DOCSLIB.ORG

Little Karoo the Little Karoo Mainly Represents a Winter Rainfall Knowledge of the Plants in the Veld, and to Know in Area in the Succulent Karoo Biome

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Little Karoo the Little Karoo Mainly Represents a Winter Rainfall Knowledge of the Plants in the Veld, and to Know in Area in the Succulent Karoo Biome Infopak Research & Technology Development Services Nelmarié Saayman Directorate: Plant Sciences Basic guidelines to Veld Management Elsenburg – Little Karoo The Little Karoo mainly represents a winter rainfall knowledge of the plants in the veld, and to know in area in the Succulent Karoo biome. The average what condition the veld is. rainfall increases from 200 – 400 mm per year from Veld condition is the condition of the vegetation in west to east and the area can be described as relation to certain characteristics such as the species arid. All veld types are sensitive to incorrect grazing composition, cover, productivity, palatability and practices and it is therefore extremely important that nutritional value. Grazing capacity depends on the good veld management is practised in order to en- condition of a camp or the farm’s veld. sure conservation of the veld by proper utilisation. How does livestock utilise the veld? Pasture management can be divided into two com- They first eat the plants that are palatable and leave ponents, namely: the unpalatable ones until last. Palatable plants • pastures (natural grazing land (veld), cultivated include the following: Karoo bietou (Triperis sinuata), pastures, etc.); and Granaatbos (Rhigozum obovatum), Rooisaadgras/ • management (plant production, seed produc- Veldt grass (Ehrharta calycina) and Hartbees grass tion, seedling establishment). (Chaetobromus dregeanus). Although What are pastures and why are they important? these plants are dependent on a certain Pastures provide food for animals. amount of grazing to stimulate growth, This is determined by: excessive utilisation thereof can nega- • plant cover; tively influence their growth • species composition and therefore careful note (different types of must be taken of the utilisation plants in the veld); of all plants in the veld, and particularly the palatable • productivity (yield of plants. In order to build up plants). reserves for dry periods, no more than 40% of a plant should be used in one season. This is influenced by: • Soil – can be improved by leaving organic materi- If there are too many animals or if they are in a al on the ground, which leads to better water in- camp for too long, they will eat up all the palatable filtration resulting in a denser plant cover, more species while only the unpalatable ones remain and food and less erosion. multiply and therefore the farmer can keep fewer • Climate (rainfall, temperature, etc.) animals over a period of time in the same camp. It • MANAGEMENT – this is where humans fit in. If a also leads to trampling of the vegetation and as a farmer does not look after and takes care of his result a hard and impermeable soil layer may form veld, he will not have food for his animals. which can hinder the germination of seeds. Veld: It is therefore important for the farmer to know his The number of plants or the plant cover, the type veld, which species are desirable, which types he of plants (species composition) found in the veld, would like a lot of and which are the unpalatable the size of the plants and how well they grow (pro- and poisonous species of which he wants little or ductivity) determine how much food there will be none in the veld. He must also know which are inva- and apart from the environment, the farmer has sive species, such as Prosopis spp. (mesquite tree), the greatest impact on this. It is therefore important cactuses, slangbos/bankrupt bush, etc. and certified to know how the livestock utilises the veld, to have weeds such as burweed, cocklebur, etc. Western Cape Department of Agriculture www.elsenburg.com Does the veld improve with time or does it deterio- plants, etc.). As already mentioned, this is depend- rate? ent on the condition of the veld. Grazing capacity is Do the palatable species increase and grow bigger, expressed in ha/LSU (hectare per large-stock unit), or thereby creating better cover and providing more roughly how many hectares are required to provide food and causing less soil erosion, or are the plants food for a year for one head of cattle weighing 450 grazed away with only gnarly bits remaining, totally kg. Meissner and others (1983) divided all livestock gone or very scarce? Vegetation and game as a factor of a large-stock unit. For ex- cover in the Little Karoo increases ample: one wool-bearing ewe (dry) = 0.15 LSU, while from west to east from 20% to 40% a wool-bearing ewe with a lamb is equal to 0.20 LSU. as a result of the increasing aver- age rainfall. An indication that The TOTAL number of livestock should not exceed the veld has deteriorated is the the recommended grazing increasing presence of kraalbos, scholtzbos, bitterbos, etc. For example: A grazing capacity of 54 ha/LSU Another good indicator of the con- means that the farmer needs 54 ha to provide food dition of the veld is whether there are seedlings and for one cow over a period of a year, that is to say young plants of the palatable species growing in the that approximately 55 head of cattle can be kept veld, or whether there are only seedlings of the un- on a farm of 3 000 ha. For sheep this means that ap- palatable species and some ephemerals (opslag). proximately eight hectare is required for one sheep (seven wool-bearing sheep (ewes) are equal to one Soil small-frame cow). The farmer can therefore keep The way in which veld is managed will have a long- approximately 300 sheep on his 3 000 ha farm, in term impact on the soil. If the veld is overgrazed and other words 220 breeding ewes plus the lambs, rams trampled by animals as a result of incorrect man- and replacement ewes. agement, erosion can take place or the soil surface can form an impermeable layer. This means that the In die Little Karoo the grazing capacity in the west seeds that are present and germinate cannot get ranges from 54 ha/LSU on the flats to 72 ha/LSU in their roots through the soil crust in order to establish die Renosterveld up to 140 ha/LSU in die fynbosveld themselves, and the water runs off instead of pen- up in the mountains. East of the Rooiberge it ranges etrating. Consequently rain becomes less effective, from 42 ha/LSU in the low-lying areas to 72 ha/LSU in the top layer gets washed away and this can lead the Renosterveld and 108-140 ha/LSU in the fynbos- to donga erosion. veld up in the mountains. To create an effective seed bed for germination Stocking rate is the number of animals that a farmer and the establishment of plants the farmer can can keep for a specific period on a certain area by means of good management and observation of the grazing land (camp/farm). This includes all ensure that there is organic material (twigs, leaves, animals on the farm, large and small, sheep, cattle, etc.) on the ground that can decompose and gets goats, donkeys, ostriches, game, etc. Remember converted by microbes to food for the plants (or- that animals breed and therefore all animals, large ganic carbon). Together with the plant cover, this and small, must be taken into account when deter- will help to regulate the mining the stocking rate. soil temperature and Grazing capacity and stocking rate should be with holes/hollows in reconciled with one another in order to ensure the the ground it will help sustainability of a production system on the farm. with better water infil- tration because water The farm’s grazing capacity is an indication of how will flow away much many animals can be kept there, while stocking rate slower; it also help to is an indication of how many animals are kept there. catch the seed and to If the farmer keeps more animals than his grazing provide shelter for the capacity permits, the condition of the grazing land young seedlings. will deteriorate with the result that he can keep fewer animals over the long term. How is the farmer going to make sure that the veld provides enough food for his animals? Grazing capacity is how many animals you can He can do this by applying the correct manage- keep on the farm. ment. The following are a few points that should be Stocking rate is how many animals you are really noted: keeping on the farm. 1. the number of animals that the farm can support (grazing capacity); and 2. the management system that is followed. If the farmer keeps fewer animals than he is allowed to keep according to the recommended grazing Grazing capacity and stocking rate capacity, this will be to the benefit of the veld and Grazing capacity is the ability of a specific piece of the animals because the veld will build up reserves veld to produce food, therefore the number of ani- (new plants, regrowth of existing plants, flowers, seed mals a farmer can keep in a camp or on the farm, formation, etc.) and the veld will improve over the without the deterioration of natural resources (soil, long term. The farmer will find it easier to overcome drought periods (may not have to supply additional ducted from the total which the veld can carry fodder – cost implication) and he will be able to before determining how many small stock units can keep more animals over the long term, thereby giv- be supported. ing more stability to the farm. Additional animals on the farm = 17.1 LSU (springbok, The recommendation is usually to keep fewer ani- cattle, horses).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
    Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Golder Associates (No Case Number)-OCR Part2.Pdf
    ECOLOGY TECHNICAL REPORT - EMP FOR THE SW KAROO BASIN GAS EXPLORATION APPLICATION PROJECT 4.1.2 Biomes Biomes can be defined as the major communities of the world, classified according to their predominant vegetation and characterised by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment. The single most important factor inftuencing the biomes in South Africa is the weather and, more specifically, the rainfall (Low and Rebelo, 1998). Important factors to be taken into account with regard to the weather and its influence on the biomes of South Africa are: • The western parts of the country are much drier than the east; • Rainfall occurs in winter in the west, but in summer in most other regions; and • Temperatures in the mountains and on the Highveld are more extreme than along the coast. These different climatic zones give rise to different vegetation communities which result in the biomes of South Africa. These biomes range from the Forest biome, in the wetter eastern parts of the country, through the Grassland and Thicket biomes, in the higher and lower lyi ng temperate areas, to the succulent Karoo and Desert biomes in th e drier western parts of the country. It should however be noted that there is considerable overlap vegetation types within the different vegetation communities. The Western precinct coincides with three biomes namely (Figure 3): • Nama-Karoo; • Succulent Karoo; and • Fynbos (more specifically Renosterveld Fynbos) The vegetation biomes are described briefty below and in more detail in Appendix A. 4.1.2.1 Nama-Karoo The Nama Karoo Biome occurs on the central plateau of the western half of South Africa, at altitudes between 500 and 2000m, with most of the biome failing between 1000 and 1400m.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Volume 14, Issue 1 (2020) 7–16 BOJAAS Research Article Comparative nutritive value of an invasive exotic plant species, Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa, and five indigenous plant species commonly browsed by small stock in the BORAVAST area, south-western Botswana M. K. Ditlhogo1, M. P Setshogo1,* and G. Mosweunyane2 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB00704, Gaborone, Botswana. 2Geoflux Consulting Company, P.O. Box 2403, Gaborone, Botswana. ARTICLE INFORMATION ________________________ Keywords Abstract: Nutritive value of an invasive exotic plant species, Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa, and five indigenous plant species Nutritive value commonly browsed by livestock in Bokspits, Rapplespan, Vaalhoek and Prosopis glandulosa Struizendam (BORAVAST), southwest Botswana, was determined and BORAVAST compared. These five indigenous plant species were Vachellia Indigenous plant species hebeclada (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. subsp. hebeclada, Vachellia erioloba (E. Mey.) P.J.H. Hurter, Senegalia mellifera (Vahl) Seigler & Ebinger Article History: subsp. detinens (Burch.) Kyal. & Boatwr., Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Submission date: 25 Jun. 2019 Gilg & Gilg-Ben. var. albitrunca and Rhigozum trichotomum Burch. Revised: 14 Jan. 2020 The levels of Crude Protein (CP), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (C), Accepted: 16 Jan. 2020 Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) were determined for Available online: 04 Apr. 2020 the plant’s foliage and pods (where available). All plant species had a https://bojaas.buan.ac.bw CP value higher than the recommended daily intake. There are however multiple mineral deficiencies in the plant species analysed. Nutritive Corresponding Author: value of Prosopis glandulosa is comparable to those other species despite the perception that livestock that browse on it are more Moffat P.
    [Show full text]
  • Delimitation of Malagasy Tribe Coleeae and Implications for Fruit Evolution in Bignoniaceae Inferred from a Chloroplast DNA Phylogeny
    Plant Syst. Evol. 245: 55–67 (2004) DOI 10.1007/s00606-003-0025-y Delimitation of Malagasy tribe Coleeae and implications for fruit evolution in Bignoniaceae inferred from a chloroplast DNA phylogeny M. L. Zjhra1, K. J. Sytsma2, and R. G. Olmstead3 1Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA 2Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 3Department of Botany, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Received February 2, 2003; accepted April 23, 2003 Published online: February 23, 2004 Ó Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract. Coleeae (Bignoniaceae) are a tribe almost the Gondwanan continent, Madagascar was entirely restricted to Madagascar. Coleeae have attached to Africa at present day Somalia, previously been placed in neotropical Crescentieae Kenya and Tanzania until 165 mya (Rabino- due to species with indehiscent fruits, a character witz et al. 1982, 1983). Madagascar was otherwise unusual in Bignoniaceae. A phylogeny completely separated from Africa by ndh trn based on three chloroplast regions ( F, T-L 120 mya (Rabinowitz et al. 1983), but spacer, trnL-F spacer) identifies a monophyletic remained attached to India until 88 mya Coleeae that is endemic to Madagascar and sur- rounding islands of the Indian Ocean (Seychelles, (Storey et al. 1995). During the lower Creta- Comores and Mascarenes). African Kigelia is not a ceous Madagascar traveled to its present member of Coleeae, rather it is more closely related position 400 km off the coast of Mozambique to a subset of African and Southeast Asian species (Fig. 1). The granitic islands of the Seychelles, of Tecomeae. The molecular phylogeny indicates in the Indian Ocean north of Madagascar, that indehiscent fruit have arisen repeatedly in represent fragments of the separation of Mad- Bignoniaceae: in Coleeae, Kigelia and Crescentieae.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytosociology of the Upper Orange River Valley, South Africa
    PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF THE UPPER ORANGE RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH AFRICA A SYNTAXONOMICAL AND SYNECOLOGICAL STUDY M.J.A.WERGER PROMOTOR: Prof. Dr. V. WESTHOFF PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF THE UPPER ORANGE RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH AFRICA A SYNTAXONOMICAL AND SYNECOLOGICAL STUDY PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRUGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT TE NIJMEGEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. MR. F J.F.M. DUYNSTEE VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DECANEN IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP 10 MEI 1973 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4.00 UUR. DOOR MARINUS JOHANNES ANTONIUS WERGER GEBOREN TE ENSCHEDE 1973 V&R PRETORIA aan mijn ouders Frontiepieae: Panorama drawn by R.J. GORDON when he discovered the Orange River at "De Fraaye Schoot" near the present Bethulie, probably on the 23rd December 1777. I. INTRODUCTION When the government of the Republic of South Africa in the early sixties decided to initiate a comprehensive water development scheme of its largest single water resource, the Orange River, this gave rise to a wide range of basic and applied scientific sur­ veys of that area. The reasons for these surveys were threefold: (1) The huge capital investment on such a water scheme can only be justified economically on a long term basis. Basic to this is that the waterworks be protected, over a long period of time, against inefficiency caused by for example silting. Therefore, management reports of the catchment area should.be produced. (2) In order to enable effective long term planning of the management and use of the natural resources in the area it is necessary to know the state of the local ecosystems before a major change is instituted.
    [Show full text]
  • Homing in the Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys Scripta Elegans) in Illinois Authors: John K
    Homing in the Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) in Illinois Authors: John K. Tucker, and James T. Lamer Source: Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 7(1) : 145-149 Published By: Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy URL: https://doi.org/10.2744/CCB-0669.1 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Chelonian-Conservation-and-Biology on 08 Sep 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by United States Fish & Wildlife Service National Conservation Training Center NOTES AND FIELD REPORTS Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 2008, 7(1): 88–95 Winokur (1968) could not determine the rate of hybrid- Ó 2008 Chelonian Research Foundation ization, concluded the identification of some specimens as hybrids to be uncertain, and verified pure A. atra. By 1979, The Status of Apalone atra Populations in Smith and Smith considered A.
    [Show full text]
  • Lamiales – Synoptical Classification Vers
    Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.6.2 (in prog.) Updated: 12 April, 2016 A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales Version 2.6.2 (This is a working document) Compiled by Richard Olmstead With the help of: D. Albach, P. Beardsley, D. Bedigian, B. Bremer, P. Cantino, J. Chau, J. L. Clark, B. Drew, P. Garnock- Jones, S. Grose (Heydler), R. Harley, H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, B. Li, L. Lohmann, S. Mathews, L. McDade, K. Müller, E. Norman, N. O’Leary, B. Oxelman, J. Reveal, R. Scotland, J. Smith, D. Tank, E. Tripp, S. Wagstaff, E. Wallander, A. Weber, A. Wolfe, A. Wortley, N. Young, M. Zjhra, and many others [estimated 25 families, 1041 genera, and ca. 21,878 species in Lamiales] The goal of this project is to produce a working infraordinal classification of the Lamiales to genus with information on distribution and species richness. All recognized taxa will be clades; adherence to Linnaean ranks is optional. Synonymy is very incomplete (comprehensive synonymy is not a goal of the project, but could be incorporated). Although I anticipate producing a publishable version of this classification at a future date, my near- term goal is to produce a web-accessible version, which will be available to the public and which will be updated regularly through input from systematists familiar with taxa within the Lamiales. For further information on the project and to provide information for future versions, please contact R. Olmstead via email at [email protected], or by regular mail at: Department of Biology, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • SABONET Report No 18
    ii Quick Guide This book is divided into two sections: the first part provides descriptions of some common trees and shrubs of Botswana, and the second is the complete checklist. The scientific names of the families, genera, and species are arranged alphabetically. Vernacular names are also arranged alphabetically, starting with Setswana and followed by English. Setswana names are separated by a semi-colon from English names. A glossary at the end of the book defines botanical terms used in the text. Species that are listed in the Red Data List for Botswana are indicated by an ® preceding the name. The letters N, SW, and SE indicate the distribution of the species within Botswana according to the Flora zambesiaca geographical regions. Flora zambesiaca regions used in the checklist. Administrative District FZ geographical region Central District SE & N Chobe District N Ghanzi District SW Kgalagadi District SW Kgatleng District SE Kweneng District SW & SE Ngamiland District N North East District N South East District SE Southern District SW & SE N CHOBE DISTRICT NGAMILAND DISTRICT ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA NORTH EAST DISTRICT CENTRAL DISTRICT GHANZI DISTRICT KWENENG DISTRICT KGATLENG KGALAGADI DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTHERN SOUTH EAST DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTH AFRICA 0 Kilometres 400 i ii Trees of Botswana: names and distribution Moffat P. Setshogo & Fanie Venter iii Recommended citation format SETSHOGO, M.P. & VENTER, F. 2003. Trees of Botswana: names and distribution. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 18. Pretoria. Produced by University of Botswana Herbarium Private Bag UB00704 Gaborone Tel: (267) 355 2602 Fax: (267) 318 5097 E-mail: [email protected] Published by Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), c/o National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001 Pretoria and University of Botswana Herbarium, Private Bag UB00704, Gaborone.
    [Show full text]
  • A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales
    Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.0 (in prog.) Updated: 13 December, 2005 A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales Version 2.0 (in progress) Compiled by Richard Olmstead With the help of: D. Albach, B. Bremer, P. Cantino, C. dePamphilis, P. Garnock-Jones, R. Harley, L. McDade, E. Norman, B. Oxelman, J. Reveal, R. Scotland, J. Smith, E. Wallander, A. Weber, A. Wolfe, N. Young, M. Zjhra, and others [estimated # species in Lamiales = 22,000] The goal of this project is to produce a working infraordinal classification of the Lamiales to genus with information on distribution and species richness. All recognized taxa will be clades; adherence to Linnaean ranks is optional. Synonymy is very incomplete (comprehensive synonymy is not a goal of the project, but could be incorporated). Although I anticipate producing a publishable version of this classification at a future date, my near-term goal is to produce a web-accessible version, which will be available to the public and which will be updated regularly through input from systematists familiar with taxa within the Lamiales. For further information on the project and to provide information for future versions, please contact R. Olmstead via email at [email protected], or by regular mail at: Department of Biology, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA. Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.0 (in prog.) Updated: 13 December, 2005 Acanthaceae (~201/3510) Durande, Notions Elém. Bot.: 265. 1782, nom. cons. – Synopsis compiled by R. Scotland & K. Vollesen (Kew Bull. 55: 513-589. 2000); probably should include Avicenniaceae. Nelsonioideae (7/ ) Lindl. ex Pfeiff., Nomencl.
    [Show full text]
  • Using the Checklist N W C
    Using the checklist • The arrangement of the checklist is alphabetical by family followed by genus, grouped under Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. • All species and synonyms are arranged alphabetically under genus. • Accepted names are in bold print while synonyms or previously-used names are in italics. • In the case of synonyms, the currently used name follows the equals sign (=), and only refers to usage in Zimbabwe. • Distribution information is included under the current name. • The letters N, W, C, E, and S, following each listed taxon, indicate the known distribution of species within Zimbabwe as reflected by specimens in SRGH or cited in the literature. Where the distribution is unknown, we have inserted Distr.? after the taxon name. • All species known or suspected to be fully naturalised in Zimbabwe are included in the list. They are preceded by an asterisk (*). Species only known from planted or garden specimens were not included. Mozambique Zambia Kariba Mt. Darwin Lake Kariba N Victoria Falls Harare C Nyanga Mts. W Mutare Gweru E Bulawayo GREAT DYKEMasvingo Plumtree S Chimanimani Mts. Botswana N Beit Bridge South Africa The floristic regions of Zimbabwe: Central, East, North, South, West. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants edited by Anthony Mapaura & Jonathan Timberlake Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33 • 2004 • Recommended citation format MAPAURA, A. & TIMBERLAKE, J. (eds). 2004. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants.
    [Show full text]
  • By CGGJ History. the Publication Of
    Malayan Bignoniaceae, their taxonomy, origin and geographical distribution by C.G.G.J. van Steenis. and will not distribu- Age area do, function of and tion is a age biology. The mechanism of evolution is the main problem of biological science. Introduction. : My publication on the Bignoniaceae of New Guinea ) has been the prime cause to study this family for the whole Malayan region. So this study forms a parallel to the publications of the families worked out by the botanists at Buitenzorg, which are an attempt to constitute a modern review of the Malayan flora. That this a review of family was necessary may appear from short historical a survey. History. Since the publication of „De flora van Neder- landsch Indie” by Miguel 2), only 4 of the 5 Javanese 3 species have been discussed byKoorders and Va 1eton ); 4 Koorders ) gives only a short enumeration of the 5 Java- nese species, together with the cultivated ones of Java. 6 discussed the and Boerlage ) genera gave an account critical dis- of the species known then, but did not give a cussion of the species. 1) Nova-Guinea 14 (1927) 293-303. 2 ) De Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. 2 (1856) 750-9. 8 ) Bijdrage tot de boomsoorten van Java. 1 (1894) 64. 4) Excursionsflora fur Java. 3 (1912) 182. 6 585 ) Handleiding tot de kennis der flora van Ned. Indie. 2 (1899) 788 For the there extra-Javanese species are only the elder works of Blume 1 2 ) and Mique 1 ) and for Deplanchea the descriptions of Scheffer 3). As the and genera species were known only incompletely, the geographical distribution could not be indicated with any certainty and about the affinities was not known much either.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography and Ecology in a Pantropical Family, the Meliaceae
    Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 71(Suppl. 2):335-461. 2019 335 doi: 10.26492/gbs71(suppl. 2).2019-22 Biogeography and ecology in a pantropical family, the Meliaceae M. Heads Buffalo Museum of Science, 1020 Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY 14211-1293, USA. [email protected] ABSTRACT. This paper reviews the biogeography and ecology of the family Meliaceae and maps many of the clades. Recently published molecular phylogenies are used as a framework to interpret distributional and ecological data. The sections on distribution concentrate on allopatry, on areas of overlap among clades, and on centres of diversity. The sections on ecology focus on populations of the family that are not in typical, dry-ground, lowland rain forest, for example, in and around mangrove forest, in peat swamp and other kinds of freshwater swamp forest, on limestone, and in open vegetation such as savanna woodland. Information on the altitudinal range of the genera is presented, and brief notes on architecture are also given. The paper considers the relationship between the distribution and ecology of the taxa, and the interpretation of the fossil record of the family, along with its significance for biogeographic studies. Finally, the paper discusses whether the evolution of Meliaceae can be attributed to ‘radiations’ from restricted centres of origin into new morphological, geographical and ecological space, or whether it is better explained by phases of vicariance in widespread ancestors, alternating with phases of range expansion. Keywords. Altitude, limestone, mangrove, rain forest, savanna, swamp forest, tropics, vicariance Introduction The family Meliaceae is well known for its high-quality timbers, especially mahogany (Swietenia Jacq.).
    [Show full text]