-kernel crushing and so forth. saw a model farm, opened in 1948, where indigenous 150. The Mission notes also that steps have been inhabitants are primarily taught how to handle cattle taken by the Administering Authority to encourage and, through selection, improve the stock. In Defate the agriculture and to teach improved agricultural methods Mission visited an experimental agricultural station, and, in particular, attempts have been made to replace opened in 1950, where coconut plants are grown and the extensive farming methods by intensive farming. where instruction in fertilizing and other agricultural aids The prevailing system has been that land which has been is given. The Mission also saw there model stables and used for one or more years is left idle by the indigenous new irrigation schemes and was informed that 48 oxen inhabitants who move to other land which has not yet carts had been distributed free. In the North, where there been cropped. The Administering Authority is endea­ are four pilot centres and farm schools, the Mission vouring to do away with this wasteful system by intro­ visited the agricultural farm near Dapango where vacci­ ducing improved methods of agriculture, use of manure, nations are prepared for cattle in the cercles of Mango use of draught animals, rotation of crops etc. The and Dapango and where up to 35,000 cattle are vacci­ Mission saw intensive farming methods in the Cabrais nated yearly, and the pilot farm at Borkoissi, comprising country where manure was used in the cultivation of a typical indigenous farm where people are taught land, and noted that with the migration of Cabrais to the improved methods of agriculture. south and less populated regions in the east, these forms 146. The Mission notes that the Administering of agriculture are being introduced in other parts of the Authority is giving increasingly effective aid to agriculture Territory. through allocations made to the local budget, supple­ 151. As to mechanized farming methods, the Mission mented by funds received from FIDES. Large quantities is convinced that these methods cannot be developed at of selected plants and high-grade seeds are distributed present on an economical basis because of the poor free of -::barge. In 1952 the following seeds and plants were quality of soil and because they would cause a serious distributed in villages : cotton seeds 761 tons ; palm­ threat to soil conservation. It also seems to the Mission trees 49,350 plants ; coconut palms 37,810 plants ; that fertilization by means of chemicals can only act as a coffee-trees 108,152 plants ; kapok 197,152 plants ; palliative in the maintenance of soil fertility, which must fruit trees and others 19,976 plants. always be carefully continued with the use of stable 147. Some mineral fertilizers for cassava and coconut manure, green manure and natural surface dressing. plantations are also distributed free to farmers at Lome Chemical fertilizers alone cannot be used owing to the and Anecho. A campaign was conducted against the lack of humus. Moreover, they are not generally econo­ acolytus coffee pest, the oryctes palm-tree parasite and mical in the case of food crops, although of greater utility campaigns against maize blight and coffee blight were in the case of palm trees and coconut palms. The Mission intensified, the latter by ordering a large quantity· of was informed by the Administering Authority that many equipment. experiments have been made ; one hundred tons of 148. Agricultural production is assisted in the Terri­ fertilizer have been distributed and used to familiarize tory through the Compte de Soutien et d'Equipement de farmers with them. Very promising results have been Ia Production locale which has been operating since 1948. obtained in the case of the coconut palm and this has The coffee section of this fund is financed by a tax of ten prompted a number of planters to ask for fertilizers to francs per kilogramme of coffee. An action programme be supplied to them through the provident societies. commencing in 1952 envisages an expenditure of 152. The development plan for the Territory contem­ 31,000,000 frs. CFA ($177,000), 15,000,000 frs. CFA plates in particular the extension of cultivation of cocoa, ($8,500) of which will be used by the Service de 1' Agri­ coffee, cotton and groundnuts, the first two being the culture et des Eaux et Forets for the development and chief agricultural products in the South, and the last two protection of crops and 16,000,000 frs. CFA ($9,100) being the chief agricultural products in the North of the spent on the completion of roads in order to facilitate the Territory. It also contemplates the increased cultivatio~ transportation of coffee to market. The cocoa section of of food and commercial crops in the centre of the Tern­ this plan envisages the expenditure of36,650,000 frs. CFA tory, particularly in respect of cotton. ($209,000) over a period of three years and will include 153. Because of a fall of price of agricultural products measures to improve production (studies and research, of the Territory in the world market, which produced a anti-parasite campaigns) and public works (construction decrease in the purchasing power of indigenous farmers of roads, equipment and materials, installation of power in 1952, the Administering Authority has sought lines). The coconut section, financed by means of a tax additional funds from FIDES. of 500 frs. CFA per ton paid by the dealers when they 154. The Mission is satisfied with the action taken by export the crop, has made it possible to start and put into the Administering Authority in respect of agriculture and operation an anti-oryctes campaign, and the cotton in particular congratulates it for the creation of farm section has financed the transport of seed cotton. schools and pilot centres, and the effective aid given to 149. Assistance is also given to agriculture through agriculture, seed distribution and agricultural educati?~· the Fonds commun des societes indigenes de prevoyance 155. Expressions of discontent were, however, heard (SIP). Their aim is the establishment, supervision and in some areas, particularly· as to the operation of the

14 Fonds commun des societes indigenes de prevoyance 158. The Mission considers that the Administering (SIP). Authority might study the possibility of guaranteeing 156. As to a request for the fixing of prices of raw to the local producer a sufficiently stable remunerative agricultural products, particularly cotton, cocoa and price for his agricultural produce and is of the opinion groundnuts and complaints received about the consi­ that steps should be taken to supervise the prices paid by derable decrease in the price of some of these products, middlemen to the local producers in the bush. particularly cotton (the price of which has decreased from 159. The Mission was finally faced with several 35 frs. CFA to 15 frs. CFA), the Administering Authority requests from the Northern part of the Territory for stated that the producer was very naturally concerned to introduction of a free zone or a customs union between obtain better prices for his produce and the Administering the Trust Territory and the French Territory of Haute Authority would be failing in its duty if it did not help Volta and was informed by the Administering Authority him to do so. There were several factors which merited that this question was under consideration. consideration, however, foremost among them being the 160. In reply to a complaint received in the Territory complete lack of price control, as a result of which that indigenous inhabitants should be trained abroad Togoland production had to compete with world prices. under the auspices of the United Nations, the Adminis­ In these circumstances higher prices could be obtained tering Authority stated that the sending of farmers to only if quality was improved. This problem, however, countries with advanced agricultural systems for courses was not peculiar to the Territory. Since the Territory's of instruction was out of the question at present, and production was not large enough to influence world that the effectiveness of such instruction would be more prices, all that the Administering Authority could do-and than doubtful in present circumstances. Although crop it had not failed to do this-was to evolve and apply yields and fertility should be increased, it was equally measures to ensure reasonably stable purchase prices important not to depart from the traditional methods, throughout each season or for several seasons in improved by the lessons drawn from the experiments succession. The producer, situated as he was at the end carried out on the farms and at the pilot centres. In the of the trade circuit, received in payment the difference opinion of the Administering Authority it would do the between the c.i.f. price and the aggregate sundry charges farmer no good to observe methods which he would be (freight, insurance, trader's profit, fiscal duties and unable to put into practice and which were probably not charges etc.) borne by his product. The Administering suited either to his soil or to his habits. Such courses Authority informed the Mission that when it considered might possibly be of some use only if they were given the price of the product to be unfavourable, it took by teachers able to determine which foreign methods . prompt steps to alter these charges so as to keep purchase might be adapted to agriculture in the Territory. prices at a suitable level. These steps were, inter alia, the lowering of market-price value in assessing ad valorem C. FORESTS duties (a step taken recently with regard to cocoa, karite, palm kernels, palm oil, copra and grated coconut) ; (a) General reduction of the export duty (kapok has recently bene­ fited by this) ; and revision of railway freight and wharf 161. Nearly 4 per cent of the total surface of the charges (appreciable reductions have recently been Territory is covered by forests. The most important granted in respect of cocoa, coffee, karite and foodstuffs). tree is the teak and the Mission observed numerous trees The Administering Authority had also taken other steps of this variety as it travelled through Togoland. It was with regard to certain products such as solid vegetable introduced in the Territory by the Germans. Between 1927 oils and grated coconut, ranging from the imposition of and 1949 an area of 1,522 sq. kms. was planted with teak quotas for foreign imports to the matching of those trees ; during 1950 and 1951 132 sq. kms. were added to imports with those from French Overseas Territories. this area. The Mission also notes that the Administering Authority 162. The Mission visited several afforestation projects, had guaranteed the price of cotton at 21 frs. CFA. including the one at Togbtekope, and received expla­ 157. The Administering Authority also stated that nations with regard to the steps taken by the forest despite the disillusionment of the farmers, who would like department to fight fungus diseases. This is done by the price of their crops to rise each year, their income was means of trenches as well as by 'planting various trees higher in 1952 than in 1946 as a result of the measures and shrubs imported from the Gold Coast, India, Burma, taken by the Administering Authority, such as assistance the Far East and other countries. Another tree seen here given to agriculture, crop rotation etc. Of interest is the is resistant to fire and its cultivation is being developed following table furnished to the Mission by the Admi­ as a means of restricting bush fires. nistering Authority : (b) Classification offorests Relation between price paid to the producer and.f.o.b. price (As a percentage) 163. The classification of forests, which is effected Crop 1946 1952 by decree of the Commissaire de la Repub~que after Coffee ...... ···.·.··• 68.9 71.1 discussion in the Territorial Assembly, has as tts purpose Cocoa ...... 54.1 81.3 the placing of forests under a system of restriction and Palm kernels ...... 68.1 69.0 special protection. Palm oil ...... , .. .. 67.1 68.1 : 164. According to the annual report for 1951, ~lassi­ Cotton ...... 22.2 21.3 Groundriuts (shelled) : . .•..•••••••• 43.0 51.4 fied forests covered an area of 65,000 hectares while the

15 total area of all forests amounted to 105,000 hectares. other trees which were used by joiners, the Administering According to the annual report for 1951 classification Authority stated that some applications for felling palm of forests was made with full approval of the population. trees were rejected because conditions regarding the Since the beginning of 1952 four new forest areas have clearing of undergrowth and clearing of the ground were been classified with the full approval of the adjacent not fulfilled. It further stated that those operations populations. These forests totalled 39,000 hectares and formed the basis for the rational management of plan­ comprised the forest on Mont Balam in the Cercle of tations and, if followed by steps to regulate the density Atakpame (3,425 ha.), the forest of Togodo in the of the plantation, might double the production of fruit Cercle of Anecho (18,000 ha.), the forest of Tchilla­ in two or three years. In most cases the felling of palm Monota in the Cercle of Atakpame (13,700 ha.) and the trees was carried out only on a very small scale in forest of Lili in the Cercle of Lome. The wishes of the connexion with the growing of food crops between the population were ascertained through the Chef du Service trees. Food crops were not affected and the method was, des Eaux et Forets who conferred with the conseils de on the contrary, highly recommended. It would hence­ circonscription. forth be greatly encouraged by the use of mechanical 165. It is the view of experts as well as of the Admi­ equipment in plantations in the vicinity of the modern nistering Authority that in a relatively densely populated oil works at Alokouegbe. As a general rule, Togoland area (25 inhabitants per square kilometre) a forested zone farmers regarded the palm tree not as a source of oil but as representing 10 per cent of the total area is satisfactory a producer of palm wine which yielded a substantial and that the percentage of forest cannot be allowed immediate cash return. They consequently destroyed to drop below 3 per cent without seriously endangering the best specimens and maintained too high a density for the country's future. The forests of the Territory represent the other trees, thus very quickly reducing the potential less than 4 per cent of the total area, therefore it is fruit production. The present regulations, although considered that the recommended percentage is far from too often evaded, made it possible to carry out and to having been reached. All classified forests of the Territory encourage rational management. They also afforded an are situated in sparsely populated areas and comprise essential means of protection against abuse. Realizing essentially forest land. Their protection is essential as this, the delegates of the Territorial Assembly had set their cultivation would result in total and immediate up control commissions in each Cercle consisting of impoverishment of the soil. members of the boards of directors of the indigenous provident societies and of the delegates to the Territorial I 66. On the other hand the Mission was faced with Assembly to study the question of the felling of oil palms several complaints that decisions of the Administering and to submit any suggestions or objections in regard to Authority to consider some areas as forest reserve were it. The maintenance and the development of palm unjust and it was alleged that in areas of considerable plantations was the more desirable because the palm population density, the Administering Authority had tree, like all perennial crops, was an important factor in seized several hectares of fertile land and designated it soil conservation. " classified forest ". (c) Palm trees D. CIIAM::BER OF COMMERCE 167. The felling of oil palm trees is regulated by 169. In 1921 a Chamber of Commerce was instituted Order No. 632/AE of 23 November 1943, issued in in the Territory. One of its main functions is to provide application of the Forestry decree of 5 February 1938. information to the Commissaire de la Republique and to Licences are granted only in the interest of the rational different councils, committees or commissions created in management of plantations and are issued subject to the the Territory, on all questions relating to commerce and following requirements: " a representative of the Agricul­ industry. By an arrete of 3 December 1951 Togolanders tural Services, or an official of the same rank, shall select are eligible to the posts of the president and treasurer of and mark the palm trees to be felled ". The fellin~ the Chamber of Commerce which until then had been licences are issued by the Head of the Agricultural District reserved for French citizens. and are countersigned by the Head of the Administrative 170. At the time of the Mission's visit to the Territory District. the Chamber of Commerce was composed of ten members 168. In reply to the complaints received by the five of whom were French citizens, and two were Mission that steps should be taken to select palm trees Togolanders. which might be felled and those which might not, that 171. During the last two years the Chamber of permission to fell palm trees depended on good relations Commerce has subsidized commercial educational courses between the farmer and the Commandant de la subdi­ which enable students to receive a diploma in commercial vision and not on the state of the plantation, that forest science. The Chamber of Commerce has also recently regulations were discriminatory against the members of built a warehouse for the storage of export products the Comite de l'Unite togolaise as such, that foresters which are sent by sea. passed through the farm of indigenous inhabitants 172. The Mission had a long meeting with the without reason or necessity, that members of the Comite Chamber of Commerce in order to obtain its views on the de l'Unite togolaise were not permitted to fell palm trees economic situation in the Territory. It wishes to express and that if they did so, they had to pay a fine of its appreciation to the president and to the members for 300 frs. CFA and that the same was true in respect of the extensive information received which enabled the

16 · Mission to obtain a clearer picture of the economic export their raw products and where to sell them, as development of the Territory. Relevant views of the well as how to use foreign exchange, so received. They Chamber of Commerce have been incorporated in the wished to be free to arrange their economic policy. body of this report. 179. In this connexion the Mission investigated in Iq~. In view of some requests that an Agricultural full the question of foreign exchange restrictions and Chamber of Commerce be created in order to defend the noted the following : interests of indigenous inhabitants, the Administering 180. The local office des changes controls all the Authority informed the Mission that the question of operations in foreign exchange according to the in­ attaching an agricultural section to the existing Chamber structions received from the Caisse centrale de la France of Commerce was at present being studied. It added that d'outre-mer with its seat in France. This office controls this study was already so far advanced that the report the local offices des changes in all Overseas French might be expected to appear early in 1953. Territories. The exchange of funds between the Territory on the one hand and other French Overseas Territories E. TRADE on the other is free, but exchange operations between the Territory and foreign countries depend on the autho­ 174. The most significant feature of the economy of rization of the office des changes which distinguishes the Territory during 1951 was the favourable balance of between trade, and resulting from it, a favourable balance of (1) Commercial transactions ; foreign exchange. This balance with France was parti­ (2) Financial transactions ; cularly favourable. Trade in 1951 was principally between (3) Travellers' transactions ; the Territory and France. According to the information received by the Mission 61 per cent of the total tonnage (4) Investments. and 65 per cent of the total value of exports went to 181. As far as commercial transactions are concerned France and its overseas territories, while the tonnage imports from foreign countries are authorized by the of imports from France amounted to 46 per cent and its service des affaires economiques and by the office des value to 50.2 per cent of the total. Twenty-five and four­ changes in the framework of the allocations of foreign tenths per cent of the total tonnage and 7.7 per cent of exchange or credits allocated by other metropolitan the total value was exported to the Gold Coast and 9.7 countries under the Marshall Plan. per cent of the total tonnage and 8.7 per cent of the total 182. These allocations of foreign exchange are made value was imported from that territory. Nearly 11 per to the Territory depending on the availability of foreign cent of the value of total exports went to the United exchange to the metropolitan country and the needs of Kingdom. the Territory, or depending on commercial agreements W175. However, the situation changed in the first half concluded by France with different foreign countries ; of 1952. While in 1951 trade showed a favourable the sums foreseen in these agreements are divided between balance of 1,170,703,000 frs. CFA ($66,900,000) the the metropolitan country and the Overseas Territories. balance of trade for the first half of the year 1952 showed 183. With regard to exports from the Territory to a deficit of 215,500,000 frs. CFA ($1,230,000). This foreign countries, foreign exchange received must be tendency, as the Administering Authority informed the obligatorily ceded on the free or official markets. Mission, started in the last three months of 1951 and However, a certain portion, which according to infor­ increased in the first six months of 1952. It was caused mation received by the Mission from the Chamber of by the general situation of the world economy. It was Commerce amounts to 10 per cent, may be utilized for the only at the end of July 1952 that the situation improved importation of other than listed foreign goods, for the slightly and the deficit of the Territory diminished to settlement of the additional costs of exports and for 198,600,000.'frs. CFA ($1,130,000). This slight improve­ investments in foreign countries. ment was due to rigorous control over and a reduction 184. As far as financial transactions are concerned, of imports which decreased in July 1952 from 4,072 tons special permits may be issued to residents of the Territory (value 263,000,000 frs. CFA) ($1,500,000) to 2,667 tons for the export offoreign exchange for payments in foreign {value 155,284,000 frs. CFA) ($8,870,000). · countries for non-commercial dealings under special 176. In the view of the Administering Authority conditions defined in financial agreements or in clearing although the economic situation of the Territory did not arrangements between France and other foreign countries. seem to be alarming, it was possible that in the second 185. As far as travellers' transactions are concerned, half of 1952 the Territory might prove to have suffered the office des changes authorizes the purchase of foreign further from the decrease of the price of export products exchange by persons leaving for foreign countries who which might cause a decrease in exports, as well as in are provided with passports duly vised. imports. 186. As far as investments are concerned, transfers 177. Export from the Territory is free except for of capital were for a long time prohibited and were restrictions on the export of groundnuts, coffee, maize, submitted to severe restrictions, but these restrictions cotton, gari and poisonous substances, which require an have recently been alleviated ; foreigners who invest export licence. money in the Territory are permitted to take out the 178. The Mission received a request that the people proceeds of liquidation of their investments in the of the Territory should have the right to decide where to Territory.

17 187. The Mission considers that it cannot go into 193. The equipment of this factory was purchased detail on this problem which exists today in most countries from the Dutch Government for 80,000,000 frs. CFA of the world. ($457,000). So far no firm has come forward with the 188. With reference to the organization of trade, the amount of money which is required to put it into operation, Mission was informed by the Chamber of Commerce that and it is understood that if none does so in the near the local retail trade is in the hands of indigenous future, the Administering Authority will put the'"plant inhabitants throughout the Territory. There are also into operation, rather than leave it idle. 20 export firms in the Territory, some of them having 194. The Mission also visited a palm-oil factory branches in other Territories in West Africa. These firms situated in Agou near Palime. It operates a concession buy local produce from the farmer and through their local of approximately 500 hectares and produces palm-oil branches and middlemen sell imported goods to them. and kernels which are exported from the Territory. 189. The Mission was faced in this connexion with 195. The other new plant which was visited by the several communications which stated that prices of Mission, and which is expected to have great importance imported goods were fixed at a high level by large com­ for the economic development of the Territory, is the mercial firms which also fixed the prices of agricultural tapioca factory of the Companie du Benin, situated at exports and that indigenous inhabitants were forced to Ganave in the cercle of Anecho. This factory will be sell their products to these commercial firms at prices able to convert"' 12,000 tons of manioc into 2,000 tons fixed by them ; they also stated that goods could only be of tapioca annually. exported and imported to any country other than France 196. Recently, a Swiss firm made a request for on the basis of licences which were granted exclusively opening a grass-cloth factory, but it was informed that to European firms on a competitive basis and that indi­ the results of a similar factory near Palime did not seem genous businessmen were unable to compete with these to be encouraging. firms since their resources were not comparable. 197. According to the information received from the 190. As to prices of the principal agricultural commo­ Administering Authority there are also in the Territory dities in the Territory they are made known during the some cotton and kapok ginning mills, a soap factory, harvest season. In the view of the Chamber of Commerce, a grated coconut factory, two hundred and fifty-seven indigenous middlemen who go into the bush to buy maize mills, fifty-six mechanical coffee-bean huskers, cocoa pay lower prices than market prices made known thirty-six mechanical palm-kernel crushers and two in the Territory ; these middlemen also cheat the indi­ mechanical cassava-shredders. genous inhabitants by selling some manufactured goods 198. Other industrial establishments of a non-agri­ for very high prices ; a similar situation prevails in the cultural nature are the power stations which supply interior of the Territory in places distant from marketing electrical current to Lome and Anecho. There are also centres as far as cotton is concerned ; this situation industrial installations of lesser importance such as would be remedied if the roads were extended into the railway shops and various motor-car repair shops. bush because then the price of cotton would not vary 199. The Mission· is of the opinion that the Admi­ from one place to the other. nistering Authority should promote and encourage . secondary industries in the Territory so as to further diversify the economic structure of the Territory. F. INDUSTRY

191. The Territory, being essentially an agricultural G. Co-OPERATIVES country, has few secondary industries, and those which 200. In the view of the Administering Authority the do exist are primarily connected with the agricultural situation of co-operatives did not improve in 1951 production of the Territory. and 1952 because the indigenous farmers were funda­ 192. The Mission notes with satisfaction the estab­ mentally individualistic and did not wish to form lishment of two new and important industrial plants groupings. in the Territory. It was particularly interested in the 201. In reply to some requests that co-operative palm-oil factory at Alokouegbe near Tsevie. This factory societies for the efficient marketing of agricultural and was not in operation at the time of the Mission's visit, but livestock products and pools of agricultural machinery was expected to be opened soon. The building provides and tractors should be established, that appropriate a possibility for expansion and for doubling its production materials should be provided for the proper functioning by the addition of further equipment. The new factory of agricultural co-operatives and that industrial co-ope­ expects to obtain an extraction rate of 10.7 per cent from ratives should be created-and...,offi.cers who would be bunches of palm-fruit and thus double the production able to conduct a co-operative campaign in the Territory of palm-oil obtained by the indigenous population. The should be trained, the Administering Authority stated expected annual production will be 1,000 tons of palm-oil that it had distributed·model statutes for co-operatives and 1,000 tons of kernels. It is expected that kernels formed""under the Act of 10 September 1947, together will not be processed in the Territory, but exported, with all necessary explanatory information, but little while 80 per cent of oil processed in the factory will also interest had been aroused thus far and the co-operative be exported, but only where local requirements have movement was only in its infancy. Only a few co-ope­ been met. ratives· are funCtioning in the Territory and they include

18 the following : the Seaboard Coconut Planters' Co-ope­ !7208. The total length of roads running from the rative (Cooperative des planteurs de coco du littoral), Territory to neighbouring territories is 761 kms. members· of which met the Mission during its stay in 209. The most important roads belonging to the Lome ; the Kouma-Bala Agricultural Co-operative ; second category (that is, first-class roads within the the Togoland Co-operative Association ; the Litime Territory) run : Farmers' Association ; the Agricultural Syndicate of the Canton of Akposso and the Civil Servants' Consumer (a) From Togoland under United Kingdom admi­ Co-operative at Lome. nistration near Kpadape via Palime to Lome (123 kms.) ; with the exception of a small portion from the frontier 202. It seems to the Mission that the existing situation with Togoland under French administration up to Palime, does not suggest that the Administering Authority has it was not traversed by the Mission ; impeded the growth of co-operatives in any way, but that (b) From Palime to Atakpame (103 kms.), travelled by there is no enthusiasm in the Territory for their creation. the Mission ; and On the contrary, there seems to be a reluctance on the part of the population to profit by this type of organi­ (c) From Sokode via Bassari, Guerin-Kouka to zation. Sadori (105 kms.) more than half of which (from Sokode to Guerin-Kouka) was traversed by the Mission. 203. The Administering Authority has recently sent to France, at the invitation of the Minister of Overseas 210. The total length of roads in this category · France, an administrative officer and two Togolanders is 436 kms. and the Mission considers that they are in to attend a course in mutual benefit and co-operative relatively good condition. society activities. The travel and subsistence expenses 211. The total length of local roads is 3,275 kms. ; in France of the two Togolanders, who followed the the Mission used them very seldom. course for one month, were paid by FIDES. Two other Togolanders, managers of co-operatives, are to attend 212. In the view of the Chamber of Commerce the the same course early in 1953. development of the vast Northern part of the Territory, with its agricultural wealth, and the considerable distances 204. The Mission notes these developments with separating some agricultural centres required the satisfaction and hopes that they will be of benefit to development of the network of roads. members of co-operatives in the Territory. The Mission further observes that, in its opinion, publicity could be 213. It was also the opinion of the Chamber that devoted to demonstrating to the inhabitants the benefits roads should be extended into the bush, because then that can be derived from the further introduction of the prices of raw materials paid to producers would not co-operatives in the Territory. vary from place to place; and that, if roads to marketing centres were extended, the activities of middlemen who sold imported goods to the indigenous population in the H. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS bush for exorbitant prices could be curbed. (a) Roads 214. The Mission observes that in 1951, 86 kms. and in 1952, 80 kms. of new roads were built in the Territory, 205. The roads in the Territory can be divided into but that it is not contemplated to build new first-class three categories : those running from the Territory to roads with the exception of some local roads in the neighbouring territories (routes intercoloniales); first-class desert, where palm-trees are growing, or in the cotton roads within the Territory (routes coloniales) and local region of Anie. roads (chemins vicinaux). 215. The four-year plan financed by FIDES foresees, 206. The most important road, belonging to the however, the improvement of the roads from Lome to first category, runs from Lome via Atakpame, Blitta, Dabankoum, from Palime to Atakpame and from Palime Sokode, Lama-Kara, Sansanne-Mango, Dapango to to Dafo and of the Mount Ahito road; these improve­ Dabankoum, on the Togoland-Haute Volta frontier; ments will cost approximately 25,000,000 frs. CFA and totals 702 kms. The Mission traversed this road, ($143,000) ... with the exception of the southern lpart from Tsevie to Atakpame and from Dapango to the frontier with the 216. The Mission wishes to comment that the question of roads was very often raised during the Mission's Haute Volta. It was well formed and in a good state of repair. visit in the Territory. It received many requests for the building of roads for example from Bado~ to. ~d!ftbi, 207. The second most important road in this category from Atakpame to East Mono and West· Ame, on the runs from Aflao (frontier of the Territory with the Akposso-Plateau and elsewhere. Gold Coast) via Anecho to Hilacondji at the frontier with Dahomey and is 53 kms. long. The Mission travelled (b) Bridges the length of this road, with the exception of the last 4 kms. from Anecho to Hilacondji. At that time, the section in 217. The Mission notes with satisfaction that several the cercle of Anecho was under repair and, owing to bad new bridges had been built in the T:rri,tory recently; weather, was not in good condition. The Mission~noted In 1952, ten bridges on the road from Paltme to Atakpame that half of the road has already been macadamized were completed and some others were constructed or and was informed that the remainder would. soon be made {''permanent, particularly in the North of the treated in the same manner. Territory.

19 218. The question of the construction of new bridges (e) Air connexions or of building permanent bridges was also often raised and some requests were received by the Mission, such 223. The Territory also has an international airfield 12 as for the building of a bridge on the Borgou and on the in Lome and airfields of Category " D " in Atakpame Silo rivers, or near Alouenou ; or for transformation and Sansanne-Mango. The Lome airport is gaining of provisional bridges into permanent ones between importance ; this can be seen from the following table : In th• first eight Pana and Nikitindi East, on the Kariata between Lotogan 1950 1951 months of 1952 and Dapango, and elsewhere. Air traffic...... 1,090 1,192 707 Passenger...... 6,610 7,713 8,288 (c) Railroads Luggage ...... 191,293 203,529 179,674 219. There exist in the Territory 464 kms. of railroads. Parcel !post...... 131,004 127,792 135,214 One line runs from Lome to Blitta (276 kms.), another Mail ...... 52,519 53,824 63,304 from Lome to Anecho (44 kms.) and one from Lome (f) Taxation to Palime (119 kms.). There is also a short 4 kms. branch line near Atakpame, urban lines in Lome and at its 224. The Mission received a communication stating wharf (16 kms.) and a short line at the airfield (5 kms.). that because of high taxes levied on lorry drivers, the 220. The Mission travelled from Blitta to Lome by cost of transport was excessive, amounting in all to rail-car and found the journey very comfortable. 276,800 frs. CFA ($1,582) per lorry per year, and that these high taxes reduced the profits of farmers who (d) Water-ways and port used lorry transport. The Chamber of Commerce stated, 221. Because of the absence of navigable rivers, however, that the use of heavy lorries had diminished water-ways are practically non-existent in the Territory. the cost of transport. The Administering Authority pointed out that some of the taxes mentioned were not 222. The Territory has, however, a very important cumulative, and also that the general income tax was port in Lome which is connected by railway not only paid by only one of the 136 indigenous carriers at present with the interior of the Territory, but also-by road from registered with the tax office. The Mission further notes the railhead-with Togoland under United Kingdom that the drivers' profession does not seem to be unpro­ administration, from which cocoa is exported through fitable since in 1952, 213 lorries were imported into Lome. In 1951, 166 ships arrived in the Lome port ; the Territory. 56,053,653 tons of merchandise were unloaded and 59,492,400 tons were loaded ; 3,220 passengers arrived 12 Category " D " airfield is one, the main runway of which is by sea and 3,170 departed. between 1,500-1,800 metres long.

CHAPTER Ill

SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT

A. LABOUR 227. Another new development in the field of labour brought to the attention of the Mission was the fact that, (a) General on the basis of the opinion of the Consultative Labour 225. The Mission was informed when passing through Commission, the minimum wage for workers was Paris that the Labour Code the adoption of which was increased in the Territory by arrete 646/57fiT of 20 August discussed by the Trusteeship Council at its fifth, seventh, 1952 as follows : in the first zone (commune-mixte of ninth and eleventh sessions, had been finally adopted Lome and urban centres of Anecho-Glidgi ; Atakpame by the National Assembly. This new Labour Code and Palime) from 114 frs. CFA to 125 frs. CFA ($0.70) proclaims, inter alia, certain principles established here­ per day ; in the second zone (cercles of Lome, Anecho, tofore in the Territory, but which are now legalized, i.e., Atakpame and Klouto) from 80 frs. CFA to 90 frs. ~~A a definite and explicit condemnation and prohibition ($0.50) per day, and in the third zone (all other localittes) of forced labour, abolition of the distinction between from 57 frs. CFA to 70 frs. CFA ($0.40) per day. labourers of metropolitan origin and indigenous labourers, 228. The salaries of dockers have been fixed by affirmation of the right to form trade unions, affirmation decision No. 237 of 3 September 1952 of the Directeur of the right of collective bargaining, of establishment of des CFT et du Wharf as follows : an obligatory procedure for collective bargaining before starting to strike, the right of which is contained in the Salary per day in . Constitution, and the affirmation of the full official status Years of service Frs. CFA Dollars of the Labour Inspectorates. Up to 2 ...... 125 0.70 226. The new Labour Code will be adapted by arretes 2 to 5 ...... 145 0.77 of the Commissaire de Ia Republique, after consultation 5 to 8 ...... 157 0.89 with the Territorial Assembly, to~the conditions prevailing 8 to 10 ...... 174 1.00 in Togoland under French administration. Over 10 ...... 191 1.09

20 229. At the same time the prices of some foodstuffs have decreased. The following table was supplied by the Administering Authority for the town of Lome : Foodstuffs prices (in francs CFA) 1949 1950 1951 . 1952 Flour (kg.) ••...... •...... 30 40 53 45/50 Sugar (kg.) .....•...... 70 65 75 70 White cotton goods (yd.) ...... 150/300 130/150 130/170 88/150 Drill (yd.) ...... 120 130 130 120 Wine (litre) ...... 65 65 65 60 Cigarettes (pack) ...... 20 25 25 20.25 Petrol (litre) .....•...... 17 17 23 18 Groundnut oil (litre) ...... 105 105 155 135 Soap (kg.) •.•...... 48 75 85 85 Chicken (piece) •...... •.•. 150/200 150/200 175/225 150/200 Meat (kg.) ...... 70/85 85/175 100/175 100/175 Gari (kg.) ...... •...... 18 11 Palm oil (litre) ...... 50/80 230. For the last year an appreciable decrease in the general practice and when that time comes, all abuses price of imported goods, particularly cotton goods, will cease. was also noted. B. PUBLIC HEALTH 231. The Mission visited some good new houses for labourers, in particular the new palm oil factory in 237. Free medical service given in the Territory to Togblekope. all the inhabitants is the main feature of the public health service of the Territory. The Mission observed also that 232. In respect of views expressed in the Territory hospitals and dispensaries were well-equipped and that employees receiving daily wages receive less for the generally well staffed, that the health establishments 'Yere same work than a salaried worker, the Administering always well supplied with drugs and (with a few mi~or Authority informed the Mission that it was possible that exceptions) the Mission never heard any complamts as a result of the adjustment of the civil servants' salaries about inadequacy of drugs in the Territory. The doctors and the introduction of the new system of family and subordinate health staff, both Europeans and allowances some divergences may exist in certain cases Africans, whom the Mission met were trained mostly between a civil servant and a daily-paid employee for in Paris or in Dakar and the Mission was favourably the same work, but that this could not be great. The impressed by them. The Mission interrogated se~eral Administering Authority further informed the Mission dispensers in small dispensaries as to the .use of. vanous that the Labour Inspector had been instructed to inves­ medicines and the treatment given ; their rephes gave tigate cases of this kind and to submit proposals where evidence of good training and knowledge of the subject. necessary. 238. The Mission observes that the number of doctors (b) Customary dues in the Territory is not yet sufficient and ~xpresses t~e 233. Some of the communications received by the hope that necessary steps will be taken to mcrease their Mission concerned the payment of customary dues to the number. Chiefs. Those dues include payment in kind and some­ (a) Hospitals and dispensaries times take the form of service. The writers of the commu­ nications compare these dues with forced labour and 239. During its stay in the Territory the Mission demand their abolition. visited many hospitals and dispensaries sue~ as thos,e at Lome, Tsevie, Kpadape, Adeta, Atakpame, Sokode, 234. The Administering Authority informed the Kabou, Bafilo, Tchare, Defate, Bombou~~a an~ Pana. Mission, however, that these dues could not be regarded The Mission was satisfied with the conditions m t~ese as forced labour and that it " was unwilling abruptly hospitals and dispensaries. They were, generally speaking, to put an end to all customary practices in so far as they very clean and well-built. The system, .very often. obse~ed were not incompatible with the principles of civilization ". in Africa, according to which famihes of patients l.Ive It was the duty of the Administration " to see that dues with their sick relatives on the premises of the hospital remain strictly within the level fixed by custom ". and cook food for them there leads to a lowering of t~e 235. The Mission appreciates that it is difficult for standard of cleanliness which the Mission ob~e~ed. m the Administering Authority to abolish such practices some places. The Mission notes that the Adllllrustenng abruptly and considers that as long as they continued to Authority tries to do away with this syste~ and that exist, steps should be taken to see that they are not abused. an important step has already been taken m the new 236. The Mission believes that a step to improve Lome hospital where patients' families are not allowed the existing system of the customary dues would be to to live in the hospital area. assess these dues to permit those who wish to do so to 240. The hospitals and dispensaries of the Terr~tory pay the Chief the cash equivalent, receiving a receipt enjoy a very good reputation, not only in the Temtory for such payment. Sooner or later, the system of money itself butj also in the adjacent Territory of Togoland payments in lieu of· the customary dues will become under United Kingdom administration. As examples

21 the Mission notes that· at Palime it met with several·. . 18 months and each . person in the ·village has to · be patients who informed the Mission that they came from · examined .. Registers are kept in each centre visited. Ho and other parts of Togoland under United Kingdom 247. At present there are in the Territory, 1,038 hos­ administration because they considered that they would pita! beds, 771 beds in the sleeping sickness lazarets receive better treatment in that hospital than in hospitals (hypnosaries) and leprosaria and at the end of 1952, in Togoland under United Kingdom administration, 116 new beds were contemplated, viz., 32 beds)n the that they could get there all drugs they needed and Dapango Station, 32 beds in the Niamtougou station, because their families could live with them on the premises 26 beds in the Sokode maternity station and 26 beds of the hospital. in the Atakpame maternity station. Out of a total local 241. During its stay in Lome the Mission visited the budget amounting to 1,326,000,000 frs. CFA ($75,800,000) new hospital. It was informed by the Administering 15.7 per cent is spent on public health and from the Authority that this would replace the old Lome hospital, credits of FIDES 457,407,000 frs. CFA ($2,613,800) not visited by the Mission, and that it was due to be are expected to be spent on public health. completed during 1953. The new hospital is situated on 248. The Mission notes the observation of the Admi­ a plateau on the northern side of the lagoon, some nistering Authority given to it that hospitals and dispen- 1Y2 kms. from Lome and is expected to accommodate saries in the Territory should certainly be increased in 394 in-patients. There are 52 beds for patients who pay number, but that it should be borne in mind that if for their hospitalization in order to get privacy and Togoland had to rely solely on its own resources, a 342 beds for those who are admitted free. These will much smaller number of dispensaries would have been be distributed in small wards of 10 beds each in each built and that considerable help received under the of which a hospital attendant will be stationed at all times. budget of the metropolitan country had facilitated particularly rapid progress in this field. All requests 242. A pavilion for contagious diseases (64 patients) for the construction of dispensaries, after having been composed of wards with 4 beds each and 6 wards with studied by the conseils de circonscription were carefully 8 beds each was opened in May 1951. considered by the Administering Authority. 243. The cost of construction of the new Lome 249. Despite the efforts made by the Administering hospital, amounting to 345 million frs. CFA ($19,800,000), Authority and the results achieved thus far, the problem had been financed under the FIDES programme. An of the number of hospitals and dispensaries does not amount of 40 million frs. CFA ($2,300,000) has been seem to the Mission to be completely solved. devoted to the technical equipment and for operating expenses. (b) Attendance of sick people in hospitals and dispensaries 244. The Mission commends the Administering 250. The Mission notes the explanation of the Admi­ Authority for the construction of this monumental nistering Authority that one of the greatest difficulties hospital which can be favourably compared with other in the Territory, as in other parts of Africa, is the fact up-to-date hospitals in more advanced parts of the that people come to the hospitals and dispensaries for world, for its spaciousness, modern equipment, including treatment at a late stage of their illness. Pregnant women operating facilities. It was greatly impressed by the prefer to deliver their children in the bush than to come modern features of the hospital installations. The Mission to maternities and it is very difficult to induce them to shares the view of the Administration that the success · seek pre-natal consultations. However, the Me~ical of the hospital will to a great extent depend on the Service in the Territory tries to attract people to hospttals, co-operation of the population of Lome and its vicinity and in particular to induce pregnant women to ~ttend with the local medical authorities and that the population pre-natal consultations and to go to the dispensanes for will make full use of the medical facilities offered in this deliveries. Under one system applied at the dispensary of hospital. The Administration is confident that this co­ Kabou women who come for pre-natal consultations operation will be forthcoming. The Mission regrets that receive sugar and soap as incentives. If t~e chil~ is the hospital could not be completed in 1951, as planned .. delivered at a dispensary the mother is sometimes giVen 245. At present, the principal medical services in a dress for her baby. Also the local chiefs in Kabou are Lome are confined to an old hospital which was not requested to encourage pregnant women to come to the visited by the Mission. Allegations were received that it dispensaries for pre-natal consultations. :W~en the was unsatisfactory in many respects. midwife or doctor arrives in the village the chtef mforms his people of their arrival by beating a gong. 246. In describing the medical facilities visited by the Mission in the Territory it wishes to single out the mobile 251. The Mission considers that this is a very g.ood clinic at Pana belonging to the Service d'Hygiene mobile system in order to attract sick people to attend hospttals et de Prophylaxie. At this clinic the Mission saw eight and dispensaries. African orderlies at work at microscopes examining (c) Leprosaria blood specimens. The Mission was informed that about 500 persons were examined and vaccinated daily in that 252. In Akata-Dzokpe the Mission .visited the leper clinic for such diseases as malaria, leprosy, sleeping colony which functions like a normal vtllage ; there ts a sickness, yaws, and yellow fever. If a person was found to chief of the village appointed by the Commandant d~ be sick he or she was sent to a dispensary for further cercle and sub-chiefs and members of the village counctl treatment. The mobile clinic returns to the village every who are elected by the inhabitants of the village. The

22 number of lepers here totalled 200 at the time of the by the Administering Authority and that either . the Mission's visit. They receive compulsory medical pumping of water from the Amoutchou Rivet or a attention and a monetary allotment depending on the water-catchment system on the Ofe River 15 kms. extent to which they are unable to work on land rented to northwest of Atakpame, which would not require a them for cultivation. Worth noting is a nursery for new­ pumping station, would be decided on in the near future. born children of leper parents and the completely newly­ 260. Complaints were received from the Comite de built model leper colony. Since its establishment Made­ l'unite Togolaise that in the town of Lome, the admi­ moiselle Rachel Dogimot has been in charge of it. The nistrative quarter and the business section and African Mission wishes to pay tribute to Mademoiselle Dogimot sections of Lome were not supplied with running water. for the enthusiasm and devotion with which she has As stated by the Administration the town possesses undertaken this work. 264 branch pipes, 26 drinking fountains, two tanks, {d) Morbidity 36 fire hydrants and a pumping station at Agouve, which supplies chemically pure and bacteria-free water at the 253. One of the most dangerous diseases in the rate of 850 cubic metres a day, i.e., approximately 170 litres Territory, sleeping sickness, has almost completely per person per day. disappeared. The main diseases still existing in the Territory are malaria, yaws, syphilis, tuberculosis and D. PENITENTIARY ORGANIZATION some leprosy and ulcers. Cerebro-spinal meningitis exists in the endemic stage in the Northern Section of the 261. Prisons are situated in the principal towns of Territory, and is particularly observed between December each cercle and sub-division. and May each year. 262. The Mission visited one of the prisons in the 254. In 1949 the epidemic of cerebro-spinal meningitis cercle of Klouto and one in Mango and wishes to note was quite acute, but in 1950 and 1951 there were only that the prison registers were kept in perfect order. sporadic cases. 263. The Mission also visited the Centre de re­ 255. · The Mission notes with satisfaction that the education des mineurs delinquents at Tove, which is run Administering Authority watches the situation carefully by an African. In this centre juvenile delinquents up to every year, beginning in December, and that special 16 years of age are re-educated ; they receive an elemen­ detailed measures were taken in sporadic outbreaks tary education and are taught practical work, such as as well as in case of epidemics. carpentry. At the time of the Mission's visit, there were 256. On the other hand, the Mission notes that it 17 juvenile delinquents at the centre. The Mission was received a complaint that although sleeping sickness of the opinion that this centre was properly conducted. had almost disappeared in the Territory meningitis Another centre for re-education of juvenile delinquents ravaged the North and smallpox and malaria occurred exists in Palime, but was not visited by the Mission. throughout the Territory. A measure suggested was to spray marsh-land, particularly in the lagoon of Lome E. POPULATION which was a breeding place for mosquitoes. At the same time, the Mission also received a suggestion that since (a) Civil status offices the fight against malaria requires a large expenditure of 264. At the beginning of 1952 a civil status centre was money and the Territory does not possess the resources created at W onougba in the sub-division of Tsevie and needed and since the Territory has a special international the establishment of new civil status centres is contem­ status, the United Nations should ask the World Health plated at Badja, Fongbe, Tovegan, Kpedji, Adangbe, Organization to help the Territory. Gati, Ezo, Lebe, Akepe and Zolo in the sub-division of Tsevie ; at Tokpli in the cercle of Anecho; at Patatoukou, C. WATER SUPPLY Klabe, Apegame in the cercle of Atakpame ; at Nadouta, Kidjaboun, Bengeli, Maware in the sub-division of 257. Theimain sources of water supply are wells and Bassari and at Nagbeni, Takpamba and Atalote in the water tanks and the few existing rivers and lakes. cercle of Mango. 258. In the opinion of the Mission the provision of an adequate water supply is a problem which requires close (b) Population pressure attention on the part of the Administering Authority. 265. The Visiting Mission of 1949 noted that there was It seems to the Mission from the great number of commu­ population pressure in the Lama-Kara region and that nications received on the problem that particularly the the Administering Authority had sought to alleviate this cercle of Anecho {the region of Ouatchi), the sub­ pressure by moving the inhabitants to more sparsely­ division of Tsevie and the towns of Nuatja and Atakpame occupied sections. The 1949 Mission was satisfied that lacked sufficient water supplies. the Administering Authority was alive to the dangers of ~259. The Mission notes that a large-scale programme population pressure and famine, and expressed the of well-boring, prospecting and development of water opinion that the problem should be kept constantly resources was being carried out in the region of Anecho under review, and that it would also be useful to consider (Ouatchi region) and that this area was difficult to work, ways and means of attracting the population to other parts as was the area near Nuatja. It further notes that the of the country and of exploiting the latter's resources, problem of supplying water to Atakpame had been studied should a dangerous saturation point be reached. This

23 view was also expressed by the Trusteeship Council at its 268. The Mission is of the opinion that the Admi­ seventh session.13 The present Mission studied this nistration acted very properly by consulting the inha­ question during its stay in the Territory and was informed bitants of certain districts before allowing migrated that the prolific increase of the Cabrais population, which population to be established in certain areas. It is also of for the most part inhabits the cercle of Lama-Kara, the opinion that the migration of Cabrais was benficial caused population pressure in this cercle and a consi­ for the Territory since it made possible the construction of derable migration to other parts of the Territory took some roads and of the northern part of the Lome-Blitta place. This migration was both spontaneous and railroad ; the Cabrais also introduced, in the territories controlled. The spontaneous migration was : to which they migrated, better agricultural methods for (a) To the areas under coffee and cocoa cultivation tilling land. In general, the migration of Cabrais is (cercle of Palime and Akposso plateau), where Cabrais progressing satisfactorily, both by organized schemes and labourers obtained employment on the agricultural by smaller migration movements. farms; (c) Seasonal migration (b) To the adjacent areas (cercle of Sokode and sub­ 269. Cabrais, Lassos and Lambas of the cercle of division of Bassari), where after reaching an agreement Lama-Kara, Ouatchis of the cercle of Anecho, Bassaris with landowners, they found new land for cultivation ; of the sub-division of Bassari, as well as Natchambans (c) To uninhabited areas of East Mono ; and Mobas of the cercle of Mango migrate seasonally (d) To the railroad works at Atakpame and Blitta in each year as agricultural workers to help in cocoa and the vicinity of which they settled. coffee plantations mostly in the cercle of Palime or in 266. The controlled migration of Cabrais was Togoland under United Kingdom administration. Since conducted in 1930 to 1935 to uninhabited areas opened that is a seasonal migration only, the Administering up by the main road between Atakpame and Sokode. Authority gives complete liberty to these workers to work The now well-established villages at Sotoboua, Kassena, where they wish and to sign seasonal individual contracts Kolonaboua and Djabature, where cotton in particular with the cocoa or coffee planters. The Mission wishes is cultivated, originated thus. to note that as far as Cabrais, Lassos and Lambas are concerned 20 per cent to 40 per cent of the young people 267. The Administering Authority is aware of the (according to regions, the West giving the highest percen­ fact that a further rapid increase of the Cabrais popu­ tage) leave their lands for seasonal work in the dry lation, particularly in the cercle of Lama-Kara would season and return for the harvest season. However, require new plans for the transfer of population from the each year a certain number of people, usually comprising over-populated areas to sparsely populated parts of the several dozen families, remain in the place of their seasonal centre of the Territory. The Mission notes that in employment because of the over-population of their particular it is envisaged that a part of the Cabrais homeland. population will be settled in the cercle of Sokode, on the 270. In that way, Cabrais are now domiciled also in east side of the road from Blitta to Sokode and to the the cercles of Palime and Atakpame and in Togoland East of the Mono River, where the land is considered under United Kingdom administration. cultivable. One good measure designed to increase the 271. The Mission observes in this connexion that possibility of establishing the Cabrais on these lands, was seasonal migration from Togoland under French admi­ to establish a road in 1952 which would enable them to nistration to Togoland under United Kingdom admi­ reach the Mono River easily, a distance of about 80 kms. nistration shows that the boundary between the two u See Official Records of the Trusteeship Council, Seventh Territories does not greatly impede the movement of the Session, Supplement No. 2, p. 92. population from one Territory to _the other.

CHAPTER IV

EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT

A. GENERAL They increased by more than 30 per cent as compared with those received for 1951, which amounted to 272. The policy of the Administering Authority is to 156,000,000 frs. CFA ($89,000). In 1952, 14 per cent and make education obligatory for all in the shortest possible in 1951, 15 per cent of the total budget was spent on time. Education as well as educational equipment and education. school books are free to all. 273. In 1952 the budgetary credits for education were 274. The Administering Authority informed the as follows: Mission that credits had been requested from FIDES to Francs CPA Dollars further develop education in the Territory. Personnel ...... 141,850,000 810,000 Material ...... 46,250,000 264,000 275. The Mission notes that it received many com­ Plan of campaign ...... 16,100,000 92,000 munications praising the Administering Authority for the TOTAL 204,200,000 1,166,000 steps taken in the educational field and expressing thanks

24 and gratitude to the Administering Authority for the attention of the Administering Authority and hopes that development of schools and the popularization of further steps will be taken to further education in the education. whole Territory and pay special attention to the develop­ 276. During its stay in the Territory the Mission ment of the Northern regions. visited several primary schools as well as the Roman Catholic Secondary School in Lome. (b) Language of instruction 277. The Mission was informed that children entering 285. One of the most controversial problems in the school generally neither spoke nor understood French ; Territory, as in all other French Territories, is that of however, they rapidly learnt this language. The pupils language of instruction. This problem was brought in schools sang French songs and replied to questions to the attention of the Mission in some communications put to them by their teachers in French or in vernaculars. which requested the introduction in the whole of the In Guerin-Kouka one student replied to questions in Territory of vernaculars instead of French, and in the French and in Konkomba and another one in French South of Ewe, as language of instruction in primary and in Rausa. official and private schools. 278. In 1952 in primary schools there were 8,815 girls 286. The Mission is aware of the interest which the out of 43,812 schoolchildren ; in secondary schools there Trusteeship Council has shown in this question in the were 159 girls out of a total of 910 schoolchildren and in past and considers it appropriate to reproduce here a technical schools there were 58 girls out of 345 school­ memorandum it received setting out the:Administration's children. In the Roman Catholic Secondary school in views: Lome out of 239 students two were Europeans. " The question of the use of vernacular languages 279. The Mission was informed that the Konkombas is not a new one. Educators serving in the Overseas in particular did not wish to send their children to schools; Territories long ago settled it by constantly endea­ however, the Administering Authority has been able to vouring to respect the individual genius of each people persuade them to send their children to school. The while at the same time giving the people access to the Mission noted that in the primary school of Guerin­ broadest possible human culture. Academic circles Kouka Konkombas formed the majority of pupils. are unanimous in considering that the language of instruction can only be French. This conclusion is not 280. The Mission visited also a new scientific insti­ the result of any political or cultural bias, but is based tution, the Office de Recherche scientifique d'outre-mer, on very impartial consideration of the facts of the established on 1 August 1952, which operates in three language situation from a three-fold point of view, the main fields, viz., sociology, ethnology and petrology and practical, the pedagogic and the cultural. which was constructed from funds received from metro­ politan France. The Institute houses a seismograph, the . " There is a multiplicity of local languages-more only one existing between Dakar and South Africa. than forty in Togoland ; the people which speak the same language vary considerably in number. Homo­ (a) Difference between the South and the North geneous linguistic groups are usually rare ; several dialects are spoken in one and the same village ; one 281. At present there exists in the Territory a diffe­ dialect is used side by side with others, sometimes over rence in enrolment between the South and the North. very large areas. In the South the percentage of school-age children enrolled is as follows: Palime-85 per cent, LomC--52 " The local languages are still hardly known and per cent, AtakpamC--34 per cent, and Anecho-25 per are still in the process of formation and development. cent, an average of 49 per cent ; in the North it is as Experts agree neither on their origin nor on their follows : Sokode-19 per cent, Lama-Kara-10 per cent relationship with other languages nor the degree of and in Mango-Dapango-11 per cent, an average of their development. Most of them are not written 13 per cent. languages. Although rich in words expressing practical activities, they lack the abstract and technical terms 282. Another difference between the North and the required for the expression of the knowledge and ideas South is to be noted in the enrolment of girls. In the deriving from any elementary modern culture ; the South, on the average, 25 per cent of schoolchildren are little literature they have is only oral. Thus, the use girls while in the North only 15 per cent are; the lowest oflocal languages, even ifit were shown to be preferable rate is found in the country of Mobas where the figure to the use of French, would encounter difficulties is only 10 per cent. which, being of a practical nature, would be 283. An indication of the Administering Authority's insuperable. plans to lessen the difference in educational development " There is the difficulty of stabilizing such a local between the North and the South is the proposal to language, of giving it a grammar and a syntax, of establish yearly 40 new classes in the North and 25 in the providing books, all of them tasks which would require South. considerable funds and the services of many skilled 284. The Mission, appreciating the plans of the specialists. There is the difficulty of training at the Administering Authority in this direction and the diffi­ teachers' training schools and courses, staff. able to culty in convincing parents to send girls to school give instruction in any given local language. There is particularly in the Islamized northern parts of th; the difficulty of assembling linguistically homogeneous Territory, nevertheless brings this problem to the classes in one group.

25 " From the pedagogic point of view, it is a well­ 287. The Administering Authority also informed known fact that learning to read and write and acquiring the Mission that students do not wish to attend school basic useful knowledge in a language that is not the to learn local languages, but only a language spoken all child's mother tongue entails obvious difficulties. over the world. A course in the Ewe language which was However, comparisons made on completion of primary opened at Lome in 1949 had to be dropped in May 1950 education between children whose mother tongue is because of lack of students. not French and children who speak French in the home provide no proof whatever that the difficulty of acquiring the language has kept the former back in B. PRIMARY EDUCATION relation to the latter. 288. Among the primary schools in the Territory " Obviously, however, suitable pedagogic methods visited by the Mission were those at Tsevie, Kabou, adapted to each case should be used whenever possible Guerin-Kouka, Koumonde, Sansanne-Mango and Nan- doga. · so as to take account of the language situation. That, in fact, is done. Thus, the teacher is justified in 289. Since the last Visiting Mission visited the resorting to the vernacular at the beginning of school Territory, it is gratifying to note that the number of attendance in order to make himself more easily schoolchildren in primary schools had increased from understood by the children ; it is right that certain 33,390 to 43,812 and the number of classes from 586 local languages should receive special (optional) to 799. study in some classes, and that songs and the recital 290. The number of schoolchildren in primary schools of oral legends should in all cases be used in an had increased during the first eight months of 1952 by 761 endeavour to revive the folk elements of which local and the number of Classes by 9 ; four of these were official languages are a storehouse. The purpose of education, and five were private classes. however, is to provide the children with training and basic knowledge in French sufficient to enable them 291. The Mission notes the statement of the Admi­ to share in the great currents of universal cultural life. nistering Authority that on the basis of a total population The educator's task is not merely to instil knowledge of over a million for the Territory, the Administering into the children, but also mould their characters, to Authority estimates that at the end of 1951 there were train the members of the African societies of tomorrow, about 90,000 school-age children, to whom education to lead the peoples progressively towards culture. Thus, could be provided in the near future.14 it is on the cultural level that the language problem 292. At the end of 1951 there were : must finally be solved. Schoolchildren In official primary schools .. . 22,450 '' Under the Constitution the French Union is In private primary schools .... . 21,362 defined as 'composed· of nations and peoples who wish --- 43,812 to place in common or co-ordinate their resources and TOTAL their efforts to develop their civilization', and a 293. It is proposed to have by 1961 : people's language is undoubtedly an essential aspect Schoolchildren of civilization. There is no question, therefore, of In official primary schools .. . 60,000 depriving anyone of the opportunity to speak his own In private primary schools .... . 30,000 language and to express himself in accordance with TOTAL 90,000 its genius. If that language, however, were adopted in schools, assuming that to be practicable, the indi­ 294. The number of official classes in existence at vidual would be confined within ·his own linguistic the end of 1951 was 403, while the number of official prison ; he would be speaking and writing a language classes needed, based on 60 schoolchildren in each class, which would leave him outside the great intellectual was 1,000; thus, the number of classes to be established currents of his time ; he would in fact be denied access amounts to 597. to secondary and higher education. The multiplicity of 295. With an average of 65 official and private classes the dialects employed would perpetuate inter-racial to be opened yearly, the goal of education to the divisions and the division between Europeans and 90,000 shown above, would be achieved in 1961 only if Africans. There is, therefore, no question of aban­ the number of school-age children remains constant from doning a policy in which the peoples concerned and 1951 to 1961. those responsible for their education alike acquiesce, since whenever attempts have been made to teach in the 296. According to the regulations in force, the Admi­ vernacular the immediate result has been that the nistering Authority has fixed an age-limit of 14 to peoples have shown a dislike of schooling in general ; 15 years, above which students are not admitted to moreover, experience has shown that even those who schools since it had been impossible to keep some 14- or advocated the use of the vernacular have themselves 15 - year-old childrenin school because of the limited ·been wholly unable in practice to agree which of the · ven1acular languages. should actually be taught. No a There ·are probably 150,000 children of school age i?. t?e Territory, but the Administering Authority sees little possibility· <·such demand is'made by the peoples concemed, well of educating 60,000 of .these who live in villages far removed. from aware that it is prompted ·solely by the desire to keep important centres or are nomads, or who are prevented b~ illness them in their cultural isolation and age-old ignorance." or abnormality from attending schools.

26 number·of places available. The Mission notes that this and entirely new equipment, the old equipment being regulation had often been· evaded· by means of loopholes transferred to the nearby apprenticeship centre at Lama­ provided by the civil register which was; as yet, inade­ Kara. The Technical College's immediate aim is to quately compiled, and that the pupils thus removed from prepare students for the certificat d'aptitudes pedago­ school represented inevitable failures in the efforts of the giques, and in the second stage, for the brevet d'ensei­ Administering Authority to give education to everyone. gnement iridustriel. At present it has 72 students, divided For example, ·a pupil who, as had frequently occurred; into four grades. A commercial section was opened in was unable owing either to laziness or to lack of means to 1950 as an annex of the Lome College, in which students complete his normal schooling, even. taking two years were prepared for the certificat d'aptitudes pedagogiques !()nger than he normally would, could possibly be kept for assistant accountant, clerk and shorthand-typist. It mdefinit~ly in an intermediate class filling a desk for had eighty-six students,. divided into . three grades. A which .others ·were waiting .. If a pupil genuinely wished to further grade will be added in 1953-1954. The Agricultural complete-his !;chooling and had the means to do so, he Service has made the experiment of opening agricultural could .still. enrol for evening classes when he had sections at the Glidji, Tove and Sotouboua farm schools; completed his statutory number of years at school. A school at Lome provides instruction in domestic 297. The Mission recognizes the difficulties of the science and since 1948 has been training domestic science Administering Authority· in this matter, .but considers pupil-teachers (monitrices) who are assigned to the girls: that persons anxious to obtain education should not be schools. It had 32 students in 1952. All the rural schools discouraged from attending schools. It expresses ·the carry on various kinds of farming as preparation for the hope that the present regulations regarding the attendance basic activity of an agricultural country. Some of them, of older children in the schools might be made more like the school at Tsevie, already had experimental flexible and that the Administering Authority will farms. There were. several schools in which the students examine each individual case on its special merits. It engaged in basket making. . Some publish their own seems to the Mission, moreover, that the problem might school newspaper and print matter of various kinds. be alleviated somewhat by enlarging the number of adult classes. D. HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCHOLARSHIPS 301. There are no higher educational institutions in C. SECONDARY AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION the Territory, but many Togolanders receive higher . 298. The Mission visited the Roman Catholic Mis­ education in· France and at Dakar, largely· through sionary school in Lome and discussed the question of scholarships granted by the Administering Authority. technical education with the Chamber of Commerce in Scholarships are also granted to enable students to Lome which informed the Mission that in the commercial complete their studies locally. section of the Lome College there were 63 students and in 302. During the year 1952, 493 students received the technical section of the Sokode College 69 students ; scholarships to continue their studies in the Territory, in the domestic' science section of the girls' school at 86 students received scholarships to pursue their studies Lome 28 pupils and 4 interns were enrolled. Trainees. .abroad and twelve students received assistance or loans. were also admitted to the agricultural services and the 303. According to the existing system, children are various technical administrative services as well as to the treated on their merits, irrespective of the financial Catholic Mission vocational training school, in private situation of their parents. Any student who has passed firms and especially by many African craftsmen. Thirteen · the sixth-grade entrance examination and whose family's pupils from the Territory were studying in France at circumstances do not permit them to pay for his studies local expense to complete their technical training. There can apply for. a scholarship or part-time grant. The was no difficulty in finding students for commercial and proportion is decided by the Scholarship Board after technical education, the only difficulty being lack· of investigating the parents' means and commitments. accommodation in these schools.· . The building · of The only condition attached to the grant of a scholarship technical schools· is under consideration. · is. success in the sixth-grade entrance examination. The 299. The number of schoolchildren in secondary and scholarship, which amounts to 24,000 francs for resident technical schools had increased during· the first eight scholars1 covers the entire cost of board and lodging, months of 1952 from 1,119 to 1,255 and the number of books.and supplies and school outfit, so that the students classes in secondary schools from 36 to 39 and in technical are not put to any personal expense whatever. In addition, schools from 7 to 8. · · they are allowed three travel vouchers so that they might . 300. The Mission notes that the : Administering spend the summer, Easter~ and Christmas holidays with Authority had been devoting attention to the· question their families: · · · ·' · ·· . · of vocational and technical training in recent years. The . -304. The Mission received several requests for inten­ Trade School at Sokode was established as early as 1922, sification of higher education of suitable Africans in with a modern woodwork shop, a machine shop for overseas institutions with emphasis on scientific and ironwork, a fitting shop and forge, and a bricklaying technical training through granting more scholarships to section, as well as a carpentry and joinery section. This students from the Territory in overseas countries and school had trained many pupils to its school leaving for equal division of scholarships between students in certificate standard and was recently made a Technical the North and in the South. Some of the complaints College with new workshops, sheds, engine room (32 kw.) contained requests that scholarships should not only

21' be given to those who have finished their baccalaureat, for children of school age who could be admitted to but also to students who wish to continue their studies regular public and private schools, designed to give them in secondary or technical schools abroad. in two or three years a basic knowledge of the essentials­ 305. It seems to the Mission that the Adnunistering reading, writing and arithmetic. This campaign, which Authority may consider the possibility of granting a could lead to the complete abolition of illiteracy in the larger number of scholarships to students who wish to Territory within three or four years, would be carried study abroad in order to satisfy the existing demand for out without prejudice to the normal development of higher education and that it may give particular attention regular educational institutions. to requests from students from the North. 309. The Mission received requests from the local population for the introduction of a national organization E. ADULT EDUCATION for the fight against illiteracy through mass education ' and mass literacy campaigns, the latter aiming at an early 306. The most popular form of mass education in elimination of illiteracy at least in the vernacular languages the Territory is the course for adults. The elementary of the population. It was suggested that these might courses were directed by student teachers and· the more be conducted under the supervision of the United Nations. advanced courses by instructors. In the school year It was also requested that groups of instructors perio­ 1951-52, 135 evening courses and courses for adults dically be dispatched to the various areas of the Territory were conducted. in order to create a kind of university extra muros, as 307. In 1952, two new experiments in adult education well as for the organization of gifts of books which were carried out, viz., at Defale, in the cercle of Lama-Kara, would permit libraries to be created in urban centres. visited by the Mission and at Tchekpo in the cercle of 310. The Mission notes that the public libraries in Anecho. These courses included the teaching of reading the Territory included those of the Institut fran<;ais to illiterate members of the population .. The results of d'Afrique noire with 6,000 volumes and that of the these new experiments were very encouraging, though Direction du Service de I 'Enseignement with 2,170 volumes it is clear, as the Administering Authority stated, that and many libraries in primary and secondary schools. these experiments did not last long enough to enable One of these libraries was visited by the Mission in Lome. the participants to Jearn to read properly. In 1951 a mobile library tour was arranged to tour the 308. The Administering Authority intends in 1953-54 Territory. The Educational Service decided also to to organize systematically a mass-education campaign organize a circulating-library system for home lending.

CHAPTER V

DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ON THE UNITED NATIONS

311. In pursuance of paragraph 5 of its terms of of Togoland under French administration for 1951 and reference, the Mission, in order to examine the measures that discussions (causeries) were arranged by the Admi­ taken by the Administering Authority in respect of the nistrateurs-chefs of the Circonscriptions regarding the provision for information about the United Nations arrival in the Territory of the Visiting Mission in August­ to the peoples of the Trust Territories, under Trusteeship September 1952. Council resolution 36 (III) of 8 July 1948 and Trusteeship 313. The Mission notes that it saw in schools and in Council resolution 311 (VIII) of 7 February 1951, public buildings many posters dealing with United requested the Administering Authority . for additional Nations activities and from talks with political leaders information on the subject. and people who came to see the Mission obtained _the 312. The Administering Authority informed the impression that they were well acquainted with the atms Mission that the information on the subject is contained and activities of the United Nations and particularly the on page 173 of the Annual Report on the Administration Trustooship Council.

28 ANNEXES ANNEX I Itinerary of the Mission Distance covered Distance covered Date In kilometres Date in kilometres (1952) Description (and miles} ' (1952) Description (and miles} August· September 21 Arrival by air from Paris 4,744 15 Meeting with the commandant de cercle at Sokode. (2,946) Depart by car for Lama-Kara. 61 Meeting with the Commissaire de la Republique . (39) · fran~ise au Togo, the Senator and the Deputy Meeting with chiefs and oral hearings at Koumonde of Togoland under French administration to the and Bafilo, meeting with chiefs at Lama-Kara, French Parliament and oral hearings. visit dispensaries at Piya and Tchare. 22 Oral hearings at Lome and meeting with French ·· 16 Depart by car to Defale and Niamtougou. 75 (46.5) officials. Visit villages at Defale and Niamtougou. 23 Depart by car to Tsevie. 33 Depart by car from Lama-Kara to Sansanne­ (20.5) Mango. 176 Visit afforestation station at Togblekope, visit (109.25) school at Davie and meeting with chiefs, Meeting with chiefs at Kande. Visit town of Tsevie and oral hearings. 17 Meeting with the Paramount Chief at Sansanne­ Visit palm-oil extraction plant at Alokouegbe and Mango, visit of town and frontier post. return by car to Lome. 33 18 Depart from Sansannc!-Mango for Dapango. 80 (20.5) (49.5) 24 Meetings and oral hearings at Lome. Visit school at Maudoga. Meeting with chiefs and oral hearings at Bom­ 186 25 Leave Lome by air for Accra. bouaka and Dapango, visit village at Bombouaka. (115.5) Visit town, dispensary, agricultural farm and September frontier post at Dapango. 9 Crossing boundary of Togoland under French Visit mobile clinic at Pana. administration by car. 1.5 Visit experimental farm at Barkoissi. 80 (0.93) (49.5) Visit dispensary at Kpadape. Return by car to Sansanne-Mango. Group A Oral hearings at Palime. 19 Travel by car from Sansannc!-Mango for Sokode. 236 Group B Visit Palime. 16.5 (146.5) (10) 20 Oral hearings at Sokode. Depart by car from Sokode to Blitta. 365* 10 Visit town of Palime-Misahohoe and meeting with (226.33) the commandant de cercle and other French Meeting with the Chief of Blitta at Blitta. officials. Depart by rail-car from Blitta to Lome. Group A Oral hearings, visit of re-education 21 Meeting with French officials at Lome. centre of young delinquents at Tove. 22 Meeting with French officials at Lome. Group B Visit ferme ecole at Tove and palm-oil Depart by car for Anecho. 45 extraction plant at Agou. (28) 11 Depart by car from Palime to Atakpame. 103 Group A Oral hearings at Attitogon and Anecbo. (64) Group B Depart by car for Agome-Glozou and Visit leprosarium at Akata and oral hearings, visit return to Anecho after having reached Alouenou. dispensary at Adeta. Group B Depart by car for Vogan and Togoville Group A Oral hearings at Atakpame. and return to Anecho because of bad state of Group B Visit Atakpame. roads. 12 Visit by car Kolokope Station for selection of ·Return by car to Lome. 45 cotton and pack to Atakpame. 24 (28) (15) 23 Interview with the Judge at Lome. Group A Oral hearings at Atakpame. Group A Visit to the Customs Headquarters at Group B Meeting with the commandant de cercle Lome, visit to the Customs and police posts at and French administrative and judicial officials Aflao, oral bearings, meeting with the Co­ at Atakpame. Chairman ofthe Joint Council for Togoland under French administration and Press conference. 13 Depart by car from Atakpame to Sokode. 199 (124) Group B Depart by car to Vogan and Togoville. 125 (77.33) Meeting with chiefs at Agbandi and oral hearings Meetings with chiefs and return by car to Lome. at Blitta. Meeting with the Chamber of Commerce at Lome. Oral hearings and visit model farm at Sotouboua. 24 Group A Visit town of Lome. 14 Group A Oral hearings at Sokode. Group B Oral hearings and meetings with French Group B Depart by car for Bassari, Kabou and officials at Lome. Guerin-Kouka, visit model farm at Malfacassa, Whole Mission. Meeting with the Commissaire oral hearings at Bassari, Kabou and Guerin~ de Ia Republique fran~se au Togo. Kouka, visit school and dispensary at Kabou and 25 Depart by air for Douala in Cameroons under visit school at Guerin-Kouka. Return by car French administration. 1,050 to Sokode. 100 (625) (62) • Sokode to Lome.

29 ANNEX II

I• FRENCH TRUST Tf:RRITORI£:5 OF THE TOGOLANDS ITIN ~RARY OF= UNIT~D NATIONS VISITING MISSION TO TH~ 11· TOGOLANDS

Railway All weather road (Generally passable throughout the year) --- Seasonal road (selected) By ra1l •••••••••••• Itinerary

0 25 50 75 MILES 0 25 50 75 KiLOMETRES

COAST

Kilibo

\ GOLD \ \ I I

<1-,. (><'h 0 ------~---- To Douala~ w~ ------60

GULF OF GUINEA

o· I • 20

MAP NO. 473 UNITED NATIONS FEBRUARY 1953 Observations of the Administering ·Authority on the report of the Visiting lUissio~

The Government of the French Republic has not seen Paragraphs 66-67 fit to submit general observations on the report of the Instructions have been issued to the effect that the United Nations Visiting Mission to Togoland under Conseil de circonscription and the Municipal Com­ French administration (T/1041), since it considers the missions should take a still greater part in the protection report to be an objective statement of facts observed of public interests. These councils and commissions will on the spot, of complaints received and of information be convened more and more frequently. provided by the Administering Authority on various A Bill has been proposed further to extend the powers problems which have been studied. It will therefore of the Conseils de circonscription by giving . them a confine itself to detailed observations, the sole purpose decisive vote and entrusting them with the preparation of which is to give additional information or to correct of the budget for each circonscription. certain factual inaccuracies. Without awaiting the decision on this Bill, the Admi­ For the convenience of the reader, these observations nistering Authority has always taken the advice of these are given paragraph by paragraph, together with the councils, especially in budgetary matters, and their relevant pages in the English text. opinions have thus had real decisive force. Paragraph 47 Paragraph 69 The distribution of seats in the Territorial Assembly was as follows in May 1953 : The report makes no explicit mention of one of the C.U.T. and affiliated groups : 6 seats most important powers of the Territorial Assembly, the P.T.P., U.C.P.N. and affiliated groups : 24 seats vote on the budget of the Territory, which is decided by The delegates Kpotufe (of Tsevie) and Fantognon the Assembly, the sole role of the Commissaire de la (of Atakpame), who were elected in 1952 on the CUT Republique being that of putting it into effect by an ticket, have since left that party and Fantognon has Order. joined the Parti Togolais du Progres. The delegate Fiawoo Moreover, the present powers of the Assembly give (of Tsevie), who was elected as an " Independent " on a it decisive vote on all financiai questions. united list but was Chairman of the CUT at the time of his election, has also opted for the Parti Togolais du Paragraph 73 Progres. The powers of the Territorial Assembly of Togoland Thus, the number of CUT and affiliated delegates in are considerably wider than those of the local Assemblies the south of the Territory is now six (instead of nine as of other French overseas territories and, in particular, on 30 March 1952) as against eight delegates of the those of the Assemblies of the Territories of French West Parti Togolais du Progres (instead of six as on 30 March Africa, which are subordinate to the Grand Council of 1952) and one sympathizing Independent (Kpotufe). French West Africa. This development among certain delegates to the For example, the Territorial Assembly of Togolanp Territorial Assembly corresponds exactly to a parallel decides all questions relating .to town-planning, cheap change of opinion in the cercles of Tsevie and Atakpame, housing, co-operatives etc. whereas the Assemblies of where the Comite de l'Unite Togolaise has in the past the Territories of French West Africa cannot settle those year lost much of its influence to the Parti Togolais du questions. . Progres. The control of the Conseil d'Etat extends only to the legal form and the regular conduct of the deliberations of Paragraph 52 the Territorial Assembly, which remains master of the · The Commissaire de la Republique is bound by the powers granted to it by the texts concerned. decisions of the Territorial Assembly, and his role with regard to those decisions is confined to putting thein Paragraph 78 into force by an Order. The proposed structural reform provides that the future Same observations as on paragraphs 66-67. Government Council ( Conseil de Gouvernement) will Paragraph 87 have some powers of decision, by a vote of its members. Same observations as on paragraph 47. Paragraph 62 The Tsevie subdivision became a cercle in December Paragraphs 94-95 1952, with the consent of the Territorial Assembly, and As a result of the annual revision of 1952-1953, the has been detached from the cercle of Lome, which now number of electors enrolled in the Territory increased contains only one subdivision, the central subdivision of from 50,770 to 113,279. The 1953-1954 revision will Lome. probably give rise to a further increase of the electorate. Paragraph 64 Paragraphs 98-99 An Assistant Administrator has just been appointed as a supernumerary to the cercle of Sokade, to be partic~­ Each member of the revision commission may express larly responsible for the centre at Bafilo, where he will his views freely but must follow the decisions of the reside when the proposed building has been completed. majority.

31 Paragraph 101 It is enough to refer to the text of the French Consti· No candidates have ever been put forward by the tution : they are entitled to perform all public functions Administration, as the last sentence in this paragraph (see preamble and Articles 81 and 82 of the Constitution). might imply. The only qualification for the performance of these The electoral rolls are revised annually between functions is, both for French nationals and for those December and 31 March, in accordance with legal under French administration, the possession of the provtstons, the date of the revision having nothing to necessary certificates. do with elections. Thus, for instance, Mr. Georges Creppy, a Togolese and not a French national, recently took the competitive Paragraph 104 entrance examination for the overseas magistrature. The Administering Authority is glad to say that Mr. Creppy It may be useful to give a list of Africans in responsible came first in his class, with the congratulations of the positions : 1 attache to the Executive Office of the Commissaire de Ia Republique, 1 chief clerk of the Civil Examining Board. Affairs Department and of the Executive Office of the (c) Lawyers are completely free in the exercise of their Commissaire de Ia Republique, I chief clerk of the General profession. The appointment Order, which the Commis­ Secretariat and the General Administration 1 admi­ saire de Ia Republique has to make, is in fact only an nistrative officer of a subdivision, 4 police com:Uissioners administrative act confirming the proposal of the Head 1 chief accountant for special agencies, 1 chief of the Pay of the judicial service and of the Court of Appeal. There Secti?n, 1 chief of the Pensions Section, 10 special police, is no precedent for the refusal by the Chief of Territory 1 chief accountant, Commercial Division of the CFT to sign an order appointing a lawyer, and there can be 1 chief accountant, Railway Finances, 1 chief accountant' none, since the proposal comes from the judicial autho­ Public :Works, 1 chief accountant, Treasury, 1 chief of rities, which alone are competent to decide whether a the Railway Paymaster's Office, 1 educational adviser candidate is fit to exercise the profession oflawyer. 2 heads of service in the Communications Directorate' Moreover, the present number of lawyers in Togoland I chief of a polyclinic, 5 health officers of subdivisions' seems to be adequate, since up to now no one has been 2 contractual agricultural engineers, 1 dental surgeon. ' unable to obtain the assistance of a counsel for the In. ad~ition, any Togolese whose gifts or diplomas defence. quahfy hn~ to .occupy a position of authority is appointed, Finally, it should be pointed out that regulations upon apphcat10n, to a responsible post corresponding to governing the profession of lawyer are among the matters his ability. that must be submitted to the prior approval of the Terri­ torial Assembly. Paragraph 106 Paragraphs 120-121 It should be mentioned that at the present time more than 100 scholarship holders from Togoland are attending The arrival of the Visiting Mission at Lome naturally courses of higher study in France. As these young people caused a flare-up of political passion, each party being r~turn to the l_"erritory equipped with the requisite anxious to take advantage of the occasion to state its dtplomas, they wlll be able to occupy most of the senior case and to consolidate its position in public opinion : posts in the Administration previously held by Europeans. it was for that reason that the complete calm which prevailed in the Territory before the arrival of the Mission Paragraph 109 may have appeared to be momentarily disturbed. . There are in fact : There is no doubt that the Comite de l'Unite Togolatse, in particular, which is at present in a minority position at Lome : a Tribunal of First Instance and a Tribunal as the result of a series of unsuccessful elections, hoped Colonial d'appel (confirmation of judgments of first and by its interventions and petitions to the Mission to give second degree tribunals - civil affairs) ; the impression of being the largest party in the country At Abidja : a Court of Appeal. and thus to deceive the Togolese people and the Mission itself. Paragraphs 112-116 The Mission has been able to see for itself, by the (a) In Togoland no administrative official has been number of communications addressed to it and by the in charge of a justice de paix since the appointment of a number of hearings which it was able to give, that freedom professional magistrate at Anecho. Moreover the of speech and of movement are respected throughout the ju.stice de paix at Anecho has become a justice d~ paix Territory. As in any democratic country, these liberties wtth extended powers. Sokade will likewise shortly are limited only by the requirements of the maintenance become a justice de paix with extended powers which of public order, without which these very liberties could will allow of a more direct and effective appli~tion of not be effectively safeguarded. th~ l~w in the northern part of the Territory, while The freedom of the Press in Togoland under French rehevmg the Court of Lome of some of its work. Thus administration is an incontestable fact. At present, seven there is a total separation of the administrative and political newspapers are published in the Territory and judicial powers. · they are often more violent in tone than would be tole­ (b) The statement that professional magistrates have rated by the most liberal governments. This freedom to be either Europeans or indigenous inhabitants of is defined and regulated by the .1881 Act, which provides French civil status is not correct. for penalties only in exceptional cases where public order

32 or respect for the individual are threatened by means their complaints. But it is unfortunately more likely of the Press. that the leaders of the Comite de !'Unite Togolaise who, Within this framework, judicial sanctions are provided on many occasions, have shown that they knew the against the authors of articles (or the directors of regulations perfectly well, wilfully took advantage of any newspapers who undertake the publication of such possible confusion for propaganda purposes. articles) which disseminate false information likely to disturb public order ; libel individual persons ; or make Paragraph 126 false accusations. Any police officer who misuses the limited power he The courts have often had to deal with cases of this possesses would immediately be severely punished. No kind and have pronounced sentences of imprisonment such case has been noted to date. or fines. The Administration is in no wise authorized to It should be recalled here that there are less than one intervene in these judgments, which are exclusively hundred police officers on duty at Lome. The Mission within the competence of the judicial authority. was able to prove that many petitions regarding alleged Furthermore, no administrative decision has ever arbitrary arrests were false. The figure of 38 quoted prohibited or even limited the publication of newspapers, by the Mission is far below the real figure. even in cases where legal actions are in progress against Lastly, no incident has occurred on the Territory during their directors for the reasons mentioned above. the past two years which required the use of troops The fact that sentences for infringement of the press or even regular police forces. No legal proceedings have law are almost always against journalists claiming to been taken in connexion with concerted movements belong to the Comite de l'Unite Togolaise, is proof that jeopardizing public order in the Territory. this party, the more active for being in the minority, is always trying to overstep the bounds of legality in its Paragraph 128 attempt to gain a hold on the mass of the population. (a) Recent prospecting in the Anecho area has shown With regard to freedom of assembly, full details were that large deposits of high-grade phosphates exist. Annual given to the Mission, but it would be useful to repeat production might reach 300,000 tons. once again the conditions by which the laws in force Many licences have been issued and prospecting maintain and regulate it in the Territory. Moreover, continues. these regulations are modelled on those of metropolitan (b) It is incorrect to state that the Territory has consi­ France: derable forest resources, as forests cover less than 4 Private meetings are entirely unrestricted ; per cent of its area. public meetings are also entirely unrestricted; they are The teak trees (the native habitat of which is South-East not subject to authorization and prior notification is Asia) noted by the Mission were planted by the Admi­ optional. The law nevertheless admits that these meetings nistration and do not constitute a natural forest reserve. may be prohibited in certain wholly exceptional cases where public order is threatened, but this provision has Paragraph 137 never been invoked in Togoland under French admi­ The specific aim of the four-year plan which has been nistration. drawn up and is to be put into effect in 1953, is to improve Public meetings on the public highway are, however, and increase production and increase exports. forbidden by law. This prohibition is easily explained, in that public order could no longer be maintained if Paragraph 156 political parties could foregather, for example, on the The fixing of prices for produce is the constant concern main thoroughfares of the town of Lome, normally used of the Administering Authority. In the case of cotton, for traffic. after a journey by the Commissioner of the Republic Demonstrations, processions and parades on the public to Paris, where he had personal contact with directors highway are authorized under certain conditions : prior of mills in the home country, an agreement was reached notification three clear days before the date fixed for the with them which made it possible to fix a guaranteed demonstration (so that the Authority may make the price appreciably higher than that warranted by world necessary arrangements for traffic control on the route prices. The same action was taken in the case of ground­ of the procession), and the possibility of prohibition (in nut oil which has profited from having its price guaranteed cases where the demonstration might disturb public by the home country. order). Demonstrations on the public highway recognized by Paragraph 158 tradition (such as religious or customary celebrations This sufficiently remunerative price has been frequently or trade union parades such as that on May Day) are not achieved as a result of the stabilizing role played by subject to prior notification. insurance companies which group the sellers so as to Meetings held on the public highway are forbidden as ensure a better price for their produce. The work of they are a direct threat to public order, and the law these insurance companies has been appreciable, especially prescribes in detail the ways and circumstances in which in the northern part of the Territory. these meetings must be dispersed. Furthermore, in certain circonscriptions - especially Certain political chiefs may, in all good faith, have in Bassari - these companies have set up purchasing confused the regulations governing the various types co-operatives in order to control the prices charged by of meetings listed above, and this would explain some of middlemen.

33 Paragraph 189 Paragraph 238 Togoland under French administration has a special With the number of doctors and medical practitioners Customs system which ensures equal treatment for all at present in the Territory all sick people who apply without any protection. The high prices charged in 1952 can be regularly and carefully treated. In fact no part were the result of free competition and the effect of the of the Territory is farther than 15 kilometres from a economic law of supply and demand. place where a sick person may receive treatment. Imports are made in accordance with the best prices Furthermore, thirty-two of the students who have offered and also on the basis of free competition between been granted scholarships and are studying in the metro­ the various business houses. politan country will enter the medical profession. They will therefore be able to practise in the Territory as soon Paragraph 190 as they return - either under the Administration or in private practice. The road problem is source of constant concern to a One Togoland dentist has already been engaged at the Administering Authority. the Lome Hospital. Before the end of the year a Togo lese The construction of new roads and the improvement chemist will be assigned to the same hospital. of the existing network will gradually enable producers to charge a higher price for their produce by increasing Paragraph 249 the competition between middlemen. The health problem is a source of constant concern to the Administering Authority. The mobile health and Paragraph 214 prophylactic service has therefore been reconstituted At present, new roads are being constructed, parti­ under the direction of three doctors, and the construction cularly in order to provide a regular connexion with the of hospitals and dispensaries is proceeding according to High Volta and to draw produce from the north towards a previously prepared plan. the southern part of the Territory. Paragraph 256 Many local roads are also being constructed, not in the " desert " but in areas which are richest economically. A detailed programme has been drawn up in agreement Lastly, with the construction of permanent roads, with the World Health Organization for the anti-malaria where so far only temporary roads have existed, the campaign. heaviest vehicles will be able to operate. The World Health Organization has sent seven vehicles to combat malaria in the Territory, making it possible Paragraph 216 to operate on a large scale in the southern part of the Territory. The construction of roads from Badoi to Kadjebi, from Atakpame to the east of Mono and to the west Paragraph 297 of Anie, and from the Akposso plateau has already been The number of adult and evening courses was greatly started. increased in 19 52.

34 RESOLUTION 867 (XIII) ADOPTED BY THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL ON 22 MARCH 1954

REPORTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS VISITING MISSION TO TRUST TERRITORIES IN WEST AFRICA, 1952

The Trusteeship Council, 4. Decides that it will continue to take these obser­ vations and conclusions into account in future exami­ Having examined at its thirteenth session the reports of nation of matters relating to the Territories concerned ; the United Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in West Africa, 1952, as well as the observations thereon 5. Invites the Administering Authorities concerned submitted by the Administering Authorities concerned, to give the most careful consideration to the conclusions of the Visiting Mission as well as to the comments made 1. Takes note of the reports and of the observations thereon by the members of the Trusteeship Council ; of the Administering Authorities ; 6. Decides, in accordance with rule 99 of its rules of 2. Expresses its appreciation of the work accomplished procedure, that the reports of the Visiting Mission by the Visiting Mission on its behalf ; including its special report on the Ewe and Togoland 3. Draws the attention to the fact that, at the thirteenth unification problem shall be printed together with the session, in formulating its own conclusions and recom­ relevant observations of the Administering Authorities mendations on conditions in the Territories concerned, and the present resolution ; the Council took into account the observations and 7. Requests the Secretary-General to make arrange­ conclusions of the Visiting Mission and the observations ments for the printing of these documents at the earliest of the Administering Authorities thereon ; possible date.

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