Diogo Albino Benoski Violência E Mobilidade Social Nos Filmes De Gângster Florianópolis 2009

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Diogo Albino Benoski Violência E Mobilidade Social Nos Filmes De Gângster Florianópolis 2009 DIOGO ALBINO BENOSKI VIOLÊNCIA E MOBILIDADE SOCIAL NOS FILMES DE GÂNGSTER FLORIANÓPOLIS 2009 2 DIOGO ALBINO BENOSKI VIOLÊNCIA E MOBILIDADE SOCIAL NOS FILMES DE GÂNGSTER Tese apresentada como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Doutor. Curso de Pós Gradução em História Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Orientador: Profa. Dra. Ana Lice Brancher FLORIANÓPOLIS 2009 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Meus agradecimentos especiais vão ao professor Ernesto Aníbal Ruiz. Mesmo aposentado, continuou a me atender com solicitude e dedicação. Agradeço a ele pela paciência, dedicação, ampla bibliografia indicada, auxílios e correções nos inúmeros momentos em que me vi perdido. Agradeço à professora Maria Bernardete Ramos Flores, por ter assumido minha orientação na época em que o professor Ernesto Ruiz se aposentou. Agradeço à professora Ana Lice Brancher, minha terceira orientadora, pela adoção deste trabalho em seus momentos mais decisivos, em virtude do afastamento da professora Maria Bernardete para um pós-doutorado. Agradeço aos meus pais pelo apoio durante esses dez anos passados na Universidade. Agradeço à minha querida Amanda Cifuente, pelo companheirismo, pela dedicação, carinho e amor, imprescindíveis nos momentos difíceis; e pela paciência nas minhas crises. Ao amigo Marcos Costa Melo, que atravessa as mesmas agruras do caminho acadêmico. As conversas que tivemos em diversos momentos serviram como um estímulo inestimável. Aos grandes amigos: Karla de Oliveira, Anderson Loureiro, Patrícia Dziedicz e Gilson Henrique Schimidt, pela amizade, pelos debates sobre cinema, obtenção de películas e auxílios das mais diversas maneiras. Agradeço aos professores do Departamento de História, Prof. Arthur César Isaia, Profa. Cynthia Machado Campos, Profa. Joana Maria Pedro, Prof. João Klug, Profa. Maria de Fátima Fontes Piazza. Agradeço também à Nazaré Wagner da Secretaria do Programa de Pós Graduação, pelo auxílio na burocracia durante o doutorado. Ao CNPQ, pela bolsa de dois anos, que possibilitou a realização do trabalho em tempo hábil. À todas as pessoas que, por um motivo ou outro tenha me esquecido, figuram aqui os meus sinceros agradecimentos. 4 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a mobilidade social e a violência existentes nos filmes de gângster. A mobilidade social pode ser entendida como toda a passagem de um gângster ou de um grupo criminoso de uma posição social para outra, dentro de uma constelação de grupos e de estratos sociais. A violência, por sua vez, é o uso de ações ou palavras que machucam outras pessoas. Para os gângsteres das películas, a maneira mais fácil e eficiente de alcançar o topo da sociedade foi através do crime e transformando o crime em um negócio organizado. No entendimento do crime organizado, a oportunidade de obter grandes lucros contínuos com riscos reduzidos representava uma grande possibilidade. Surge dessa perspectiva, a seguinte tese: os gângsteres, mostrados nas películas, foram homens de negócio em busca de ascensão social. Eles elaboraram empresas complexas, com altos graus de hierarquia e organização e estruturaram o funcionamento dessas empresas na violência. Neste trabalho são analisados os filmes de gângster, suas origens e características principais. Em segundo lugar, estão a violência, suas justificativas e os métodos narrativos de representação. Em terceiro, está a mobilidade social, advinda dos diversos negócios mantidos pelos gângsteres. A tese busca, ainda, apresentar as transformações nos filmes de gângster, na representação da violência e dos negócios no decorrer das décadas; e analisar a influência do contexto na produção daqueles e compreender por que os filmes de gângster se apoiaram tanto em elementos da realidade. 5 ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to analyze the existing social mobility and violence in the gangster movies. Social mobility can be understood as way of a gangster or a criminal group to pass over from a social position to another, within a constellation of groups and social strata. The violence, on the other hand, is the use of words or actions that injures peoples. For the gangster film, the most easy and efficient way to reach the top of society was transforming the crime in an organized business. By the meaning of the organized crime, the opportunity to obtain continued profits with a reduced risk represents a great chance. In this perspective, appears the following thesis: the gangsters, in the film, are exposed as business men in search of social ascension. They developed complex enterprises, with high levels of hierarchy and organization and their operation are based in violence. This work analyses the gangster films, its origins and main features. In second place are: the violence, its reasons and methods of narrative representation. There is, also, social mobility originated from various business maintained by the gangsters. The thesis demands to show the transformations in the gangster films, in the representation of the violence and of the criminal business; and analyzing the influence of the context in the production of those movies. 6 ÍNDICE INDICE DE ILUSTRAÇÕES 09 INTRODUÇÃO 11 I.1. – O estudo acadêmico do cinema 15 I.2. – O cinema como fonte para a história 21 I.3. – Estudos sobre os filmes de gângster 22 I.4. – Justificativas para esta pesquisa 26 I.5. – Teoria de análise 28 I.5.1. – Leitura cinematográfica da história e leitura histórica do filme 29 I.5.2. – Filmes como reflexo de uma sociedade 30 I.5.3. – Sistemas Inter-relacionados 31 CAPÍTULO 01 ACERCA DOS FILMES DE GÂNGSTER 35 1.1. – Filmes de gângster como gênero específico 36 1.2. – Histórico dos filmes de gângster 42 1.2.1– Origens do filme de gângster e a década de 1930 42 1.2.2.– Os filmes de gângster no período do cinema noir 50 1.2.3– Os filmes de gângster pós-1960 56 1.3. – Características comuns aos filmes de gângster 59 1.3.1– O estilo narrativo do filme de gângster 59 1.3.2– O gângster, de acordo com os filmes 65 1.3.3– O gângster, no cinema. Um imigrante? 66 1.3.4– O gângster e o American Dream 72 1.3.5– O fim do gângster 76 CAPÍTULO 02 “REPRODUÇÕES DE EVENTOS REAIS” NOS FILMES DE GÂNGSTER 85 2.1. – Representações do crime 90 2.1.1. – O crime urbano 90 2.1.2. – A criminalidade no Meio-Oeste dos EUA 101 7 2.1.3. – Tendências atuais na representação do crime 120 2.2. – Justificativas para uma estética realista 123 CAPÍTULO 03 A VIOLÊNCIA NOS FILMES DE GÂNGSTER 132 3.1. – As teorias do crime: justificativas para um comportamento violento 133 3.1.1. – Fúria Sanguinária; Mortalmente perigosa: o gângster psicopata 135 3.1.2. – As justificativas biológicas / eugenistas 137 3.1.3. – O fugitivo; Só se vive uma vez: exemplos de determinismo social 141 3.1.4. – A explicação social-determinista 146 3.1.5. – Tendências alternativas 149 3.2. – Tipologia da violência presente nos filmes de gângster 152 3.2.1. – A violência física 154 3.2.2. – A violência psicológica 156 3.2.3. – A violência e as mulheres 159 3.2.4. – A violência contra a infância 168 3.3. – As ferramentas da violência 175 3.3.1. – As armas 175 3.3.2. – Os automóveis 177 3.4. – As sombras da violência: influências externas na maneira de representar o crime 182 3.4.1. – A tecnologia e a representação da violência 182 3.4.2. – A censura inaugurada 187 3.5. – Duas caras da violência: Scarface 193 3.5.1. – Scarface, a vergonha de uma nação (1932) 193 3.5.2. – Scarface (1983) 195 CAPÍTULO 04 O CRIME COMO NEGÓCIO E A MOBILIDADE SOCIAL NOS FILMES DE GÂNGSTER 200 4.1. – Crime e mobilidade social 201 4.2. – O crime como negócio 206 4.2.1. – A Lei Seca ou Volstead Act 206 8 4.2.2. – A Lei Seca e os filmes de gângster 207 4.2.3. – As origens e a implantação da Lei Seca 211 4.2.4. – O fim da Lei Seca e o surgimento de outras possibilidades de negócio 215 4.2.5. – Diversificando as atividades 219 4.2.6. – Gângsteres businessmen 225 4.3. – A organização dos negócios 230 4.4. – Mobilidade social em filmes de gângster 239 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 248 FILMOGRAFIA CITADA 255 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 267 ANEXO 01 BREVES MOMENTOS DA HISTÓRIA NORTE-AMERICANA 1865-1920 267 ANEXO 02 SINOPSES DAS PELÍCULAS DE GÂNGSTER ANALISADAS 299 9 ÍNDICE DE ILUSTRAÇÕES 01) Subúrbio de irlandeses em Anjos de Caras Sujas 69 02) Morte dos gângsteres em Alma no Lodo, Scarface e Inimigo Público 77 03) Morte do gângster em Heróis Esquecidos 80 04) Morte do gângster em Fúria Sanguinária 82 05) Jornais dos anos 1920. 89 06) Himmye Weiss e James Cagney 95 07) Sequência do assassinato de Matt em Inimigo Público e recortes de jornais 97 08) The X marks the Spot e cenas de Scarface 98 09) Al Capone, Edward Robinson, Paul Muni, Robert de Niro 100 10) Migrantes Oakies 104 11) John Dillinger e Humphrey Bogart em Floresta Petrificada e O último refúgio 109 12) Cartaz do Rapto de Lindbergh Jr. e cartaz do filme Fúria 112 13) Cena de Só se vive uma vez 113 14) Bonnie e Clyde e cena de Uma rajada de Balas 116 15) Bonnie Parker/Faye Dunaway em Uma rajada de Balas 134 16) Cartaz de O gângster 119 17) Frank Lucas e Denzel Washington em O gângster 121 18) Darryl F. Zannuck 122 19) Cartaz de Alma no Lodo e Inimigo Público 125 20) Cartaz de O fugitivo e Paul Muni em cena de O fugitivo 129 21) Cena de Beijo da Morte 142 22) Cena de Poderoso Chefão 151 23) As mulheres dos gângsteres 158 24) James Cagney, Mae Clarke e o grapefruit, em O Inimigo Público 161 25) Cenas de Os corruptos 163 26) Cena de O beijo da morte 165 27) Cena de Beco sem saída 167 28) Submetralhadora Thompson 170 29) Cenas de Inimigo Público 176 30) Cena de Poderoso Chefão 178 31)
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