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Methodology and Research Practice in Southeast Asian Studies This page intentionally left blank Methodology and Research Practice in Southeast Asian Studies

Edited by Mikko Huotari, Jürgen Rüland and Judith Schlehe University of Freiburg, Germany Editorial matter and selection © Mikko Huotari, Jürgen Rüland and Judith Schlehe 2014 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-39753-9

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identiﬁed as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-48500-0 ISBN 978-1-137-39754-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137397546 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Contents

List of Figures and Tables vii Acknowledgements viii Notes on the Contributors ix List of Abbreviations xv Introduction: Fostering Methodological Dialogue in 1 Southeast Asian Studies Mikko Huotari Part I 25 1 Moving Theory and Methods in Southeast Asian Studies 27 Goh Beng-Lan 2 Southeast Asian Studies: The Conundrum of Area and 44 Method Victor T. King Part II 65 3 Doing Anthropological Fieldwork with Southeast Asian 67 Characteristics? Identity and Adaptation in the Field Deasy Simandjuntak and Michaela Haug 4 Performative Ethnography: Observant Participation in 91 Southeast Asia Eric Haanstad 5 What Does a Gender Relations Approach Bring to 107 Southeast Asian Studies? Kathryn Robinson 6 Learning from Locals: Doing Interviews in Southeast Asia 128 Paruedee Nguitragool 7 Political Analysis and the Southeast Asian Press: Decoding 144 Meaning and Tracing Events Jürgen Rüland, Jarno S. Jian Hui Lang and York A. Wiese

v vi Contents

8 Bridging Historical Analysis and Strategic Choice in Area 167 Studies: An Analytic Narrative of Volatile Politics in Thailand, 1938–1963 Emma Masterson 9 Context Speciﬁcity of Economic Research: The Example 187 of Corruption Research in Southeast Asia Krisztina Kis-Katos and Günther G. Schulze Part III 211 10 Grounding Governance Research in Southeast Asia: 213 A Framework for Controlled Multimethod Policy Analysis Christian von Lübke 11 Qualitative Comparative Analysis for Southeast Asian 233 Studies: Prospects for Policy Analysis of Southeast Asian Regionalism Raul L. Cordenillo 12 Transcultural Ethnography: Reciprocity in 253 Indonesian-German Tandem Research Judith Schlehe and Sita Hidayah 13 Inter-Referencing Southeast Asia: Absence, Resonance 273 and Provocation Chua Beng Huat Bibliography 289 Index 322 List of Figures and Tables

Figures

Figure I.1 Methodology and knowledge formation 8 Figure 8.1 A dilemma of competing elites 1938–1944 and 181 1948–1957 Figure 8.2 An assuring game of trust 1957–1963 182 Figure 8.3 An extensive-form game 1938–1963 182 Figure 10.1 Political agency and governance outcomes 228 Figure 11.1 Set memberships 238 Figure 11.2 Relations between sets 240 Figure 11.3 Necessary and sufﬁcient conditions 241 Figure 11.4 ASEAN membership 242

Tables

Table I.1 Different orientations towards “contextual 17 embeddedness” Table 7.1 Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index 146 (2013) Table 10.1 Controlled case selection—Measuring agency 218 effects across paired units of observation Table 10.2 Distinct leadership pairs in West Sumatra and 224 Central Java Table 10.3 Comparative government performance in 2005 226 Table 10.4 Results of OLS regressions—Public performance 229 Table 11.1 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) 247 in ASEAN and Southeast Asia Table 11.2 Set membership scores 248 Table 11.3 Truth table 249

vii Acknowledgements

This volume greatly benefited from a series of methodology workshops organized by the University of Freiburg’s Southeast Asian Studies Program titled “Grounding Area Studies in Social Practice.” Apart from training students and scholars in new methodologies, the workshop series explored to what extent methods established in mainstream disciplines in the so-called West can be applied to a culturally different context. How does the tension between universal and particular forms of knowledge bear on methodology and how do we adjust research practice in accordance to the particular political, social and cultural set- tings we study? Raising this question brought divergent disciplines and methodological schools into dialogue: Scholars of a more hermeneutic, interpretative orientation and scholars more rooted in positivist epis- temology. In addition to this, an international conference held in Freiburg in May 2012, titled “Methodology in Southeast Asian Studies: Grounding Research – Mixing Methods” addressed these questions and sought to assess the explanatory scope of variegated methodological approaches to the study of Southeast Asian societies. This methodological discourse could hardly have evolved into its current form without the generous financial support provided by the Federal German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the Ministry’s innovative and unprecedented Area Studies Program which started in 2009. The Ministry’s funding enabled us to organize no less than 20 methodology workshops and the international conference mentioned above. Aside from the Ministry we thank our workshop lec- turers, all of them renowned experts in a specific methodology, and the participants and panelists of the international conference. Some of the conference papers found their way into this volume. We also thank our research assistants, who have contributed in various ways to the many technical chores executed before such a volume can go to print. In particular, we would like to express our gratitude to Vanessa Guinan-Bank, Felix Idelberger, Rafael Steinhilber and Ann-Kathrin Weber. Last, but not least, we thank Patrick Hesse and Julian Topf for their competent proof-reading of the manuscript.

viii Notes on the Contributors

Chua Beng Huat, Provost Professor, is concurrently Head of Department of Sociology at the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences and Cultural Studies in Asia and Research Cluster Leader at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. He is a founding co-executive editor of the journal Inter-Asia Cultural Studies.

Raul L. Cordenillo is a joint doctoral candidate in International and European Studies at the KU Leuven and the Antwerp Centre for Institutions and Multilevel Politics at Antwerp University. He is also the Head of Inter-Regional Dialogue, Partnerships and Advocacy at International IDEA (Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance). In this capacity, he manages the Inter-Regional Democracy Resource Centre, the full-time secretariat of the Inter-Regional Dialogue on Democracy, a leading platform for engagement among regional organ- izations on democracy and related issues. Before joining International IDEA, he was Assistant Director at the ASEAN Secretariat.

Goh Beng-Lan is an Associate Professor and currently Head of the Department of Southeast Asian Studies at the National University of Singapore. She researches issues of knowledge production, intellectual history, urbanism, postcolonial identities and the visual arts in Southeast Asia. She is the editor of Decentering and Diversifying Southeast Asian Studies: Perspectives from the Region (2011).

Eric Haanstad is a Principal Researcher in the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology (Institut für Ethnologie) at the University of Freiburg, where he received research and writing support from the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF). His research focuses on theatrical performance and state security in Thailand and Cambodia, cross-cultural conceptions of temporality, and the aesthet- ics of violence. Recently published book chapters include “A Brief History of the Thai Police” in Knights of the Realm: Thailand’s Military and Police, Then and Now (ed. Paul Chambers) and “Thai Police in Refractive Cultural Practice” in Police in Practice: Policing and Contemporary Governance (ed. William Garriott).

ix x Notes on the Contributors

Michaela Haug is a Senior Lecturer at the Institute for Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Cologne. She completed her PhD in Social and Cultural Anthropology in 2009. Publications include Poverty and Decentralisation in East Kalimantan: The Impact of Regional Autonomy on Dayak Benuaq Wellbeing (2010) and, together with Cathrin Bullinger, “In and Out of the Forest: Decentralisation and Recentralisation of Forest Governance in East Kalimantan, Indonesia” (Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 2012). Her current research interests cover political ecology, processes of globalization and margin- alization, as well as gender relations and the gendered impacts of natural resource exploitation.

Sita Hidayah is a Junior Lecturer and a Researcher at the Anthropology Department, Gadjah Mada University. She participated in the intercultural tandem project between Freiburg University (Germany) and Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia) both as student and project ofﬁcer (in 2005 and 2011 respectively). In 2012, she published her MA thesis, “Politics of Religions in Indonesia: The Invention of ‘Agama’ in Indonesia,” in Jurnal Kawistara Vol. 2, No. 2. She is currently pursuing a PhD in Women, Islamic morality and Syari’ah bylaws in Indonesia at the University of Amsterdam.

Mikko Huotari is a doctoral candidate and research fellow at the Department of Political Science at the University of Freiburg. His dissertation is titled “China and the Political Economy of East Asian Financial Order.” He has recently published on foreign policy analysis (Analyse Außenpolitischer Wirkungen) and the role of emerging powers in global ﬁnancial governance. Currently he is leading a publication project entitled “Context, Concepts and Comparisons in Southeast Asian Studies.”

Victor T. King is currently Eminent Visiting Professor at Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Emeritus Professor of Southeast Asian Studies at the University of Leeds and Professorial Research Associate at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He has wide- ranging research interests in the social and cultural anthropology of Southeast Asia and in the conceptualization, development and critical scrutiny of Southeast Asia as an area of multidisciplinary study. His recent books include The Sociology of Southeast Asia: Transformation in a Developing Region (2008; ebook 2011) and The Modern Anthropology of South-East Asia: An Introduction (with William Wilder, 2003; reprinted 2006) (translated into Indonesian as Antropologi Modern Asia Tenggara: Notes on the Contributors xi

Sebuah Pengantar [2012]); co-edited volumes include Tourism in Southeast Asia: Challenges and New Directions (2009) and Heritage Tourism in Southeast Asia (2010) (both with Michael Hitchcock and Michael Parnwell). Another volume entitled The Historical Construction of Southeast Asian Studies: Korea and Beyond (ed. with Park Seung Woo, 2013) was recently published in Singapore.

Krisztina Kis-Katos is a Senior Research Fellow at the Department of Economics, University of Freiburg and a Principal Researcher at the Southeast Asian Studies Group at the University of Freiburg. She received her PhD in 2010 with a dissertation on “Globalization and Child Labor.” She has published widely in areas of development economics, conﬂict and terrorism, for instance, in the Journal of Human Resources, European Journal of Political Economy, Journal of Development Studies, Journal of Peace Research, Environmental and Resource Economics, World Economics, Review of the Economics of the Household and Economics Letters.

Jarno S. Jian Hui Lang is a doctoral candidate at the Department of Political Science, University of Freiburg, Germany. His research con- centrates on the ways in which international relations, media and specific socio-historical contexts are interconnected. His current PhD study, which is financed by the Cusanuswerk Foundation, is concerned with the changing image of US foreign policy in the Indonesian press in the timeframe 2001–2012. In the course of his fieldwork, he covered the Indonesian perception of the American presidential elections in 2012 for the Fair Observer.

Christian von Lübke is a Political Economist with a particular interest in democratic governance and socio-economic development in Southeast Asia. Before joining the Arnold Bergstraesser Institute in Freiburg, Dr. von Lübke was a postdoctoral research fellow at Stanford University (2008–2011) and Waseda University (2007). He has worked as Technical Advisor for the World Bank and GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) in various parts of rural Indonesia (2001–2006), and in 2007, he joined an international team at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) analyzing effects of public-private action on investment and growth. Von Lübke’s research has been published in the Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Journal of Development Studies, Asian Economic Journal, European Journal of East Asian Studies, Contemporary Southeast Asian Affairs and Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. xii Notes on the Contributors

Emma Masterson is a doctoral candidate and research fellow at the Department of Political Science, University of Freiburg, where she has been a member of the Southeast Asian Studies interdisciplinary group since joining the program in January 2011. Her dissertation focuses on political elites and democratization in Thailand and is supported by the Federal German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Prior to her research she obtained an MPhil in International Relations from the University of Cambridge and an MA in European Studies from Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.

Paruedee Nguitragool is a Lecturer at the School of International Affairs, Faculty of Political Science and Public Administration, at Chiang Mai University, Thailand. She was a Research Associate at the Political Science Department of the University of Freiburg, Germany and a Visiting Fellow at many universities and research institutes in Southeast Asia. Her main research interests include images of the West in Indonesia, and environmental politics and international relations in Southeast Asia. Her recent articles have appeared in political science and area studies journals, including Asian Survey, European Journal of East Asian Studies and Paciﬁc Affairs. She is also the author of the book Environmental Cooperation in Southeast Asia (2010).

Kathryn Robinson is a Professor in the Department of Anthropology, College of Asia and the Paciﬁc at the Australian National University. She has been researching on Indonesia since 1976 and has published on mining and development; gender relations; Indonesian Islam; and migration, marriage and the Internet. Publications include Stepchildren of Progress: The Political Economy of Development in an Indonesian Mining Town (1986); Living Through Histories: Culture, History and Social Life in South Sulawesi (ed. with Mukhlis Paini, 1998); Women in Indonesia: Gender Equity and Development (ed. with Sharon Bessell, 2002); Asian and Paciﬁc Cosmopolitans: Self and Subject in Motion (ed., 2007) and Gender, Islam and Democracy in Indonesia (2009).

Jürgen Rüland is Professor of Political Science in the Department of Political Science at the University of Freiburg. He is also the Chairperson of the University of Freiburg’s Southeast Asian Studies Program and Chairman of the Scientiﬁc Advisory Board of the German GIGA Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg. He has published widely on Southeast Asia. His articles have appeared in the European Journal of International Relations, Journal of European Public Policy, Notes on the Contributors xiii

Security Dialogue, Foreign Policy Analysis, International Relations and Development, The Pacific Review, Pacific Affairs, Asian Survey, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, European Journal of East Asian Studies, Contemporary Southeast Asia, European Foreign Affairs Review and Asia Europe Journal.

Judith Schlehe is a Professor in the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Freiburg, Germany. She has published widely on religious dynamics, popular forms of representing cultures, cultural globalization and intercultural issues, gender, the anthropology of disaster and new approaches to transnational collabo- ration. Professor Schlehe is a member of the DFG research group “History in Popular Cultures of Knowledge” and the BMBF-funded interdisciplinary research group on “Grounding Area Studies in Social Practice: Southeast Asian studies at Freiburg.” She has conducted extensive ﬁeldwork in several parts of Indonesia. Her latest publication is “Concepts of Asia, the West and the Self in Contemporary Indonesia: An Anthropological Account,” in South East Asia Research Vol. 21 No. 3 (2013).

Günther G. Schulze is Professor of Economics at the University of Freiburg, Adjunct Professor at the Arndt Cordon Department of Economics at the Australian University and a Principal Researcher of the Southeast Asian Studies Group at the University of Freiburg. He works on issues of development economics with special reference to South East Asian countries, political economy, corruption, and on the economics of conﬂict and terrorism. He has published in, among others, Journal of Behaviour and Organization, European Journal of Political Economy, Economics of Governance, German Economic Review, Journal of Development Studies, Journal of Economics and Economics Letters.

Deasy Simandjuntak taught at the Faculty of Social and Political Science at the University of Indonesia and was afﬁliated with the Royal Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV) in Leiden as a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow researching on the inﬂuence of elite actors in Indonesia’s biofuel policies. Her latest publications include “Beyond Wealth and Pleasant Posture: Exploring Elite Competition in the Patronage Democracy of Indonesia” (in The Anthropology of Elites, 2013) and “Gifts and Promises: Patronage Democracy in a Decentralized Indonesia” (European Journal of East Asia Studies, 2012). Her current research interests include elite politics, identity politics and xiv Notes on the Contributors democratization. In 2010, she completed her PhD in political anthropology with the dissertation “Who Shall Be Raja? Patronage Democracy in North Sumatra, Indonesia” (University of Amsterdam).

York A. Wiese is a doctoral candidate and Lecturer at the Department of History, University of Freiburg. As a primarily historically-oriented researcher in Sinology and Thai studies he participated in the research project “Grounding Area Studies in Social Practice: Southeast Asian Studies at Freiburg.” For his dissertation on the conﬂicts of the Thai Chinese during the early Cold War years, he received scholarships from the BMBF and, for archival research in Bangkok, from the DAAD. His other main research interests include the southern expansion of the Chinese empire and the subjugation of ethnic minorities, Chinese migration to Southeast Asia and the overseas Chinese, the history of the Song Dynasty and modern Thai history. List of Abbreviations

ACDE Arndt-Cordon Department of Economics (Australian National University) AIDS Acquired Immune Deﬁciency Syndrome AIPO ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Organization ALU Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (University of Freiburg) (Germany) APSA American Political Science Association ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEASUK Association of Southeast Asian Studies in the UK BMBF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Federal German Ministry of Education and Research) BMZ Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit (Federal German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development) BN Barisan Nasional coalition (National Front, Malaysia) CEDAW UN Convention on the Elimination and Discrimination Against Women CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research COMPAS Controlled Multimethod Policy Analyses CPI Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) CSF Centre for Social Forestry (Samarinda) CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies (Jakarta) DAAD Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (German Academic Exchange Service) DAU Dana Alokasi Umum (National budget transfers per capita and year, Indonesia) DPRD Dewan perwakilan rakyat daerah (Local Parliaments (in Indonesia)) EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment FEER Far Eastern Economic Review GBKP Gereja Batak Karo Protestan (Karo Batak Protestant Church) GDP Gross Domestic Product

xv xvi List of Abbreviations

GDS Governance and Decentralization Survey ICRG International Country Risk Guide ICVS International Crime Victims Survey IHT International Herald Tribune IMF International Monetary Fund INUS Insufﬁcient but necessary part of a condition that is itself unnecessary but sufﬁcient for an outcome. IR International Relations ISEAS Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (Singapore) ISSC International Social Science Council KKN Korupsi, Kolusi, Nepotisme (corruption, collusion and nepotism) KPPOD Komite Pemantauan Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah (Indonesian Regional Autonomy Watch) LPEM-FEUI Lembaga Penyelidikan Ekonomi dan Masyarakat – Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia (Institute of Economic and Social Research at the University of Indonesia) MAC Media Advisory Council (Philippines) NFA Philippines National Food Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIE Newly Industrializing Economies NTB Nusa Tenggara Barat OLS Ordinary least squares (regression analysis) OPK Operasi Pasar Khusus (Special Market Operations) OSS Optional State Supplementation Program PAN Partai Amanat Nasional (National Mandate Party, Indonesia) PAP People’s Action Party (Singapore) PCPM Philippine Council for Print Media PDIP Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle) PETS Representative public expenditure tracking survey PKB Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (National Awakening Party) PODES Village Potential Statistics (Indonesia) PPP Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (United Development Party) PWI Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (Indonesian Journalists Association) QCA Qualitative Comparative Analysis QSDS Quantitative Service Delivery Survey List of Abbreviations xvii

RCAF Royal Cambodian Armed Forces RSF Reporters without borders RSIS S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (Singapore) SARA Suku, agama, ras, antargolongon (“ethnicity”, “religion”, “race”, “inter-group relations”) SUIN Sufficient but unnecessary part of a factor that is insufficient but necessary for an outcome. UGM Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta (Indonesia) UK United Kingdom UKM Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (National University of Malaysia) UMNO United Malay National Organization UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization US United States VIP Very Important Person WBES World Bank Enterprise Survey WHO World Health Organization