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La Editio Princeps De La Farsalia De Lucano (Roma 1469): Identificación Y Transmisión De La Forma Textual (1469-1483)1

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La Editio Princeps De La Farsalia De Lucano (Roma 1469): Identificación Y Transmisión De La Forma Textual (1469-1483)1 ARTÍCULOS Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios Latinos ISSN: 1131-9062 https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/cfcl.67100 La editio princeps de la Farsalia de Lucano (Roma 1469): identificación y transmisión de la forma textual (1469-1483)1 Rosa M. Díaz Burillo2 Recibido: 27/6/2019 / Aceptado: 28/11/2019 Resumen. En el presente trabajo se lleva a cabo el estudio filológico de la primera edición impresa de la Farsalia de Lucano, preparada por Giovanni Andrea Bussi e impresa en el taller romano de Sweynheym y Pannartz en 1469 (R), con el objeto de identificar la forma textual que fija y su transmisión inmediata, en el periodo incunable. En primer lugar se contextualiza la preparación de la edición, prestando atención a los principios que G. A. Bussi expone en sus prólogos y a la polémica con Niccolò Perotti para tratar de identificar los criterios seguidos por G. A. Bussi para preparar la edición. A continuación, se describe R y se exponen los resultados de la colación interna y externa de la edición, analizando algunos de sus elementos paratextuales. La colación de las variantes que R introduce en la tradición nos permitirán conocer la labor de G. A. Bussi y trazar la transmisión durante el periodo incunable, desde un punto de vista crítico, de la princeps del texto de Lucano. Palabras clave: Lucano; Farsalia; editio princeps; crítica textual; cultura impresa. The editio princeps of Lucans’ Pharsalia (Roma 1469): identification and incunable transmission of the textual (1469-1483) Abstract. This article focuses on the philological analysis of the editio princeps of Lucan’s Pharsalia, prepared by Giovanni Andrea Bussi and printed by Sweynheym y Pannartz in 1469 (R). The aim of this paper is to identify the textual form that the editio princeps establishes and its immediate transmission during the incunable period. In the first place, the preparation of the edition is contextualized, concentrating on the principles that G. A. Bussi exposes in his prologues and on the controversy with Niccolò Perotti, in order to explain the criteria followed by G. A. Bussi to prepare the edition. R is described and some of its paratextual elements are analyzed, and the results of the internal and external collation of the edition are exposed. The variants that R introduces into the Lucan tradition will allow us to know the work of G. A. Bussi as editor and to identify the textual form of the Lucan editio princeps and its persistence during the incunable period from a critical point of view. Keywords: Lucan; Pharsalia; editio princeps; textual criticism; print culture. Sumario. 1. Introducción. 2. Descripción de R. 3. Tendencias gráficas y condiciones de legibilidad. 4. Paratextos de R. 5. Familia de ediciones incunables dependientes de R. Bibliografía. 1 Este artículo se ha realizado dentro de los proyectos FFI2015-67335-P y PGC2018-094609-B-I00 (Estudio filológico de los textos clásicos latinos transmitidos en impresos incunables y postincunables conservados en España), cofinanciados por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades y el Fondo Europeo de Desa- rrollo Regional (FEDER), los cuales se desarrollan en el Departamento de Filología Clásica de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) bajo la dirección de Antonio Moreno Hernández, a quien agradezco su constante ayuda y consejo. El estudio de vat.lat.3285 pude realizarlo en la Biblioteca Vaticana durante una estancia en el Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo (ISIME, Roma), gracias a Massimo Miglio, Presidente del Instituto. 2 École Normale Supérieure de Lyon (Francia), [email protected]. Cuad. Filol. Clás. Estud. Lat. 39 (2) 2019: 257-272 257 258 Díaz Burillo, R. M. Cuad. Filol. Clás. Estud. Lat. 39 (2) 2019: 257-272 Cómo citar: Díaz Burillo, R. M. La editio princeps de la Farsalia de Lucano (Roma 1469): identificación y transmisión de la forma textual (1469-1483), en Cuad. Filol. Clás. Estud. Lat. 39 (2) (2019), 257-272. 1. Introducción Los estudios recientes sobre las ediciones incunables de autores clásicos han arrojado luz sobre la enorme importancia de éstas en la fijación del texto y su influencia, directa o indirecta, en las ediciones impresas en el periodo incunable y postincunable, marcando la recepción de los textos clásicos en el Renacimiento3. En el caso de la tradición de la Far- salia, la editio princeps fue impresa en Roma en 1469 en el taller de Konrad Sweynheym4 y Arnold Pannartz56. A esta edición la denominaremos R a lo largo de este trabajo. Antes de 1465 Sweynheym y Pannartz habían impreso un Donatus pro puerulis en el convento de Santa Escolástica, cerca de Subiaco, a apenas 70 kilómetros de Roma. No conocemos el momento y las razones exactas por las que llegaron y se instalaron allí, aunque las principales hipótesis apuntan a que este convento benedic- tino habría facilitado a los impresores los espacios y la mano de obra requerida y una biblioteca en la que podrían encontrar las fuentes sobre las que preparar las primeras ediciones. La selección de los títulos impresos durante el periodo de actividad de Sweynheym y Pannartz en Subiaco –el citado manual para aprender latín, un volu- men con obras de Lactancio, y el De oratore de Cicerón, ambos en 1465, y en 1467 el De ciuitate Dei de S. Agustín– se adapta al ámbito benedictino y a las demandas de los potenciales compradores de los nuevos productos editoriales. En los últimos meses de 1467 Sweynheym y Pannartz se trasladaron a Roma. Pro- bablemente la principal causa del traslado fue la búsqueda de más bibliotecas en las que encontrar textos para imprimir nuevas ediciones y, sobre todo, la posibilidad de acceder a un mercado de clientes y lectores más amplio. En Roma el nombre de los impresores comenzó a figurar en los colofones de sus ediciones junto al de los Massimo7. El periodo de Subiaco habría permitido a Sweynheym y Pannartz adaptar su arte al gusto y a las demandas de un nuevo mercado, diferente del de sus regiones de origen (Gregori 1942, 47-61). Es especialmente llamativo el periodo de inactividad entre 1465 y 1467, que podría haber sido un periodo de ensayo. Para el estudio de este periodo no contamos con más fuente que los ejemplares de las ediciones impresas en Subiaco que han llegado hasta nosotros –del Donato no se ha conservado ningún ejemplar– y un testimonio tan raro como valioso: el manuscrito utilizado por Sweynheym y Pannartz en la preparación de su edición de la obra de san Agustín (Frova 2002, 87-113). Las ano- taciones manuscritas dejadas por los impresores en el mismo dan cuenta de una de sus principales preocupaciones: la elección de una tradición textual. Sweynheym y Pannartz, técnicos y artesanos, inmediatamente requirieron la ayuda de humanistas de su entorno. 3 Algunos de los más recientes son Moreno Hernández y López Zamora 2017, 151-178 y 2015, 161-189; Ayuso García 2014, 41-80; la metodología para el estudio de las ediciones incunables de clásicos latinos que seguimos quedó planteada por Moreno Hernández en 2002, 13-27. 4 TW pe0182800 <http://tw.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/pe0182800> [26-06-2019]. 5 TW pe0181300 <http://tw.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/pe0181300> [26-06-2019]. 6 La bibliografia sobre la actividad de Sweynheym y Pannartz es abundante y disponemos de estudios monográ- ficos de referencia como Dondi 2016, Hall 1991 y Miglio 1978 y 2002. 7 Pietro y Francesco Massimo habían ofrecido a Sweynheym y Pannartz el espacio necesario para instalar su taller, cerca del Campo dei Fiori, en un espacio privilegiado, concretamente en el actualmente llamado Palazzo Massimo istoriato, en la Piazza dei Massimi. Díaz Burillo, R. M. Cuad. Filol. Clás. Estud. Lat. 39 (2) 2019: 257-272 259 La colaboración de Giovanni Andrea Bussi, obispo de Aleria, con Sweynheym y Pan- nartz se inició en 1468 y se prolongó hasta 1472. A partir de este estudio trataremos de conocer en profundidad en qué consistió la labor de Bussi. La labor editorial de Bussi dio lugar a la primera polémica filológica relaciona- da con textos impresos, ampliamente estudiada. A continuación destacaremos los aspectos que pueden ayudarnos a conocer mejor cómo preparaba Bussi los textos. Niccolò Perotti dirigió una carta a Francesco Guarneri, secretario de Marco Barbo, en la que acusaba a Bussi de apropiarse de un testimonio y publicarlo anteponién- dole un epílogo de su autoría8. Perotti critica duramente a quienes preparan para la imprenta textos en los que se transmiten numerosos errores. La responsabilidad de quien preparaba un texto había crecido exponencialmente, pues una mala lectura no figuraría ya en un solo testimonio manuscrito, sino que se multiplicaría en de- cenas de ejemplares. Perotti señala de forma directa la edición de Plinio preparada por Bussi9 y apunta una serie de errores que éste ha introducido en su edición, bien porque ha enmendado lecturas que no debían ser enmendadas, bien porque no ha co- rregido lecturas que debían ser corregidas. La respuesta de Giovanni Andrea Bussi a Perotti llegó en el prefacio de las Cartas a Ático de Cicerón. En esta respuesta, Bussi alude al ingente volumen de ediciones preparadas en un corto periodo de tiempo y a la dificultad de encontrar y acceder a manuscritos para proceder a su colación. Precisamente en los prefacios de sus ediciones Bussi alude insistentemente a que su propósito es ofrecer a un público amplio un texto legible y comprensible10. Bussi muestra en los prefacios de sus ediciones que era claramente consciente de la necesidad de consultar el mayor número de testimonios posible en el momento de preparar el texto. Así, por ejemplo, para la edición de Apuleyo, se lamenta del mal estado de los códices de los que pudo disponer, reconociendo que éstos están plagados de corruptelas y errores, que son fragmentarios o ilegibles: Nam et multa latina erant, librariorum inscitia, negligentia, socordia, deprauata, et multo plura greca, propter lingue desuetudinem, corrupta, trunca, manca (h.
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