Structure of the Chlorenchyma in the Persistent Terete Leaves of Austrocylindropuntia Subulata (Muehl.) Backeb
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What Did the First Cacti Look Like
What Did the First Cactus Look like? An Attempt to Reconcile the Morphological and Molecular Evidence Author(s): M. Patrick Griffith Source: Taxon, Vol. 53, No. 2 (May, 2004), pp. 493-499 Published by: International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4135628 . Accessed: 03/12/2014 10:33 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Taxon. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 192.135.179.249 on Wed, 3 Dec 2014 10:33:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions TAXON 53 (2) ' May 2004: 493-499 Griffith * The first cactus What did the first cactus look like? An attempt to reconcile the morpholog- ical and molecular evidence M. Patrick Griffith Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 N. College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U.S.A. michael.patrick. [email protected] THE EXTANT DIVERSITYOF CAC- EARLYHYPOTHESES ON CACTUS TUS FORM EVOLUTION Cacti have fascinated students of naturalhistory for To estimate evolutionaryrelationships many authors many millennia. Evidence exists for use of cacti as food, determinewhich morphological features are primitive or medicine, and ornamentalplants by peoples of the New ancestral versus advanced or derived. -
Copyright Notice
Copyright Notice This electronic reprint is provided by the author(s) to be consulted by fellow scientists. It is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. Further reproduction or distribution of this reprint is restricted by copyright laws. If in doubt about fair use of reprints for research purposes, the user should review the copyright notice contained in the original journal from which this electronic reprint was made. Journal of Vegetation Science 7: 667-680, 1996 © IAVS; Opulus Press Uppsala. Printed in Sweden - Biogeographic patterns of Argentine cacti - 667 Species richness of Argentine cacti: A test of biogeographic hypotheses Mourelle, Cristina & Ezcurra, Exequiel Centro de Ecología, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-275, 04510 - Mexico, D.F., Mexico; Fax +52 5 6228995; E-mail [email protected] Abstract. Patterns of species richness are described for 50 cacti and (e) pereskioid cacti. Columnar species have columnar, 109 globose and 50 opuntioid cacti species in 318 column-like stems with ribs, formed by an arrangement grid cells (1°×1°) covering Argentina. Biological richness of the areoles in longitudinal rows. These species have hypotheses were tested by regressing 15 environmental parallel vascular bundles, separated by succulent paren- descriptors against species richness in each group. We also chyma, sometimes fusing towards a woody base in the included the collection effort (estimated as the logarithm of the number of herbarium specimens collected in each cell) to adults. We broadly considered as columnar cacti: estimate the possible error induced by underrepresentation in candelabriform arborescent species, unbranched erect certain cells. -
32. POLYGONACEAE Family 32. POLYGONACEAE Herbs Or Shrubs, Sometimes Aquatic, Rarely Climbing. Leaves Usually Alternate, Simple O
32. POLYGONACEAE Family 32. POLYGONACEAE J.A. NYBERG & A.G. MILLER Herbs or shrubs, sometimes aquatic, rarely climbing. Leaves usually alternate, simple or lobed, sometimes absent. Stipules connate forming an often membranous sheath (the ocrea). Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic, in racemes, panicles or clusters. Perianth with 3-6 segments, freeor fused, oftenaccrescent and enclosing the fruit, sometimes winged or toothed or bearing spines. Stamens 6-15. Ovary superior, I-celled with a solitary, basal ovule; styles 2-4. Fruit a trigonous or biconvex nutlet, sometimes winged or beset with bristles, sometimes hidden by the accrescent perianth lobes. Antigonum leptopus Hook. & Arn. is cultivated as an ornamental in Arabia. It is a shrubby climber with cordate leaves, tendrils and white or pink, papery perianth segments surrounding the nutlets. 1. Shrubs; leaves less than 10mm long 2 + Annual or perennial herbs; or if shrubs then leaves more than 20mm long 4 2. Leaves ovate; fruitscovered by the accrescent, inner pair of perianth lobes 8. Atraphaxis + Leaves linear or minute and soon deciduous; Fruit winged or covered with stiffsetae, not covered by the accrescent perianth lobes 3 3. Fruit 3-winged; leaves linear, persistent 9. Pteropyrum + Fruit 4-winged or covered with stiffsetae; leaves minute, soon deciduous 7. Calligonum 127 POLYGONACEAE 4. Perianth segments indurated in fruit and bearing 3 rigid spines 5 + Perianth segments sometimes accrescent but not indurated in fruit, sometimes toothed but not bearing rigid spines 6 5. Leaves simple; flowers in axillary clusters 6. Emex + Leaves sinuously lobed; flowers in elongated spikes 3. Oxygonum 6. Leaves large, all basal, palmately-nerved 4. -
Untangling Phylogenetic Patterns and Taxonomic Confusion in Tribe Caryophylleae (Caryophyllaceae) with Special Focus on Generic
TAXON 67 (1) • February 2018: 83–112 Madhani & al. • Phylogeny and taxonomy of Caryophylleae (Caryophyllaceae) Untangling phylogenetic patterns and taxonomic confusion in tribe Caryophylleae (Caryophyllaceae) with special focus on generic boundaries Hossein Madhani,1 Richard Rabeler,2 Atefeh Pirani,3 Bengt Oxelman,4 Guenther Heubl5 & Shahin Zarre1 1 Department of Plant Science, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran 2 University of Michigan Herbarium-EEB, 3600 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-2228, U.S.A. 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1436, Mashhad, Iran 4 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden 5 Biodiversity Research – Systematic Botany, Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany; and GeoBio Center LMU Author for correspondence: Shahin Zarre, [email protected] DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/671.6 Abstract Assigning correct names to taxa is a challenging goal in the taxonomy of many groups within the Caryophyllaceae. This challenge is most serious in tribe Caryophylleae since the supposed genera seem to be highly artificial, and the available morphological evidence cannot effectively be used for delimitation and exact determination of taxa. The main goal of the present study was to re-assess the monophyly of the genera currently recognized in this tribe using molecular phylogenetic data. We used the sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the chloroplast gene rps16 for 135 and 94 accessions, respectively, representing all 16 genera currently recognized in the tribe Caryophylleae, with a rich sampling of Gypsophila as one of the most heterogeneous groups in the tribe. -
Australia Lacks Stem Succulents but Is It Depauperate in Plants With
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Australia lacks stem succulents but is it depauperate in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)? 1,2 3 3 Joseph AM Holtum , Lillian P Hancock , Erika J Edwards , 4 5 6 Michael D Crisp , Darren M Crayn , Rowan Sage and 2 Klaus Winter In the flora of Australia, the driest vegetated continent, [1,2,3]. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a water- crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), the most water-use use efficient form of photosynthesis typically associated efficient form of photosynthesis, is documented in only 0.6% of with leaf and stem succulence, also appears poorly repre- native species. Most are epiphytes and only seven terrestrial. sented in Australia. If 6% of vascular plants worldwide However, much of Australia is unsurveyed, and carbon isotope exhibit CAM [4], Australia should host 1300 CAM signature, commonly used to assess photosynthetic pathway species [5]. At present CAM has been documented in diversity, does not distinguish between plants with low-levels of only 120 named species (Table 1). Most are epiphytes, a CAM and C3 plants. We provide the first census of CAM for the mere seven are terrestrial. Australian flora and suggest that the real frequency of CAM in the flora is double that currently known, with the number of Ellenberg [2] suggested that rainfall in arid Australia is too terrestrial CAM species probably 10-fold greater. Still unpredictable to support the massive water-storing suc- unresolved is the question why the large stem-succulent life — culent life-form found amongst cacti, agaves and form is absent from the native Australian flora even though euphorbs. -
Ultramafic Geocology of South and Southeast Asia
Galey et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:18 DOI 10.1186/s40529-017-0167-9 REVIEW Open Access Ultramafc geoecology of South and Southeast Asia M. L. Galey1, A. van der Ent2,3, M. C. M. Iqbal4 and N. Rajakaruna5,6* Abstract Globally, ultramafc outcrops are renowned for hosting foras with high levels of endemism, including plants with specialised adaptations such as nickel or manganese hyperaccumulation. Soils derived from ultramafc regoliths are generally nutrient-defcient, have major cation imbalances, and have concomitant high concentrations of potentially phytotoxic trace elements, especially nickel. The South and Southeast Asian region has the largest surface occur- rences of ultramafc regoliths in the world, but the geoecology of these outcrops is still poorly studied despite severe conservation threats. Due to the paucity of systematic plant collections in many areas and the lack of georeferenced herbarium records and databased information, it is not possible to determine the distribution of species, levels of end- emism, and the species most threatened. However, site-specifc studies provide insights to the ultramafc geoecology of several locations in South and Southeast Asia. The geoecology of tropical ultramafc regions difers substantially from those in temperate regions in that the vegetation at lower elevations is generally tall forest with relatively low levels of endemism. On ultramafc mountaintops, where the combined forces of edaphic and climatic factors inter- sect, obligate ultramafc species and hyperendemics often occur. Forest clearing, agricultural development, mining, and climate change-related stressors have contributed to rapid and unprecedented loss of ultramafc-associated habitats in the region. The geoecology of the large ultramafc outcrops of Indonesia’s Sulawesi, Obi and Halmahera, and many other smaller outcrops in South and Southeast Asia, remains largely unexplored, and should be prioritised for study and conservation. -
University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
SYSTEMATICS OF TRIBE TRICHOCEREEAE AND POPULATION GENETICS OF Haageocereus (CACTACEAE) By MÓNICA ARAKAKI MAKISHI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2008 Mónica Arakaki Makishi 2 To my parents, Bunzo and Cristina, and to my sisters and brother. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my deepest appreciation to my advisors, Douglas Soltis and Pamela Soltis, for their consistent support, encouragement and generosity of time. I would also like to thank Norris Williams and Michael Miyamoto, members of my committee, for their guidance, good disposition and positive feedback. Special thanks go to Carlos Ostolaza and Fátima Cáceres, for sharing their knowledge on Peruvian Cactaceae, and for providing essential plant material, confirmation of identifications, and their detailed observations of cacti in the field. I am indebted to the many individuals that have directly or indirectly supported me during the fieldwork: Carlos Ostolaza, Fátima Cáceres, Asunción Cano, Blanca León, José Roque, María La Torre, Richard Aguilar, Nestor Cieza, Olivier Klopfenstein, Martha Vargas, Natalia Calderón, Freddy Peláez, Yammil Ramírez, Eric Rodríguez, Percy Sandoval, and Kenneth Young (Peru); Stephan Beck, Noemí Quispe, Lorena Rey, Rosa Meneses, Alejandro Apaza, Esther Valenzuela, Mónica Zeballos, Freddy Centeno, Alfredo Fuentes, and Ramiro Lopez (Bolivia); María E. Ramírez, Mélica Muñoz, and Raquel Pinto (Chile). I thank the curators and staff of the herbaria B, F, FLAS, LPB, MO, USM, U, TEX, UNSA and ZSS, who kindly loaned specimens or made information available through electronic means. Thanks to Carlos Ostolaza for providing seeds of Haageocereus tenuis, to Graham Charles for seeds of Blossfeldia sucrensis and Acanthocalycium spiniflorum, to Donald Henne for specimens of Haageocereus lanugispinus; and to Bernard Hauser and Kent Vliet for aid with microscopy. -
Native Range Size and Growth Form in Cactaceae Predict Invasiveness
A peer-reviewed open-access journal NeoBiota 30: 75–90Native (2016) range size and growth form in Cactaceae predict invasiveness and impact 75 doi: 10.3897/neobiota.30.7253 RESEARCH ARTICLE NeoBiota http://neobiota.pensoft.net Advancing research on alien species and biological invasions Native range size and growth form in Cactaceae predict invasiveness and impact Ana Novoa1,2, Sabrina Kumschick1,2, David M. Richardson1, Mathieu Rouget3, John R. U. Wilson1,2 1 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa 2 Invasive Species Programme, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, South Africa 3 Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmen- tal Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa Corresponding author: Ana Novoa ([email protected]) Academic editor: C. Daehler | Received 20 November 2015 | Accepted 31 March 2016 | Published 23 June 2016 Citation: Novoa A, Kumschick S, Richardson DM, Rouget M, Wilson JRU (2016) Native range size and growth form in Cactaceae predict invasiveness and impact. In: Daehler CC, van Kleunen M, Pyšek P, Richardson DM (Eds) Proceedings of 13th International EMAPi conference, Waikoloa, Hawaii. NeoBiota 30: 75–90. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.30.7253 Abstract Many recent studies in invasion science have identified species traits that determine either invasiveness or impact. Such analyses underpin risk assessments and attempts to prioritise management actions. However, the factors that mediate the capacity of an introduced species to establish and spread (i.e. its invasiveness) can differ from those that affect the nature and severity of impacts. Here we compare those traits correlated with invasiveness with those correlated with impact for Cactaceae (“cacti”) in South Africa. -
S2.3 Zimmermann Bloemfontein Talk Jan 2015
2015/02/15 Opuntioideae:Countries where serious GLOBAL INVASIONS OF OPUNTIOIDEAE: ARE THERE SOLUTIONS FOR THEIR CONTROL invasions have been recorded WITHOUT A CONFLICT OF INTEREST? HELMUTH ZIMMERMANN Genus Countries of introduction and where invasive Austrocylindropuntia Australia, South Africa, Namibia, Kenya, Spain Cylindropuntia Australia, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Israel, Spain Kenya, Zimbabwe. Botswana, Namibia. Opuntia Australia, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, Ghana, Tanzania, Angola, India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mauritius, Hawaii, Canary Islands, Saudi Arabia, Reunion, Spain, Angola, Tephrocactus South Africa. Australia? Cumulopuntia Australia Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica Examples of invasions: Austrocylindropuntia A. subulata South Africa Australia Opuntioideae: Countries where serious Cylindropuntia. C. fulgida var. fulgida invasions have been recorded South Africa Genus Countries of introduction and where invasive Austrocylindropuntia Australia, South Africa, Namibia, Kenya, Spain Cylindropuntia Australia, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Israel, Spain Opuntia Australia, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, Ghana, Tanzania, Angola, India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mauritius, Hawaii, Canary Islands, Saudi Arabia, Reunion, Spain, Angola. Tephrocactus South Africa. Australia? Cumulopuntia Australia 1 2015/02/15 Cylindropuntia. C. fulgida var. fulgida Cylindropuntia. C. fulgida var. mamillata Zimbabwe Australia Cylindropuntia: C. pallida (Australia) Cylindropuntia: C. pallida : South Africa Cylindropuntia: C. spinosior (Australia) Total number of Opuntioideae that have been listed as invasive at a global level. Genera in the Number of Number of Opuntioideae species invasive species Austrocylindropuntia 11 2 Cylindropuntia 33 8 Opuntia 181 25 Tephrocactus 6 1 Cumulopuntia 20 1 2 2015/02/15 Opuntia: O. stricta var. stricta Opuntia: O. humifusa Ghana (South Africa) Ethiopia Opuntia: O. aurantiaca (South Africa/Australia) Opuntia: O. salmiana (South Africa) Opuntia: O. -
Checklist of the Vascular Alien Flora of Catalonia (Northeastern Iberian Peninsula, Spain) Pere Aymerich1 & Llorenç Sáez2,3
BOTANICAL CHECKLISTS Mediterranean Botany ISSNe 2603-9109 https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/mbot.63608 Checklist of the vascular alien flora of Catalonia (northeastern Iberian Peninsula, Spain) Pere Aymerich1 & Llorenç Sáez2,3 Received: 7 March 2019 / Accepted: 28 June 2019 / Published online: 7 November 2019 Abstract. This is an inventory of the vascular alien flora of Catalonia (northeastern Iberian Peninsula, Spain) updated to 2018, representing 1068 alien taxa in total. 554 (52.0%) out of them are casual and 514 (48.0%) are established. 87 taxa (8.1% of the total number and 16.8 % of those established) show an invasive behaviour. The geographic zone with more alien plants is the most anthropogenic maritime area. However, the differences among regions decrease when the degree of naturalization of taxa increases and the number of invaders is very similar in all sectors. Only 26.2% of the taxa are more or less abundant, while the rest are rare or they have vanished. The alien flora is represented by 115 families, 87 out of them include naturalised species. The most diverse genera are Opuntia (20 taxa), Amaranthus (18 taxa) and Solanum (15 taxa). Most of the alien plants have been introduced since the beginning of the twentieth century (70.7%), with a strong increase since 1970 (50.3% of the total number). Almost two thirds of alien taxa have their origin in Euro-Mediterranean area and America, while 24.6% come from other geographical areas. The taxa originated in cultivation represent 9.5%, whereas spontaneous hybrids only 1.2%. From the temporal point of view, the rate of Euro-Mediterranean taxa shows a progressive reduction parallel to an increase of those of other origins, which have reached 73.2% of introductions during the last 50 years. -
Experimental Hybridization of Northern Chihuahuan Desert Region Opuntia (Cactaceae) M
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 20 | Issue 1 Article 6 2001 Experimental Hybridization of Northern Chihuahuan Desert Region Opuntia (Cactaceae) M. Patrick Griffith Sul Ross State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Griffith, M. Patrick (2001) "Experimental Hybridization of Northern Chihuahuan Desert Region Opuntia (Cactaceae)," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 20: Iss. 1, Article 6. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol20/iss1/6 Aliso, 20( IJ, pp. 37-42 © 200 I, by The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. Claremont. CA 9171 1-3157 EXPERIMENTAL HYBRIDIZATION OF NORTHERN CHIHUAHUAN DESERT REGION OPUNTIA (CACTACEAE) M. PATRICK GRifFITH Biology Department Sui Ross State University Alpine, Tex. 79832 1 ABSTRACT Possible natural hybridization amo ng II taxa of Opuntia sensu stricto was inve stig ated in the nonhero Chihuahuan Desert region through the use of experimental hybr idization. Established plant s representing specific taxa gro wing in the Sui Ross State University Opuntia garden were used for all experiment s. Reciprocal crosses were made between putative parental taxa of field-observed putative hybrids. and each experimental cross analyzed for fruit and seed set, For each taxon . test s were performed to control for possible apo mictic, autogamous. and ge itonogamous seed set. Several ex perimental crosses were found to set seed in amounts expected for natural pollination events. Data gathered from the tests also provided basic information regardin g the breeding systems of the taxa inve stig ated . Data presented here provide support for several hypoth esized hybridization events amo ng Opuntia. -
Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Plants
Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera Raul Puente Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide distribution (Canada to Patagonia) Morphological consistency Glochids Bony arils Generic Boundaries Britton and Rose, 1919 Anderson, 2001 Hunt, 2006 -- Seven genera -- 15 genera --18 genera Austrocylindropuntia Austrocylindropuntia Grusonia Brasiliopuntia Brasiliopuntia Maihuenia Consolea Consolea Nopalea Cumulopuntia Cumulopuntia Opuntia Cylindropuntia Cylindropuntia Pereskiopsis Grusonia Grusonia Pterocactus Maihueniopsis Corynopuntia Tacinga Miqueliopuntia Micropuntia Opuntia Maihueniopsis Nopalea Miqueliopuntia Pereskiopsis Opuntia Pterocactus Nopalea Quiabentia Pereskiopsis Tacinga Pterocactus Tephrocactus Quiabentia Tunilla Tacinga Tephrocactus Tunilla Classification: Family: Cactaceae Subfamily: Maihuenioideae Pereskioideae Cactoideae Opuntioideae Wallace, 2002 Opuntia Griffith, P. 2002 Nopalea nrITS Consolea Tacinga Brasiliopuntia Tunilla Miqueliopuntia Cylindropuntia Grusonia Opuntioideae Grusonia pulchella Pereskiopsis Austrocylindropuntia Quiabentia 95 Cumulopuntia Tephrocactus Pterocactus Maihueniopsis Cactoideae Maihuenioideae Pereskia aculeata Pereskiodeae Pereskia grandiflora Talinum Portulacaceae Origin and Dispersal Andean Region (Wallace and Dickie, 2002) Cylindropuntia Cylindropuntia tesajo Cylindropuntia thurberi (Engelmann) F. M. Knuth Cylindropuntia cholla (Weber) F. M. Knuth Potential overlapping areas between the Opuntia