China's 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans

POLICY PAPER China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans

Stefan Vladisavljev CHINA’S 'DIGITAL SILK ROAD' ENTERS THE WESTERN BALKANS

Policy paper June 2021

Author – Stefan Vladisavljev

Citation – Stefan Vladisavljev (2021). China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans. Prague, Czech Republic, Association for International Affairs (AMO).

The publication was written within the China Observers in Central and Eastern Europe (CHOICE) collaborative platform. CHOICE is a multinational consortium of experts providing informed analysis on the rising influence of the People’s Republic of China within the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). CHOICE provides a platform for discussion, information sharing, best practices and collaboration for its members monitoring and evaluating Chinese activity in the CEE.

Typesetting – Zdeňka Plocrová

ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (AMO) Žitná 27/608 CZ 110 00 Praha 1 Tel.: +420 224 813 460 [email protected] www.amo.cz

Summary 4

Recommendations 6

Introduction 7

Silk Road Goes Digital 8

DSR in the Western Balkans – To Ban or not to Ban 11

Serbia: The Focal Point of China’s 'Digital Silk Road' 15

Conclusion and Recommendations 22

Author 23

About CHOICE 23

About AMO 24

Footnotes 25 4 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans → → → → → Summary →

ic governance that will provide crucial tools to illiberal leaders so that they perceive it as a toects, e-commerce, to Chinese satellite navigation systems. Some countries of areas, ranging from telecommunications networks, to City’ ‘Smart proj and the involvement of Chinese tech companies. The DSR covers a Initiative' Road The ‘Digital Silk Road’ (DSR) is an important component of China’s nies like Huawei, have set the ground for the City’ ‘Smart project agreement, eral agreements governments,between as well as the presence of compa the most significant cooperationwith Chinawithin the DSR framework. Bilat Bosnia and Herzegovina, besides Serbia, is the country that has developed not seem to inclined be to exclude Chinese companies in the future. the 5G network rollout, has not joined the ‘Clean initiative Network’ and does Serbia, though pressured to limit the participation of Chinese companies in Huawei with which Serbia has raised relations to a especially at the local level. Serbia's have a panies are present in the telecommunication sector, security sector, and will Serbian political elite to embrace Chinese presence. In Serbia, Chinese com nomic and political relations countries, two between and the readiness of the of overall basis the developed on is developmentation in this sphere of eco point of DSR and the most prominent of partner China in the region. Cooper litical relationship. Out of six Western Balkan countries, Serbia is the focal technology sphere has largely been a In Western Balkans, the willingness to cooperate with China in the digital ciated with the involvement of Chinese companies in their respective rollouts. tries as well as groupings, such as the EU, also voiced security concerns asso initiative aimed at banning 'untrusted vendors' from the networks. Other coun nies have clashed with the United States, which the started ‘Clean Network’ In the 5G network rollout around the globe, both China and Chinese compa stakeholders. to recommendations provides governments and surveys the situation on the ground in regard to acceptance of DSR by local volvement in the rollout of 5G networks in the countries of West This policy paper focuses on one aspect of the DSR –Chinese companies’ in may establish even more control over their citizens.

role in the governance system throughout the City’ ‘Smart projects, (BRI), which combines theof efforts the Chinese government

vehicle for exporting the Chinese system of techno-autocrat

most important in partner this process is

function of the quality of bilateral po

strategic level. ern Balkans. It

wide array

'Belt and 'Belt ------

→ →

space for future cooperation with Chinese com showing their dedication to the 'Clean initiative, Network' potentially limiting Mace a is there Although structure. and has presence of the Chinese companies in its telecommunication infra Western Balkan countries that has not joined the 'Clean initiative Network' ture project funded through the Chinese loan. Montenegro is one of the three China’s media. Bosnian selected implementation through promotion and of educational programs donia, Albania, and Kosovo, all three countries have signed agreements

presence in Montenegro is most notable a through most is in Montenegro presence

limited Chinese presence in the digital sphere in North panies.

major infrastruc major - - 5 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 6 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans → → → → → Recommendations

al security. nation account into taking suppliers, equipment network 5G for procedures tender transparent and Western open Balkan forward put should countries ment the EU 5G Toolbox in the interest of their accession process. in the Western Balkans and should encourage and motivate them to imple The EU should pay attention to the 5G rollout in the prospective EU members diversify in order partners not to rely solely on China and DSR. Serbia should continue to work on the process of digitalization but should the equipment and collected data. rules. Control mechanisms must put be in place to avoid potential misuse of and civil society organizations should involved be in the creation of the set of rights of citizens, has to adopted be and implemented. researchers, Experts, set of rules, in line with the law and ensuring the protection of the personal chased from Huawei and installed as a of the facial recognition in the software security surveillance cameras pur use the government Serbian ofreconsider The InteriorMinistry should and 5G network. viders to ensure national security, digital security, and the safe rollout of the Western Balkan countries should diversify their telecom infrastructure pro

part of thepart ‘Safe City’ project. A

clear clear - - - - European Union (EU). Union European the United countries’ mainly States cooperation China, (US)Balkan with the and City’ ‘Safe ‘Smart suchor as City’ projects. projects were that already implemented by or cooperation in Chinese companies, with governance local and national as Serbia. in these Within spheres, the paper assesses Chinese companieswith the spheres in of telecommunication, security, and as well cooperation includes partnership Sino-Serbian The field. technology the beyond developedit has the most comprehensive far cooperation strategic and China, with the most prominent respect. of this area in cooperation China with Europe.in Thepaper dedicatesattentionspecial issue to the of the 5Gnetworks as a the Western Balkans, Introduction of nations. Western many Balkan countries of but for the Western also given the EU Balkans, the accession aspirations Finally, the policy paper provides a Moreover, the role the paper actors discusses shaping in of the Western external Out of covered six countries, a policy paperThis thefocuses on footprint of China-led Road'Silk 'Digital (DSR) in

region often is as a that seen

specific is put focus the case on of Serbia because

set of recommendations for the stakeholders in in stakeholders the for recommendations of set

springboard for presence Chinese springboard 7 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 8 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans heavy state backing; some backing; state heavy none at all.” of the ‘Belt Road and part nominally are Initiative’. Some DSR projects have received to telecommunications connectivity other and and data projectsthat in countries all-encompassing an was applied term by China’s the whole described BRI. As by Robert Greene Paul and Triolo, “DSR recently until bottom-upand are both presenttheaspects in Chinese approach,the case is as for companies. However, it should not is be noted always this the Top-down case. that telecommunications the by led giants, digital Chinese and government Chinese cities to e-commerce Chinese and satellite system. a have previously dominated or developing in only are countries now that undergoing the global of expansion Chinese technologies to which markets in western players other company, followed 12,700. by with Qualcomm for the 5G rollout. Huawei holds more 13,400 than nese companies, Huawei, like have played role -setting important an the standard in 2014. Chi since Commission Electrotechnical International the and Standardization 65 the tenders - South Korea, the US, Japanand - combined. the most of any country. Indeed, submitted China thethree con nearest morethan Union, Telecommunication International the to specifications communications wired bodies. 2019,dardization In submitted China documents830 technical stan related to international and organizations international in position leadership active an a as seen been has component projects, the addition of the digital upon based the BRI is infrastructure traditional its broad illustrating and ever-evolving as further the future of well, BRI As nature. BRI Forum Beijing, in Jinping Xi be incorporated the use of that said big will in data China’s upon expanding nication networks line were mentioned one as of the cooperation under areas BRI, aspirations. broader its encompass ‘Informationan Silk Road’ a as a tempts to gain become foreignBRI has the main policy framework encompasses that Chinese at been includedall under the umbrella of the initiative by Beijing. decade, Over the past and defenseandtrade even liberalization, cooperationcultural loans, have financial projects, of cooperation around the countries globe.aspects all with Infrastructure Digital Goes Road Silk

technological revolution. It ranges from telecommunications networks and smart smart and networks telecommunications from ranges It revolution. technological Different thehaveinitiative of aspects often asa been seen However, the DSR more is mere ‘cables than the ground’. in Rather, it includes In 2015,In the Chinese government published official an that document introduced China’s To for the set stage its global role technological in development, taken has China

proposals for new committees technical the Internationalat for Organization

‘Belt Road and Initiative’ launched (BRI), 2013, in included has various

global leadership role, leading to a to leading role, leadership global

burgeoning businesses each sector. in 2017, In the during

logical technological extension of China’s of extension technological logical component of BRI, later to be rebranded 'digital' as to 1 Cross-border optical cables and other commu other and cables optical Cross-border 5

significant backlash from the backlash significant West.

5G related patents, more any than 4 public private and sector leaders 3 2 China was also behind 16 also was China

joint effort by the the by effort joint

ambitions.

of of - - - - - the rising influencethe rising theof As a DSR. citizens. their over control governments,authoritarian ways to seeking bolster of power centralization and provide be a it can gy, demand-based.” is technolo surveillance like technologies, of kinds these of deployment that and tion Beijing’s that argued its preferredfor to export China style of governance.theOn hand,other been has it a that backbone. their as technologies these with systems, and over traffic even grids, electrical like systems defense large mechanisms pointed a to as equipmentin provided by the Chinese vendors. Theuse thoseof backdoors been has risks caused with by regard the to security so potential backdoorsis especially This related risks the potential to Chinese technology involvement and sensitive in sectors. one. traditional the theand West be China foundbetween Silk Road’ will on the on ‘Digital rather than of the system of governance, it more is points likely the future disagreement that of export potential or companies telecommunications Chinese for share market global 2015, DSR become has a a across geopolitics, it as facilitates China’s evolution.ical However, its ambitions in the impact, and DSR a also is the BRI to in differing degrees. participating haveWestern been a Balkans included the BRI are in the DSR participating in tries some in capacity. a Europe. the Middle America, Eastern and According East, Latin Asia, of to Africa, free world actors rooted is and from internationally malign in accepted authoritarian privacy, tothreat data security,andrights principledhuman collaborationposed the to the“the official in stated ‘Clean Network’ As document, data. addresses the long-term a launched the ‘Clean Network’ initiative. The ‘Clean Network’ initiativewas designedas 5G infrastructure construction. After a After construction. 5G infrastructure the in participating from companies telecommunication Chinese other and Huawei digital standards.” trust RISING CONCERNS – PUSHBACK AGAINST THE ‘DIGITAL SILK ROAD’

comprehensive approach for US citizens’ privacy securing companies’ and sensitive report published by the Council on Foreign Relations, one-third of the 138 On the international stage, both the US the both internationalOn stage, have EU and steps to taken counter Radunović Vladimir One ofanalysts the leading Serbian cybersecurity With prominence the growing of the DSR, concerns about have grown likewise presentsChina the DSR a as China’s of Implementation US pressure resulted the initiative countries many associated with banning in

leading role the deployment in of emerging technologies be a might also

growing numbergrowing of fields,including technology. Sinceintroduction its in

potential threat not threat potential only for espionage, but a as

relevant concern about or when authoritarian, would-be talking

“masterplan to deploy techno-authoritarianism” is a is techno-authoritarianism” deploy to “masterplan 8 The availability of the technology China’sand

9 major part ofmajor China’s part

logical target with many nations many developing both with logical target and

DSR has mainly coveredDSR mainly has the developing countries

tool for development, innovation, and technolog and innovation, development, for tool

attempt to establishas a itself

tool to contest the Chinese initiative, the US

long process but all the banned US all also

global outreach. Whether it comes to the the to comes it Whether outreach. global

way over to take control

major global power power global major

willingness to willingness 6 As such, As the

misconcep question of 7

argues argues chance chance

coun - - - - 9 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 10 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans efforts forthehavethose that withcountries efforts aligned bynot now. implications be the further what and and will EU of both itsUS partners EU with underUS president administration Biden bringmore will cooperation issue on this the future of open.the DSREU in to be seen remains It remains whetherthe new companies equipment and due toconcerns. security have de decided facto to exclude vendors' 'untrusted to and focus on the European the 5G rollout. in panies France like Others have not introduced but outright bans have and initiative or limited even full-on participation the banned of Chinese com the US’ have with Slovakia,Czechia, Slovenia, that aligned Albania and Romania, high-risk vendors, European countries like Eastern and among Central especially 27 Among authority. tional in the full alignment amongalignment EU’s the full in measures for a ThedidEU adoptthe Toolbox for “a 5G Security; the 5G infrastructure. considering the inclusion still are of the Chinese companies of the construction in the DSR dealt a was vendors', the position of Chinese vendors been seriously has threatened. Likewise, ada, India and Ericsson them. occupying between the However, spots countries Can with like revenue equipment telecom worldwide center stage. taking Fivethe so-called Eyes New Zealand) countries (the Australia, US, Canada, the UK, reformulation of the concerns major that actors with have the past, in been expressing a and vendors' 'untrusted the US Federal Communications Commissionmarked officially as ZTE Huawei and by entities controlled by “a order prohibited the or purchase use of any communications technology produced President Trump, Huawei a calling business US between companies Huawei and executive an order with issued by Huawei the top was telecommunications company 2019 in TheEU does nothave a 14 , and the UK introducing bans against Huawei, other and 'untrusted introducing ZTE, against the, and UK bans

coordinated approach to 5G secure networks” 12

major setback. there markets, large Germany, Still, like are that

threat to the security tothethreat the security of US.

members, there ‘champions’ are of the pushback against

foreign adversary”. foreign unified stance stance theon unified cooperationon with China DSR.

countries on the issue that ultimately falls tocountries na on ultimately falls the issue that

significant threat national security. to significant issued The 13 and ZTE held position, ZTE and the fourth Nokia with 10 In addition In to the executive order,

set of robust and comprehensive comprehensive and robust of set 16 With the question that, of the 11 15 The campaign was the was Thecampaign , but not it has resulted

when it comes to the - - - Kosovar Prime Minister AvdullahKosovar Minister Prime merely Hoti, was a The Memorandum of (MoU)Understanding on ‘Clean Network’ compliance, signed by the USwith a became and not included the 17+1 in Beijing. by country pendent to owing the simple Kosovo China, tions that with fact inde not is an as recognized administration’s Trump the view on their countries the issue of tofor align 5G security, the Balkans including via pendent on Washington when it comesissues. to security Thehas been US advocating the countriesin which members are of the NATO therefore and alliance de highly industry. EU’s the Moreover, out of Westerncountries, the six only Serbia Balkans been included has in not include concrete measures or a toolboxthe EU risks to 5G cybersecurity networks.” regarding cybercrime,capacity byespecially against cybersecurity and fighttheimplementing level cooperation through platforms 17+1. like a include Serbia the DSR in have been more welcomed than Serbia and become has a is projectsture implemented or cooperation in Chinese companies. China with Serbia relationship to Beijing.group, the latter Within also manyinfrastruc countrieshost the US,with while doors open for remain Chinese companies close countries in with goodout) relations especially countries in with limited is the Western in Balkans of the development in participation their of new technologies (e.g. 5G network roll To Ban or not to Ban DSR in the Western Balkans – Plan forPlan the butWestern it only Balkans, referred to a 27 among membership the policies with it to when align hard is there no is consensus even EU. Even some if countries fully are dedicatedthe to negotiating process and future accession to should and the EU be dedicated of to the alignment policies the with KOSOVO – NO RECOGNITION, NO COOPERATION

main stop formain the the region, Chinese in initiative bilaterally on and multilateral

Currently, Kosovo developed the least with country the Western is rela Balkans additionIn to the EU, there a is Serbia, Albania, Montenegro,Serbia, Albania, Macedonia North and countries process are in of the presence oneAs might expect, of the Chinese companies the and possibility specific examplespecific because of close its with Beijing.relations Chinese efforts to

5G Private-Public Partnership, a 19

EU members.EU included Brussels its the 5G Economic issue in Investment and

platform.

part of the ‘Clean Network’part October in initiative 2020. 20

‘Clean Network’ Initiative, to varying success.‘Clean Network’ Initiative, to varying Therefore, Kosovotheis only country Balkans Western 21 Hence, when not it was Kosovo surprising aligned

strong presence of the US the region, in especially

roadmap of how should the goals be achieved.

joint European and EU between initiative 17

confirmation of an anticipatedconfirmation an of

recommendation to “enhance “enhance to recommendation 18 The documentdid

22 - - - - -

China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 12 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans communications companies. Huawei Albanian-registered an company, has Huawei the Chinese tele with ties of Chinese equipment the existing cut also but it that will levels.” transfer data and a have to approach of August 2020in joined Albania theed suppliers ‘Clean Network’ Albania. initiative was from China country's the MacedoniaNorth decade the past during US interests. Chinese companies, While Huawei, like have a had country’s the in vendors' thesteps participation to ban of expressed readinessand further to take 'untrusted West. the towards orientation policy foreign 2020 March joined in also country the NATO the 30th as alliance ofopening the negotiation process for the accession opened. was Macedonia resolvedNorth of was the name regarding the country a and With theagreement, Prespa China. Greece dispute the lengthy between than and a a cooperationin Chinese companies with included sections of the two a only up to a the USA October in 2020. companies from the 5G rolloutagreement the official with with signedbilaterally Shortly after,already exists. Kosovo confirmed the commitment to excludeChinese ment supplied by vendors' 'untrusted equipment removal and of the existing where it the agreementother things, included a by the Serbian president Vučić, Aleksandar Hoti. Among Kosovar and Minister Prime agreement brokered was by the US President Donald Trump, signed, and separately, 4, 2020, Washington in September on Kosovo and Serbia between relations economic of normalization the Kosovo. in The a also document infrastructure was policy not Chinese companies that be a will US pressure, Vodafone decided Albania to choose Ericsson the sole as supplier. of Vodafoneinfrastructure of 5G the first the installation in Albania ing Technologies SH.P.K, Albania and Huawei technologies have been a NORTH MACEDONIA – STRONG PARTNER WEST THE – OF STRONG MACEDONIA NORTH ALBANIA THE DISTANCE – KEEPING

hydro power plant. power hydro strategic level.strategic andthe The EU morefar forUS remained partners important Skopje

Albania’s The first Western Balkans country to openly align with the US against the target the theagainst with US align toopenly country Thefirst Balkans Western signed Zaev the MoU Minister When Prime on the security of 5G technologies Unlike Kosovo, Macedonia North developed has though relations China, with

certain level. Major infrastructure projects have level. that been implemented Majorcertain infrastructure

4G network 4G deliberate decision China. with the overall to partnership limit

secure networksecure the process in of to other transition digitalization and agreed to, as Prime Minister Rama said, to “take a to said, “take Rama to, Minister agreed and Prime as 24 However, it can’t 23 28 whichtelegraphed further nation’s the small

infrastructure. 5G infrastructure, he predictably nation his with aligned 5G infrastructure, This also meant that Albania will use notwill future only ban Albania that also meant This

clause about the prohibition of the 5G equip be said that the partnership has developed has the partnership that be said on 29 27 Huawei supposed also to be was a , the signed document showed once again

part of telecommunications the future part

follow-up on the agreement on on agreement the on follow-up

relevant presence in 25 26 North Macedonia Macedonia North , showing a showing , 30

, but after the, but after part of exist part highway, and

action. That

path topath the

strategic strategic

partner partner 31

clear The The - - - - initiative to the officials toinitiative the officials and public and in Bosnia Herzegovina. Network’ the highlight importance of theofficials have to ‘Clean used the opportunity US infrastructure. digital the and poor of state the existing political structure internal over the Montenegrin the debtonissue. influence might also tothethinking China Montenegro 2022. in to is begin the 'middlewith road' approach. The rollout theof 5G network for commercial in use quences of the inclusion of vendors' the 'untrusted to safety ensure trying are and the Montenegrothat are officials conse harmful concerned the potential regarding company seek to diversify will suppliers its risks. themitigate to security It shows 2011. Telekom in of the expansion in the 3Gthe networkagreement with Montenegrosigning after were already involved network. 4G the existing in use the Ericsson Nokia and will equipment the the first phase of 5G in rollout,they as of the 5G equipment,of installation state-owned Montenegro Telekom it that stated process the from companies Chinese exclude officially not did Montenegro While membership EU with the but US it with so did initiative. far candidate not status, align Montenegro’s limited due to the impact on the country’s ofdynamics the have deal a made China The ect. Bar-Boljarehighway in Montenegrocost €1.3 of an estimated has close to a projects cooperation in China with countriesBoth have been included the DSR in some in capacities. Herzegovinainitiative, and Bosnia Montenegro and Serbia. different are than cases general. in China with a exclude Huawei could be otherand Chinese companies from the 5G infrastructure of cooperation the US because with and the and EU, of the alliance the decision to a supported joined and mally BRI, but without flagshipalso clear is projects.Albania decade, the past in cooperation China and not is perceived for strategic. Albania as of Macedonia. there North have While been some joint projects Albania between to the case been similar issue has on frombackground this China to the distancing MONTENEGRO – THE ONE THAT LIGHTLY ONE TREADS – THE MONTENEGRO BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA – SURPRISING DSR HOTSPOT DSR – SURPRISING HERZEGOVINA AND BOSNIA

first step in the further distancing, distancing, not only from thefurther thein step DSRfirst but from the cooperation NATO member, a with The case of Bosnia and Thecase of Bosnia Herzegovinais a Like Albania and North Macedonia, andNorth Like Montenegro Albania a is upon Herzegovina and agreed Bosnia implemented has and While infrastructure For countriesthe have Western that not joined Balkans the ‘Clean Network’

'debt proj trap' because of for the Chinese loans the ongoing infrastructure 34 It was also announced the state-owned It telecommunication that also was

options vis-à-vis China.

strong aspiration to join the EU. Because of the poor results 35 It might be expected that the ongoing that It might be negotiations expected 32

financial stability, financial hasbut it most importantly , Montenegro is a is Montenegro ,

significant andactorsignificant object of press attention

complicated one due to the convoluted 33 Nevertheless, Huawei participated

special case by moving case itself special NATO member a and 36 US were overtures

billion. The The billion.

country country - - - 13

China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 14 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans with Washington,with whereas did the EU not play a respective countries. These decisions wereinfluenced has by relations each country the banned, fully presence theof Chinese telecommunication companiestheir in Kosovo, have Macedonia, North joined Albania and not if limited, and the initiative themselves from the US DSR with ‘Clean Network’ alignment through initiative. Huawei’s with like web portals wei’s cybersecurity,and also butleadership andculture. Chinese and knowledge about Huawei’s about knowledge and implemented. countriesWestern where Balkans the global for ‘Seeds the Future’ being is program is, together Bosnia Serbia Cyprus. and with Macedonia, North and one of the three from Herzegovina, and Bosnia addition in to the students from Hungary, Slovenia for the Future’ dedicated program, included students, has and to IT 10 the company’s in Bosnia established cooperation University the Mostar with fromincluded andhas experts cluding the preparation for the future development theof 5G network. Huawei also Herzegovina and Bosnia in well, as including Eronetcarriers HT both M:Tel, and in Huawei. –Ericsson, and 5G rollout Samsung, partners the current with the partnership in BH Telekom infrastructure. ent the existing in country’s the in tions Huawei signed a City’ theprojectsin country. a with Communications Transport and of agreement Herzegovina and Bosnia signed an has na-CEEC Conference on Innovation of Cooperation. occasion, that On the Ministry integrate it into the DSR. 2018, In Herzegovina and Bosnia hosted Chi the Third network4G not is yetintegrated fully into theinfrastructure. a with met Out of six Western Balkans countries, of ofOut Western three them have six already distanced Balkans Huawei has a has Huawei not has Bosnia mind, been of left in With that all out theof Chinese efforts to

presence amplified is country theby this in media presence,through especially

Chinese company includes that City’and‘Safe support to technical the ‘Smart 41 Except for BH Telekom, Huawei actively cooperates the other majorwith

response that the country is still not thinking about the 5G, not because the thinking still is response the country that 43

executives over several years. the past Theis as a describedprogram Klix.ba

cooperation agreement for the implementation City’ of solu ‘Smart

strong presence Huawei through Technologies pres is and Bosnia

capital. , which have published positive many interviews and articles

global talent program. talent global 38 39 Under framework, the same the City of Sarajevoand

experience in the field of 5G, artificial theexperience fieldintelligence, in artificial of 5G,

chance for new skills students to gain 42 In 2020, In Huawei launched the ‘Seeds 40

role the process. in showcased the possibility theof 45 44 37 Additionally, Hua Additionally,

representatives representatives - - - - - digitalization, and the developmentdigitalization, intelligence. of artificial economy, Serbian the of transformation further the of importance the highlighted October 2020, after she reappointedwas Minister of Serbia, Prime Ana as Brnabić revolutionindustrial presented is a as coalition’s initiative. the of implementation the in efforts joint the of Silk Roadan launch for official as served has that Information summit Connectivity ityin 2017. Connectiv Information for Road Silk Information of Development the Strengthening technology innovation, and Industry. IT and Serbia signed the MoU China and on 2015.in Serbia in DSR expanded to has sector, the security self-government,local Serbia in evenof digitalization beforeannounced officially was the Chinese initiative later vaccines, while the EU’s pandemic, aided when has Serbia deliveries China with of medical equipment and towards the Serbian public by the government. was only the confirmed This during foreign investment,the oftenpartner is as direct important highlighted most China fortry. the Serbia partner the is most EU important While when it comes to and trade Yet, decade, extensively the past during has increased China its presence the coun in beenthe number seen as traditionally Russia one has for thewell East. as ally Belgrade. goal, Belgrade continues to foster from relations the West, the other partners with as of foreign the most important actors Serbia. in beencountries described has a as on the level. highest at the summits Theparticipating tworelationshipthe between Partnership. Jinping to 2016, Belgrade in countries the two established a political relationship established the of visit was Chinese well. leader as During Xi a ties, economic of development the With projects. joint future for nerstone a and countries two between relations contemporary the of development the cooperation 2009. in Infrastructural and the most developed. also is respect operation this in among the countries, WesternChina the level it that not is of Balkan surprising co Serbia that mind in enjoysDSR. Bearing the most comprehensive relationship with decade.included also has Thetheframeworkpartnership cooperationwithin theof China’s Serbia: The Focal Point of Digitalization and innovation are important components of the Serbian ruling ruling Serbian the of components important are innovation and Digitalization DSR a is forWhile Serbian officials, membership a EU in the remains Serbia signed the Strategic China and Agreement on Economic, Technological, Serbia developed has over extensive relations strategic and China with the past

49 policies. The promotion of new technological achievementsandthe 4th Shortlytheagreement after signed, was Belgrade thehostedInformation

47 part of this extensive of relationship. this part been had present China the process in Serbia been a has

'Digital Silk Road' Silk 'Digital

help was downplayed. was help

prominent proponent of the 17+1 the of proponent prominent

'steel friendship' positioned has and one as China

developmental opportunity for Serbia.In 46 That agreement That a was 48 50

Comprehensive Strategic Strategic Comprehensive 51 Chinese companies are are companies Chinese

proclaimed strategic proclaimed strategic

initiative, regularly regularly initiative,

starting point for for point starting

close close

cor - - - - 15

China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 16 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans end Serbia in of of the could project, the broadband be part internet infrastructure the possibility of a €1 and overall project of modernization of the network €800 between estimated was country, described as by the then-minister Ljajić. Rasim Ljajić the value that of said the network accessthe and broadband to the internet across internet the infrastructure €150 from Huawei. infrastructure and a creating visit, ĆulibrkPredrag sides the two that said signed amendments monthsthe three after nese President Jinping’s Xi Telekombetween Srbija Huawei and for the project ALL-IP signed Chi during was a rise. company telecommunications Chinese the and stakeholders Serbian between cooperation Serbia between intensified, and China did theso number of joint projects Nenad Popović, “Huawei that stated come has to Serbia for to stay a the Serbian official. In May of 2020, minister the then for technological development, world’s Huawei help with the partnership Serbia will to bolster its position one as of the Huawei’s companies. local just or startups, center presented was a as Innovation and Digitalization Center ceremony, the opening Belgrade. in During the the needed equipment. Kragujevac city the same - Cityin center,Data providing a platform AI agreement signed an provided and also a Huawei the commercial became user of center the data December in of 2020. commercial agreements to be a a just is the Serbian National Center Data its regional center as data the wholethat rumor region. WesternHuaweiwas Theinitial would Balkan choose 2009.signed in But, telecommunications not are the only aspect. the Serbianin telecommunication sphere even before the Strategic Agreement was a to do network, their probably we and will combine the models to save the money some countries did the entire network, some provided subsidies for big companies owned by Huawei. issue, Ljajić to this Speaking said: “We have some examples that HUAWEI’S

major partner in this endeavor. this in major partner Huawei, among other companies, been had involved long-standing of Huawei partner projects. various in Theframework agreement In additionIn center, to data national Huawei solely fundedthe second data center Huawei’s Serbian state-owned telecommunication company, Telekom Srbija been has Now present for more a than

million. Themillion. projectimplementedis that by Huaweiin Serbia shouldimprove

billion Serbia that and looking is for the right model of cooperation, including

leading IT players. IT leading commercial user. not the While the first of companieshavethat the signed

56 INVOLVEMENT IN TELECOMMUNICATION

and cloud infrastructure for the National Center. Data cloud and infrastructure office in Serbiawasopened in2007

legal frameworklegal for company his to equipment, purchase services,

private-public Huawei. with thethat partnership at That means 57 Finally, September in 2020, Huaweiopened officially its

hub that will focus onhub new identifying talent will -individuals, that 58

visit tovisit Serbia 2016. in Director General of Telekom Srbija,

part of center the state-owned data part Kragujevac in

decade, Huawei been consistently has by courted 60 The total value The thetotal of project reportedlywas

grant to Serbiagrant for the development of the

regional director, Mengqun, Li that said 52 and has since a has and served as

53 grant of $2grant , but for now, Huawei

long time.” long

million for for million 55 Huawei Huawei

hub for for hub million 59 As As 54 - , the economic consequences of the COVID-19 the of consequences economic the rollout of the tender the 5G that and would not be held 2021 in the end of December 2020, Brnabić Minister delay Serbia Prime that said the will of the COVID-19 supplier for and now, there no are on limitations who supplier that be. Because can network,stations.Each of base theand construction theprovider first choose will its of 2020. Mobile providers were supposed to compete for 5G the future share their in supposed was to holdRATEL auction an for the 5G frequencies the second in half Serbian telecommunicationinfrastructure. 5G regulator the future to in participate Network’ not has and forbidden initiative Huawei or any other Chinese company So unanswered. far, remains Serbiathe country not has officially joined the ‘Clean well. as case that in rollout of the 5G network, it yet is to be seen whether Huawei be the partner will conglomerate. Given a just it that was a not Telenor is Huawei’s Telenor, used Serbia, in companies telecommunication three’ ‘big the of One companies. munication rollout. the 5G infrastructure in participation Srbija Huawei factor future important developments, in making are an including Telekom and Huawei between connections Close market. the of aspects important makes the That it telecommunicationthe companythein largest with most share 40 and share, network mobile 80 almost holds Telekom Serbia of Trade,of agreements made by the Ministry Tourism, Telecommunications. and procedure. tender the including rules, competition standard implement Serbia can that China and meaning the project without following the telecommunication projects,structural under they could fall the Strategic Agreement, on infra bilateral agreements. bilateral as strategic the If projects characterized are intotaken consideration. Thethoseexplanation could that agreementsare be based why explained was no there was tender procedure why and other offers were not telecommunication company decided Huawei with to on partner the project. Neither not was purchase made public It or not explained. howthe was state-owned clarified public. made the objective ensure and to be realized.” and influencedand theby agreement that SerbiaWashington in Septembersigned 2020. the move economic explaining with are reason reasons, more is the true complex With the choice that, of vendors been put has on hold. the Serbian officials While The question theof role of Chinese companiesthein 5G network rolloutin Huawei not is only Telekom cooperating with Srbija when it comes to telecom a As forAs of the other all projects mentioned publication, this in the procedure of

state-owned telecommunication company, Telekom Serbia is the beneficiary beneficiary the is Telekom company, Serbia telecommunication state-owned

state-owned company, it owned is by PPF Group, a

pandemic, the auction moved was of toquarter the first 2021.

equipment June in for of 2019. station test the trial 5G base

percent of the broadband internet network share. network internet broadband the of percent

percent of the landline network, 45 network, landline the of percent

test and that Telenortest that and for waiting the full still is 61 The details theagreementof The have details not been

pandemic’ made the tender infeasible.

either

large investmentlarge

65 percent of the , arguing that that , arguing 64 At At 62 63 - -

China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 18 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 1000 of ofannounced, additional including two the Phase project the installation started, 61 in cameras phase one of cooperation included that the replacement of 100 for the implementation of ‘Safe City’ projectin 2017. of the was the beginning This agreement of for eLTE technology the installation creation and of solutions needed the ‘Safe Society’ project.strategicpartnership the Thewith was MoU formalized rior Huawei and MoU signed an on cooperation of the realization steps in next and of the negotiationto the start happened 2014 in the Strategic Agreement Serbia between 2009. signed in China and The follow-up ofname ‘Safe City’)in back 2011. The negotiations were held under theauspices of negotiation about the possible incorporation of the ‘Safe Society’ project (the original foundationSHARE procurement processas ‘secret’. classified was an In officialresponse published bythe procurement process but did not because answer the information get an about the Huawei chosen a was as quest of for Interior, information to the Ministry including the question about how of the equipment Huawei. was foundation Serbian think-tank SHARE filed a project 2019. January in 1000 be used. equipment this purchase ask itto from justified equipment is howthis China, is to a When countries with technology, of this the export itswith way of governance. could export China also common democratic in countries. concerns, does raise What however, that the fact is abroad. implemented is minority. Uyghur the and region jiang regime suppress and of the rights its citizens. theChinese authoritarian government to strengthen of kind surveillance uses this around it 300that has recognition facial equipped software. AI with of public safety. Most prominently, includesit a ly. includes Mexico, countries Brazil, like France, but Spain, South also Africa, Ita and plemented more 700 in than without the exact numberwithout the exact of devices. madehas public the 290 acrossBelgrade. cations BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING IS BROTHER BIG 67 Huawei describes ‘Safe City’as a China itself has the biggest surveillance system in thesystemin the biggest itselfworldsurveillance has China Huawei’s Since the launch, new cameras are being installed almost constantly. The Ministry constantly.Since almost the launch, being installed are The newMinistry cameras of InteriorSerbian Huawei and Ministry Technologies Ltd Co (Huawei) the started a was This a as systems Surveillance

surveillance cameras with the integrated recognition with facial at cameras 800 software surveillance cameras will be installed on 800 be installed will cameras

annual report from 2018annual locations across Belgrade. Finally, 2019, in when the project publicly was

question when the of Serbian Interior Minister announced that 72 the chronology of the cooperation on the project presented. was

million cameras installed in 2020. in installed cameras million Researchers the that argue 71

questionable record rights human or autocratic inclinations While it was not it the was announcement, While during said the supplier

locations where but the Huawei being installed, are cameras supplier. foundation inquired SHARE about also the public

cities 100 and

toolare for thethe safety notun citizens of securing

project enables that transformation the digital

73 70 states that the ‘Safe City’ that states projectim is being

SHARE Foundation SHARE the civic initiated has locations in Belgrade as part of a locations part Belgrade as in In ‘Safe City’ In projects, Chinese technology

countries around the world. the around countries 69 This is especially the case in theXin in the case is especially This

in Belgrade. The Ministry Inteof Belgrade.in TheMinistry network cameras of surveillance

68 existing surveillanceexisting with the estimation 66 The project

‘Safe City’

re lo ------big data, that an interested an big that actor data, may implement City’. into to the transform ‘Smart different solutions.What Huawei that is doesit offers a the mentioned Cities’ ‘Smart Not the same, different areas. and are all units require to collect would of quantities large that data enable better governancein systems er concept described a as throughincrease the safety thetechnologicalcitizens of solutions,thelatter isa spread of ‘techno-authoritarianism’ a as adopted Serbia. in practices overalland governance surveillance the same that is philosophy may be level.the local One of the concerns of the increased level of cooperation China with governance more stresses digital that government control, on both and the national concerns.the raised Theissue is to establishwhether a Serbiatrying is ment from purchased was the Chinese vendor not reasons was among for the main the right questionwas to be asked. The equipmentthethat and equiptheper se fact autocracy,to forand how be stored, long were will the data highlighted. procedures on how be saved the collected used, and have who will data access, will includedis that nition thedevices. software surveillance in Specifically, the unclear concerns, significant raised mostly related thethe misuse to recog potential of facial of the safety of Belgradecitizens. However,the Serbian general publicandexperts a safety, public but Dahua, and it does have one Huawei, with the ‘Safe through City’ project. Interior it that does stated not has have any established cooperation Hikvision with ofthe question about Serbian the cameras, Ministry use of Hikvision and the Dahua across by Serbia Hikvision ofmanufactured as June 2020. Serbia Hikvision. is subcontractors. by were the hired cameras installed surveillance ofenterprise charge in the airport, ment the Belgrade is Nikola Tesla but by stated the as representatives Airport, of the a since 2016, providing solutions video surveillance for commercial use, but used as technology.surveillance Chinese technologies Dahua been present has Serbia in intention, Huawei not is the only supplier when from China it comes to security cameras. of the surveillance a numbers the and information could provided be a by the Ministry 1001 be respected. Supportersof will the of citizens have the initiative been able to map it accordance to in that is ensure of the privacy the law that and installation, with #1000kameraaction called na-backed City’ ‘Safe projects.While ‘Smart isCity’ presented asa

delay on its behalf. The Ministry is obligated,delay law, onby The itsMinistry behalf. to publicly publish all locations public safety toolas well. The most prominent userDahua of the technology equip The stance on this issue is The this stance notunified. on One arguments of the for the potential a With Interiorof has presented TheMinistry the‘Safe City’ project asa It to note important is while that Huawei’s

cameras in 447 in cameras

high levelhigh of of centralization power backsliding is political and system that 80

a tool overall and improvement for cases, resolving the faster of criminal 76

question about by the user misuse the of potential the equipment Another Chinese company whose across products installed are 77

locations across Belgrade. There were nearly 900

unit ofunit self-government local uses different that methods 74 (#1000cameras) the idea with to monitor the process

way of governance the spread is of the Chi

internet-connected surveillance cameras internet-connected cameras surveillance 75

‘Safe City’ has gained the gained ‘Safe City’publicmost has The difference between thedifference The collected between

78 set ofset solutions, on based In an official an response In to

system that would that system

way to increase consequence ofconsequence

system of

79 broad 81 - - - - - 19

China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 20 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans tried to the fallout. mitigate tried Thefirst foreignrepresentative that Vučićmet following there nothat are political obstacles for the law to be adopted there if a is controlled by the Serbian Progressive Party, Aleksandar led by Vučić. 2020the After legislation. vant not a sign additional an MoU with initiative the US signed October with in of 2020, Serbia did Kosovo,partner. While decided expected, as to formally join the ‘Clean Network’ itself Huawei and would from China distance Serbia a that mean as will tested. Implementation surprisingly mitment was to China of the mentioned article mediationin a efforts Where such equipment already is present, commit to removal parties both and other 5G equipment supplied by vendors' 'untrusted communications their in networks. 9 by name. Article more actor affected the was by signed document,although was it not mentioned Serbia Kosovo and the and process facilitated by was the US President Trump. One Washington agreement separately the US signed was with by the representatives of The Kosovo. and Serbia between relations economic of normalization the on ment the company,with spite pressure. in of the external theTherethat are Serbian no signs government to wants reassess its relationship companies. Chinese by impact harmful improvementsand ofultimatelymay the future, potentially thein system in result versificationsystem, of furtherthe the possibilitythe sustainability jeopardize can of suppliers, it may become too dependent The on absence its Chinese partners. di of its technologicalin development does and not companies differentiateand partner cooperation could come a with DSR reached has Serbia made and it the focal point However, the Western in Balkans. self-government local and tional level sector. the well security as as It showsthe that decade. the last during Huawei present is telecommunications, in governance on na ments Niš, like a as the positioningthrough of Huawei a as the of documentthe purpose signing the development was of a Cities’the ‘Smart Serbia in Huawei with April 2019. in tions”. continue to develop including telecommunica bilateral cooperation aspects, all in occasion,that Vučić and preserve friendship “Serbia China that said true with will Washington in themeeting Chinese ambassadorhis was to Belgrade, Chen Bo. On WASHINGTON AGREEMENT – THE PAPER TIGER The partnership between Serbia between Theandpartnership strategicHuawei lifted been on the has level When it comes to Serbia, the government MoU signed an for the development of Awarethe to couldrelationship the 5G article bewith that harmful Beijing, Serbia 9 Article It that clear was SeptemberOn 4, 2020, Washington, in Serbian President Vučić, signed the agree said, Serbian as officials Still, Huawei has come to Serbia to“stay for a 85 That That cooperation has showsnot disturbed beenthat the fact Huawei opened

separate agreementseparate the US with on the issue, nor it introduced has rele

pilot project, well Belgrade Novi and as as Sad. of the agreement stated: “both parties will prohibit will of parties the use the of agreement stated: “both

timely fashion.” timely

referred to Chinese suppliers. Serbia’s With this,

price. Serbia If relies too much on Huawei China and

parliamentary elections Serbia, in the parliamentparliamentary is 83

strategic partner for cities partner governstrategic local and 82 It was also announced It that also was

‘Smart City’strategy, ‘Smart 84

political will. That means That means

long time”. time”. long

strategic strategic

com ------supply chain to assure its national security andthe supply security of security itsits national to citizens. assure chain Serbia must have a developments the region in the and EU. comes the When time for the 5G rollout, Serbia mind, in China should with partnership the strategic followHaving further of cooperation well aspects wouldSerbia as as into that the DSR. China, and fall on the EU, the issue in so and far, the US been more has involved. the EU, it can’t Serbia Huawei’s to limit withoutthat the issue. The US fact remains pressure,thereare no other reasons for bia some breathing space, choosing either not the US with on to or align this China comes. rollout network 5G the for tender have open Serbia when transparent and for that an said will the time partners the Washington regarding there nothat are misunderstandings agreement. Brnabić Brnabić,Minister who she that said spoken had Huawei with representatives and ton agreement signed. The was opening of Huawei’s and Innovationits Digitalization Center Belgrade in only 10 So far, the Washington agreement did not influence overall relations between Since then, the tender for the 5G rollout been delayed. has enabledhas This Ser

look of the direction in because Brussels, there nostance is unified

transparent tendertransparent process should and be ready to diversifythe

participation. As a participation. As 86

country that aspires to membership that country in

center attended was Prime by

days after thedays after Washing - - 21

China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 22 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans to implement 5G the Toolbox. EU andtheEU the future, in shouldEU encourageand motivatethe regional countries rollout countries become in of the countries as Western will members Balkans of the thethe theEU. future of that regionwithin is EUThe should pay attention to the 5G by should and the EU closely coordinate steps.to has see future Balkans Western DSR. and on China the process but should of digitalization and avoid diversifypartners solelyrelying the countries All should future. Balkans Western digital secure continue to work on shouldtries not be overseen neglected and when it comes to a building the Chinese influencethethrough DSR. However,the other coun Balkans Western they have of to the rights respect to and safety. Serbian their ensure citizens use the equipment technology and provided doing In by so, the Chinese partners. be government the Serbian because in be the one it case important will will to that the Chinese presence doesn’t up to governments the national still is to policymakers and provide that assurances DSR. the on companies Chinese and level,local Serbia established has a itself as City’include theand announced will ‘Smart projectthat a projects the sphere in of telecommunications, ‘Safe City’ projectthe in sector, security sphere, a becoming decade. the last during ItChina established has a network. 5G initiative, nor have the involvement they banned of Chinese companies the future in tenegro, Herzegovina, and Bosnia Serbia and have not joined the ‘Clean Network’ vendors' the upcoming in Mon tenders from participating for the 5G infrastructure. the UShave with expressed readiness and steps to to aligned take forbid 'untrusted Kosovoand Macedonia, spherecooperation North Albania, China. the digital in with the US its and ‘Clean Network’ initiative, and, to a but influenced itrelations China, also is with theby other andactors,first foremost the auspices DSR widely differs.Cooperation dependslevel theheavily existing on of Recommendations and Conclusion The question theof 5G network rollout thehas dominated conversation about When it comes to the Westernthe level of Balkans, under cooperation China with The Western Balkans nationsThe shouldincluded be Balkans Western rule-setting processesin led thein region,of China Serbiapartner the mostAs significant is most open to comesCooperation concerns, potential China challenges and with with but it Serbia a is

specific case becausecase specific thehas strategicdevelopedpartnership it of with

focal point of the DSR in this part offocal point Europe. of part the DSRstrategic Through this in

come with harmful consequences.come harmful especially That is with

reliable and significant partner of China reliableof China partner significant and

limited extent, the EU. extent, limited

close partnership in the digital digital the in partnership close

governance system on the

resilient and and resilient - - Author @ ChinaObservers @ ChinaObservers (AMO),International Affairs a assessment. critical and experience-sharing CHOICE by the Association for run is Europe. CHOICE to strives build a influenceing theof People’s Europe (CHOICE) collaborative platform. CHOICE monitors evaluates and the ris Theand publicationEastern theObserversCentral in China within was prepared About CHOICE FOLLOW US! www.twitter.com/ www.facebook.com/ www.chinaobservers.eu for Political Excellence and a ers the countries a of with Western Balkans Belgrade Security the Forum. CHOICEWithin platform, Stefan cov Vladisavljev Stefan

and [email protected] chinaobservers #ChinaObservers ChinaObservers

Republic countries Eastern and in of of China Central

Prague-based foreign policy think tank and NGO. and foreign tank Prague-based policy think

multinational platform for open discussion, discussion, open for platform multinational is a is

Program CoordinatorProgram at the Belgrade Fund

member of of the team organization the

@vladisavljev_s

special focus on Serbia. - - 23

China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 24 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans on international affairs with special special focus with on Czech onforeignpolicy. international affairs of goal the Researchmain Center systematic is observation, commentary and analysis public and politicalcurrent issues encourages and expert debate on related topics. The activeit approach an supports to foreign policy, provides independent an of analysis think-tank, which not is boundor toideology. any political party With activities, its The ResearchCenter theAssociationof isa forAffairs International → → → → → → → policy. foreign and relations international establishedhas the Czech itself as leading independent the field in institution of thein to Czech activities its RepublicThanks and abroadand 20-yeartradition,AMO through a of international affairs founded 1997. in Themission AMO been has to of contribute to a Associationis a for International Affairs AMO About AMO RESEARCH CENTER RESEARCH AMO TO: STRIVES ITS GOALS TO AMO ACHIEVE ORDER IN FOLLOW US!

cooperate like-minded with international and institutions. local domain; public wider the in relations international in interest support conditionscreate vital for of a growth national press; inter and local for events current on comments and assessments critical present educationalorganize projects; international conferences, roundtables,arrange seminars, expert public debates; formulate publish and briefing,and policyresearch papers; www.instagram.com/ www.linkedin.com/company/ www.youtube.com/ www.twitter.com/ www.facebook.com/ www.amo.cz AMO_cz AMOcz AMO.cz AMO.cz

broad of range educational research and activities. AMOcz

non-governmental non-profit organization organization non-profit non-governmental

new expert generation; expert new

deeper understanding understanding deeper

leading Czech - 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Footnotes

Fac won’t “France

David Shepardson, “U.S. FCC issues final orders declaring Huawei, ZTE national security threats”, security national ZTE Huawei, declaring orders final issues FCC “U.S. Shepardson, David Eric Geller, “Trump signs order setting stage to ban Huawei from U.S.”,15, Huawei ban May 2019,to Politico, stage setting order signs “Trump Geller, Eric https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/dont-underestimate-indias-sidelining-of-huawei/ “Don’t USA’sof the total-telecom-equipment-market-2020/ 2020”, 8, 2021, Group, Market March Equipment Dell’Oro Telecom Takeaways—Total “Key Pongratz, Stefan See CES. and SP router network, access radio https://www.silicon.co.uk/workspace/huawei-offers-source-code-97219 30,June 2020, https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/15/trump-ban-huawei-us-1042046 Communist%20Party. index.html# internet-via-its-digital-silk-road-pub-81857 8, 2020, May SupChina, https://www.cfr.org/china-digital-silk-road/ internet-via-its-digital-silk-road-pub-81857 8, 2020, May SupChina, https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/Report_Digital_Silk_Road_July_2020.pdf https://insights.greyb.com/company-with-most-5g-patents/ b30d-0be32a097f1c 5, 2020, August Times, beyond”, The Financial 28, 2015, http://2017. March China, the People’s of Commerce of Ministry and of Affairs Foreign Ministry Commission, https://www.businessinsider.com/france-wont-ban-huawei-but-favors-european-5g-systems-2020-8 ec.europa.eu/en/library/eu-toolbox-5g-security “The EU toolbox for 5G security”, European Commission, March 8, 2021, Commission, European security”, toolboxEU 5G for “The India did not ban Huawei’s ban not did India The market covers broadband access, microwave and optical transport, mobile core Network and core Network mobile transport, andoptical microwave access, broadband covers market The “The Clean Network”, The US Department of State, https://2017-2021. State, of Department Network”, The US Clean “The Road?”, Silk Digital its via Internet Global the Control China Triolo, Paul “Will and Greene Robert author. the with Interview China’s “Assessing Kurlantzick, Joshua Road?”, Silk Digital its via Internet Global the Control China Triolo, Paul “Will and Greene Robert China’s al. Unpacking et Dekker Brigitte 2, 2020, Patents”, of 5G August GreyB, Number Holds Maximum “Huawei for and 5G standards on global way the leads “China Akiyama, Hiroyuki and Ryugen Hideaki Reform and Development Road”, and Belt National building on jointly actions and “Vision Tom Jowitt, “Huawei Offers Australian Access To Source Code”, Sillicon, October Code”,24, Access 2021, Source Sillicon, To Australian Offers Tom “Huawei Jowitt,

Underestimate India’s Underestimate

:~:text=The%20Clean%20Network%20program%20is,as%20the%20Chinese%20 pressure. The ban came because of various bilateral disputes. See Justin Sherman, Sherman, Justin See disputes. bilateral various of because came ban The pressure.

ban Huawei but favors European 5G systems”, Associated Press, August 28, 2020, August Press, Associated systems”, 5G European favors but Huawei ban https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-telecom-idUSKBN24130A . https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/05/08/will-china-control-global- https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/05/08/will-china-control-global-

participation in the construction of 5G infrastructure as a as infrastructure of 5G construction the in participation

Sidelining of Huawei”, The Diplomat, September 17, of Huawei”,September Diplomat, The 2020,Sidelining beltandroadforum.org/english/n100/2017/0410/c22-45.html

. Digital Silk Road Initiative”, Council on Foreign Relations, on Relations, Foreign Council Initiative”, Road Silk Digital

Digital Silk Road. The Hague: Clingendael, July 2020,July Clingendael, Hague: The Road. Silk Digital . . . https://www.ft.com/content/858d81bd-c42c-404d- . https://www.delloro.com/key-takeaways- . state.gov/the-clean-network/ . t :/ tal y. g e t a r t s l- a it g i s://d p htt

Republic of Republic .

result result

. . . 25

China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 26 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 30

ete A Heather

“A

Marsela Musabelliu, “Albania political briefing: 5G in Albania: more about politics than technology”, technology”, than politics about more Albania: in 5G briefing: political “Albania Musabelliu, Marsela June Insight, Prespa”,Balkan after History Rewriting Greece: Macedonia, “North Topalova, Katerina Five of six Western Balkans Countries are part of the 17+1 of the part are Countries Balkans Western Five of six Ivan Nikolvski and Zoran Nechev, “Fortifying 5G Networks in North Macedonia: The Need Need for The Macedonia: in North 5G Networks Nechev, “Fortifying Zoran and Nikolvski Ivan 17+1 on information Detailed Joseph Hammond, “China on the Sideline as Japan Plays Bigger Role in Kosovo”,Role Bigger May Plays Diplomat, The Japan as Sideline on the “China Hammond, Joseph plan_october_2020_en.pdf neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/communication_on_wb_economic_and_investment_ 6, 2020, October Commission, European Balkans”, Western for the Plan Investment and Economic An - theRegions of Committee the and Committee Social and Economic doesn’t China that fact due the to platform of the part not is Kosovo Macedonia. North Montenegro, Albania, Europe. Prague: Association for International Affairs, 2020, Affairs, for International Association Prague: Europe. at-the-white-house-cover-wider-scope-than-expected 4, 2020, September Balkans, environment-mr-keith-krach/ between-prime-minister-hoti-and-under-secretary-of-state-for-economic-growth-energy-and-the- ks.net/en/a-memorandum-of-cooperation-on-establishment-of-clean-5g-networks-was-signed- October 23, Kosovo, of 2020, Minister Prime the Krach”, of Mr. Office Keith Environment, the and Energy, Growth, for Economic of State Under Secretary and Hoti Minister footprint-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ 2020, Affairs, China’s kosovo/ 19, 2020, becoming-chinese-client-state-case-serbia 2020, November Studies, International and for Strategic Center 5g-in-albania-more-about-politics-than-technology/ 9, December 2019, Institute, China-CEE relations-in-the-xi-era/ 17, September Era”,Xi 2019, Sinopsis, ne-marredheniet-e-miqesise-dhe-partneritetit-me-shtetet-e-bashkuara-te-amerikes/ Minister’s Prime Albania partners/ https://chinaobservers.eu/fortifying-5g-networks-in-north-macedonia-the-need-for-western- 2021, 12, January Europe, Eastern and Central in Observers China Partners”, Western org/a/north-macedonia-officially-joins-nato/30513509.html prespa/ 17, 2020, publication-empty-shell-no-more-chinas-growing-footprint-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ Ivana Karásková et al. Empty Shell China’s No More: Shell Empty al. et Karásková Ivana Western European expected”, than scope wider cover House White the at signed “Documents “Historic day in the relations of friendship and partnership with the United States of America”, States United the with partnership and of friendship relations the in day “Historic Anne-Marie Brady and Hiromichi Higashi, “Are we real friends? Albania-China relations in the the in relations Albania-China “Are friends? we real Higashi, Hiromichi and Brady Anne-Marie “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European European the Council, the Parliament, European the to Commission the from “Communication “North Macedonia Officially Joins NATO”, Radio Free Europe, March March Europe, NATO”,Free 27, Radio Joins 2020, Officially Macedonia “North

Memorandum of Cooperation on Establishment of clean 5G networks was signed between Prime Prime between signed was networks 5G of clean on Establishment of Cooperation Memorandum

. recognize Kosovo as an independent country. independent an as Kosovo recognize . Growing Footprint in Central and Eastern Europe. Prague: Association for International for International Association Prague: Europe. Eastern and Central in Footprint Growing https://balkaninsight.com/2020/06/17/north-macedonia-greece-rewriting-history-after- https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/china-on-the-sideline-as-japan-plays-bigger-role-in- .

Conley et al. Becoming a Becoming al. et Conley https://chinaobservers.eu/new-publication-empty-shell-no-more-chinas-growing- .

Office, 2020, Office, . https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2020/09/04/documents-signed-

platform can be find in: Ivana Karásková et al. Empty Shell No More: Empty Shell al. et Karásková in: Ivana find be can platform .

Chinese Client State - The Case of Serbia. Washington, D.C.: Serbia. Washington, of Case -The State Client Chinese https://sinopsis.cz/en/are-we-real-friends-albania-china- https://kryeministria.al/en/newsroom/nje-dite-e-shenuar- https://china-cee.eu/2019/12/09/albania-political-briefing- . . .

Growing Footprint in Central and Eastern Eastern and Central in Footprint Growing .

platform: Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Herzegovina, and Bosnia Serbia, platform: https://chinaobservers.eu/new- . https://www.csis.org/analysis/ https://ec.europa.eu/ https://kryeministri- t :/w.rf rl. fe r s://www. p htt .

. 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31

List of all countries can be found in the official presentation of the program at theprogram of presentation official the in found be can countries of all List Miloš Rudović, “Oprezno sa 5G”, Vijesti, September 27, September 5G”, 2020, sa Vijesti, “Oprezno https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/ Rudović, Miloš “Sarajevo innovation conference explores China-CEEC cooperation opportunities”, Xinhua, Xinhua, opportunities”, cooperation China-CEEC explores conference innovation “Sarajevo Catherine Sbeglia, “Kosovo and Albania agree to develop Pristina-Tirana digital 5G corridor”, RCR 5G digital Pristina-Tirana develop to agree Albania and “Kosovo Sbeglia, Catherine “Ekonomska borba i borba “Ekonomska “Huawei aids Bosnia and Herzegovina in building smart city”, Xinhua, November November Xinhua, city”,7, 2018, smart building in Herzegovina and Bosnia aids “Huawei “Američki ambasador razgovarao sa Mitrovićem o Mitrovićem sa razgovarao ambasador “Američki signed been has agreement credit (the power plant Tuzla coal-fired plant; power thermal Stanari “Serbia, China sign framework agreement on economic, technological infrastructure cooperation”, cooperation”, infrastructure technological on economic, agreement framework sign China “Serbia, povratak-u-buducnost/190418138 18, 2019, technologies/ u-bosni-i-hercegovini-uspjesno-odrzan-prvi-program-za-mlade-talente-kompanije-huawei- A&S Technologies”, Huawei https://www.huawei.com/minisite/seeds-for-the-future/history.html technologies/ u-bosni-i-hercegovini-uspjesno-odrzan-prvi-program-za-mlade-talente-kompanije-huawei- A&S Technologies”, Huawei at: available Video out. roll network 5G the Telekom in Huawei and network/ 2019, https://en.imsilkroad.com/p/118790.html 7,November 2018, %C4%8Deka-5g-mre%C5%BEu-bih-nema-ni-punu-4g-pokrivenost/30903247.html 20, 2020, October Europe, Free Radio pokrivenost”, 4G com/Vijesti/a439860/Americki-ambasador-razgovarao-sa-Mitrovicem-o-5G-mrezi.html net/vijesti/crna-gora-ce-do-kraja-2022-godine-dobiti-5g-mrezu in-network-upgrade-deal-with-chinas-huawei-210698 China’s drustvo/472681/oprezno-sa-5g. publication-empty-shell-no-more-chinas-growing-footprint-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ 2020, Affairs, for International Association Prague: Europe. Eastern China’s No More: Shell Empty al. et Karásková Ivana in collected on data Based Vukosavlje-Brcko branch. and Vukosavlje-Doboj highway motorway; Grad Luka-Nov Banja (potential); plant power thermal yet); Banovici started not works have construction the but kosovo-and-albania-agree-to-develop-pristina-tirana-digital-5g-corridor 2020, 12, October News, Wireless framework-agreement-on-economic-technological-infrastructure-cooperation.php 2009, 21, August of Serbia, Government “Crna Gora će do 2022 će Gora “Crna “BH Telecom claims it is Technologically ready to launch 5G Network”, Sarajevo Times, August 18, August Times, Network”, Sarajevo 5G launch to ready Technologically it is Telecom“BH claims “Montenegro’s Georgiev, Georgi BH Telekom also had promotional activities that have showcased the cooperation between BH between cooperation the showcased have that activities promotional BH Telekom had also Selma Boračić-Mršo and Gordana Sandić-Hadžihasanović, “Dok čeka 5G mrežu, BiH nema ni punu punu ni nema BiH mrežu, 5G čeka “Dok Sandić-Hadžihasanović, Gordana and Boračić-Mršo Selma “Po prvi put u put prvi “Po “Po prvi put u put prvi “Po https://www.sarajevotimes.com/bh-telecom-claims-it-is-technologically-ready-to-launch-5g-

Huawei”, 19, December 2011, https://www.klix.ba/biznis/ekonomska-borba-i-sansa-na-primjeru-tehnologije-huawei- . . .

Bosni i Bosni i Bosni http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/07/c_137587059.htm

šansa na primjeru tehnologije: Huawei - povratak u -povratak Huawei tehnologije: primjeru na šansa

Hercegovini – uspješno održan prvi program za mlade talente kompanije kompanije talente mlade za program prvi održan –uspješno Hercegovini kompanije talente mlade za program prvi održan –uspješno Hercegovini

dobiti 5g mrežu”, Al Jazeera Balkans, April 21, 2020, 21, April Balkans, Jazeera mrežu”, 5g Al dobiti

Adria, November 16, November 2020, Adria, Adria, November 16, November 2020, Adria,

Crnogorski Telekom in Network Upgrade Deal with with Deal Telekom Upgrade Network Crnogorski in https://www.rcrwireless.com/20201012/network-infrastructure/ . https://seenews.com/news/montenegros-crnogorski-telekom- https://www.srbija.gov.rs/vest/en/58295/serbia-china-sign- .

5G mreži”,5G N1 . https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/dok- https://www.asadria.com/po-prvi-put- https://www.asadria.com/po-prvi-put-

. BIH, June 6, June 2020,BIH,

Growing Footprint in Central and and Central in Footprint Growing https://fb.watch/29gO3Mu_DB/ https://chinaobservers.eu/new- .

budućnost”, budućnost”, . http://balkans.aljazeera.

. http://ba.n1info. . Klix.ba . .

, April , April . . 27

China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 28 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 63 54 53 52 51 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 50 49 48 47

“Konsolidovani godišnji izveštaj o izveštaj godišnji “Konsolidovani economy, develop to U.S. despite telecoms China with links chooses “Serbia Vasović, Aleksandar “Telenor rolled-out first 5G station in Serbia”,in station 5G Telenor, 2019,June first “Telenor rolled-out “EU partnerstvo sa Srbijom: EU najbolji partner i Srbijom: partner najbolji sa EU partnerstvo “EU “Data Centar u Centar “Data “Uspešan početak primene Memoranduma o Memoranduma primene početak “Uspešan “Internet speed of 30 speed “Internet Full document is available at: at: available is document Full Two and Jointly of of Serbia State Tomislav Nikolić Heads President with Holds Talks Jinping “Xi telenor/news/news-and-press-releases/telenor-rolled-out-first-5g-base-station-in-serbia/ 2020, speed-of-30-mbps-for-every-citizen-in-serbia/ 27, April 2017, Telecommunication, 150mn-project-to-develop-landline-network-in-serbia-107530/?source=serbia 6, 2016, October IntelliNews, huawei-idUSKCN2592AN 13, 2020, August Reuters, campaign”, warning U884QcCuUE/index.html https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2020-09-28/Huawei-opens-IT-innovation-center-in-Serbia- https://www.energetskiportal.rs/data-centar-u-kragujevcu-pusten-u-rad/ 2019, komercijalni-korisnik-drzavnog-data-centra-u-kragujevcu/ https://rs-8nqof7qzeod2et99kimwqegbnmsmjnby.n1info.com/scitech/a681254-huawei-postaje- kragujevac-data-centre-723244# 3, 2020,December Serbia’s of user commercial first becomes Ralev, “IBM Radomir https://www.ekapija.com/en/news/2650760/huawei-to-open-its-data-center-in-kragujevac https://www.srbija.gov.rs/view_file.php?file_id=2431&cache=sr memoranduma-o-informatickom-putu-svile/ 27, September 2017, Telecommunication, and mu/ministarstva/memorandum/2016/9/1/reg covid-19/ srbijom-eu-najbolji-partner-i-najveci-donator-vec-20-godina-i-na-prvoj-liniji-fronta-u-borbi-protiv- u fronta xjpdsrwyblwzbkstjxgsfwbcxshzzcygyslshdschy/t1373837.shtml 18, June 2016, of Affairs, Foreign Ministry Chinese Partnership”, Strategic Comprehensive of China-Serbia Establishment Announce “Telekom Srbija and Huawei launch €150mn project to develop landline network in Serbia”, in network landline develop to project €150mn launch “Telekom Huawei Srbija and u centra data Državnog korisnik komercijalni postaje “Huawei On December 3, 2020, IBM has become the first commercial user at the National data center, see center,see data theNational at user commercial 3, first the 2020, become December On has IBM 28, 2020, October of Serbia, Address”, Government Keynote “Prime-Ministerial “Huawei to open its Data Center in Kragujevac”, Ekapija, October 7, October 2019, Ekapija, Kragujevac”, in Center Data its open to “Huawei Aljoša Milenković, “Huawei opens IT innovation center in Serbia”, CGTN, September 28, 2020, Serbia”, September in CGTN, center innovation IT opens “Huawei Milenković, Aljoša 6, Serbia”, November in News, SEE platform AI of the development back to Ralev, “Huawei Radomir According to the data from the Serbian Business Registry Agency. Registry Business Serbian the from data the to According https://seenews.com/news/huawei-to-back-development-of-ai-platform-in-serbia-675301 https://mts.rs/Binary/1479/KI-2019-srp.pdf

borbi protiv COVID-19”,borbi protiv u EU .

Kragujevcu pušten u pušten Kragujevcu https://seenews.com/news/ibm-becomes-first-commercial-user-of-serbias-

mbps for every citizen in Serbia”, Ministry of Trade, Tourism and of Trade, and Tourism Serbia”, in Ministry citizen formbps every . . https://www.intellinews.com/telekom-srbija-and-huawei-launch- https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/ .

poslovanju Telekom Srbija a.d. u Telekom Srbija a.d. poslovanju https://mtt.gov.rs/en/releases-and-announcements/internet-

rad”, City of Kragujevac, March 10,March 2020, rad”,Kragujevac, City of

Srbiji, April 24,Srbiji, April 2020, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/

Informatičkom putu svile”, Ministry of Trade, Tourism Ministry svile”, putu Informatičkom https://mtt.gov.rs/slider/uspesan-pocetak-primene- . https://www.reuters.com/article/us-serbia-china- . .

najveći donator već 20 već donator najveći . . http://europa.rs/eu-partnerstvo-sa-

Kragujevcu”, N1, December 8, 2020, December N1, Kragujevcu”,

. Kragujevac data centre”, SeeNews, centre”, SeeNews, data Kragujevac . https://www.telenor.rs/en/about-

2019

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na prvoj liniji liniji prvoj na . . . 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64

The document is available (in Serbian) at: at: Serbian) (in available is The document The website of the initiative: initiative: the The of website Paul Mozur, “Inside China’s Jonathan E. Hillman and Maesea McCalpin, CSIS, November 4, November 2019, CSIS, McCalpin, Maesea and Hillman E. Jonathan Heather A. Conley et al. Becoming a Becoming al. et Conley A. Heather Mila Đurđević, “Šta odlaže uvođenje 5G u 5G uvođenje odlaže “Šta Đurđević, Mila “Annual report”, Huawei, 2018, Huawei, report”, “Annual Charlie Campbell, “‘The Entire System Is Designed to Suppress Us.’ What the Chinese Surveillance Surveillance Chinese the Us.’What to Suppress Designed Is System Entire “‘The Campbell, Charlie See Huawei Smart City overview presentation: presentation: City overview Smart Huawei See “Beograđane će narednih godina na ulicama snimati još 1000 još snimati ulicama na godina narednih će “Beograđane Mila Đurđević and Svetlana Božić Krainčanić, “Kineske kompanije sa crne liste SAD prisutne prisutne SAD liste crne sa kompanije “Kineske Krainčanić, Božić Svetlana and Đurđević Mila society organizations. society civil and opposition, political the media, independent on pressure putting liberties, civil and rights political eroded steadily has (SNS) Party Progressive Serbian ruling the years recent in but elections, kompanije-crna-lista-sad/30254541.html u becoming-chinese-client-state-case-serbia 2020, November Studies, International and for Strategic Center kompanije-crna-lista-sad/30254541.html u https://hiljade.kamera.rs/sr/vesti/mup-mora-da-obelezi-sve-kamere-u-beogradu/.. https://hiljade.kamera.rs/Documents/SpisakKamera.xlsx pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=nDWYTNc http://www.mup.gov.rs/wps/wcm/connect/b152c15f-16eb-47b3-b9a4-c7f32c2cc1ba/lokacije. MUP-Procena-uticaja-obrade-na-zastitu-podataka-o-licnosti-koriscenjem-sistema-video-nadzora.pdf kamera/ph4m512 https://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/beogradane-ce-narednih-godina-na-ulicama-snimati-jos-1000- technology.html YorkNew 2018, July Times, https://time.com/5735411/china-surveillance-privacy-issues/ World”, of the Rest for the 2019, Means 21, November State Time, 8,July 2018, https://www.csis.org/analysis/watching-huaweis-safe-cities https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/srbija-5g-mreza-sta-odlaze-uvodjenje/31024900.html the%20frequency,Commerce%2C%20Tourism%20and%20Telecommunications%20informs. https://www.serbianmonitor.com/en/5g-in-serbia-as-of-2021/# smartcity/02ad4d5ab608492ea24659ec667f04bd Chris Buckley and Paul Mozur, “How China Uses High-Tech Surveillance to Subdue Minorities”, Subdue to Minorities”, High-Tech Uses China “How Mozur, Surveillance Paul and Buckley Chris Snežana Bjelotomić, “5G in Serbia as of 2021”, as Serbia Monitor, 28, in July 2020. “5G Serbian Bjelotomić, Snežana Freedom House rated Serbia as ‘’partialy free’’ parliamentary democracy with competitive multiparty multiparty competitive with democracy parliamentary free’’ ‘’partialy as Serbia rated House Freedom “MUP mora da obeleži sve kamere u kamere sve obeleži da mora “MUP Mila Đurđević and Svetlana Božić Krainčanić, “Kineske kompanije sa crne liste SAD prisutne prisutne SAD liste crne sa kompanije “Kineske Krainčanić, Božić Svetlana and Đurđević Mila “Locations of the surveillance cameras in Belgrade”, Ministry of Interior, 2020, of Interior, Ministry Belgrade”, in cameras surveillance of the “Locations Locations of surveillance cameras based on the #1000kamera initiative: initiative: #1000kamera on the based cameras of surveillance Locations

Srbiji”, 6, November 2019, Europe, Free Radio Srbiji”, 6, November 2019, Europe, Free Radio https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/08/business/china-surveillance-technology.html . .

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/08/business/china-surveillance- Dystopian Dreams: A.I., Shame and Lots of Cameras”, New York New of Cameras”, Lots Times, and Shame A.I., Dreams: Dystopian https://hiljade.kamera.rs/sr/pocetna/ https://www.huawei.com/en/annual-report/2018

Beogradu”, SHARE Foundation, September 18, 2020 September Foundation, SHARE Beogradu”, Chinese Client State - The Case of Serbia. Washington, D.C.: Serbia. Washington, of Case -The State Client Chinese https://www.sharefoundation.info/wp-content/uploads/ . . .

Srbiji?”, Radio Free Europe, December 29, December Srbiji?”, 2020, Europe, Free Radio . https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/kineske- https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/kineske- https://e.huawei.com/za/material/industry/ . .

kamera”, Blic, January 1, 2019, 1, January Blic, kamera”, . :~:text=The%20auction%20for%20 https://www.csis.org/analysis/

. . 29

China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 30 China’s 'Digital Silk Road' Enters the Western Balkans 86 85 84 83 82 Sbj i “Srbija

“Šta je potpisano – tekst sporazuma”, N1, September 5, 2020, September N1, sporazuma”, –tekst potpisano je “Šta Majda Ruge and Stefan Vladisavljev, “Serbia’s Vladisavljev, Stefan and Ruge Majda 2019, 22, April of Serbia, Dame”, Government of Notre for reconstruction €1m allocates “Government 14, 2020, 2020, 14, kinezi-nece-zameriti-odredbu-o-5g-iz-vasingtonskog-sporazuma/240868/ 13, 2020, September SEEbiz, washington_the_art_of_muddling_through/ 2020, 22, September through”, ECFR, tekst-sporazuma-beograd-pristina/ dame.php https://www.srbija.gov.rs/vest/en/140060/government-allocates-1m-for-reconstruction-of-notre- “Huawei otvorio centar za inovacije i inovacije za centar otvorio “Huawei

Huawei: Vučić se nada da Kinezi neće zameriti odredbu o odredbu zameriti neće Kinezi da VučićHuawei: nada se https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/30838169.html . https://www.seebiz.eu/tehnologija/srbija-i-huawei-vucic-se-nada-da- .

razvoj digitalizacije u digitalizacije razvoj https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_serbias_5g_deal_with_

5G deal with Washington: The art of muddling of muddling art The Washington: with deal 5G .

Beogradu”, Radio Free Europe, September September Europe, Free Radio Beogradu”, . https://rs.n1info.com/vesti/a636581-

5G iz Vašingtonskog sporazuma”, sporazuma”, Vašingtonskog iz 5G .