Agnė Rocienė KONTINENTINĖS RYTŲ AZIJOS MAŽŲJŲ

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Agnė Rocienė KONTINENTINĖS RYTŲ AZIJOS MAŽŲJŲ LIETUVOS EDUKOLOGIJOS UNIVERSITETAS Agnė Rocienė KONTINENTINĖS RYTŲ AZIJOS MAŽŲJŲ GAUBTAGALVIŲ (INSECTA, LEPIDOPTERA, NEPTICULIDAE) TAKSONOMIJA Daktaro disertacija Biomedicinos mokslai, Biologija (01B): Entomologija ir augalų parazitologija, B-250 Vilnius, 2014 Disertacija rengta 2010–2014 metais Lietuvos edukologijos universitete. Mokslinis vadovas: Prof. habil. dr. Jonas Rimantas Stonis (Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas, Zoologija, 05B ir Biologija, 01B: entomologija ir augalų parazitologija, B–250) Mokslinis konsultantas: Prof. dr. Virginijus Sruoga (Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas, Zoologija, 05B ir Biologija, 01B: entomologija ir augalų parazitologija, B–250) © Agnė Rocienė, 2014 © Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla, 2014 Turinys ĮVADAS ...............................................................................................................................................5 Problema ir tyrimų aktualumas ...............................................................................................5 Darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai ........................................................................................................6 Mokslinis darbo naujumas .......................................................................................................7 Mokslinė ir praktinė reikšmė ...................................................................................................7 Ginamieji darbo teiginiai ..........................................................................................................8 Darbo aprobacija .......................................................................................................................9 Tyrimų rezultatų publikavimas ..............................................................................................10 Disertacijos struktūra ir apimtis ............................................................................................10 Padėkos .....................................................................................................................................10 1. LITERATŪROS APŽVALGA ..............................................................................................12 1.1. Bendroji literatūros apžvalga .........................................................................................12 1.2. Pastarojo laikotarpio svarbiausių publikacijų apžvalga .............................................17 1.3. Publikacijų apie Rytų Azijos Nepticulidae apžvalga ...................................................20 2. TYRYMŲ METODAI IR MEDŽIAGA ..............................................................................26 2.1. Tyrimų metodai ...............................................................................................................26 2.1.1. Suaugusių drugių rinkimas ................................................................................26 2.1.2. Imagų auginimas iš minuojančių vikšrų ..........................................................28 2.1.3. Surinktų individų laboratorinis apdorojimas...................................................28 2.1.4. Nepticulidae genitalinių struktūrų mikropreparavimas.................................29 2.1.5. Chorologinė analizė .............................................................................................31 2.1.6. Kladistinė analizė .................................................................................................31 2.2. Tyrimų medžiaga ............................................................................................................32 2.3. Trumpa tyrimų apžvalga ................................................................................................34 3–4. TYRIMŲ REZULTATAI .......................................................................................................35 3. Nepticulidae morFologinių struktūrų tyrimai ................................35 3.1. Nepticulidae galvos morfologijos požymiai, remiantis ištirta medžiaga .................35 3.2. Nepticulidae krūtinės morfologijos požymiai, remiantis ištirta medžiaga .............37 3 TURINYS 3.3. Nepticulidae pilvelio morfologijos požymiai ..............................................................38 3.4. Nepticulidae patino genitalinių struktūrų požymiai, remiantis nauja skleritų interpretacija ....................................................................................................................39 3.5. Nepticulidae patelės genitalinių struktūrų požymiai .................................................40 4. RYTŲ AZIJOS NEPTICULIDAE FAUNOS TAKSONOMINĖ IR CHOROLOGINĖ ANALIZĖ ...............................................................................................42 4.1. Kontinentinės Rytų Azijos Nepticulidae rūšių tipinių serijų tyrimo rezultatai ......42 4.2. Kolekcinės Nepticulidae medžiagos, saugomos Rusijos MA Zoologijos institute, tyrimų rezultatai ...........................................................................................111 4.3. Ekspedicinių lauko tyrimų kontinentinėje Rytų Azijoje rezultatai ........................138 4.4. Naujos mokslui Nepticulidae rūšys, aptiktos kontinentinėje Rytų Azijoje ...........146 4.5. Rytų Azijos Nepticulidae faunos taksonominis sąvadas ir chorologinė analizė ...164 4.5.1. Taksonominės analizės rezultatai ....................................................................164 4.5.2. Chorologinės analizės rezultatai ......................................................................173 4.6. Nauja Stigmella Schrank genties rūšių grupė, aprašyta Rytų Azijos faunoje ........179 4.6.1. Stigmella Schrank rūšių grupės, trofiškai susijusios su Quercus genties augalais ................................................................................................................179 4.6.2. Stigmella cornuta grupės pažymėjimas ir kladistinė analizė ........................180 IŠVADOS ........................................................................................................................................184 MOKSLINĖS PUBLIKACIJOS DISERTACIJOS TEMA .....................................................186 LITERATŪRA ...............................................................................................................................188 4 ĮVADAS PROBLEMA IR Tyrimų AKTUALUMAS Mažieji gaubtagalviai (Nepticulidae) yra augalų asimiliacinius audinius minuo- jantys vabzdžiai, o kai kuriais atvejais – miško ir kultūrinių augalų kenkėjai (arba potencialūs kenkėjai). Tačiau ne tik šiuo požiūriu mažieji gaubtagalviai yra svarbūs. Reikėtų atsižvelgti ir į tarptautinę Rio de Žaneiro konvenciją, kuri įgalino vykdyti ir plėtoti įvairius biologinės įvairovės tyrimus, siekiant inventorizuoti įvairaus rango taksonus. Pastaruoju metu tiek dėl klimato kaitos, tiek, svarbiausia, dėl žmogaus veiklos ir gyvūnų bei augalų gyvenamųjų vietų naikinimo bei fragmentacijos biologinė įvairovė sparčiai nyksta. Šie procesai menkai pastebimi mūsų šalyje, tačiau kituose kraštuose jau yra įgavę dramatišką pobūdį. Mūsų tyrimų objektas – filogenetiškai vienas primityviausių (ir tuo, teoriniu po- žiūriu, vienas svarbiausių bei įdomiausių) Lepidoptera būrio taksonų. Tiriama šeima, išsiskirianti ne tik archaiška sandara, bet ir labai didele specializacija, yra labai plačiai paplitusi visuose Žemės regionuose ir biotose (išskyrus Antarktį). Nors Nepticulidae tyrimai pradėti vykdyti labai seniai, iki šiol dar daugelio regionų fauna yra menkai ži- noma. Rytų Azija yra svarbus biologinės įvairovės centras, istoriškai ir faunos požiūriu artimai susijęs su Europos biota. Todėl Rytų Azijos Nepticulidae tyrimų rezultatai turi svarbią reikšmę kalbant apie Eurazijoje vykusius faunogenetinius procesus. Maža to, dėl stenofagijos tendencijų, sėslaus gyvenimo būdo ir endemizmo mažieji gaubtagalviai yra vieni puikiausių objektų, charakterizuojančių bet kurio tiriamo biomo (ar biotos) biologinės įvairovės turtingumą, kilmę ir gamtinius ryšius. Deja, šių, praktinę ir svarbią teorinę reikšmę turinčių vabzdžių, tyrimų duomenų gerokai trūksta. Iki disertacijos metu atliktų tyrimų kontinentinėje Rytų Azijoje, mažųjų gaubta- galvių fauna buvo nepakankamai ištirta. Anksčiau paskelbti duomenys apie šio krašto Nepticulidae fauną buvo paremti neišsamiais drugių genitalinių struktūrų aprašais, o tipiniai individai ištirti ir dokumentuoti nepakankamai detaliai, remiantis tik lai- kinaisiais genitalijų mikropreparatais. Laikinieji preparatai glicerine, skirtingai nuo pastoviųjų preparatų euparolyje, mažiau tinkami siekiant nuodugniai dokumentuoti persidengiančius skleritus ir lyginant morfologines struktūras tarpusavyje. Todėl tyrimams naudojant pastoviuosius preparatus, disertacinio darbo metu buvo išaiškinta ne tik naujų mokslui rūšių, bet ir žymiai patikslinti daugelio rūšių arealai, atlikta pirmoji Rytų Azijos Nepticulidae chorologinė analizė. 5 įvADAS DARBO TIKSLAS IR užDAVINIAI Disertacinio darbo tikslas – ištyrus iki šiol neidentifikuotą mokslinę kolekcinę medžiagą ir atlikus lauko darbus kontinentinėje Rytų Azijoje, atlikti Rytų Azijos Nepticulidae faunos taksonominę ir chorologinę analizę. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Remiantis nauja Nepticulidae medžiaga, surinkta Rytų Azijoje ir nauja papildoma (palyginamąja) medžiaga, surinkta Ukrainoje, Indijoje, Meksikoje ir Centrinės Azijos bei atogrąžų Afrikos šalyse, nustatyti ir įvardyti šeimos morfologinius požymius, kurie šiuolaikinių tyrimų kontekste gali ir turėtų būti panaudoti šeimos taksonų (ypač rūšių) diagnostikoje. 2. Parengus pastoviuosius (euparolinius) mikropreparatus
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