February 2007 Volume 5, Issue 1

Global Health Matters

Fogarty International Center (NIH/HHS) “Science for Glob al Health”

Fogarty Framework Programs in Global Health INSIDE THIS ISSUE: World-renowned research “Framework Programs for A repeated theme Letter from the Director 2 scientists and educators from Global Health.” throughout the meeting all corners of the globe—U.S., was the catalytic value of Latin America, Africa, China The programs link schools bringing all these strands Fogarty Ellison Fellows 3 and Russia—gathered on the from diverse disciplines on a together as a truly trans- Share NIH campus on November 30 single or on multiple campus program. The flip and December 1, 2006, to campuses—such as Schools of side, however, was the Foreign Tracking System 5 participate in the first Public Health and Medicine repeated theme of the international networking with Schools of Engineering, challenges—administrative meeting for the FIC Law, Business, International and cultural—of working Malaria Progress and 5 Relations, Communications across traditional Perspective and others—to create joint boundaries within the activities, curricula and institutions. FIC Strategic Plan 6 educational opportunities in global health. In a series of short presentations, panel Across the Center 7 In many cases, the process of discussions and break out preparing an application was working groups Bioethics Training Pro- 7 the first time some members of participants discussed the gram in Egypt the global health community various models they are at a university learned of each using to create global Dr. Flora Katz, Program Director, other’s work. health programs. Framework, FIC and

Dr. Warren Johnson, Cornell University Continued on page 4

International Health Research Activities Report

Under the direction of Dr. Karen Hofman, Director of Fo­ Overview of Scope and Timeframe garty’s Division of Advanced Studies and Policy Analysis, planning has begun for publication of the new biennial, For New Publication trans-NIH report on investment in international health research and research training.

The Fogarty International Center, with the support of the NIH "Polls indicate that the American public wants to address Director, is coordinating an effort which will enable NIH to global health disparities and believes that health research take stock of the extent of our current extramural investments should be top priority for international spending,” said Dr. in global health—the International Health Research Activities Hofman. "Internal and external stakeholders are clamoring for Report. It is hoped the report will be of use to a broad range of information on NIH investments abroad and this is an opportu­ audiences, including policy-makers, researchers and national nity to provide them and the U.S. Congress with what they governments. need.”

Continued on page 4 Volume 5, Issue 1 Page 2 LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR

It is a critical time in this country’s history—and tween countries and the whole vexed issue of health systems. in the state of the world, where in the broadest sense we in health have a great deal to offer. As we know, the world faces enormous environmental threats to health, Therefore, it was a tremendous privilege to wel­ whether it is water shortages and air pollution in China, or rising tempera­ come Dr. Barry Bloom, the Dean of the Har­ ture and the inevitable spread of vector-born and other diseases. People vard School of Public Health, to the NIH cam­ around the world are displaced by war, famine and civil and political un­ pus to address us on the mission of global health rest. There are almost 40 million displaced refugees and a slew of failed at the 2006 David E. Barmes Global Health states since 1955, where parts of the country or governments can not con­ Lecture. trol the security of their population.

“The challenge in global health is simple. A The agenda of infectious diseases will never be finished—in Sub-Saharan billion of the 6.2 billion people alive enjoy a long Africa, communicable diseases represent two-thirds of all the deaths and healthy life. Our challenge is to help the there—and more than one-third in Asia. This represents major health other five billion to live longer, healthier lives,” problems. The data are imposing in terms of the burdens of infectious Dr. Roger I. Glass as Dr. Bloom stated. “The global public health diseases, the cumulative deaths from AIDS—the fact that TB is a cocon­ paradigm—and it is a paradigm—can be summa­ spirator with AIDS and kills vast numbers of people. Beyond AIDS, there rized in three simple statements. The first is to is the recurrent issue of emerging infections. The Institute of Medicine define the problem; the second is to identify the risks; and the third is to (IOM) has documented 32 new infections that have either infected hu­ design interventions to prevent the disease or the problem.” mans for the first time or recurred in humans when they were thought to be eradicated. A leader in global health, Dr. Bloom has been on the advisory boards of the International Vaccine Institute and WHO. He has worked with the Another major agenda in global health is the epidemic of chronic disease. Gates Foundation and with almost every major group that has advised on When children do not die at the age of five because we can protect them— global health. He has been, and continues to be, a “lifeguard” for Fogarty. to some extent against infectious diseases—they will live to develop In 1996, he worked with us to create a group of articulate recommenda­ chronic diseases. There will be a boom of aging and a rapid increase in tions that changed the direction of Fogarty, for the past decade. He re­ chronic diseases—in countries that can’t even control most of their com­ turned, in 2003, to provide a reorientation of that plan and those recom­ municable diseases. mendations still guide us today. A quote that has rung salient with me was in an interview Dr. Bloom did Dr. Bloom’s visit was timely. The Harvard School of Public Health—like in Nature. When he was asked what could be done to improve global Fogarty—is going through a strategic planning process. Under Dr. health in the world, his comment was that the most important thing the Bloom’s guidance, they put together a framework of multidisciplinary United States could do in global health would be to create one hundred global health areas that we all recognize as important. These include the times more collaborations with scientists and universities in developing unfinished agenda of communicable disease, the coming epidemic of countries—a clear mission and a direction for all of us at Fogarty and chronic disease, the unnecessary epidemic of injuries and violence and two NIH! overwhelming issues: the disparities in health within countries and be­

Upcoming Program Announcements and Requests for Applications

Program Contact Receipt Date Eligibility Brain Disorders in the Kathleen Michels, PhD Non-AIDS: U.S. and foreign institutions; at least 2 investigators (1 from institution in Developing World (BRAIN) [email protected] May 16 high-income country and 1 from institution in low- to middle-income AIDS-related: country) must collaborate on application as PI & Co-Investigator; PI may August 23 be from low- to middle-income country or from U.S. or other high- income country institution.

Fogarty International Re­ Kathleen Michels, PhD May 21 PI of U.S. based NIH-sponsored research project grant that will be active search Collaboration [email protected] for at least 1 year beyond submission date of application, in collaboration Award—Basic Biomedical with partner institutions in low- to middle-income countries. (FIRCA-BB)

FIC/Ellison Clinical Re­ Aron Primack, MD July through Students at U.S. medical, osteopathic, dental and nursing schools who search Training Fellowship [email protected] December completed basic science courses and 1 year of clinical clerkship; students (ELLISON) in doctoral public health programs who completed coursework and passed qualifying exams prior to beginning of fellowship.

Aids International Training Jeanne McDermott, PhD December 21 U.S. (or pre-approved non- U.S.) nonprofit, public or private institutions and Research Program [email protected] with HIV/AIDS and HIV related research collaborations with low- to (AITRP) middle—-income country institutions. Volume 5, Issue 1 Page 3 Fogarty Ellison Fellows Share

The Ellison Medical Foundation offers a unique opportunity for highly motivated U.S. medical and doctoral students to experi­ ence mentored research training at top ranked NIH-funded "Brazil was steaming hot, research centers in Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, China, Haiti, violent, crime ridden, over India, Kenya, Mali, Peru, Russia, South Africa, Tanzania, run with tropical diseases and my research was a ton Thailand, Uganda and Zambia. of work. Despite that, and

maybe because of it, the Into its fourth year, this highly regarded and successful program Fogarty Ellison Fellowship is inspiring the next generation of U.S. global health research­ was by far the most ers, as Dr. Roger I. Glass, Director, FIC, has stated. Here Elli­ important thing I did in son Fellows share personal insights and photos. medical school. The memories and experience will last a lifetime.” “Everything is going well here in Salvador. Peter "Buzz" Marcovici The research is great—I'm running my own clinical trial…I have a publication coming out soon in American Journal of Favelas, Brazil Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Not my re­ search—too early for that, but a tribute to “After an extraordinary year as a Fogarty Ellison Fellow, I can say with the field workers who keep things running confidence that the year has been a real “eye opener” for me. Through the out at rural clinics. It's titled, "Committed program, I found one of the most rewarding experiences personally was the Technician Making a Difference in Corte impact we had on Botswana.” Raabya Rossenkhan de Pedra, Brazil.” (Brazil, Salvador) Tracey Newlove “So amongst all the fanciful sights and sounds as well as expansive beaches and wondrous wildlife, Tanzania to me will continue to be about the beauty of its people and children, like Rosie, who deserve a better chance to live life to the fullest. My journey begins anew, with the knowledge that through hard work and great perseverance, a differ­ ence can be made to help those most in need.” Jeffrey Blander

“These skills can’t be learned in a book, and for better or worse, they must be lived Dar se Salaam, Tanzania through day-by-day. All the best international Chennai, India health researchers have lived through the joy, “My experience in Tanzania has solidi­ and sometimes the frustration, of personally As a result of the Fogarty Ellison Fellows, fied my interests in infectious disease working abroad (Brazil, Salvador).” I now have an avid interest in global medicine and global health.” Paul Drain Aron Unger health (Chennai, India).” Sonia Singh

“I am attaching the photo of the World AIDS Day 2006 event that I planned in Nanjing, China.” “This image was on the front page of Xiandai Kuaibao, a Nanjing fact or a short story of someone with HIV in China. Passersby were newspaper that reported on the events. The event was hectic and free to walk around the slippers and read the notes.” Susan Wong swarming with people. In the photo, I am the Chinese American woman in a dark blue coat and red hat (top right corner).

Before us is an installation piece that we set up in a large public square in central Nanjing. There are 65 pairs of Chinese slippers laid out in a ribbon and represent the 65 wan or 650,000 people in China believed to be infected with HIV (statistics are from the 2006 reports issued by UNAIDS, WHO and China Ministry of Health).

The 14 red slippers represent the 14 wan or 140,000 people who have been tested and know that they are infected. The 50 blue slippers represent the 50 wan or 500,000 people who are infected but do not know that are infected because they have yet to be tested. And the 1 pair of child size orange slippers represent the 1 wan or 10,000 chil­ dren infected with HIV.

Attached to each pair of slippers is a small note with an HIV/AIDS Nanjing, China Volume 5, Issue 1 Page 4 Fogarty Framework Programs in Global Health

Continued from page 1 for developing country participants; global Korn from the Association of American health conferences and seminar series; and Medical Colleges. Dr. Nils Daulaire, the design of new concentrations and President of the Global Health Council, degrees in global health for students— made a presentation on the work of, and from undergraduate through professional resources available, from that level—were discussed. organization.

The new programs have already attracted The Framework Program is co-sponsored considerable student and faculty interest by the Fogarty International Center, with and enthusiasm, with fully and the National Cancer Institute, the National oversubscribed courses and activities. Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities and the National Institute on Dr. Kathy Michels, FIC, and Dr. Richard Mollica, Deafness and Other Communication Massachusetts General Hospital Disorders. There are currently 19 full framework programs and seven planning grants. Representatives from every program The models presented used a variety of attended the meeting. For more approaches in parallel including: information visit: multidisciplinary courses and seminars; hands on experiential opportunities with international partners; competitive faculty grants to support new course development; and carrying out Dr. Xu Quan, Fudan University, China, and Dr. Peggy networking and groundwork for new Bentely, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill collaborations for global health research.

The use of virtual co-laboratories to Several guests also participated in the prepare and deliver courses jointly with network meeting: Drs. Mark Weiss, Linda faculty and students in other countries Lopez and Rita Tuetonico from the was talked about. Hosting joint National Science Foundation; Dr. U.S-foreign degree programs in other Harrison Spencer from the Association of Schools of Public Health and Dr. David Dr. Ephata Kaaya, Muhimbili University, Tanzania countries to make them more affordable and Dr. Jeffrey Griffiths, Tufts University

International Health Research Activities Report Continued from page 1

In consultation with the scientific community, external To ensure that data uncertainties and report limitations are stakeholder groups and IC international representatives, DASPA clearly communicated to the public, definitions and has developed a scope and timeframe for the report. methodologies will be made available electronically.

The first volume is scheduled for release in June 2007. It will Depending on the outcomes of the 2007 report, classes of focus on extramural international research and training research and research training reported in future years may be investments made in fiscal years 2004 and 2005. In part, due to expanded upon. production time constraints, the plan excludes intramural research from the analysis. However, this may be considered for The first report is to be 75 to 100 pages in length; it will be inclusion in the next report, scheduled for release in 2009. published in print and electronic media, to facilitate access by individuals and institutions around the globe. Given the importance of equitable, collaborative partnerships in advancing international health research and improving health The report will rely heavily on informational graphs and tables, outcomes throughout the world, only research projects that with limited narrative. Data will be aggregated along multiple involve a foreign component will be included for now. dimensions, including country and region of investment, disease code and IC. By excluding certain classes of research, the project (as designed) will result in an underestimate of the ICs’ total global This report represents a renewal of the “Annual Report of health research spending, which Research!America defines as International Activities” which Fogarty published from the health sciences research of relevance to low and middle income 1970s through 2000. countries.

Volume 5, Issue 1 Page 5 “Defining and Defeating the Intolerable Burden of Malaria: Progress and Perspectives”

Upcoming supplement to the accurately? Have the strategies This collection of more than The editors of the malaria sup­ American Journal of Tropical and interventions used de­ 40 plus papers, may of which plement are Joel Breman of the Medicine and Hygiene creased the toll? What are the were presented at a symposium Fogarty International Center new scientific and control ini­ at the 4th Multilateral Initiative (FIC); U.S. National Institutes What is malaria and what con­ tiatives to combat malaria and on Malaria (MIM) Pan African of Health, Martin Alilio of the tribution does this disease define its decrease? Conference held in November Global Health, Population and make to overall and childhood 2005 in Yaoundé, Cameroon, Nutrition Department, Acad­ deaths? How are co-morbidity Authorities on these topics will complement and go be­ emy for Educational Develop­ (malaria associated with other from malarious countries, the yond companion supplements ment, U.S.; Nicholas White of diseases) and co-mortality con­ GMP, and research and control to the American Journal of Tropi- the Mahidol University, Thai­ sidered? organizations will address clini­ cal Medicine and Hygiene on the land and Welcome Research cal issues; epidemiology; con­ malaria burden published in Unit, Oxford University, U.K.; Most importantly, have coun­ trol; evaluation; drugs; vectors; 2004 (v.71, No.2, Suppl;pp1­ and Cherice Holloway of the tries, the Global Malaria Pro­ genetics; immunology and 282) and 2001 (v.64, No.1-2 Fogarty International Center gram (GMP), and other initia­ vaccines; and international Suppl;pp1-106). (FIC), U.S. National Institutes tives defined these burdens cooperation. of Health.

Foreign Tracking System Reaches All Corners of the Globe

Fogarty’s Division of International Rela­ international research portfolio growing on tions (DIR), working with the U.S. De­ a yearly basis, the need for NIH to report Audiences for the new report will range partment of State, has successfully ex­ on its foreign collaborative activity has from internal use within the NIH, foreign tended the use of the Foreign Tracking never been greater. governments and the US Congress. System (FTS) out to 70 percent of all US Embassies worldwide. As a database, FTS allows users—for the The FTS, in future years, could also be first time—to track all NIH--funded extra­ used as a model for other HHS agencies to This number encompassed nearly all coun­ mural research conducted in foreign coun­ track and report their own international tries where NIH has a substantial research tries across ICs. research portfolios. investment—124 countries use FTS— opposed to 30 countries only three months DIR’s Kevin Bialy, Acting International ago. DIR anticipates that all U.S. Embas­ FIC will address the public’s growing interest in the NIH international portfo­ Program Officer for South America, has sies worldwide will be using the system in been conducting training sessions across early 2007. lio by using the FTS data to assist in the creation of the new International the NIH campus to introduce some of the

Health Research Activities Report. The ways in which ICs can report on their in­ Embassy staff can log on to the web-based Report (featured in this issue of GHM) ternational activities as well as the im­ system, review a project, and clear directly will detail the on-going NIH invest­ provements of the FTS over previous for­ through the FTS. Feedback from Embas­ ments at foreign sites worldwide. eign policy clearance mechanisms. sies using the system has been overwhelm­ ingly positive, allowing them to review The next steps in making the FTS more

NIH research projects, from a foreign pol­ useful for ICs and non-NIH users in an icy perspective, within days—or even The International Health Research Activi­ “FTS 2.0” is to incorporate changes rec­ hours. The review time is a marked im­ ties Report (formally known as the An­ ommended by the ICs and US Department provement over the previous cable-based nual Report of International Activities), of State over the past two years. “1820” system, which would take weeks, was last published in FY 2000, and was

or months, for ICs to obtain an embassy largely halted due to the decentralized concurrence. nature and variable format of data avail­ Further versions of the FTS will contain reporting mechanisms that will provide a able from the 27 ICs. full summary of NIH foreign activity in a

While it is clear that the level of NIH inter­ country with one button reports, interac­ national research has been rapidly increas­ With all ICs now submitting data into the tive training modules, and refined key­ ing over the past decade, NIH’s ability to FTS, and the ability to verify foreign fund­ word searches for NIH disease research report those international collaborations, ing amounts in real-time, FIC has solved within a specific country. until now, had been difficult since there the problem of how to accumulate this

was no central repository for the aggre­ information, accurately, in one place from gated international NIH data. With NIH’s all ICs. Volume 5, Issue 1 Page 6 FIC Strategic Plan—Global Perspectives

“How will we train the next landscape of global health research Conference held on the NIH campus generation of U.S. and foreign and identified gaps in global health in Bethesda, MD. Attendees investigators in Global Health?” research. knowledgeable in Global health

included stakeholders from the “What can Fogarty do to stimulate Global Health Research in the U.S. World Health Organization (WHO), and abroad?” On the international front, two Centers for Disease Control and Strategic Planning sessions were held Prevention (CDC), other NIH ICs “What is the role of “Implementation at Forum 10 of the Global Forum for and FIC-supported PIs. Science” in accelerating the Health Research in Cairo, Egypt in

application of Global Health November 2006, attended by Dr. research findings?” Karen Hofman and Dr. Linda There, Dr. Glass, provided Kupfer. impressions of “Fogarty from the The new FIC Strategic Plan will Field,” and a perspective on

address these and other questions “Fogarty: past, present and future.” and guide the Center activities in the Representatives from 16 countries,

next five years. The Strategic 13 of them developing countries, Planning process for Fogarty began attended Fogarty’s sessions Dr. Kupfer, the organizing force in earnest in August of 2006, just a including: South Africa, Cameroon, behind the Strategic Planning few months after Dr. Roger I. Glass Tanzania, Philippines, India, Nepal, Meeting, offered the Stakeholders a came on board as the Director. Dr. Pakistan, China, Colombia, Mexico, view of the Plan “from the starting Glass took up the reins to put Ecuador, Lebanon, Egypt, United gate to the finish” and a summary of Strategic Planning process “on a fast Kingdom, United States and New recurrent themes—taken from track.” Zealand. previous meetings and conferences.

To gain additional input, Fogarty These included the need for U.S. asked for comments to specific researchers and students to be question posed on our website. Our exposed to Global Health research website generated 82 responses, 43% early in their training in order to of which were from 12 developing develop an interest in the field; the countries. Fifty-four of the need for long term support of respondents to the website were from training programs for developing academic institutions, 11 were FIC country scientists to build developing trainees, 38 were FIC awardees. country research capacity; and that the field of “Implementation

Science” deserves a place in the FIC Dr. Kupfer discussed Strategic portfolio. Planning with IC International Dr. Roger I. Glass asked stakeholders for suggestions regarding FIC branding Representatives at a recent meeting and with PIs and Co-PIs from the At the end of the meeting, Dr. Glass Fogarty Framework Program for asked for suggestions regarding Global Health at their network FIC’s brand. A vote from the There were initially two internal meeting. She received many stakeholders determined that Fogarty retreats in August and thoughtful suggestions and “Science Anywhere Helps People September 2006. Next, Strategic comments. Everywhere” was a winning entry. Planning was discussed with the FIC Advisory Board. In parallel, a consultant analyzed the FIC Finally, in December, FIC convened The Plan will be launched in July portfolio, examined the current a Strategic Planning Stakeholder 2007. Volume 5, Issue 1 Page 7 Across the Center Global Health Lecture Global Health Publications

Dr. Barry Bloom, Dean of the As profiled in the April 2006, edition of Global Health Harvard School for Public Matters, a trio of books from The Disease Control Priority Health, a world-class immunolo­ Project (DCPP) were launched at a global health conference gist with a passionate commit­ in Beijing, China. The books were published December 2006. ment to understanding and com­ bating global infectious diseases, The DCPP—a science, economics and public health group consisting of Fogarty, was honored speaker at the 2006 NIH, World Bank, and the World Health— publications outline a picture of the David E. Barmes Global Health current and future state of global health—well over 1 billion people will die in Lecture. coming decades of tobacco-related illnesses and preventable diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS and cardiovascular disease. To hear Dr. Bloom’s talk, enti­ tled “Agendas and Architecture The books offer “best health buys” for developing countries—the most crucial, Poster by FIC’s of Global Health Research,” proven, and cost-effective health care investments for attacking these health crises. Julie Marquart visit: http://videocast.nih.gov "Our analyses show that you don't have to be rich to be healthy. Individuals, communities, and nations can improve their health by making good choices based on evidence,” said Joel G. Breman, M.D., D.T.P.H., Senior Scientific Advisor, Fogarty International Center, NIH.

To create and download your custom book or to purchase a copy of the DCPP publications visit:: http://www.dcp2.org/page/main/Home.html

Dick Miller Retires Dr. Raynard Kington, Dr. Antonio Scarpa, Dr. Elias Congratulations to Richard (Dick) Miller, Executive Officer, Office of Zerhouni, Dr. Barry Bloom, Dr. Roger Glass, Administrative Management and International Services. Dick retired Dr. Anthony Fauci January 3, after 41 years of service—15 of which were with Fogarty!

Bioethics Training Program in Egypt

Karen Hofman, MD, Director of DASPA, trav­ Dr. Hofman visited with members of the Uni­ eled to Cairo, Egypt this past October to repre­ versity of Maryland's Bioethics Training Pro­ sent FIC at the 10th Annual Global Forum for gram in Egypt, a program sponsored by Fogarty Health Research. in collaboration with the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population. Dr. Hofman presented her paper entitled “Biomedical trends in sub-Saharan Africa Three scholars of this particular Bioethics Train­ (1995-2004): strengthening the culture of re­ ing Program—managed by Fogarty Program search to promote health” and also participated Officer Dr. Barbara Sina and led by Dr. Henry in a variety of other activities related to Fogarty Silverman at the University of Maryland to­ including the Strategic Plan. gether with Dr. Maged El-Setouhy from the Ain Shams University in Cairo—each presented a poster presentation at the Forum. Dr. Nahed Moustfa, a 2005 Scholar of the Egyptian Bioethics Training Program, shares a laugh with Dr. Karen Hofman during break Dr. Kottop, lecturer of critical care nursing at Mansoura University, delivered a presentation entitled, “Teaching health research ethics: are Dr. Silverman acknowledged that other Egyp­ we ready to start?” tian scholars from the Fogarty Bioethics Train­ ing Program have made presentations at bio­ Dr. Kassem, lecturer of medical genetics at the ethics meetings and have established or Alexandria University, presented her paper strengthened institutional research ethic com­ entitled, “Beyond research ethics committees: mittees throughout Egypt. acceptance by investigators and involvement of the community.” Dr. Karen Hofman confirmed that, "The Bio­ ethics Program has clearly had a huge impact. Dr. Nahed Kottop, Dr. Heba Kassem, Dr. Nahed Dr. Moustafa, professor of forensic medicine Many individuals in leadership positions in Moustfa , Dr. Henry Silverman, UMD Program Director, and clinical toxicology at the Suez Canal Uni­ Egypt have received a certificate in bioethics Dr. Maged El-Setouhy, Co-Director of Egyptian versity, presented her paper entitled, though the Fogarty program.” Bioethics Program and Professor at “Developing research ethics committees: impli­ Ain Shams University, Cairo cations for global health.” U.S. Department of Health & Human Services First Class Fogarty International Center Postage and National Institutes of Health Fees Paid Building 31, Room B2C29 NIH/FIC 31 Center Drive, MSC 2220 Bethesda, MD 20892-2220 USA Permit No. G-819 www.fic.nih.gov

Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300

Global Health Matters What is Implementation Science

Published by the U.S. Department According to the new Journal of translational research, brings Example: Testing combined care of Health & Human Services Implementation Science, which evidence-based medicine and models for co-morbidities like HIV was launched by BioMedNet in public health practice from the and TB or the poly-pill for CVD, News from the John E. Fogarty 2006, “implementation “NIH bedside” to the “real world”. hypertension, and International Center, part of the research is the scientific study of It draws from multiple disciplines, hypercholesterolemia. National Institutes of Health methods to promote the including biostatistics, clinical systematic uptake of clinical research, public health, behavioral ⇒Developing methods for research, epidemiology, economics, Managing Editor research findings and other integrating new interventions into quantitative social science, and John Makulowich the delivery of existing ones. evidence-based practices into social medicine. Editor routine practice, and hence to Example: Combining medical, public health and environmental Linda Perrett improve the quality and It is more applied than basic effectiveness of health care”. malaria control strategies. clinical research, yet broader than Fogarty International Center operational or health systems ⇒Adapting a research-tested 31 Center Drive, Room B2C29 Similarly, implementation science research. In its most rigorous form, is defined as research to develop intervention to a novel, developing Bethesda, MD 20892-2220 USA implementation research uses and test effective and efficient experimental designs (including country setting. Example: +1 301 496-2075 methods, strategies and models for randomization and controls) to Customizing a U.S.-based http://www.fic.nih.gov completion of research-tested study strategies for customizing children’s psychological health interventions. Within public and adapting interventions to intervention for HIV/AIDS Comments & Corrections to: health and clinical practice settings, various conditions. orphans in Uganda. [email protected] these include prevention, early

detection, diagnostic, treatment, Examples of implementation behavioral change and quality of research include: Volume 5, Number 1 life improvement. February 2007 ⇒Studying the safety and This area of applied health science effectiveness of simultaneously NIH Publication No. 06-5368 research, also called type II delivering multiple interventions.