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Lecithinase Production by Clostridium Perfringens Grown in Synthetic and Complex Media

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Lecithinase Production by Clostridium Perfringens Grown in Synthetic and Complex Media University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1968 Lecithinase production by Clostridium perfringens grown in synthetic and complex media William Richard Cross The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Cross, William Richard, "Lecithinase production by Clostridium perfringens grown in synthetic and complex media" (1968). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6824. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6824 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. r~ LECITHINASE PRODUCTION BY CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS GROWN IN SYNTHETIC AND COMPLEX MEDIA By William R. Cross B. A«, Eastern Washington State College, 1966 Presented in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1968 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean,/Graduate School may 1 1 I960 D ate Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP37625 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Ois*««lation Publish»ng UMI EP37625 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQ^st: ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 -1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express xny sincere thanks and appreciation to Dro Mo Nakamura, Professor and Chairman, Department of Microbiology, University of Montana, for his advice, guidance, and encouragement throughout the course of this investigationo I am also indebted to my wife for her devotion and understanding during the period of this investigation* A major portion of this investigation was supported by a research grant (UI-00291-02) awarded to Dro Nakamura from the National Center for Urban and Industrial Health, Public Health Service* XX Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TAELE OF CONTENTS PAGE Ackn.0wl©d.gcïll©ïï'ts 0000000000000000000000000«00ft000000«000000 ix XiXSi^ o f TclblLOS qo^i^oooooooooooooooooooooooooooqoooooooooooo XV LxS t o f Fx^UPOS oeooooooooooooooodoooooooooooooooooooooeooo V CHAPTER X o XN 'JXCOOUC TXOH «ooooooooooooooooooooeooooooooooooooeo X XXo STATEMENT OF TtlE PROBLEM ooodoooooooooooooooooeoooo 12 XXX* METHODS AND MATERIALS aoooooo*ooooo«>o*oooooo0 *0 0 * 0 0 13 XV * RESUL TS 000»«09000000000000000000000000*000000e00*0 2 V V* DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ooooooooooooooooooooooooUH VI* SUMMARY OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOO 36 BIBLIOGRAPHY OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 5s AUTOBXOGRAPHY OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 63 XXX Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE ! • Ttie toxins of Clostridiim perfringens oooooooooooooooooooo 2 2o Composition of the medium for lecithinase production ooooo 15 3« Composition of medium NCTC 109 ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo l6 Uo Scheme for performing the lecithovitellln assay «ooooooooo 19 5* Lecithinase activities of e i^ t selected strains of ClOS^Ua^iUm JQerfin^gene ooooooooooooooooooooooooooeoaooooo 29 6. Lecithinase activity of cell fractions of Clostridium ^erfllngena ooaoeoooooooooooooooooooooooosoooooooooooeooeo 30 7* Effect of £H on commercial lecithinase Ooooaoooooooooooooo 32 So Effect of on the hydrolysis of egg yolk saline by lecithinase ooooooeooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 33 9# Effect of dialysis on lecithinase activity in protoplasm of Clostridium nerfringens BP6K oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 34 10* Effect of dialysis on lecithinase in culture filtrates of Clostridium perfringens EP6K oooooooooooooooooooooooeooooo 36 l i e Effect of selected chemical agents on the activity of lecithinase oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 37 12* Peptides that stimulated lecithinase production by Clostridium perfringens BPéK 00000000000000000000000000000 39 1 3o Peptides that failed to stimulate lecithinase production by Clostridium perfrlngens BP6K oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 40 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE lo The action of phospholipase C on lecithin oooooooooooooo 4 II» Standard assay curve for the détermination of lecithinase a c t X V l t y OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOSOOQOOOOOOO»»» 2S IIIo The effects of jgH on the growth and lecithinase activity of Clostridium perfringens BP6K ooooeoooooooooooooooeoo» 42 IV» The effects of on the growth and lecithinase activity of Clostridium perfringens Hobbs 3 o»oooooo<.oooooooooooo 43 Vo The inactivation of lecithinase by heat at 60 C oooooooo 44 VEo The inactivation of lecithinase by heat at 90 C oooooooo 45 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, gram positive rod-shaped bacterium, measuring 2-4 p, in length and Oo8-lo5 in width* It is nonmotile, encapsulated, and forms central to subterminal spores* Six types, A-F, are differentiated on the basis of the toxins produced* Ç.» perfringens was first isolated and named Bacillus aero genes capsulatus by Welch and Nuttal in 1892 (58)* _C* perfringens is best known as the primary etiological agent of gas gangrene* Other diseases caused by C* perfringens are dysentery of newborn lambs, an entero- toxemic disease of sheep known as "struck", and enteritis necroticans, an enterotoxemic disease of man* Certain strains of type A JC* per­ fringens have been shown by McClung (33) and Hobbs (17) to cause a mild gastroenteritis in man following the ingestion of food contaminated with C_* perfringens* Nygren (42) has postulated that the lecithinase of £« perfringens was directly related to the clinical symptoms of food p o ison ing* Numerous toxins are produced by £* perfringens* "Toxins which are not lethal may be detected by their hemolytic properties or by their enzymatic activity on a variety of substrates (Table l)* AH strains of type A JC* perfringens do not produce large amounts of a-toxin* Hobbs et ai* (18) described isolates from food that pro­ duced small amounts of a-toxin* Hobbs* isolates did not produce ©- toxin and differed from classical type A strains by forming spores that 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. table lo The toxLns of Clostridium perfringens (5l) Type Toxin A B 0 D E F Properties A lpha ♦+ + ♦ + * L e th a l, hemolytic, lecithinase B eta — - — L e th a l, necrotizing Gamma - + ♦ — - + L e th a l D e lta — + + - — - L e th a l, h e m o ly tic E p silo n - - ♦ - — L e th a l, formed as prototoxin E ta v ^ L e th a l T heta + * + 4- L e th a l, hemolytic O2 l a b i l e I o t a — — - - - L e th a l, formed as prototoxin Kappa + — * V - L e th a l, collagenase Lambda - - V — Nonlethal, proteinase Mu V — V —- Nonlethal, hyaluronidase Nu ♦ + 4 <*■ * 4 Nonlethal, deoxyribonuclease ^ v a r ia b le i**variable, rare Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. could remain viable after being heated for 1 hr at 100 Co Weiss and S tro n g ( 56) have reported tiiat heat-resistant strains of _Co perfringens produced less a-toxin than did heat-sensitive strainso Lecithinase activity has been reported in other species of Clos­ tridia* Macfarlane (2Ô) studied the lecithinase activity in cultures of Clostridium oedematlens and Clostridium sordelH i and concluded that they were distinct from the lecithinase of C.o perfringens on the basis of the hemolytic action on erythrocytes* Noyse and Easterling (41) detected a hemolysin that appeared to have properties similar to £* perfringens lecithinase, but no ensyme-substrate reactions were carried out* The mechanism of erythrocyte hemolysis by lecithinase has been postulated* Macfarlane (29) demonstrated that hemolysis of sheep and horse erythrocytes was always preceded by the hydrolysis of somei phos­ pholipid fractions in the cell stroma, and that the rates of hemolysis were different in red cells from these animals* Matsuraoto (31) reported that sheep and bovine red cells contain only small amounts of lecithin and have sphingomyelin as their major choline-carrying component* On (the other hand, rabbit erythrocytes, which are readily hemolyzed, con­ tain large amounts of lecithin* Presumably, the rate of hemolysis is dependent on the kind and amount of the phospholipids in the cell strom a* In 1 9 4 1, Macfarlane and Knight
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