Broxholme Bruce

BROXHOLME, NOEL, M.D. (1689?- melancholy objects. I remember him with 1748), physician, was, according to Dr. as much wit as ever I knew.' In 1754 there ' Stukeley, a native of Stamford, Lincolnshire, appeared A Collection of Receipts in Physic, of humble origin. Born in or about 1689, being the Practice of the late eminent Dr.

the foundation at : he was admitted on West- Bloxam [sic] containing a Complete Body of minster in 1700, and in 1704 was elected to Prescriptions answering to every Disease, Trinity College, Cambridge. He proceeded, with some in Surgery. The Second Edition.' however, to Christ Church, Oxford, where he 8vo, London. was nominated student 23 1705, and July [Family Memoirs of Rev. W. Stukeley (Surtees B.A. 20 M.A. 18 graduated May 1709, April Society, Ixxiii.), i. 46, 81, 96; Munk's Roll of 1711. In the former 1709, he had com- of 2nd ii. year, College Physicians, edition, 89-90 ; menced his medical studies, under Dr. Mead, Welch's Alumni Westmonasterienses, new edi- at St. Thomas's and in 1715 was 245 Lord Hospital, tion, pp. 237, 244, n, 260, 537 ; Hervey's first ii. 493 Letters of Horace elected to one of the of the Radcliffe Memoirs, ; Walpole, ed. ii. 120 Gent. iv. travelling fellowships. Upon his return he Cunningham, 20, ; Mag. 628, vii. ix. xviii. Oratio Harveiana removed to University College, as a member 699, 328, 333; anno MDCCLV. auct. R. 31-3 of which he took his degrees in physic by habita, Taylor, pp. ; Wills in C. P. C. 205 Strahan, 188 Pinfold ; accumulation, proceeding M.D. 8 July 1723. reg. Collectanea et Hampton Register ; Topographica Broxholme then began practice in London, iv. 163 Notes and Istser. was admitted a candidate of the of Genealogica, ; Queries, College xii. 303, 353, 390, 2nd ser. ii. 249-50 ; Nichols's 23 Dec. a fellow 22 March Physicians 1723, i. 484 Life of Literary Anecdotes, ; Bp. Newton was censor in and delivered 1724-5, 1726, to his i. Letters prefixed works, 27 ; and Works the Harveian oration in 1731. which This, of Lady M. W. Montagu, ed. Wharncliffe and is was the same in re- ii. 159-60 Lists of Coll. of printed year quarto, Thomas, ; Koyal Phy- its unaffected markable for elegant yet La- sicians in Brit. Mus.] Or. Or. tinity. He was one of the six physicians appointed to St. George's Hospital at the BRUCE, ALEXANDER, second EAKL OF first general board held 19 Oct. 1733, and KINCARDINE (d. 1681), was the second son of in the following year was made first physician Sir George Bruce of Culross, and succeeded ' to the Prince of Wales, with salary an- his brother Edward in the earldom in 1663. nexed,' an office which he resigned in 1739. His grandfather, Sir George Bruce, settled at At Lord Hervey's suggestion he was the first Culross early in the century, and there esta- physician summoned to assist Dr. Tessier in blished extensive salt and coal works, the Queen Caroline's last illness. Broxholme latter partly under sea, which became the had married 7 May 1730, at Knightsbridge sources of great wealth to the family (DoF- Chapel, Amy, widow of William Dowdes- GLAS, Scottish Peerage). What part he took well of Pull Court, Worcestershire, and in the transactions of the years preceding d'aughter of Anthony Hammond, F.R.S., the 1657 is uncertain, but his attachment to wit and poet. He died at his country resi- presbyterianism is well known (though in * dence, Hampton, Middlesex, by his own hand, 1665 he thinks a well ordered episcopacy the 13th at of and his 8 July 1748, and was buried on the best governments '), political Hampton. By his will he bequeathed the principles at that time may be in part gathered sum of 500/. for the benefit of the king's from a sentence in one of Robert Moray's scholars at Westminster ' in such manner as letters to him: 'By monarchy you under- the two upper masters of the said school stand tyranny, but I royal government.' He like to leave shall think fit,' and a sum to Christ was obliged before 1057 Scotland, ' inn at Church to be applied towards finishing the and he settled at the White Swan corre- library.' Mrs. Broxholme survived her hus- Bremen in that year. A remarkable was band six years, dying in 1754. Revert- spondence, extant in manuscript, which ing to our former authority, Dr. Stukeley, begun in that year between him and Moray, his countryman and fellow-student at St. who, under similar circumstances, had settled on until Thomas's Hospital, we learn that Broxholme at Maestricht, and which was carried ' left in the was a man of wit and gayety, lov'd poetry, the death of Moray in 1672, was of in was a good classic, . . . got much money in hands of Mr. David Douglas Edinburgh and in 1879 the Misisipi project in France. At length he 1864 by Professor Cosmo Innes, the Earl of came over and practised, but never had a handed by Mr. Douglas to Elgin. to have been a man of great liking to it, tho' he had good en- It proves Bruce deep 1 ' of refined and couragem .' He was always nervous and personal religion, highly tastes, ' : chemis- vapoured,' writes Horace Walpole, and so of very wide attainments medicine, mechanical good-natured that he left off his practice try, classics, mathematics, appli- to from not being able to bear seeing so many ances of every kind, especially as adapted Bruce 88 Bruce his mining enterprises, divinity, heraldry, hor- letters of remonstrance and Sharp's evasive ticulture, forestry, pisciculture, mining, and replies are contained in the Lauderdale MSS. the management of estates these and other The report at first appears to have lost Kin- subjects of acquired knowledge are discussed cardine favour at court, but so strongly did with evident knowledge. He was engaged Lauderdale and Moray bestir themselves in in the Greenland whale fishery, and he pos- his interest, that Sharp himself gained great sessed quarries of superior stone and of marble, disadvantage from the attempt, and in July part of which was used at Greenwich, and part 1666, by way of making peace, begged the in the rebuilding of St. Paul's. After the king to grant Kincardine a large share of the Restoration he became, upon the introduction fines (Correspondence with Moray). During of Moray, its first president, one of the lead- the Pentland rebellion, November 1666, he ing members of the Royal Society. During had command of a troop of horse. In 1667, 1657 and 1658 Bruce was extremely ill with when the treasurership was taken from Rothes ague. In the latter year he left Bremen for and put in commission, Kincardine was one Hamburg, where he stayed at the house of of the commissioners, and was also appointed his countryman, William Grison. At this extraordinary lord of session. His business time, and for some years afterwards, he was knowledge and acquaintance with home and engaged, in conjunction with the Dutch ma- foreign trade were of great advantage to his thematician, Hugens de Zulichem, in per- colleagues. Always anxious for good go- fecting and in pushing a new invention for vernment, he actively assisted in the con- making pendulum clocks more serviceable at ciliatory measures upon which Lauderdale sea (Correspondence with Moray] . A little was at that time engaged with regard to later he took up his residence at the Hague, the covenanters, though he often strongly * where on 16 June 1659 he married the daugh- urged that toleration should be given, not ' ter of M. Somerdyck, who brought him a taken (Lauderdale MSS.} In 1672, when large fortune (ibid, and DOUGLAS, Scottish Lauderdale began his career of persecution, Peerage}. In January 1660 he was in Lon- Kincardine was almost the only one of his don, 'at the stone-cutter's house next to former adherents who stayed by him, relying Wallingford House, Charing Cross,' but im- upon his engagement to return to milder mediately returned to the Hague, where he measures. One of the chief grievances brought remained with his father-in-law until the against Lauderdale was that the right of Restoration. In June he was again in London pre-emption of various articles had been be- at Devonshire House (Correspondence with stowed upon his friends to the public loss, Moray). All being now safe in Scotland he and Kincardine helped his cause by aban- returned to Culross, and busied himself with doning that of salt, which he had held for his coal, salt, stone, and marble works. At a considerable time (Lauderdale MSS.} In the same time Burnet's statement that he January 1674 he was for a short while Lau- neglected his private affairs for public work derdale's deputy at Whitehall, during the seems to be borne out by one of Robert absence of Lord Halton. During this year, Moray's letters, dated 22 Aug. 1668. Ac- however, he found it impossible to continue to Bruce had been of to the duke his last letter to him cording Burnet, great support ; service to Charles while abroad by advancing is dated 4 July. In compliance with Lau- money. It was only natural, therefore, that derdale's urgent request, Charles now ordered he should profit by the Restoration. He was Kincardine to retire to Scotland. In 1675, at once admitted to the privy council, where according to Mackenzie, who, however, is the he appears to have stood alone in his oppo- only evidence for this, he was expected to sition to Glencairn and the dominant faction succeed Lauderdale as secretary, and came when in 1661 the to London but the of by urging delay, king up ; through intrigues sent a letter to the Scotch privy council the duchess, who induced Lauderdale to be- intimating his intention of reintroducing lieve that he was coming only to support episcopacy (DOUGLAS, Peerage). The cor- the threatened impeachment by the House respondence with Moray continues, but is of Commons, and on account of his intimacy chiefly confined to purely private matters with Gilbert Burnet, then in disfavour, he until August 1665, when James Sharp, who was once more obliged to return to Scot- at that time was in opposition to Lauderdale land, where he exerted himself on behalf of (with whom, through Moray, Kincardine the covenanters. For example, he did his was closely connected), and who was doing best to obtain a just trial for Kirkton, one of his best to slander all connected with his the hill preachers, and, in consequence of a party, informed the king that Kincardine letter of complaint from Lauderdale's party, had been present at an unauthorised com- was, by an autograph letter of the king, dated munion at Tollialoun. Kincardine's pointed 12 July 1676, dismissed from the Scotch Bruce 8 9 Bruce

13. privy council. He appears after this to have 'A Treatise on Earthquakes' (posthu- taken no further part in politics. In 1678, mous). he exerted himself to save the life however, [McKerrow's History of the Secession Church; who some had notice of Mr. Bruce of Mitchell, years previously by Rev. Thos. McCrie, D.D.', made an attempt upon James Sharp, and in Scots Magazine, April 1816; collected edition of Bruce's who was now murdered through the perjury works in Library of New College of Rothes, Sharp, and others, and he en- Edinburgh.] W. G. B. in to save Lauderdale from deavoured vain BRUCE, DAVID (1324-1371), DAVID II, sharing in the guilt of this crime, which was king of Scotland, the only son of Robert the afterwards the chief cause of the duke's fall Bruce, by his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh, (BUKNET). In May of that year, when in born at Dunfermline on 5 March 1324, amidst ' London, he was scrapt out of the English the rejoicing natural to the long-wished-for ' council (Lauderdale MSS.} In February birth of a male heir, came too late to receive of as * his mother's or 1680 he is spoken being desperately his father's care, and disap- the sick,' and according to Burnet (i. 514) appears pointed expectations of the nation. Eliza- to have died in 1681. beth died in November 1327, having borne a second in Lauderdale MSS. in British Museum son, John, who died infancy. One [Burnet ; ; "Wodrow's Church of the last acts of his father was the Mackenzie's Memoirs ; Hist.] treaty of in O.A. Northampton 1328 with Edward III, by which it was agreed that a marriage should as BRUCE, ARCHIBALD (1746-1816), soon as possible be celebrated between the theological writer, was born at Broomhall, infant David and Joanna, the sister of the after at the uni- Stirlingshire, and, studying king of England, a child scarcely older than of was in versity Glasgow, ordained, 1768, himself. Her dowry was to be 2,000/. a minister of the Associate (Anti-burgher) con- year from lands in Scotland, and she was to gregation of Whitburn. In 1786 he was be delivered to the King of Scots or his com- appointed professor of divinity by the General missioners at Berwick on 15 Jan. 1328. The and to hold that Associate Synod, continued marriage was solemnised on 12 July of that office till dissatisfied with the 1806. Being year in presence of the Earl of Moray and Sir his left it and action of synod, he formed, James Douglas, as Bruce himself was too ill to with three the ' Constitutional along others, attend. Within less than a year he died, on Associate ' this led to a sentence 9 June Presbytery ; 1329, and David peacefully succeeded of deposition being passed on him by the to his father's throne. His coronation was former body. He died 28 Feb. 1816. He delayed till 24 Nov. 1331, when he was was a man of of great theological learning, crowned, and first of the Scottish kings an- at the time of a earnest piety, and same lively nointed by the bishop of St. Andrews, in as his showed. imagination, writings The accordance with the provisions of a bull ' chief of these were 1. The Kirkiad, or the Bruce had procured from Pope John XXII, Golden of the Church of a Age Scotland,' too late for his own use (13 June 1329). satirical 1774. 2. ' Free on poem, Thoughts According to the customs of chivalry he was the Toleration of 1780. 3. Popery,' Annus knighted by Randolph, the regent, and then the of the revolution Secularis/ centenary knighted the regent's son, the Earl of Angus, 1788, a long dissertation on religious festi- and others. Details of his marriage and ' vals. 4. Queries,' on the commemoration coronation preserved in the Exchequer re- ' of the revolution, 1797. 5. The Catechism cords show that no expense was spared to modernized,' 1791, a cutting satire on lay give the ceremonies the importance desirable patronage, and its effects, in the form of at the commencement of a new race of in- a parody on the Westminster Assembly's dependent kings. His reign nearly coincides ' Shorter Catechism. 6. Reflexions on the with that of Edward III, who succeeded to Freedom of Writing,' 1794, a propos of a pro- the English throne two years before, and out- seditious bear- clamation against publications, lived David by seven years. The personal * ing the motto What Britons dare to think, character of the two sovereigns reversed that he dares to tell.' 7. A poem ridiculing of their fathers. David was a weak suc- the of the 1797. 8. ' Lec- inherited pretensions pope, cessor of the Bruce ; Edward the ' tures to Students,' 1797. 9. Life of James martial and administrative talents of his < Hog of Carnock,' 1798. 10. Dissertation grandfather, instead of the feeble nature of on the Supremacy of the Civil Power in Edward II. Matters of Religion,' 1798. 11. 'Poems, The life of David naturally divides itself serious and amusing, by a reverend divine,' into five parts of unequal length, and as 1812. 12. 'Life of Alex. Morns, a cele- to two of which our information is very brated divine in Geneva and Holland,' 1813. limited: Bruce Bruce

I. From his coronation in 1331 to the sembly held at Edinburgh, surrendered Ber- victory of Edward Baliol at Halidon Hill wick absolutely to the English king, and. as in 1333. security for an annual payment of 2,0001., II. His residence in France from 1334 to promised to put into his hands all the his return to Scotland in 1341. castles of south-eastern Scotland Jedburgh, III. His personal reign in Scotland from Selkirk, Peebles, Dumfries, Haddirigton, 1341 to his capture at Neville's Cross in 1346. Edinburgh, and Linlithgow. Edward, like IV. His captivity in England from 1346 his grandfather, made a new ordinance for the till his release by the treaty of Berwick in Scottish government, but his officers never 1357. obtained complete possession of their posts. V. The second period of his personal reign Meantime David and the queen had taken from 1357 to his death in 1371. refuge at Dumbarton, one of the fortresses After the death ofRobert the Bruce, Thomas which held out under its brave governor Mal- Randolph, earl of Moray, governed the king- colm Fleming; but, Scotland being deemed with for three but his an unsafe he took of a dom vigour years ; residence, advantage death, not free from suspicion of poison, in ship which Philip VI, the French king, sent July 1332, exposed Scotland to the peril of a for him, and along with Joanna and his disputed regency. The estates met at Perth, sisters landed at Boulogne on 14 May 1334. and after long discussion chose, on 2 Aug., The royal exiles were splendidly received Donald, earl of Mar, the nephew of Bruce. at Paris. Chateau Gaillard, the castle built The choice was unfortunate, and there is by Co3ur de Lion on the Seine close to the reason to suppose the prudence of Bruce had town of Andelys, was assigned for their foreseen the incapacity of Mar when he pre- residence, where they were maintained by ferred Douglas in the succession to the re- Philip, though Froissart's statement that gency, which the youth of David made little came from Scotland to support them inevitably long. But Douglas had by this is disproved by the exchequer records, which time fallen in the Moorish war in Spain. En- show that besides provisions 4,333Z. 18s. 7d. couraged by the divisions amongst the Scot- was remitted between May 1334 and January tish nobles, and secretly aided by Edward III, 1340. Edward the son of John Baliol, with many The course of events in Scotland during barons who had lost their Scotch estates the next seven years is outside the life of by espousing the English side, made a descent David. A new race of patriotic leaders on the coast of Fife. The non-fulfilment Murray of Bothwell, Robert the Steward, of one of the conditions of the treaty of Douglas the Knight of Liddesdale worthily Northampton, by which these estates were sustained the fame of Robert Bruce, Douglas, to be restored, gave a pretext for renewing and Randolph. At first they carried on the the war. News of Baliol's landing at King- war with varying success, but ultimately horn was brought to the parliament at Perth they freed the country and retook all the the day of the regent's election, and Baliol, castles. The greater attraction of a French losing no time, met the regent and barons at campaign prevented Edward from ever using on 11 his the Muir of Dupplin, near Perth, Aug., whole strength against the northern king- nine days after he landed. Though greatly dom. Not much is known of David's resi- superior in numbers, the regent was totally dence in France. He was of an age too routed. He himself, along with Thomas, young to take an active part in affairs, but earl of Moray, the son of Randolph, the not too young to learn the lessons of the earl of Monteith, and many other nobles, extravagant and vain though splendid pomp were slain. In September Baliol was crowned of chivalry which distinguished the court of at Scone. His captive, the Earl of Fife, placed Philip VI. One characteristic scene at which his head but he had not he was is described Froissart the crown on ; yet present by conquered the country. Perth was almost im- the meeting of the armies of the French mediately retaken by David's adherents, and and English kings about the end of October Baliol was defeated at Annan in Dumfries by 1339. Three years previously a fleet, fitted

John Randolph, now Earl of Moray, and forced out by David , Bruce with the aid of the to leave Scotland. In 1333 Edward III came French king, made a diversion in favour of with a great force to assist Baliol, and routed the Scotch, plundered the Channel islands, at Halidon Hill, on 20 July, the Scotch army and seized many ships near the Isle of Wight. led by Archibald Douglas, lord of Galloway, Edward retaliated by claiming the crown of who succeeded to the regency after the death France in October 1337, and, after two years of Mar. Berwick capitulated, and Edward of preparation, in September 1339 he crossed became master of Scotland south of the the Flemish border. At Vironfosse the two Forth. On 10 Feb. 1334 Baliol, at an as- hosts came face to face. The English under Bruce [ Bruce

were in three in In the course of 1342 Edward arrayed divisions, he passed through Fife, all about 44,000. The French had the same attending the justice-eyres at Cupar and Edin- number of divisions, but in each 15,000 men- burgh, to the Marches, and joined the Earl of in a at-arms and 20,000 foot. Though Edward Moray descent on the English border, was supported by the nobles of Germany, during which Penrith was burnt, but nothing

Brabant, and Flanders, besides his English i of consequence was accomplished. On his re- vassals, Philip surpassed him in the rank as turn north he visited Haddington, Ayr, and well as numbers of his followers for besides ; Kilwinning, Kirkintilloch,Inverkeithing, and the full array of France, dukes, earls, and Scone, and stopped at Banff" before his return viscounts, too a list for even Froissart to in It was long | Kildrummy August. important to rehearse, he was supported by three kings that he should show himself in different John of Bohemia, the king of Navarre, parts of the kingdom. Hawking and hunting and David king of Scotland. 'It was a and the jousts or tournaments, the favourite j great beauty to behold the banners and i amusements of the age, were fully shared standards waving in the wynde, and horses in by the young king, but he did not prove barded, and knightes and squyres richly himself an adept in the art of war, for which

' armed.' But no blood was shed in this first these were the appropriate training. act of the war of a hundred which Two for one of which he was in- years, [ deaths, was to make the French and as it and for the other English, | directly, directly, respon- appeared, eternal enemies, and the French ! sible, showed that he could not attract to his and Scots allies. coun- throne, as his father had the men perpetual Philip's j done, leading sellers were divided, but the view prevailed of the country. that it was better to allow the English king Sir James Ramsay of Dalwolsie, having to waste his means in the maintenance of so taken the castle of Roxburgh, was impru- great an army in a foreign country. The dently rewarded by the gift of the sheriff- advice of Robert of Sicily, derived from dom of Teviotdale, then held by Douglas the astrology, that the French would be beaten Knight of Liddesdale, and Douglas having in any engagement if Edward was present, treacherously got Ramsay into his power also operated on the superstitious monarch, starved him to death in the castle of the j

A feint of an attack caused by the starting i Hermitage. The other victim was William of a hare between the which led the Bullock, an ecclesiastic who had distin- camps, j Earl of Haynault to make fourteen knights, guished himself in the service of Baliol, but called in ridicule the Knights of the Hare, changing sides received the office of chamber- was an incident whose memory was per- lain from David. Suspected of treason he petuated by those who thought it cowardly was by the king's order sent prisoner to the on the part of Philip with superior forces to castle of Lochindorb in Moray, where he also decline battle on his own soil. The recol- was starved to death. Other acts of law- lection of this scene and the victories of Crecy lessness, as the rape of a lady of the Seton and Poictiers were inducements to David in family by Alan of Seton, the execution with- later years to cast in his lot with the Eng- out trial of an impostor calling himself Alex- lish king instead of with his national and ander Bruce, the son of Edward Bruce, and natural allies. the state of the ordinary royal revenue, which In 1341 the brilliant successes in Scot- fell from 3,774J. in 1331 to 1,1981. in 1342, land of Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell, and had to be increased by special parlia- Robert the Steward of Scotland, and Sir mentary grants distributed with too lavish William Douglas the Knight of Liddesdale, a hand, were signs of his incapacity as an * ' who in the preceding year had recovered one administrator. Tristia felicibus succedunt by one the castles north of and including is the brief comment of Fordun. The re- Edinburgh, made it safe for David to return, storation of the king had not benefited the and on 4 May he landed with his wife at kingdom. A murrain which specially at- Inverbervie near Montrose. Charters were tacked the fowls, a forerunner of the black issued under his name and seal at a council death, added to the general distress and held at Aberdeen in February 1342, and feeling of impending calamity. A truce with though only thirteen, he assumed the per- England, which followed one between Ed- sonal government, which he retained until his ward and Philip of France in 1343, saved capture at Neville's Cross in 1346. During Scotland for a short time from war, but the the first two years after his return David was treasonable correspondence of the Knight much at Aberdeen and Kildrummy, where his of Liddesdale with the English king was aunt, sister of Robert Bruce, who had married a bad omen for its continuance. It was successively Gratney, earl of Mar, Sir Chris- terminated early in 1346, when Philip, his topher Seton, and Sir Andrew Murray, lived. own truce having closed, exhorted David to Bruce Bruce invade England. Seizing the opportunity of the sanction of the estates. Secret compacts Edward's absence at Calais, David mustered were entered into in 1352 between Edward, his forces at Perth, where the defection of David, and Lord Douglas, and between Ed- the Earl of Ross, who slew Ronald of the ward and the Knight of Liddesdale. The Isles at the monastery of Elcho, showed how terms of the former were purposely obscure, little he was able to command his vassals. but indicate that in the event of David fail- Advancing to the borders, he took the castle ing to persuade the estates to make peace, of Liddel, put to death Selby, its governor, he engaged to act on his own account so that 1 and, in spite of the counsels of the Knight the work might be accomplished in another of Liddesdale not to proceed further with a way.' The English commissioners were em- force consisting of only 2,000 men-at-arms powered to allow him to remain at Newcastle and some 13,000 light-armed troops, crossed or Berwick, or even to set him at large if it ' the Tyne above Newcastle, and ravaged the would promote the business.' Knyghton, bishopric of Durham. He was met near that the English chronicler, reports that David town on 17 Oct. at Neville's Cross by the ' had consented to acknowledge Edward as his Archbishop of York and the northern barons, feudal superior. There was no ambiguity in and totally routed. David himself was taken the agreement with the Knight of Liddes- after a entered into a prisoner by a squire, John Copland, dale, who close alliance as a brave resistance, in which it is recorded he condition of his own release. In 1353 David struck out two of his captor's teeth. The had returned to England, having failed to earls of Fife, Menteith, and Wigtown, the obtain the consent of the Scotch estates to Knight of Liddesdale, and many barons Edward's conditions, and at Newcastle con- shared his fate. The earls of Moray and ferences were renewed between the com- Strathearn, the chancellor, chamberlain, and missioners of the two countries, which re- of were slain the Earl of sulted in a on 13 which marshal Scotland ; treaty July 1354, by March and Robert the Steward alone of the the ransom was fixed at 90,000 merks, pay- able in principal nobles effected their escape. So nine yearly instalments. Twenty l of great was the disaster, that the time of the hostages noble birth were to be given for ' battle of Durham is used in the accounts the fulfilment of the treaty, and the king and chronicles as a point of time. himself, the nobles and bishops, as well as David, with the other captives, was led in the principal towns, were to undertake per- triumph through the streets of London to sonal obligations for its payment. the Tower, placed on a tall black charger In 1355 the French king, alarmed at the to make him conspicuous, as John of France project of a nine years' truce between Eng- was after Poictiers on a white charger. The land and Scotland, sent Eugene de Garan- next eleven years of his life were spent in Eng- cieres with men and money to revive the war, land, chiefly in or near London, and at Old- and several border engagements followed; ham in Hampshire, varied with visits to the but early in 1356 Edward took Berwick, and border or to Scotland. He was forced to obtained an absolute renunciation of the bear his own charges, but the rigour of his Scotch crown and kingdom from his puppet, imprisonment was soon relaxed in the hope Edward Baliol, on 21 Jan. Though he de- that he would negotiate his ransom and even vastated the Lothians in the raid which re- ally himself to England. Of David's cap- ceived the name of the Burnt Candlemas, as to tivity the records are almost as scanty of and issued a proclamation with regard the his exile in France. In 1347, after taking government of Scotland, he failed to reduce Calais, Edward concluded a truce with even the southern district to subjection. In France, which continued by various proroga- the north Robert the Steward maintained tions till 1 April 1354. Scotland was to be an independent power as regent, even during admitted to the truce, and in the next year the period of the nominal reign of Baliol. David's the negotiations for David's ransom com- At last the tedious negotiations for menced. In October Joanna joined her hus- release drew near their close. At a parlia- band in England. It was, however, Ed- ment at Perth on 17 Jan. 1356-7 commis- ward's policy to have two strings to his bow, sioners were appointed, and having settled ' and Baliol, whom he addressed as our dear the preliminaries at Berwick in August, a cousin Edward,' while his brother-in-law parliament at Edinburgh on 26 Sept. agreed was only styled Lord David de Bruce, re- to Edward's terms. The ransom was raised mained nominal ruler of Scotland. In spite to 100,000 merks in ten instalments, for of his protest in March 1357 a treaty was which the nobles, clergy, and burghs bound concluded with the Scots commissioners for themselves, and commissioners from the three the ransom of David, and he was permitted estates concluded the treaty at Berwick on on 4 Sept. to return to Scotland to procure 3 Oct. 1357. Bruce 93 Bruce

condition as to was also was The hostages made willing to yield to it, enabled them to more severe. Three great lords were to be use the opportunity to obtain guarantees for added to the twenty youths of noble birth the law and constitution which, though not formerly stipulated for. The truce between in precisely the same form, had a similar in- the two countries was to continue until the tention and a similar, though less complete, ransom was paid. It was ratified by the result to Magna Charta. Such was the real commissioners 5 king and on and 6 Oct., and meaning of the origin of those permanent on 6 Nov. a at again by parliament Scone, committees of parliament for judicial busi- where David was On 25 Dec. ness called the lords present. Queen auditors, and for legis- with the St. lation Joanna, along Bishop of An- called the lords of the articles, which drews and the Earl of March, received a safe- first appear in 1367; the provision for the to conduct England, from which the queen more regular administration of justice and never returned, dying near London on 14 Aug. coinage of money; the revocation of the 1362. David himself almost re- of the revenues every year grants royal ; the rule laid visited England during the remainder of his down that no attention was to be paid to the reign, and his personal sympathies were so king's mandates contrary to the statutes and thoroughly English, that it required all the the common law. Foiled in their attempt to strength of the estates, and the desire of divert the order of succession, Edward and for the Edward stipulated ransom, to pre- David had resort to secret intrigue. David, vent a surrender of his own kingdom more in November 1363, went to London and un- ignominious than that of Baliol. Though his dertook a personal obligation to Edward to personal reign lasted for fourteen years after settle the kingdom of Scotland upon him his ,return, it was entirely destitute of im- and his issue male, failing issue male of his portant events. Great difficulty was felt in own body. On this condition the whole of raising from so poor a country the enormous the ransom still unpaid was released. Nomi- ransom. It was not found enough that the nal provisions were made in the event of an whole wool of the kingdom should be granted English heir succeeding to the Scottish throne at a low price to the king that he might for the preservation of the independence of resell it at a profit, and other severe taxes Scotland similar to those of Edward I. This were imposed on the commons. The clergy agreement was carefully concealed from the to had contribute, and with some difficulty Scottish people, and the public negotiations the pope was induced to allow a tenth of the for the payment of the ransom were still ecclesiastical revenues for three years, on con- continued. It was in this year, and before he dition that they were thereafter to be ex- went to England, that David married his empted. But not all these resources together second wife, Margaret, widow of Sir John sufficed to meet the debt which the creditor Logie. It is usually said that this was an un- was determined to exact to the uttermost, equal marriage, into which passion rather than and from time to time David, like a needy reason led the king; but Margaret is described debtor, made terms for the postponement by Fordun as a lady of noble birth, and she of payment. There were negotiations for was honourably received at the court of Ed- this purpose in 1363-5 and 1369, when an ward. She was a daughter of Drummond, obligation was undertaken to pay off the one of the lesser barons. No such rigid bar balance due at the rate of 4,000 merks annu- then restricted the marriage of the royal race ally, under a large additional penalty in case as in later times. A sister of David, Matilda, of failure. Edward and David had latterly daughter of Robert, had married a simple devised several schemes for the extinction of esquire. Still, it was a match which could the debt by another process than payment. bring no political strength to David, and This was the transfer at David's death of the alienated many of the Scottish nobility. A Scottish crown to an English prince. At revolt of some of these was one of its con- the parliament of Scone in 1363, David ven- sequences. David succeeded in quelling it, tured to propose openly that it should recog- and threw the Steward and his three sons nise Lionel, duke of Clarence, Edward's into prison at the instance of Margaret Logie, second son, as his heir. An indignant re- to whom and her relations he made large fusal was accompanied with a renewed decla- grants of land and money. Her influence ration of the settlement of the succession on did not last long, and after her divorce in Robert the Steward by Robert the Bruce. 1369 by the Scottish bishops, the exact Throughout this part of David's reign the ground of which has not been discovered, the barons of Scotland were animated by the Stewards were released. She was succeeded of same spirit as that which the English had in the king's favour by Agnes Dunbar. shown at Runnymede. Hatred of foreign The year after this divorce, on 22 Feb. 1370, aggression, and the weakness of the king, who David died in Edinburgh Castle childless, Bruce 94 Bruce and was succeeded by Robert the Steward. and W. Burnett's learned prefaces are specially valuable for the life of M. M. David was only in his forty-seventh year, but David.] he had reigned forty-one years, reckoning DAVID (fi. 1660), physician, from his accession. BRUCE, was the son of Andrew Bruce, D.D., principal Fordun and Wyntoun, the writers nearest (from 1630 to 1647) of St. Leonard's College the time of David, who did not know the ex- in St. Andrews University. He was first tent of his treason to Scotland, treat his educated at St. Andrews, and proceeded M.A. character more favourably than modern his- there. Later he went to France, and studied torians. They commend his administration physic at Paris and Montpellier. He in- of his bravery, even his resolute as- justice, tended taking a medical degree at Padua; sertion of the royal authority. Wyntoun, but the plague kept him from Italy, and in a curious passage which evidently relates he finally graduated M.D. at Valence in an authentic tells how on his re- anecdote, Dauphiny on 7 May 1657. On 27 March turn to Scotland, when he was going to his 1660 Bruce was incorporated doctor of physic privy council, at Oxford. He was associated with his were wont to The folk, as they do, great-uncle, Sir John Wedderburne, in the in thare Pressyt rycht rudly to, office of physician to the Duke and Duchess Bot he arrace rycht suddenly gan of York. But after fulfilling, in consequence Out of a macer's hand a mace, of Wedderburne's infirmities, all the duties And said rudly how do we now ? of the for years, he resigned the Stand or the of post many still, proudest you office and travelled abroad. he this mace. Subsequently Sail on his hevyd have smyte ' settled at Edinburgh, and was there in This trivial incident occa- apparently gives good repute for his practice.' Wood speaks sion to a reflection the general by historian, of him as still living in Edinburgh in 1690. his view of David : expressing Bruce was admitted candidate of the College Kadure in prynce is a gud thyng, of Physicians on 24 Dec. 1660, and was an For but radure all governyng original member of the Royal Society.

Sail all bot be. ii. Munk's Coll. of tyme despiysed [Wood's Fasti Oxon. 225 ; Phys. i. 297.] S. L. L. In the same passage he mentions that David with him from a only brought England BRUCE, EDWARD (d. 1318), king of should if he single page, not what we expect Ireland, was younger brother of Robert Bruce then had the idea of Scotland under 1308 bringing [q. v.], king of Scotland. In Edward Both and For- English influence. Wyntoun Bruce took part in the incursion upon the dun, who, it must be remembered, were district of Galloway by King Robert, and, < Chronicles Scottish churchmen (the English during the indisposition of the latter, acted of Lanercost,' whose monastery he plun- as a commander of his forces in their retreat dered, take a very different view of David), from those of the Earl of Richmond, governor incline to the side of the king as against the in Scotland for Edward II. Edward Bruce he is nobles, whose oppression represented was subsequently despatched by his brother Later on the other as putting down. writers, against Galloway, which resisted his autho- note his undoubted his love and hand, weakness, rity. He routed the English commander of pleasure, his passion for an English mis- his Scottish allies there, and compelled the tress Katherine Mortimer, who died during inhabitants to swear allegiance and to furnish the life of Joanna, and was buried with contributions. In this contest he succeeded his the pomp at Newbattle impolitic marriage by a stratagem in putting to flight Eng- his his with Margaret Logie, extravagance, lish troops. The details of this enterprise of jealousy, and ill-treatment Robert the were chronicled by the poet Barbour, from Steward, above all his sacrifice of the inde- the narration of one of Bruce's associates. pendence his father had established. These On the banks of the Dee, Edward Bruce inconsistent views, both of which have some defeated the forces brought against him by foundation in fact, point to a character itself the chiefs of Galloway, and made a prisoner inconsistent, passionate, and headstrong, ca- of Donall, prince of the Isles. He reduced at pable at times of showing strength, bottom a large number of castles and strongholds weak, liable to be led by various influences, in Galloway, and brought that district under in the end yielding to the persistent policy the dominion of King Robert. Edward and will of the English king. Bruce's success in Galloway was celebrated in a While Robert [Wyntoun, Fordun, and the Liber Plyscar- contemporary poem. King on an the densis are the Scotch original authorities, but was engaged expedition against Bruce Knighton and Froissart supply several details. Isle of Man, Edward gained possession i. Dundee. Before the end of The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, vols. and ii., of the town of Bruce 95 Bruce

1313, lie besieged Stirling Castle, then almost alleged that Edward Bruce defeated the the last fortress held in Scotland for the troops of the English in Ireland in nineteen king of England. Philip de Mowbray, go- engagements, in which he had not more than vernor of the castle, after a vigorous defence, one man against five, and that he was in a ' entered into a treaty to surrender it to Ed- good way to conquer the entire land, as he ward Bruce in the following midsummer, if had the Irish on his side, and held possession not relieved. The terms of this treaty were of Ulster. The poet adds, however, that disapproved of by King Robert, who, how- Bruce's fortunes were marred by his l out- ever, adhered to them. The attempt of the rageous' pride. In the autumn of 1318, Ed- English army to relieve Stirling Castle led, ward Bruce projected another descent upon in 1314, to the battle of Bannockburn, at Leinster. To prevent this movement, a which Edward Bruce was one of the chief large army was mustered by the colonists. commanders, and led the right column of Bruce's chief advisers counselled him against the Scottish army. In the following year coming to an engagement with forces nume- Edward Bruce, in conjunction with Douglas, rically superior to those under his command. devastated Northumberland and Yorkshire, He, however, declined to take their advice, levied large contributions, and returned to and would not wait for reinforcements. In Scotland with great spoil. In 1315, in a October a conflict took place near Dundalk, in convention of the prelates, nobles, and com- which Bruce was slain and his forces put mons of Scotland, held at Ayr, an ordinance to flight. Bruce's corpse was found on the was enacted that Edward Bruce should be field, with that of John de Maupas stretched recognised as king, in the event of the death upon it. The quarters of Edward Bruce's of his brother Robert without male heirs. body were set up as trophies in the chief Edward Bruce is described as a valiant and towns of the English colony in Ireland, and experienced soldier, but rashly impetuous. his head was presented to Edward II in He is said to have aspired to share the kingship England. Barbour averred that the head of Scotland with his brother. This circum- was not Bruce's, but that of his devoted stance is supposed to have induced King follower, Gilbert Harper, who wore his ar- Robert to favour an expedition against the mour on the day of battle. Owing to the English in Ireland, which Edward Bruce death of Edward Bruce new legislative ar- was invited to undertake by some of the rangements were made relative to the royal native chiefs there who regarded him as succession in Scotland. An instrument is descended from the same ancestors as them- extant by which Robert Bruce confirmed a selves. Edward Bruce landed in Ulster in grant of land which had been made by his May 1315, with about six thousand men, brother Edward as king of Ireland. The accompanied by the Earl of Moray and other most detailed account of Edward Bruce's Scottish commanders. The Scots, with their proceedings in Ireland is contained in Latin Irish allies, took possession of the town of annals of that country appended by Camden ' ' Carrickfergus, laid siege to its strong citadel, to his Britannia in 1607. A new edition and Bruce was crowned as king of Ireland. of these annals, in which the oversights of Edward Bruce encountered and defeated on Camden have been corrected by collation several occasions the forces of the English with the manuscript, was printed in the government in Ireland. Robert Bruce hav- London Rolls Series in 1883. John Barbour, ing arrived with reinforcements from Scot- archdeacon of Aberdeen, in his poem, com- land, he and his brother, early in 1317, posed about 1375, tells little of Edward Bruce marched from Ulster to the south of Ire- except in connection with his transactions in land. After the return of King Robert to Ireland and death there. Many records illus- Scotland, Edward Bruce continued at Car- trative of affairs in Ireland during the pre- rickfergus as king of Ireland. Bulls were sence of the Bruces there are included among ' issued by Pope John XXII for the purpose Historical and Municipal Documents of Ire- of detaching the Irish clergy from the cause land,' published in the London Rolls Series of Edward Bruce. The archbishops of Dub- in 1870. lin and Cashel and other dignitaries were de Fordun Chronica gentis Scoto- the to warn ecclesiastics [Johannis enjoined by pope rum, ed. T. Hearne 1722, W. Goodall 1775, to desist from inciting the Irish people of Parliament of and W. F. Skene 1871 ; Acts the of and against king England, public Scotland, 1814; Annals of Scotland, by Lord excommunications were denounced against Hailes, 1819; Annals of Kingdom of Ireland, those who in that course. re- of 1865 Hist, A of ; persisted 1848 ; Hist, Viceroys Ireland, production of one of those papal instruments of Scotland, by P. F. Tytler 1864, and J. H. ' of National Manu- appears in the third part of Facsimiles of Burton 1867; Facsimiles ii. 1870 The National Manuscripts of Ireland.' Barbour scripts of Scotland, part ; Bruce, Bruce 96 Bruce ed. W. Skeat, 1870; Chronicles of Edward I cerning the estate of the two borders and and Edward II, ed. Stubbs, 1882-3 ; Chartu- two realms.' Probably he was secretly in- laries of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin, 1884-5.] structed to sound the queen and council as J. T. G. to the real position of his master's chances BRUCE, EDWARD, LOUD KINLOSS of obtaining the succession, but if so the (1549 ?-l 611), judge, was the second son of mission appears in that respect to have been Sir Edward Bruce of Blairhall in the county a wholly fruitless one. Early in 1601, on of Clackmannan, by Alison, daughter of Wil- the eve of the discovery of the Essex plot, liam Reid of Aikenhead in the same county, James, who had for some time been in secret sister of Robert Reid, bishop of Orkney, and correspondence with the conspirators, deter- descended from Robert de Brus, chief justice mined to send the Earl of Mar and Edward of the king's bench, in 1268. He appears to Bruce to London, ostensibly upon a mission have been born about the year 1549. His of no special importance, but really for the early history is from the loss of the records purpose of ascertaining the precise posture obscure, and the date at which he became of affairs in the country and the prospects an advocate is not known, nor when he was of the plot, with a view to possible co-opera- appointed to the office of judge of the com- tion. The envoys, however, did not start missary court of Edinburgh, though it is until February, and consequently did not clear from the Pitmedden manuscript pre- arrive until after the execution of Essex. served in the Advocates' Library that he Accordingly the king now instructed them succeeded Robert Maitland, dean of Aber- to obtain, if possible, a formal declaration deen, who had been superseded in the office from the queen and council that he was of lord of session in 1576. It does not, how- free of all complicity in any intrigues that ever, appear whether the dean lost his posi- had ever been set on foot against her, and tion as commissary at that or at a subsequent particularly in the late conspiracy, and an date, but it is certain that Bruce was one of assurance of his succession to the throne on the commissaries in 1583. In this year he her decease. They obtained an early audi- received a grant of the abbey of Kinloss in ence of Sir Robert Cecil, who exacted from a Ayrshire, to hold in commendam for his life, them pledge (1) that the king should aban- subject to an annuity payable to the abbot, don all attempts to obtain parliamentary or and a rent of 500 merks payable to the other recognition of his title to the succession crown. About the same date he was ap- as the condition of holding communication pointed one of the deputes of the lord-justice- with them, and (2) that all such communi- general of Scotland. Four years later we cations should be kept perfectly secret. The find him energetically defending the right of result was the celebrated correspondence be- the lords spiritual to sit in parliament, on tween James and Cecil, part of which was the occasion of a petition presented by the published by Lord Hailes in 1766, and of general assembly of the Scottish church pray- which another portion has since been edited ing that they might be expelled, and in the for the Camden Society. Bruce accompanied result the petition was dismissed. The popish James to England on his accession, was na- conspiracy of 1594 brought Bruce into con- turalised by act of parliament, and made a siderable prominence. In 1594 Bruce was member of the privy council in both kingdoms. despatched, with James Colvill, laird of Ester He was also (22 Feb. 1603) raised to the peer- or Easter Wemyss, to the English court to age by the title of Baron Bruce of Kinloss, remonstrate with the queen upon the coun- and on 18 May following was appointed to the tenance which she afforded to the popish mastership of the rolls in succession to Sir conspiracy by harbouring Bothwell, to com- Thomas Egerton. In 1605 the university of plain of the conduct of her ambassador, Lord Oxford conferred upon him the degree of Zouche, in carrying on secret negotiations M.A. In 1608-9 his daughter Christiana with him, and to ask for a subsidy to help married William Cavendish, afterwards the in crushing the conspiracy. His mission was second earl of Devonshire, the king himself partially successful. In 1597 Bruce was ap- giving the bride away and making her for- pointed one of the commissioners for the tune up to 10,000/. He died very suddenly levying of an aid granted by parliament to on 14 Jan. 1610-11, in his sixty-second year, provide funds for the diplomatic service and and was buried in the Rolls Chapel in other purposes. The same year (2 Dec.) he Chancery Lane. His eldest son, Lord Ed- was made a lord of session. On 15 March ward Bruce, was killed in a duel with Sir 1598 Bruce was again sent to the English Edward Sackville, afterwards earl of Dorset, court to make the king's apologies for cer- near Bergen-op-Zoom in 1613. His heart tain offences of which Elizabeth complained, was discovered embalmed in a silver case, ' and to prepare some other particulars con- bearing his name and arms, in the abbey Bruce 97 Bruce church of Culross in Perthshire in 1808. signed at Tientsin on 26 June 1858, and was His younger brother Thomas was created made a C.B. on 28 Sept. His diplomatic tact 21 Earl of Elgin on June 1633, and Baron was thoroughly appreciated by the home go- Bruce of Whorlton in Yorkshire on 1 Aug. vernment, for he was appointed on 2 Dec. 1641. The third son, Robert, was created 1858 envoy extraordinary and minister pleni- Baron Bruce of Skelton in Yorkshire, Vis- to the emperor of China, and on count Bruce of Ampthill in Bedfordshire, rtentiaryMarch following chief superintendent of and Earl of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire British trade in that country. His mission on 18 March 1663-4 [see BRUCE, ROBERT, was prevented from proceeding to Pekin by Earl of Aylesbury]. the opposition made by the Chinese. The mission therefore returned to Shanghae, where [Acts Parl. of Scotland, iii. 484, iv. 143; it remained until the ratification of the Letters of John Colville 298 treaty (Bannatyne Club), ; of 26 June 1858 at Pekin on 24 Oct. 1860. Pitcairn's i. 133 Hist, of Trials, ; Spottiswoode's He to Pekin on 7 Nov. but the Church of Scotland (Bannatyne Club), ii. 322, proceeded 1860, 329 Memoirs withdrew to Tientsin for the winter, while ; Moysie's (Bannatyne Club), 117, Wood's Fasti i. Avere made for a resi- 137, 139 ; Oxon. (Bliss), 311-12, arrangements putting 491 Cal. State ii. dence in order for his The mission ; Papers (Scotland 1509-1603), reception. Birch's i. was established at Pekin on 26 March 49, 650, 652, 708, 746, 748 ; Memoirs, 1861, ii. ad fin. Book of but it was not until 2 that Sir Frede- 175, 509, ; Haydn's Dignities, April 413, 414; Letters of Sir Eobert Cecil (Camden rick Bruce paid a visit to Prince Kung. On Chron. Ser. 101 Society), 75; Dugdale's 100, ; the removal of Lord Lyons from Washington 335 of James VI Dugdale's Orig. ; Correspondence to Constantinople, he was selected to fill the with Sir Robert Cecil, xxv. 45-9, 51, 78 ; 38, important office of British representative at Hailes's Secret of Sir Robert Correspondence Washington on 1 March 1865. He was made Cecil with James et Ferrerii VI, pp. 5, 6, passim ; a K.C.B. of the civil division on 12 Dec. 1862, Hist. Abb. de Kinloss xi. (Bannatyne Club), ; and received the grand cross of the order on Gardiner's Hist, of i. 52; England (1603-42), 17 March 1865. He was Collins's v. 323-4 Burnet's appointed umpire by Peerage (Brydges), ; the commission named under the convention Own Time (Oxford edition), i. 14; Court and of between the United States Times of James i. 104 1864, concluded I, 7, ; Statutes of the Realm, iv. 1016 xx. Foss's Lives of of America and the United States of Colom- ; Archseologia, 515; for the of the Judges; Brunton and Haig's Senators of bia, adjustment of claims American the College of Justice.] J. M. R. citizens against the Colombian government. He died at Boston in the United States on BRUCE, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM 19 Sept. 1867, when his remains were em- ADOLPHUS (1814-1867), diplomatist, was balmed, and, being conveyed to Scotland, the youngest of the three sons of Thomas were interred at Dunfermline Abbey on 8 Oct. in terms Bruce, seventh earl of Elgin [q. v.], and his The American press spoke eulogistic second wife Elizabeth, youngest daughter of of his amiable personal qualities and of the James Townshend Oswald of Dunnikier, Fife- able manner in which he exercised his minis- shire. He was born at Broomhall, Fifeshire, terial functions. He died unmarried. on 14 and on 9 Feb. 1842 was at- April 1814, [Gent. Mag. for 1867, pt. ii. 677-8; Hertslet's tached to Lord Ashburton's mission to Wash- Office March Boul- Foreign Lists, 1868, p. 187 ; ington, returning to England with his lord- ger's History of China, vol. iii. (1884).] ship in September of that year. On 9 Feb. G. C. B. 1844 he was appointed colonial secretary at Hongkong, which place he held until 1846, BRUCE, JAMES (1660 P-1730), Irish when on 27 June he became lieutenant-gover- presbyterian minister, was the eldest son nor of Newfoundland. His next change was of Michael Bruce (1635-1693) [q. v.] He to Sucre, with the appointment of consul- was called to Carnmoney, county Antrim, in general the republic of Bolivia on 23 July but preferred a settlement at Killeleagh, 1847, and on 14 April 1848 he was accredited county Down (near Killinchy, his father's as after 6 charge d'affaires. He was named charge place), where he was ordained Nov. l d'affaires to the Oriental republic of the Uru- 1684. In April 1689 occurred the break of on 29 guay Aug. 1851, and on 3 Aug. 1853 Killeleagh,' when the protestants were routed became agent and consul-general in Egypt in and Killeleagh castle deserted by its garrison. the place of the Hon. 0. A. Murray. On his Bruce fled to Scotland, but returned in 1691 brother, James Bruce, the eighth earl of or 1692, when Ulster was at peace. In 1696 Elgin, being appointed ambassador extraor- he secured, from the presbyterian proprietors to dinary China, he accompanied him as prin- of the Killeleagh estate endowments for the cipal secretary in April 1857. He brought presbyterian minister at Killeleagh (and three home (18 Sept. 1857) the treaty with China others) in the shape of a lease of lands at a VOL. VII. Bruce Bruce nominal rent. More important was his suc- Kinnaird, Stirlingshire, on 14 Dec. 1730. He ' cess in establishing at Killeleagh in 1697 a was educated at Harrow, and inclined to the 1 ' ' philosophical school for the training of the profession of a clergyman/ for which,' his ' presbyterian ministry and gentry, which master assured his father, he has sufficient proved obnoxious to "the episcopalians, and gravity.' He nevertheless complied with was closed in 1714. In 1699 Bruce was his father's wish that he should study law, appointed one of the synod's trustees for the until it became evident that a pursuit involv- management of the regium donum, and con- ing an intimate knowledge of Roman as well tinued in this office till his death. His con- as Scotch jurisprudence was too distasteful was at his communion on to him to be to gregation large ; prosecuted any good purpose. 2 July 1704 there were seven successive tables, He had in the meantime invigorated his ori- and the services began at 7 A.M. and lasted ginally delicate constitution by exercise and till was built and and six feet evening. A new meeting-house sport ; noAv, athletic, daring, for him, probably in 1692. In the nonsub- four, seemed made for a life of travel and to scription controversy (1720-6) Bruce sided adventure. While soliciting permission with the subscribers (himself signing the settle as a trader in India, his ideas received Westminster Confession in 1721), but was a new direction from his marriage with unwilling to cut off the nonsubscribers from Adriana Allan, the orphan daughter of a fellowship. His presbytery (Down) was in wine merchant in Portugal. To gratify her mother he took a share in the business but 1725 divided into Down and Killeleagh, ; those (including Bruce) who were against his wife's death in 1754, after a union of only disowning the nonsubscribers being placed nine months, destroyed his interest in this in the latter. Bruce died on 17 Feb. 1730. calling, and to detach himself gradually from His will (dated in February 1725) directs it he visited Spain and Portugal under pre- incidents his burial at Killeleagh, where he was in- text of inspecting the vintage. Two deter- terred on 24 Feb. Tradition places the spot arising out of this excursion aided to eastward of the episcopal church. He mar- mine his subsequent career. Having formed the in ried, 25 Sept. 1685, Margaret (died May the project of examining manuscripts 1706), daughter of Lieutenant-colonel James the Escurial, he was led to study Arabic, Trail of Tullychin, near Killeleagh, by Mary, which incidentally directed his attention to brother of the the ancient classical of daughter of John Hamilton, language Abyssinia ; first Lord Clandeboye. He had ten children, and, having observed the unprotected condi- of whom three sons and three daughters tion of Ferrol, he submitted, upon the out- a survived him. His sons Michael [q.v.] and break of hostilities with Spain, proposition Patrick were ministers Wil- to the for an attack presbyterian ; English government upon the The not carried liam [q. v.] was a publisher. From his son place. scheme, though of Patrick (1692-1732), minister successively into effect, gained him the notice Lord of Drumbo, co. Down, Killallan, Renfrew- Halifax, and the offer of the consulate at to examine the shire, and Killeleagh, are lineally descended Algiers, with a commission the Hervey Bruces of Downhill, baronets remains of ancient architecture described but to since 1804. Bruce published nothing. In not delineated by Dr. Shaw. According Daniel Mussenden's manuscript volume of his own statement, this proposal was accom- sermon notes is an abstract of Bruce's panied by the promise of a baronetcy when the sermon (Prov. viii. 17) at a communion his mission should be completed, and a in Belfast, 20 Aug. 1704, which is strongly pledge that he should be assisted by deputy Calvinistic. to attend to consular business while he was in research. Some [McCreery's Presb. Ministers of Killeleagh, engaged archaeological 90 Porter's Seven in N". hints as to the of his 1875, pp. sq. ; Bruces, possibility extending Whig, 16 April 1885; Eeid's Hist. Presb. Ch.in his explorations to the Nile took the strongest Ireland (Killen),1867,ii.477, 519; [Kirkpatrick's] hold upon his imagination, and to reach its Historical Essay upon the Loyalty of Presby- source now became the main purpose of his 506 Bruce's to Tow- further for his terians, 1713, p. ; appendix life. To qualify himself yet Diss. Gent. 359 good's Letters, 1816, p. ; Disciple undertaking, he spent six months in Italy Belfast 1883, 100 ; Funeral (Belfast), April p. studying antiquities, and obtained the ser- extracts Eegister (presbyterian) ; manuscript vices of an accomplished draughtsman, a Minutes of General Mussenden's from Synod ; young Bolognese named Luigi Balugani. manuscript sermon notes, 1704-20, in the posses- Before engaging him he had visited Psestum, sion of a descendant of Bruce.] A. G. and made the first accurate drawings ever BRUCE, JAMES (1730-1794), African taken of the ruins, a fortunate step for his traveller, son of David Bruce of Kinnaird own reputation, as it refuted the charge and Marion Graham of Airth, was born at subsequently brought against him of entire Bruce 99 Bruce dependence upon Balugani and appropriation a year's travel through Barbary, at the close of the latter's work. He arrived at Algiers of which he underwent great danger from on 15 March 1763. famine and pestilence at Bengazi, Bruce em- The consulate was a of barked at Ptolemeta for Algerine post Candia, was ship- and at all and cast danger difficulty times, Baba wrecked, helpless on the African coast, Ali, the dey to whom Bruce was accredited, beaten and plundered by the Arabs, and con- though not devoid of a certain barbaric magna- tracted an ague from his immersion, which he was even more ferocious and could never shake off. His nimity, imprac- ; entirely drawings

i had ticable than the generality. The injudicious fortunately been placed in safety at recall of Bruce's predecessor at the dey's de- Smyrna. Having, after a considerable delay at mand had greatly encouraged the latter's in- Bengazi, made his way to Crete, and par- solence. Bruce's presents were judged insum- tially got rid of his ague and fever, he j and with he advanced with indomitable to cient, great public spirit j proceeded spirit Syria, ' more than 200 /. from his own pocket, rather sketched the ruins of Palmyra and Baalbec, than, in my time, his majesty should lose the and, after hesitating whether he should not affections of this people.' These affectionate go to Tartary to observe the transit of Venus, corsairs, in fact, were not without grounds of arrived in Egypt in July 1768. Having con- complaint. Blank passports, intended, when ciliated Ali Bey, the chief of the Mameluke duly filled up, to exempt English ships from rulers of Egypt, by his real skill in medicine capture as belonging to a friendly power, had and supposed knowledge of astrology, and fallen into the hands of the French, who, to thus obtained recommendatory letters to the damage their enemy's credit, had sold them sheriff of Mecca, the naib of Masuah, Ras to nations at war with Algiers. The English, Michael the Abyssinian prune minister, and finding their passes thus invalidated, had other chieftains and potentates, and being issued written papers, which the Algerines also provided with a monition to the Greeks could not read, and of course disregarded. in Abyssinia from their patriarch in Egypt, Bruce had need of all his courage and address. Bruce sailed up the Nile to Assouan, visited The two years and a quarter during which he the ruins of Karnak and Luxor, and embarked held office passed in a series of disputes with at Cosseir for a voyage on the Red Sea. He the Algerine ruler, which frequently involved proceeded to the Straits of Babelmandeb, re- him in great danger, but in which he usually traced his course to Jidda, and crossed from triumphed by his undeviating firmness. At thence to Masuah, the port of Abyssinia, length, in August 1765, finding that no as- where he landed on 19 Sept. 1769. The place, sistant was likely to be given him, he re- inhabited by a mongrel breed of African signed his appointment, and departed on an savages and Turkish janissaries, was little archaeological tour through Barbary, fortified better than a den of assassins. It had, how- by the protection of the old dey, who secretly ever one honest inhabitant, Achmet, the admired his spirit. With the aid of his nephew of the naib or governor, who took draughtsman and a camera obscura, he made Bruce's part and saved his life, powerfully a great number of most elaborate and beau- aided by the fame of a salute which his tiful drawings of the remains of Roman countrymen had fired in his honour when he magnificence extant in the now uninhabited quitted Jidda, and by his credentials to the desert. These drawings, which were exhibited Abyssinian ras, whose wrath the naib had at the Institute of British Architects in 1837, already provoked, and whom he feared to are partly in the possession of his descendants, offend further. Bruce ultimately quitted the and partly in the royal collection at Windsor. Red Sea coast on 15 Nov., bound for Gondar, Colonel Playfair finds them to be for the most the capital of Abyssinia. He reached his part virtually in duplicate, but taken from destination on 14 Feb. 1770, after a toilsome different of view one in which he diffi- slightly points ; copy march, experienced great probably by Bruce, the other, distinguished by culties from scantiness of provisions, from the introduction of conventional ornaments, the transport of his heavy instruments, and from altercations with chiefs on the probably by Balugani. Colonel Playfair's | petty own elaborate work has superseded the im- road. In his march he witnessed the bar- perfect account published by Bruce himself, barous Abyssinian custom of eating raw meat but his researches have impressed him with cut from the living animal, which he brought the fullest conviction of the accuracy and such undeserved discredit upon himself by conscientiousness of his in and visited the ruins of his predecessor, whose relating ; Axum, delineations he has discovered only one error. imperfect description of which is more justly The most important ruins visited and sketched open to criticism. It was nearly 150 years visited by Bruce were those at Tebessa, Spaitla, Ta- since any European had Abyssinia, mugas, and Cirta. After more than Poncet, the French surgeon, towards Tisdrus, except H2 Bruce 100 Bruce

the end of the seventeenth century, and three [ Esther, a priest, from whom Salt subsequently Franciscan monks who had found their way obtained information, and who cannot have as about 1750, but had published no account of , been actuated by any animosity to Bruce, their travels, and probably never returned. the general tenor of his communications was The name Abyssinia is derived from an highly favourable to him. The appointment, confusion and the not have been known Arabic word signifying ; however, may generally term intended to denote the mixture ofraces in or Bruce who at the j Abyssinia, himself, in time could not have been in the population of the country was, j speak Amharic, may Bruce's time as of under a as to the extent of now, accurately descriptive j misapprehension

' of its political condition. Although the throne his authority. In the spring 1770 he accom- was still filled by a reputed descendant of panied the king and Michael on an expedition Solomon, the of had well- into Maitsha, which him an prestige royalty j gave opportunity disappeared, and the country was vir- of obtaining from the king the investiture of nigh j divided a number of the district of where the fountains of tually among provincial j Geesh, whose revolts the nominal the Blue Nile are situated, and of propitiat- governors, against j sovereign and contentions among themselves ! ing the rebel chief, Fasil, by sending medicine kept it in a state of utter anarchy. At the to one of his generals. The expedition was j

arrival the of ras or j unsuccessful the and ras time of Bruce's post ; king sought refuge filled the in the latter's of and Bruce vizier was by aged Michael, governor { government Tigre, of Tigre, the Warwick of Abyssinia, who, returned to Gondar, where he spent several having assassinated one king and poisoned months, living in the queen mother's palace another, was at the age of seventy-two rul- under her protection, but exposed to consider- ing in the name of a third. It was Bruce's able danger from the hostility of a usurper business to conciliate this cruel but straight- who had been elevated to the nominal throne. forward and highly intelligent personage, as On 28 Oct. 1770 Bruce left Gondar to take well as the titular king and royal family, possession of his fief, and after two days' and Fasil, the chieftain in whose jurisdiction march fell in with the army of Fasil, who lay the springs of the Blue Nile, which Bruce, had returned to his allegiance, and was mistaking for the actual source of the river, favouring the king's return to Gondar. Fasil had made the goal of his efforts. This indi- gave Bruce at first a very ambiguous recep- to be in rebellion at the tion overcome his vidual happened ; but, by intrepid bearing, time, which increased the difficulties of the and captivated by his feats in subduing savage situation. But Bruce, by physical strength horses and shooting kites upon the wing, al- and adroitness in manly exercises, by presence tered his demeanour entirely, accepted Bruce of mind, by long experience of the East, by as his feudatory, naturalised him among his his very foibles of excessive self-assertion and Galla followers, and dismissed him with a warmth of temper, was fitted beyond most favourite horse of his own, and instructions men to overawe a barbarous people. When to drive the animal before him ready saddled he arrived at Gondar, King Tecla Haimanout and bridled wherever he went. The steed and Ras Michael were engaged in a military certainly brought the party security, for every of and Bruce was expedition, and the Greeks and Moors to whom one fled at the sight him, he had letters of introduction were likewise finally obliged to mount. Thus sped, he ar- absent. Fortunately for him several persons rived at the village of Geesh, and struck upon l of distinction were sick of small-pox, which the mighty Nile, not four yards over, and access to the mother not above four inches and here his him queen ; deep,' guide procured ' ' sod and perhaps still more fortunately he was not pointed out to him the hillock of green at first allowed to prescribe for them, greater which he has made so famous. Trampling confidence being reposed in a cross and a down the flowers which mantled the hillside, two severe falls in his picture of the Virgin Mary. The speedy death and receiving eager ' of two of the patients insured him his own haste, Bruce stood in rapture over the prin- l It is to than to way with the remainder, and their recovery cipal fountain.' easier guess at that won him the gratitude of the queen mother describe the situation of my mind and of Michael's wife, the young and beauti- moment standing on that spot which had ful Ozoro Esther. The favour thus gained baffled the genius, industry, and inquiry of the course of was confirmed by his feat of firing a tallow both ancients and moderns for candle through a table, which Salt found near three thousand years.' mistaken. had talked of forty years afterwards. Bruce re- Bruce, however, was He ceived an office about the king's person, and, not reached the source of the true Nile, but according to his own statement, was made only that of its most considerable tributary. him governor of the district of Ras-el-Feel. This With a frankness which does honour, circumstance was contradicted by Dofter he virtually admits the fact by pointing out Bruce IOI Bruce

that, if the branch by whose spring he stood tears of his many friends, bearing with other at Geesh did not encounter the larger stream treasures the chronicles of the Abyssinian of the White Nile, it would be lost in the kings and the apocryphal book of Enoch in sands. He maintains, indeed, that the Blue the Ethiopic version, in which alone it is Nile is the Nile of the ancients, who be- preserved. The next stage of his journey was the of its source to us but to be the of queathed problem ; Sennaar, capital Nubia, which this is inconsistent with the fact that the he reached after four months' march through expedition sent by Nero evidently ascended a densely wooded country infested with wild not the Blue Nile but the White. He was beasts, narrowly escaping assassination at the also in error less excusable because in a hands of the treacherous sheikh of Atbara. certain measure wilful in regarding himself After five months' disagreeable detention at as the first who had reached these Sennaar ' a horrid European among people, whose only fountains. Pedro Paez the Jesuit had un- occupations seem war and treason,' he struck doubtedly done so in 1615, and Bruce's un- into the desert, and after incurring dreadful handsome attempt to throw doubt on the perils, most graphically described, from hun- fact only proves that love of fame is not ger, thirst, robbers, the simoom, and moving literally the last infirmity of noble minds, pillars of sand, on 29 Nov. 1772 reached but may bring much more unlovely symptoms Assouan, the frontier town of Egypt. He in its train. There is a sense, however, in had been compelled to leave his journals, which Bruce may be more justly esteemed drawings, and instruments behind him in the discoverer of the fount of the Blue Nile the desert, but they were recovered, and in than Paez, who stumbled upon it by accident, March 1773 he brought the hard-won trea- and, absorbed by missionary zeal, thought sures safely to Marseilles. little of the exploit to which Bruce had de- Bruce spent a year and a half on the con- dicated his life. tinent, enjoying the compliments of the During Bruce's absence from Gondar, King French savants, recruiting his constitution at Tecla Haimanout had recovered his capital. the baths of Poretta, and calling to account Twenty thousand of Has Michael's Tigre an Italian marquis who had presumed during warriors occupied the city, and Bruce was in his absence to marry a lady to whom he had time to witness the vengeance of the victors. been engaged. On his arrival in England he For weeks Gondar reeked with massacre, and at first received great attention, but a re- swarmed with hyaenas lured by the scent of action against him soon set in. People were carrion. Bruce's remonstrances were regarded scandalised by his stories, especially such as as childish weakness. His draughtsman, were really in no way improbable. As Sir Balugani, died, an event which he himself Francis Head puts it, the devourers of putrid misdates by a year, and he ardently longed venison could not digest the devourers of to quit the country. With much difficulty raw beef. Bruce's dictatorial manner and he obtained permission, but the general anar- disdain of self-vindication also told against * chy prevented his departure. The queen him. Mr. Bruce's grand air, gigantic height, mother had always been unfriendly to Ras and forbidding brow awed everybody into Michael. Two leading provincial governors, silence,' says Fanny Burney in her lively Gusho and Powussen, espoused her cause, and sketch of him at this time in a letter to Samuel ' interposed their troops between Michael in Crisp, adding, He is the tallest man you ever the capital and his province of Tigre. After saw gratis.' No honour was conferred upon much indecisive fighting in the spring of him, except the personal notice of the king. 1771, the royal army was cut off from its Deeply wounded, he retired to his patrimonial supplies, and became completely disorganised estate in Scotland, which had greatly increased in its retreat Gondar. old in the of coal he upon The ras, value from discovery ; post- victor in forty-three battles, arrayed himself poned the publication of his travels, and might the in cloth of gold, and sat calmly in his house have finally abandoned it but for depres- the death of his awaiting his fate. He was carried away sion of spirits caused by prisoner to a remote province, but was yet to second wife in 1785. The need of occupation rise again and rule Tigr6 seven years until and the instances of his friend, Dailies Bar- and five his death. The king, though not dethroned, rington, incited him to composition, remained in virtual captivity, but was destined massive, ill-arranged, ill-digested, but most to experience many more changes of fortune fascinating volumes made their appearance of ere he died a monk. Bruce spent a miserable in 1790. They included a full narrative a autumn, prostrated with fever, harassed with his travels from the beginning; valuable ' debt, and in constant danger of his life from history of Abyssinia, neglecting,' however, the ' traits wild Galla. On 26 Dec. 1771 he finally according to Murray, very interesting quitted Gondar, amid the benedictions and of character and manners that appear in the Bruce 102 Bruce

chronicles ' and on the and but under the and arbi- original ; disquisitions place, pleasing history and religion of Egypt, Indian trade, trary change of memory melting into imagi- the invention of the alphabet, and other sub- nation.' These inaccuracies of detail, how- jects, evincing that the great traveller was ever, relating exclusively to things personal not a great scholar or a judicious critic. to Bruce himself, in no way impair the truth With all their few books of com- and value of his of faults, equal splendid picture Abyssinia ; are and few such nor do mar the effect of his own pass equally entertaining ; they great monuments exist of the energy and enterprise figure as the representative of British frank- of a single traveller. Yet all their merits and ness and manliness amid the weltering chaos all the popularity they speedily obtained of African cruelty, treachery, and supersti- among general readers did not effect the re- tion. His method of composition, moreover, versal of the verdict already passed upon if unfavourable to the strictly historical, was Bruce by literary coteries. With sorrow and advantageous to the other literary qualities his scorn he left the vindication of name of his work. Fresh from the author's lips, to posterity. He shot, entertained visitors, the tale comes with more vividness than if ' played with his children, and, having grown it had been compiled from journals; and exceedingly heavy and lusty, rode slowly over scenes, characters, and situations are repre- his estate to his collieries, mounted on a sented with more warmth and distinctness. of and size.' Bruce's character are and charger great power Occasionally portraits masterly ; he would assume Abyssinian costume, and sit although the long conversations he records meditating upon the past and the departed, are evidently highly idealised, the essential especially, it is surmised, his beautiful pro- truth is probably conveyed with as much tectress, Ozoro Esther. At last, on 27 April precision as could have been attained by a to 1794, hastening to the head of his staircase verbatim report. Not the least of his gifts is hand a lady to her carriage, he missed his an eminently robust and racy humour. He footing, pitched on his head, and never spoke will always remain the poet, and his work again. the epic, of African travel. with incom- Bruce's character is depicted [The principal authority for Bruce's life is his parable liveliness by himself. It is that of own Travels, which have appeared in three edi- a brave, magnanimous, and merciful man, tions, in 1790, 1805, and 1813. He left an un- endowed with excellent abilities, though not finished autobiography, part of which is printed in the later with first-rate intellectual powers, but swayed editions of the Travels. They are also a the to an undue degree by self-esteem and the accompanied by biography by editor, Alexander an well-written thirst for fame. The exaggeration of these Murray; exceedingly and in the main a very satisfactory book. Some qualities, without which even his enterprise slight coldness towards Bruce's memory may be would have shrunk from his perils, made him explained by the uneasy relations between Mur- uncandid to those whom he regarded as ri- ray and Bruce's son, who quarrelled with him vals, and imputations, not wholly brought during the progress of the work. Sir Francis his As regards undeserved, upon veracity. Head's delightful volume in the Family Library the bulk and tenor of his general narrative, goes into the other extreme. It is a mere com- his truthfulness has been esta- sufficiently pilation from the Travels, but executed con amore blished but and the for the kindred in ; vanity passion bv a spirit, and highly original manner picturesque led him to embellish minor par- if not in matter. Crichton's memoir in Jardine's ticulars, and perhaps in some few instances Naturalists' Library is an audacious plagiarism to invent them. The circumstances under from Head. Bruce's Travels in Barbary have been most illustrated which his work was produced were highly fully by Colonel Playfair in the of See unfavourable to strict accuracy. Instead of (Travels Footsteps Bruce, 1877). also the Travels of Lord Valentia and Salt, addressing himself to his task immediately Bruce's principal detractors; Asiatic Researches, upon his return, with the incidents of his vol. i. Memoir of Dr. Bur- ; Madame d'Arblay's travels fresh in his mind and his journals i. 298-329 Beloe's ii. ney, ; Sexagenarian, 45-9 ; before him, Bruce delayed for twelve open and the chapter on Alexander Murray in Archi- and then dictated to an amanuensis, years, bald Constable and his Literary Correspondents, to refer to the original indolently omitting vol. i. The excellent article in the Penny Cyclo- and hence a journals, frequently making paedia is by Andre Vieusseux.] R. Or. lamentable confusion of facts and dates, which only came to light upon the examina- BRUCE, JAMES (1765 P-1806), essay- was born in the of tion of his original manuscripts. 'In the ist, county Forfar, in or about 1765. After an honourable latter part of his days/ says his biographer, career ' Murray, he seems to have viewed the nu- at the university of St. Andrews, he went merous adventures of his active life as in a thence to Emmanuel College, Cambridge. dream, not in their natural state as to time He graduated B.A. in 1789, and took orders Bruce 103 Bruce

' in the English church. About 1800 he was and, two years later, a descriptive Guide to again in Scotland, where for a short time he the Edinburgh and Northern Railway.' officiated as a clergyman in the Scottish In 1847 Bruce was appointed commis- ' ' episcopal church. Towards the end of this sioner to the Scotsman newspaper to make his period, in 1803, was published only sepa- inquiries into the destitution in the high- ' rate literary work, The Regard which is lands. The results of his observations during ' due to the Memory of Good Men,' a sermon a three months' tour appeared in the Scots- preached at Dundee on the death of George man' from January to March 1847, and were Teaman. afterwards published in the form of a pam- ' In 1803 he came to London to devote phlet, bearing the title of Letters on the himself to literature, and was soon a prolific Present Condition of the Highlands and ' ' contributor to the British Critic and the Islands of Scotland.' The emigration of great 'Anti-Jacobin Magazine and Review,' the numbers seems to him an immediate neces- latter a weekly journal started almost con- sity, in order to narrow the field of operation temporaneously with, and conducted on the before attempting relief. He advocates also same principles as, its more famous namesake the establishment of a compulsory poor law, ' ' the Anti-Jacobin of Canning celebrity. A and the joining of potato patches into small of the articles in farms and he for the large proportion published ; pleads earnestly spread this review from 1803 to 1806 are from of education to rouse the people from their Bruce's pen. These articles, written with lethargy to a sense of new wants. On the considerable ability, are chiefly on theologi- whole, though he blames the neglect and cal and literary subjects. The former are selfishness of the proprietors, and quotes the characterised by a keen spirit of partisanship, verdict of one of the witnesses he examined, ' and are aimed especially against the Calvin- that the ruin of the poor people in Skye istic and evangelical parties in the church. is that there are whole miles of the country His contempt for the whole tendency of the with nothing but sheep and gentlemen upon thought of revolutionary France was most them,' yet he finds the real cause of the dis- hearty, and helped to keep up the 'Anti- tress in the indolence and lack of energy of Jacobin' tradition. For a list of the titles the highlanders themselves. He was after- ' ( ' of the most important, see Anderson's Scot- wards employed by the Scotsman on another tish Nation.' commission, to report on the moral and sani- Bruce's life in London was obscure, and tary condition of Edinburgh. probably unfortunate. He was found dead Bruce subsequently undertook in succes- i in the passage of the house in which he lodged sion the editorship of the Madras Athe- ' in Fetter Lane, 24 March 1806. naeum/ the Newcastle Chronicle,' and, dur- the latter of his the Belfast Scottish Nation Book ing years life, [Anderson's ; Irving's 1 of Annual Northern AVhig.' He was an occasional Scotsmen ; 1806, p. Register, 524.] ' A. M-L. contributor to the Athenaeum,' and at the time of his death he was engaged on a series ' BRUCE, JAMES (1808-1861), journalist of papers for the Cornhill Magazine.' His and author, was born at Aberdeen in 1808. restless mind was ever finding interests too He began his journalistic career in his native much out of the beaten track to allow him and there in l town, he published, 1840, The to be sufficiently absorbed in the events of Black Kalendar of an account of the and his success as a Aberdeen,' day ; journalist was, the trials most remarkable before the criminal therefore, hardly proportionate to his abili- courts of that city, and of the cases sent up ties. from that district to the high court of jus- The two best known of Bruce's books are 1 ' ticiary, from 1745 to 1830, with personal Classic and Historic Portraits (1853), and details concerning the prisoners. In the fol- 'Scenes and Sights in the East' (1856). { lowing year appeared his Lives of Eminent The former is a series of sketches descriptive ' Men of Aberdeen,' which contains, among of the personal appearance, the dress, the other biographies, those of John Barbour, private habits and tastes of some of the Bishop Elphinstone, chancellor of Scotland most distinguished persons whose names under James III, Jamieson the painter, and figure in history, interspersed but sparingly the poet Beattie. with criticism on their moral and intellectual ' While resident in Cupar, and editor of the character.' ' Scenes and Sights in the East ^Fifeshire Journal,' he published in 1845, is not a continuous book of travels, but a ' under the name of Table Talk,' a series of collection of picturesque views of life and short papers on miscellaneous subjects, which scenery in Southern India and Egypt, with show a minute acquaintance with the byways quaint observations on manners and men. and obscure corners of history and literature, Bruce died at Belfast, 19 Aug. 1861. Bruce 104 Bruce

22 1861 Belfast Northern [Scotsman, Aug. ; Louisa of the , Lady Mary Lambton, daughter 21 1861 24 Whig, Aug. ; Athenaeum, Aug. first Earl of Durham. 1861.] A. M-L. In Canada, as in Jamaica, Elgin again BRUCE, JAMES, eighth EARL OF ELGIN succeeded to an office which very recently and twelfth EARL OF KINCARDINE (1811- had been filled by Metcalfe, but the diffi- 1863), governor-general of India, second son culties of the position were far greater than * those in of the seventh earl of Elgin [q. v.], was edu- which had met him the West Indian cated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, colony. The rebellion which had taken place in where in 1832 he took a first class in classics, Lower Canada in 1837 and 1838 had left and was shortly afterwards elected a fellow behind it feelings of bitter animosity between of Merton. It is a curious coincidence that the British party, which was most numerous one of the examiners on the latter occasion in the upper province, and the French Cana- was Sir Edmund Head, who many years after- dians, who preponderated in Lower Canada. 1 wards succeeded Elgin as governor-general Pursuant to the recommendations made in of Canada. Among Elgin's contemporaries Lord Durham's celebrated report, Upper and r at Christ Church w ere Lord Dalhousie and i Lower Canada had been united under a single Lord his two immediate and under Sir Charles Canning, predecessors I government, Bagot, in the office of of India, Metcalfe's predecessor as governor-general j governor-general, the fifth Duke of Newcastle, the first Lord ! constitutional government had been esta-

Herbert of Lea, and Mr. Gladstone. In a ! Wished. During the earlier part of Metcalfe's- contest for the Eldon law he was the French Canadians and the scholarship I government defeated by Roundell Palmer, now Earl of Sel- party that sympathised with them had been borne. In 1841 he married a of in office but a difference of between April daughter ; opinion Mr. C. L. Cumming Bruce, and at the gene- Metcalfe and his council as to his power to ral election in of the same he was make appointments, even to his July year j personal elected member for Southampton, his political ! staff, without the assent of the council, views being those which were afterwards had led to the resignation of the majority of called liberal-conservative. "When parliament the council, and had been followed by the met, he seconded the amendment to the ad- dissolution of the assembly and an election carried a which a small to the British dress, which, being by large majority, i gave majority was followed by the resignation of Lord Mel- party. Elgin found this party in power, but bourne's government. Shortly afterwards, on before he had been a year in office another the death of his father, his elder brother general election gave a majority to the other having died in the previous year, he succeeded ! side, and during the remainder of his stay to the Scotch earldom, and ceased to be a in Canada his ministry was composed of member of the House of Commons. In March persons belonging to what may be called 1842 he was appointed governor of Jamaica. the liberal party, the chief element in that Jamaica, at the time of Elgin's appoint- ministry being French Canadian. From the ment, was in some respects in a depressed first Elgin had very serious difficulties to condition. The landed proprietary, which contend with. The famine in Ireland, which was mainly represented in the island by paid commenced in the first year of his govern- agents, had suffered considerably from the ment, flooded Canada with diseased and abolition of the slave trade. The finances starving emigrants, whose support had in required careful management, and the moral the first instance to be borne by the Cana- and intellectual condition of the dians the Free Trade Act of 1846 inflicted negro popu- ; lation was very low. In all these matters heavy losses upon Canadian millowners and had been made under the adminis- merchants and but not the Bri- progress ; last, least, tration of Elgin's distinguished predecessor, tish party regarded with the keenest resent- Sir Charles Metcalfe; but much still remained ment the admission into the government of to be accomplished, especially in the matter the country of persons some of whom they of educating the negroes. In this, and in looked upon as rebels. This resentment, on the important object of encouraging the ap- the occasion of a bill being passed granting plication of mechanical contrivances to agri- compensation for losses incurred in Lower culture, Elgin's efforts were very successful, Canada during the rebellion, culminated in and his administration generally was so satis- riots and outrages of a grave character. The factory that very shortly after leaving Ja- measure in question was the outcome of the maica he was offered by the whig government, report of a commission appointed by Met- which had acceded to office in 1846, the im- calfe's conservative government in 1845. It portant post of governor-general of Canada. was denounced both in Canada and in Eng- His first wife had died shortly after his ar- land, and in the latter country, among other rival in Jamaica, and in 1847 he married persons, by Mr. Gladstone, as a measure for Bruce 105 Bruce

rebels for on the rewarding rebellion, and city. Later in the year he returned to China, occasion of the his governor-general giving fresh troops having been sent out to replace assent to it, his carriage, as he left the House those which had been diverted to India. of Parliament, was pelted with stones, and Canton was speedily taken, and some months the of Parliament to the later a House was burnt treaty was made at Tientsin, providing ground. A few days later, on his going into among other matters for the appointment of Montreal to receive an address which had been a British minister, for additional facilities passed by the House of Assembly condemning for British trade, for protection to protestants the recent outrages and expressing confidence and to Roman catholics, and for a war in- in his administration, he was again attacked demnity. He subsequently proceeded to the some of his staff were struck by mob, by i Japan, where he made a treaty with the go- stones, and it was only by rapid driving that vernment of that country, under which cer- he escaped unhurt. The result of these dis- tain ports were opened to British trade, and turbances was that Montreal was abandoned foreigners were admitted into the country. as the seat of government, and for some years On his return to England in the spring of the sittings of the legislature were held al- 1859 Elgin was again offered office by Lord ternately at Toronto and Quebec. Later on Palmerston, and accepted that of postmaster- the situation was embarrassed by a cry for general. He was elected lord rector of Glas- annexation to the United States, caused gow University, and received the freedom of mainly by the commercial depression conse- the city of London. In the following year quent upon free trade and the absence of a he was again sent to China, the emperor reciprocity treaty with the States. The latter I having failed to ratify the treaty of Tientsin,

was at last concluded in 1854, after negotia- : and committed other unfriendly acts. On the tions conducted by Elgin in person. Another voyage out the steamer in which Elgin was source of considerable anxiety at this period a passenger was wrecked in Galle harbour. was the practice in vogue among certain The mission was not accomplished without English statesmen of denouncing the colonies fighting. The military opposition was slight, as a needless burden upon the mother country. but the Chinese resorted to treachery, and But all these difficulties were gradually over- after having, as was supposed, accepted the come, and when Elgin relinquished the govern- terms offered by the two envoys (Baron Gros, ment at the end of 1854, it was generally re- on the part of the French, was again asso- cognised that his administration had been a ciated with Elgin), carried off some officers complete success. aud soldiers whom Elgin had sent with a For two years after leaving Canada Elgin letter to the Chinese plenipotentiary, and also ' ' abstained from taking any active part in the Times correspondent, Mr. Bowlby [q.v.]> public affairs. On the breaking up of Lord who had accompanied them. The latter and Aberdeen's government in the spring of 1855, one or two other members of the party were he was offered by Lord Palmerston the chan- murdered. In retribution for this treacherous cellorship of the Duchy of Lancaster with a act, the summer palace, the favourite resi- seat in the cabinet but to maintain dence of the at was ; wishing emperor Pekin, destroyed. an independent position in parliament, while A few days later the treaty of Tientsin was according a general support to the govern- formally ratified, and a convention was con- ment of the day, he declined the offer. cluded, containing certain additional stipu- In 1857, on differences arising with China lations favourable to the British government. in connection with the seizure of the lorcha Visiting Java on his voyage home, Elgin re- Arrow, Elgin was sent as envoy to China. turned to England on 11 April 1861, after an On reaching Singapore he was met by letters absence of about a year. from Lord Canning informing him of the Elgin had hardly been a month in England spread of the Indian mutiny, and urging him when he was offered the appointment of to send troops to Calcutta from the force viceroy and governor-general of India, which which was to accompany him to China. With Lord Canning was about to vacate. It was this requisition he at once complied, sending the last public situation which he was destined in fact the to it whole of the force, but he pro- to fill, and he appears have accepted ceeded himself to Hongkong in the expecta- with some forebodings. In a speech which tion that the troops would speedily follow. he made to his neighbours at Dunfermline that Finding that this expectation was not likely shortly before his departure, he observed \ to be and that ' of labour fulfilled, the French ambas- the vast amount devolving upon V sador, who was to be associated with him in the governor-general of India, the insalu- \his mission, had been delayed, he repaired to brity of the climate, and the advance of 'Calcutta in H.M.S. Shannon, which he left years, all tended to render the prospect of with Lord Canning for the protection of that their again meeting remote and uncertain/ Bruce 106 Bruce

He left England at the end of January 1862, was disapproved in England. Fully recog- arriving at Calcutta on 12 March. During nising the advantages of free trade/and the the twenty months which followed, he devoted principles upon which the free-trade policy himself with unremitting industry to the was based, he was not prepared to admit that business of his high office, bringing to bear those principles, however sound in the ab- upon it experience acquired in other and stract, ought to be suddenly enforced in a widely different spheres of duty, but fully colony just emerging from grave financial

; conscious of the necessity of careful study difficulties, and by a temperate representation of the new set of facts with which he was ' he induced the government to recall an order < brought into contact. The first virtue,' he which would otherwise have caused serious l said to one of his colleagues, which you and embarrassment. A few years later, in Ca- I have to practise here at present is self- nada, influenced by similar considerations, denial. We must, for a time at least, walk he brought about, not without delay and in paths traced out for us by others.' The difficulty, and mainly by his own persistent first eleven months were spent in Calcutta, i advocacy, the reciprocity treaty with the where, without encountering any serious ill- i United States. He was charged in some ness, he suffered a good deal of discomfort quarters with having shown timidity in deal- from the heat. In February 1863 he moved ing with the disturbances at Montreal, but to Simla, halting at Benares, Agra, Delhi, the charge was discredited by successive go- and other places, and holding durbars, at vernments at home, whose confidence in his which he made the acquaintance of numerous judgment and firmness was to the last unim- native chiefs and nobles. Spending the sum- paired. The vigour and diplomatic ability mer at Simla, on 26 Sept. he started for displayed by him in China in getting his own Sealkote, en route to Peshawur, with the in- ! way, both with the Chinese authorities and tention of then proceeding to Lahore, where, i with his French colleague, were very remark- in of the Indian Councils able. In China and in pursuance Act, \ India, where he was passed two years before, the legislative council brought into contact with Englishmen and was to assemble. The earlier part of the route other Europeans settled among Asiatic popu- lay over the Himalayas and the upper valleys lations, he seems to have formed a strong, of the Beas, the Ravi, and the Chenab rivers. and some persons thought an exaggerated, In the course of it he crossed the twig bridge impression of the tendency of Europeans to over the river Chandra, an affluent of the ill-use the inferior races, his letters, both Chenab. The crossing of this bridge, con- public and private, containing frequent and structed as it was of a rude texture of birch indignant allusions to this subject. branches, much rent and battered the wear In India his tenure of office was too short by j and tear of the involved to admit of estimate rainy season, very any trustworthy being and on a formed of his to administer with great physical exertion, brought | capacity fatal attack of heart to which he success a so different from those to complaint, j system succumbed at Dharmsala on 20 Nov. 1863. which he had been accustomed in his previous and his were career had his life been he Lady Elgin youngest daughter ; but, spared, with him. A very interesting account of would probably have taken a high place on his last days, written by his brother-in-law, the roll of Indian administrators. In private A. P. Stanley, dean of Westminster, is given life he was much beloved. His letters show in Mr. Walrond's memoir. that he was a man of warm affections, emi- character as a the with Of Elgin's public man, nently domestic, very decided convic- most features were the thoroughly tions on the of He was a prominent j subject religion. manner in which he dealt full and facile and a fluent and effec- practical habitually j writer, with his readiness to as- tive with a public questions ; speaker, style remarkably clear, sume responsibility, and the strong sense of < abounding in illustrations from the varied duty which enabled him to suppress personal ! stores of a well-furnished and retentive considerations whenever they appeared to con- memory. j flict interests. the with the Of two ; public [Letters and Journals of James, eighth earl of last-mentioned evidence i qualities striking Elgin, ed. Theodore Walrond, 1872; Kaye's Life to send was furnished his resolve \ of Lord 1858 by prompt Metcalfe, ; personal information.] the troops destined for China to the aid of I A. J. A. the Indian government. Of the first an ex- was afforded at an in his BRUCE, SIE JAMES LEWIS KNIGHT- ample early period j official life. Shortly after his arrival in Ja- (1791-1866), judge, was the youngest son of maica he came into collision with the home John Knight of Fairlinch, Devonshire, by government on a question of taxation, regard- Margaret, daughter and afterwards heiress of of ing which the legislation of the local assembly William Bruce Llanblethian, Glamorgan- Bruce 107 Bruce shire. He was born at Barnstaple on 15 Feb. 7 Nov. 1866, within a fortnight after his re- 1791, and was educated at King Edward's tirement from the bench, which had been and the grammar school, Bath, King's school, occasioned by the gradual failure of his sight Sherborne. He left Sherborne in 1805, and, and the shock which he had sustained by the a mathematical after spending two years with sudden death of his wife in the previous year. tutor, was articled to a solicitor in Lincoln's He was buried in Cheriton churchyard, near Inn Fields. His articles having expired, he Folkestone, on the 14th of the same month. a was, on 21 July 1812, admitted student At the bar he was remarkable for the rapidity of Lincoln's Inn. On 21 Nov. 1817 he with which he was always able to make himself was called to the bar, and for a short time master of the facts of any case, and for his of ' went the Welsh circuit. The increase extraordinary memory (see report of Hilton his chancery practice soon caused him to v. Lord Granville,' Cr. and Ph. 284, and Law abandon the common law bar, and he con- Mag. and Review, xxii. 281). As a judge he fined himself to practising in the equity showed a wonderful aptitude for business courts. In Michaelmas term 1829 he was and a profound knowledge of law, and so appointed a king's counsel, and on 6 Nov. in anxious was he to shorten procedure and save the same year was elected a bencher of Lin- time in the discussion of technicalities, that coln's Inn. Upon taking silk he selected the in some of his decisions, which were over- vice-chancellor's court, where Sir Edward ruled by Lord Cottenham, he anticipated re- Sugden, afterwards Lord St. Leonards, was forms which were subsequently made. His the leader. With him Knight had daily con- language was always terse and lucid, and his tests until Sugden's appointment as lord chan- judgments, especially the earlier ones, were ' cellor of Ireland in 1834. In politics Knight models of composition (see the case of Rey- in was a conservative, and April 1831 he was nell v. Sprye,' 1 De Gex, Macnaghten, fy Gor- returned for a 660-711 of v. Bishop's Castle, pocket borough don, ; 'Thomas Roberts,' better ' belonging to the Earl of Powis. His parlia- known as the Agapemone Case,' 3 De Gex ' was for the 758-81 and of v. mentary career, however, short, 8f Smale, ; Burgess Burgess,' borough was disfranchised by the Reform Bill. 3 De Gex, Macnaghten, $ Gordon, 896-905). In 1834 he received the honorary degree of He frequently sat on the judicial committee D.C.L. from the university of Oxford. In of the privy council, where his familiarity 1835 he was one of the counsel heard at the with the civil law and the foreign systems bar of the House of Lords on behalf of the of jurisprudence was especially valuable. ' municipal corporations against the Municipal In the celebrated ( Gorham case he differed Reform Bill, and in 1851 on behalf of the from the judgment of the majority of the deans and chapters against the Ecclesiastical court, which was pronounced by Lord Lang- Duties and Revenues Bill. In August 1837 dale, M.R., on 8 March 1850. On 20 Aug. he unsuccessfully contested the borough of 1812 he married Eliza, the daughter of Thomas Cambridge, and in September following as- Newte of Duvale, Devonshire, by whom he sumed the additional surname of Bruce by had several children. Two portraits were license. the abolition of the court taken of royal Upon | him, by George Richmond, R.A., of exchequer in equity and the transfer of its and Woolnoth respectively, both of which I to the court of he was jurisdiction chancery, ! have been engraved. 'on 28 Oct. 1841 appointed Sir Robert Peel by [Foss (1864), ix. 151-4; Law Mag. and Eev. one of the two additional vice-chancellors xxii. 278-93; Law Journal, i. 564-5, 607-8; under 5 Viet. c. 5. He was subsequently Solicitors' xi. Law I Journal, 25, 53-4, 79 ; Times, 1842 was a and on 15 Jan. sworn ! xlii. 303 Gent. new ser. knighted, 21, 48, 57, ; Mag. 1866, member of the privy council. In Michaelmas : ii. 681,' 818, 833-5; Annual Register (1866), G-. F. E. B. term 1842 he undertook the further duties i Chron. 218-19.] of chief judge in bankruptcy, and seven years later the exercise of the jurisdiction of the BRUCE, JOHN (1745-1826), historian, old court of review was entrusted to him. was heir male of the ancient family of Bruce | cadets of the In 1842-3 he held the yearly office of treasurer of Earlshall, one of the oldest not suc- i he did of Lincoln's Inn, and in virtue of that office illustrious house of Bruce; but laid the foundation-stone of the new hall 1 ceed to the estate of his ancestors, which was into another -and library of the inn on 20 April 1843. transferred by marriage family. the small Upon the creation of the court of appeal He inherited from his father only near Fife- in chancery Lord John Russell appointed property of Grangehill, Kinghorn, which his Knight-Bruce and Lord Cranworth the first shire, the remains of a larger estate with a lords justices on 8 Oct. 1851. In this court family acquired by marriage grand- renowned of Knight-Bruce sat for nearly sixteen years. daughter of the Kirkcaldy his education at the He died at Roehampton Priory, Surrey, on Grange. He received Bruce 1 08 Bruce university of Edinburgh, where he was ap- foreign possessions or European ports, by pointed professor of logic. Having acquitted annoying his coasts, and by destroying his himself to the satisfaction of Viscount Mel- equipments,' London [1801], 8vo, privately ' ville in the education of his son, that noble- printed for the government. 8. Annals of man obtained for him a gTant of the rever- the East India Company from their establish- sion, conjointly with Sir James Hunter Blair, ment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, of the patent of king's printer and stationer 1600, to the union of the London and Eng- for Scotland, an office which did not open lish East India Company, 1707-8,' 3 vols., ' to them until fifteen or sixteen years later. London, 1810, 4to. 9. Report on the Re- Through the influence of Lord Melville, Bruce newal of the Company's Exclusive Privileges was likewise appointed keeper of the state of Trade for twenty years from March 1794/ lan- ' paper office, and secretary for the Latin London, 1811, 4to. 10. Speech in the Com- guage and historiographer to the East India mittee of the House of Commons on India Company. He was M.P. for the borough of Affairs,' London, 1813, 8vo. or from Michael Midshall, Cornwall, February [Gent. Mag. xcvi. (ii.) 87, '(new series) iv. till and for a short time se- Martin's Printed 1809 July 1814, 327 ; Privately Books, 133, cretary to the board of control. He was a 138, 142, 149, 156; Biog. Diet, of Living fellow of the Royal Societies of London, Edin- Authors (1816), 42; Beloe's Anecdotes, ii. 432; Smith's Bibl. 85 Watt's Bibl. Brit. burgh, and Gottingen. His death occurred Cantiana, ; ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. 293 McCulloch's at his seat of Nuthill, Fifeshire, on 16 April (Bohn), ; Par- 1826. Lit. Pol. Econ. 106; Lists of Members of liament ii. Cat. of Bruce was an accurate historian and an (official return), 243, 258; Printed Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C. elegant scholar, and produced several valuable works, some of which were privately printed BRUCE, JOHN (1802-1869), antiquary,, for confidential use by members of the go- a native of London, though of a Scotch ' vernment. Their titles are: 1. First Princi- family, was educated partly at private ples of Philosophy,' Edinburgh, 1780, 1781, schools in England, and partly at the gram- 1785, 8vo. 2. ' Elements of the Science of mar school of Aberdeen. Although brought Ethics, or the Principles of Natural Philo- up to the law, he did not practise after 1840, * sophy,' London, 1786, 8vo. 3. Historical and from that time gave himself wholly to View of Plans for the Government of British historical and antiquarian pursuits, to which ' India,' 1793, 4to. 4. Review of the Events he had already devoted much attention. H& and Treaties Avhich established the Balance took a prominent part in the foundation of the of Power in Europe, and the Balance of Camden Society, held office in it as treasurer in favour of Great to its Trade Britain,' London, [ and director, and contributed publica- ' ' 1796, 8vo. 5. Report on the Arrangements ! tions : The Historie of the Arrivall of for the internal Defence first of the which were made i Edward IV,' 1838, the volume of these when its Armada works ' Annals of the First Four Kingdoms Spain by j society's ; the Invasion and of Years of 1840 ' Corre- projected Conquest Eng- Queen Elizabeth,' ; land,' London, 1798, 8vo, privately printed spondence of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leyces- at the time of Bona- < 1845 ' for the use of ministers 1844 ; Letters | ter,' ; Verney Papers,' threatened On this Elizabeth James 1849 a of and ; parte's invasion. report | Queen VI,' Pitt his measures of the to ' Chronicon 1849 grounded provisional I preface Petroburgense,' ; and of reserve. 6. ' Letters and of the cavalry army 'Report j Papers Verney Family/ Circumstances which ' I in 1856 ' Liber on the Events and 1853 ; Charles 1646,' ; of | ' the of the ; of Sir James 1858 Union Kingdoms Famelicus Whitelocke, ; produced r and Scotland on the effects of this ' of James VI with England ; Correspondence Cecil, I ' National Event on the in- I 1861 a to great reciprocal ; preface Proceedings principally

: on the in of . . . the collec- terests of both Kingdoms and poli- i the County Kent from tical influence of Great tions of Sir E. 1861 with and commercial Dering,' ; conjointly < 5 Britain in the Balance of Power in Europe,' J. G. Nichols's Wills from Doctors Com- These ! ' into the Genuine- 2 London 8vo. 1863 ; an vols., [1799], papers ' mons,' Inquiry were collected by the desire of the fourth ness of a. Letter dated 3 Feb. 1613,' 1864, in then of the ' v. 7 ' Accounts and Duke of Portland, secretary state, Miscellany,' ; Papers- when the question of union between Great relating to Mary Queen of Scots,' conjointly Britain and Ireland came under the con- with A. J. Crosby, 1867; 'Journal of a of the 7. ' on ... Sir Kenelm 1868 sideration government. Report Voyage by Digby,' ; the Arrangements which have been adopted < Notes of the Treaty of Ripon,' 1869. He in former periods, when France threatened was for some time treasurer and vice-presi- Invasions of Britain or Ireland, to frustrate dent of the Society of Antiquaries, and the designs of the enemy by attacks on his contributed many papers to the 'Archaeo- Bruce 109 Bruce

his ' into the of logia,' among which Inquiry | ship the Bermudas and the representation

' Authenticity of the Paston Letters,' xli. 15, of Kinross-shire in Parliament. He died at the may be especially mentioned. He also printed age of eighty-two, and was buried at Kinross. two letters to the affairs of the His first wife was relating society j Catherine Halket of Pit- in in 1852. He wrote the , near occasionally ferran, Dimfermline, and it is her sister, ' ' Edinburgh Review and other periodicals, i Lady Wardlaw, who divides with Bruce the ' ' and was for some editor of the Gentle- honour of written It is years ( having Hardyknute.' man's Magazine.' For the Berkshire Ash- ! extremely difficult with the existing evidence ' molean Society he edited a volume of Origi- ' to decide which of the two wrote the poem nal Letters relating to Archbishop Laud's if indeed it was not their joint composition Benefactions/ 1841, and for the Parker So- but the best critics incline to give the credit ' ciety the Works of R. Hutchinson,' 1842, to Bruce. Pinkerton, who wrote a sequel to and with the Rev. T. Perowne the is decided in that conjointly | vigorous fragment, quite ' the Correspondence of Archbishop Parker,' view, restinghis conclusion on a letter to Lord 1853. In 1857? he contributed an edition of Binning, in which Bruce says he found the

Cowper's poems to the Aldine edition of i manuscript in a vault at Dunfermline. Percy poets. He edited the Calendars of State accepts Pinkerton's argument and inference, Papers, Domestic Series, Charles I, 1625- and Irving, the most competent judge since 1639, 12 vols. published under the direction their day, while acknowledging the difficulties of the master of the rolls, 1858-1871, the of the case, is clearly inclined to agree with last volume being completed by Mr. W. D. them. Unfortunately neither Lady Wardlaw Hamilton, and in 1867 privately nor Bruce left authentic printed j any poetical compo- papers relating to William, first earl of i sition, though Pinkerton would have little Gowrie. In 1861 he was appointed by hesitation in attributing to Bruce not only ' ' the Society of Antiquaries a trustee of , Hardyknute but other members of Ram- Sir John Soane's Museum. He was a man ' ' as well. There how- j say's Evergreen exists, of a noble simplicity of character, and was ever, testimony of various friends as to the much beloved by all who worked with him. exceptional accomplishments of Lady Ward- He had been a widower for some years law, and as to the probability, amounting al- before his death, which occurred very sud- most to a certainty, that she was the sole and at 28 denly London, Oct. 1869. His manu- unaided author of the ballad [see WARDLAW, scripts deposited in the British Museum are : LADY ELIZABETH]. Catalogue of State Papers in the State ' [Burke's Peerage ; Pinkerton's Ancient Scottish Office and the British and Paper Museum, j Poems; Percy's Reliques ; Chalmers's Life of class catalogues of in the Bri- Allan Chalmers's of manuscripts Ramsay ; History Dunferm- tish Add. MSS. and Museum, 28197-28202, line ; Scottish T. ; Irving's Poets.] B. a classified list of the letters of William

j Cowper, Add. MS. 29716. BRUCE, MICHAEL (1635-1693), pres- was the first of a line of [The Times, 3 and 4 Nov. 1869; J. G. byterian minister, seven Nichols's Catalogue of the Works of the Camden Bruces, presbyterian ministers in Ire- land in six successive Society, 2nd edit. 1872; Thompson Cooper's generations. He was Biog. Diet., supplement; Men of the Time, ed. the third and youngest son of Patrick Bruce 1868; Notes and Queries, 4th series, iv. 443; of Newtown, Stirlingshire, by Janet, second Catalogue of Additional MSS. in the British daughter of John Jackson, merchant of Edin- W. H. Museum.] burgh. Robert Bruce [q. v.], who anointed Anne of Denmark at Holyrood, 17 May 1590, BRUCE, SIR JOHNHOPE (1684P-1766), was his grand-uncle. Bruce graduated at of Kinross, soldier and statesman, and reputed Edinburgh in 1654. He is said to have begun author of ' the ballad Hardyknute,' was the to preach in 1656. In that year John Liv- third son of Sir Thomas Hope, bart., of Craig- ingstone of Ancrum, formerly minister of Fife. hall, His mother was the sole heir of Sir Killinchy, co. Down, paid a visit to his old William Bruce, bart., of Kinross, and hence charge, with a view to settle there again. comes the name of the son, which in the family This he did not do, but on returning to Scot- records as Sir stands John Bruce Hope. On land he looked out for a likely man for Kil- the death of his elder brothers without heirs linchy, and at length sent Bruce with a let- he succeeded to the estates, and came to be ter (dated 3 July 1657) to Captain James popularly known as Sir John Bruce of Kin- Moore of Ballybregah ' to be communicated ross. Besides serving in the Swedish army, to the congregation.' Bruce was ordained at Bruce gained distinction as a soldier at home, Killinchy by the Down presbytery in October to the rising rank of lieutenant-general. His 1657. At the Restoration Bruce's position career public likewise includes the governor- was very precarious, but he refused a call Bruce no Bruce

' to Bothkennar, Stirlingshire, in 1660, and to Killinchy in the woods.' The end was though deprived for nonconformity by Bishop that his kinsman, the Earl of Elgin, pro- Jeremy Taylor, he continued to preach and cured for him a writ quashing all past sen- ' administer the sacraments at different places tences, and he got back to Killinchy with his in the parish, in kilns, barns, or woods, and family in April 1670. In the summer of in often the night.' Patrick Adair [q. v.], that year his people set about building him ' though he pays a high tribute to Bruce's in- a meeting-house (rebuilt 1714). Though tegrity and good intentions/ yet intimates Roger Boyle, who had succeeded Jeremy that he and other young ministers did more Taylor as bishop of Down and Connor, insti- harm than good, affixing the stigma of law- tuted proceedings against him and others for lessness on the whole presbyterian party in preaching without license, Berkeley, the lord- Ulster. On 23 June 1664 he was outlawed, lieutenant, and James Margetson, the pri- along with John Crookshanks of Raphoe, and mate, intervened, and the presbyterians were ordered to give himself up to the authorities left unmolested. In 1679 Bruce signed an ad- on 27 July. At length, in 1665 or 1666, dress presented by the Down presbytery to the Bruce returned to Scotland, not to keep Irish government, disclaiming any complicity quiet there, for in June 1666 his field preach- with the rising of the Scottish covenanters- ings procured him a citation before the lords put down at Bothwell Bridge. He was fre- of the council in as ' a over in Scotland this privy Edinburgh pre- quently during period ; tended minister and a fugitive from Ireland.' we find him in 1672 at Carluke, and in 1685 He did not answer the summons, but per- in Galloway. His final retreat to Scotland ' sisted in his seditious and factious doctrine was in 1689, when the war broke out, and he ' and practice.' Early in June 1668 he was was forced over from Ireland to Galloway arrested, in his own hired house near Stir- by the Irishes.' He had several offers of a ling, by Captain George Erskine, governor of charge, but went of his own accord to An- Stirling Castle. He made every effort to es- woth, Wigtonshire, a parish made famous by cape, wounding one of his captors, and being the ministry of Samuel Rutherford. The late himself badly wounded. He was lodged in incumbent, James Shaw, had been ousted by the castle, and the privy council on 4 June the people. Bruce was a member of the directed that no one should have access to general assembly of 1690. He was called to- ' him, except it be physicians or chirurgeons.' Jedburgh, but decided to remain at Anwoth. On 18 June order was given to transfer him Some curious stories are told of his predic- to the and on 2 tions the most remarkable that on 27 Edinburgh Tolbooth, July ; is, July he was charged before the council by the 1689, the day of the battle of Killiecrankie, king's advocate. Admitting and defending he was preaching at Anwoth, and declared ' his practice of preaching and baptising in that Claverhouse shall be cut short this day. houses and the fields, he was banished out I see him killed and lying a corpse.' At of his majesty's dominions of Scotland, Eng- Anwoth he died in 1693, and was buried in land, and Ireland, under the penalty of the church. He was in his fifty-ninth year, death. He signed a bond of compliance. and the thirty-seventh of his ministry. He From the print of his sermon, preached in married (contract dated 30 May 1659) his the Tolbooth on the following Sunday, it ap- cousin Jean, daughter of Robert Bruce of pears that Virginia was to be the place of his Kinnaird, and granddaughter of the Robert exile. But an order from Whitehall (dated Bruce mentioned above. In his second peti- 9 July) directed the privy council to send tion from the Gatehouse he speaks of his ' ' him up to London by the first conveniency family of young and helpless children left ' by sea.' On 13 Sept. he was conveyed to behind him in Scotland. Three of his chil- Prestonpans, and thence in the ship John dren died young, and were buried at Kil- eldest to London. A royal warrant committed him linchy. His son was James [q. v.] to the Gatehouse at Westminster. It is said Bruce published nothing himself, and the that he was to have been transported to Tan- rough quaint sermons issued as . his were gier. His wife in vain presented his petition taken from the notes of his" hearers. 1. 'A for ' sustenance or release.' He was allowed Sermon preached by Master Michael Bruice, to preach at the Gatehouse, and among his in the Tolbooth of Edinburgh, the immediate audience was Lady Castlemaine, one of Sabbath after he received the sentence of Charles IFs favourites. Through her influ- exile for Virginia,' 4to, n.d. (text, Ps. cxl. was more 2. ' The of the Bones ence a second petition (still extant) 12, 13). Rattling Dry ; successful. The king declined to remit the or, a sermon preached in the night-time at sentence of banishment, but allowed Bruce Chapel-yard in the parish of Carluke, Clyds- to select his place of transportation. With dale, May 1672,' 4to, n.d. (text, Ezek. xxxvii. ' much quickness he at once asked to be sent 7, 8). 3. Six Dreadful Alarms in order to Bruce III Bruce the of the or the a on 5 right improving Gospel ; healing sermon, Jan. 1725, before the substance of a n.d. That sermon, &c.,' 4to, (text, sub-synod. same year he was placed Matt. vii. about 4. ' Soul with the other 24; printed 1700). nonsubscribers by the general Confirmation or a sermon in the of Ulster in a ; preached synod separate presbytery of Cambusnethen in &c. and in 1726 the parish Olyds-dail,' (Antrim), Antrim presbytery, 1709, 4to (text, Acts xiv. 22). 5. 'A Col- of which Bruce was clerk, was excluded from lection of Lectures and Sermons, preached the general synod, and became a distinct in the time of the late ecclesiastical mostly persecution,' body. A subscribing congre- &c., Glasgow, 1779, 8vo (edited by J. H., gation was soon formed at Holywood, under i i.e. John as Sermons de- William Howie ; reprinted Smith, and most of Bruce's hearers livered in times of in deserted him. persecution Scotland,' Wodrow says he had only Edin. with notices ten or twelve 1880, 8vo, biographical by families left, yielding a stipend contains of 4/. the Rev. James Kerr, Greenock; scarcely To improve his position, a three sermons by Bruce on Gen. xlii. 25, Ps. fortnightly evening lecture was established cxix. 133, and Mark ix. 13). 6. A manu- in First Belfast, and Bruce was appointed script collection by Daniel Mussenden, mer- lecturer, at 20/. a year. His reputation as chant of Belfast, 1704, contains a sermon on a minister was high, but he wrote so little ' ' Matt, xxviii. 1-4, preached in Scotland by that it is difficult to form a judgment of his ' merits. is Mr. Mihail Bruce.' He believed to have had a prin- hand in the [Hew Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot.; Woclrow's cipal nonsubscribers' historical ' Hist. vol. ii. and Analecta Eeid's Formal Chris- A Narrative of the ; statement, Proceedings Belf. Letters to of Seven General tians, 1729, pref. ; Original Synods of the Northern E. 1828 J. S. in Orthod. in Bruce, Dublin, ; Eeid, Presbyterians Ireland,' &c., Belfast, 1727, 1831 Grub's Eccl. Hist, Presbyterian, February ; 8vo (the preface is signed by Samuel Hali- of Scotland, 1861, ii. 247; Adair's True Narrative and day, moderator, Michael Bruce, clerk). 1866, 258 ; Eeid's Hist. Presb. (Killen), pp. sq. He died 1 Dec. 1735, and was buried at Holy- ii. Ch.in Ireland 1867, 219 ; Withe- (Killen), sq. wood, where Haliday preached his funeral row's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presbyterianism in sermon (Ps. xxxvii. on 7 Dec. In 1716 1st ser. 46 37) Ireland, 1879, pp. sq. ; Cuming-Bruce's he married Mary Ker, and had four children. Fam. Eecords of the Bruces and the Cumyns, Samuel Bruce was his son. Kerr's ut [q. v.] He pub- 1870, pp. 362, 384 ; notice, 1880 biog. lished l Porter's Seven in N. 6 only, The Duty of Christians to live sup. ; Bruces, Whig, April in recom- 1885; information from a descendant.] A. Or. together religious communion, mended in a sermon,' &c., Belfast, 1725, 8vo. BRUCE, MICHAEL (1686-1735), Irish Funeral 1735 to eldest son of James [Haliday's Sermon, ; Appendix presbyterian minister, Duchal's Sermon for 36 minister of Abernethy, 1741, pp. sq. ; Bruce, Killeleagh [q. v.], born Bible Christian, 1841, Ill ; Witherow's Hist, 27 was licensed the Down p. July 1686, by pres- and Lit. Memorials of Presbyterianism in Ire- bytery at Downpatrick on 27 Oct. 1708, after 1st 295 land, series, 1879, pp. sq. ; Porter's Seven the Westminster and subscribing Confession, Bruces, in N. Whig, 16 April 1885.] A. G-. ' promising not to follow any divisive courses all the life.' days of my He was ordained BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767), poet, minister of Holywood, co. Down, on 10 Oct. the fifth of eight children of Alexander 1711, and acquired the reputation of a quiet, Bruce, weaver, was born at Kinnesswood, a solid preacher. He was a member of the hamlet in the parish of Portmoak, on the ministerial club, founded in 1705, and subse- eastern shore of Lochleven, Kinross-shire, on quently known as the Belfast Society. This 27 March 1746. His father was an elder of body, of which the mainspring was John the seceding church which adhered to Tho- Abernethy of Antrim [q. v.], exercised a mas Mair of Orwell, Kinross-shire, ejected powerful influence in liberalising the pres- from the anti-burgher synod for holding that 1 byterian theology of Ulster. When, in 1720, there is a sense in which Christ died for the nonsubscription controversy broke out, all men.' Bruce, who was a quick and deli- his father, James Bruce, became a subscriber. cate boy, was early taught to read and write, * ' Bruce, who broke with Calvinistic orthodoxy, and was made useful as a wee herd loon in became a decided nonsubscriber, and in 1723 tending sheep. At the village school his was one of the four ministers accused by great companion was William Arnot, to ' ' Colonel Upton at the Belfast sub-synod as whose memory he wrote Daphnis in May 1 holding principles which opened a door to 1765. At the age of eleven he had resolved let all heresy and error into the church.' to be a minister. When he was about six- In 1724 he protested against the exclusion teen his father received a bequest of 200 of Thomas Nevin of Downpatrick for alleged merks Scots (III. 2s. 2d.\ which he devoted heresy. He preached what was intended as to his son's education. Bruce was enrolled Bruce 112 Bruce in the Greek class at Edinburgh University, of his death, John Logan, his class-fellow, under Robert Hunter, on 17 Dec. 1762. He then tutor in the family of Sir John Sin- attended three sessions at Edinburgh, not clair, undertook to bring out a volume of confining himself to the arts course (for in his friend's poems, and for this purpose got 1763 he took Hebrew along with natural possession of most of Bruce's manuscripts, philosophy), and taking pleasure in belles consisting of poems and letters, and espe- lettres and poetry. He acquired, as his cially a quarto volume into which, in his letters show, an admirable prose style, and last illness, he had transcribed his poems. contributed some poems to the Literary So- Not till 1770 did Logan issue the small ' ciety. Leaving the university in 1765, he volume of Poems on several Occasions, by became schoolmaster at Gairney Bridge, in Michael Bruce,' Edinburgh, 12mo, prefixing a the of Cleish, Kinross-shire, on the very well-written preface. It parish j biographical western side of Lochleven. He had twenty- contains but seventeen pieces, including some at the rate of 2s. a and different authors l the other author eight pupils, quarter, by ; only free board with their parents in rotation. ever specified by Logan was Sir John Foulis, He wrote a poetical appeal to the managers bart., to whom the Vernal Ode is ascribed by ' for a new table, and contemplated the pub- Dr. Anderson (GROSART) . Pearson maintains lication of a volume of poems. While that the whole contents of the volume were boarding in the house of one Grieve of known to him as Bruce's except this ode, the ' ' t Classlochie he fell in love with his pupil, Ode to the Fountain,' Ode to Paoli,' Chorus ' his host's daughter Magdalene. He cele- of Elysian Bards,' and Danish Odes.' More- ' ' brates her in his Alexis (under the name over, to Bruce's companions the volume ap- of Eumelia) and in two songs. She married peared strangely defective. His father at ' David Low. Still eager for the ministry, once said, Where are my son's Gospel son- ' Bruce found that the anti-burgher synod nets ? He went to Edinburgh for the manu- would not receive him as a student, owing scripts, and got some of the papers, but to his connection with Mair. Accordingly never recovered the aforesaid quarto. The he applied, to the burgher synod, and was chagrin hastened the old man's death. In ' enrolled in the classes of John Swanston, the Weekly Magazine, or Edinburgh Amuse- minister at Kinross. In 1766 he looked out ment ' of 5 May 1774 the 'Ode to the for a new school, and found one at Forrest Cuckoo/ from the 1770 book, appears as a ' ' Mill, near Tillicoultry, Clackmannanshire. contribution signed R. D. : in the next num- To this period belongs his correspondence ber the piracy is exposed, and the real with his father's apprentice, David Pearson, initials of the thief are said to be 'B. M.' ' ' who had settled at Easter Balgedie, near A charming paper in the Mirror (No. 36, fell in fact 29 < as- Kinnesswood. He ill, being Saturday, May 1779, signed P./ and seized with consumption, but was for the cribed to William Craig, one of the lords of time restored through the skill of .John Mil- session) drew public attention to Bruce's lar, M.D., to whom he addressed some grate- genius, as exhibited in the 1770 volume. ' ful lines, enclosed to Pearson on 20 Nov. Two years later Logan published Poems, by 1766. On 7 Dec. he mentions his 'Loch- the Rev. Mr. Logan, one of the ministers of ' ' leven as being now finished.' David Arnot Leith/ 1781, 8vo. The first piece in this ' (with whom Bruce had kept up a literary volume is the Ode to the Cuckoo/ with a often in is few verbal from the 1770 issue at correspondence, Latin) portrayed changes ; in it as Lselius is to be the end are nine the first and fifth Agricola ; thought hymns, George Henderson, a college friend, who died being revisions of hymns already in print. in 1793. At length ill-health forced him to All these hymns and adaptations are claimed resign his school in the course of the winter, for Bruce by his brother James, who says he and he made his way home on foot. In the had heard them repeated. The Scottish ' ' ' ' spring he penned his touching Elegy on his kirk adopted them into its Paraphrases in own approaching death. On 5 July (6 July, 1781, and from this source they have been ANDERSON) 1767 he was found dead in his bed. introduced into innumerable hymn-books. His father (of whom there is a memoir by Pear- With regard to the / Ode to the Cuckoo/ on ' son in the Edinburgh Missionary Chronicle,' which the controversy mainly turns, there 1797) followed him on 19 July 1772. is an accumulation of evidence. Bruce l ' During Bruce's life his ballad of Sir writes that he had composed a poem about ' James the Ross was printed in a newspaper. a gowk.' A copy of the ode in Bruce's ' ' His Lochleven,' his Pastoral Song/ and handwriting is said to have been seen by his song 'Lochleven no more' (in both of Dr. Davidson of Kinross, and by Principal which Peggy is Magdalene Grieve) appeared Baird of Edinburgh. Pearson affirms that in the ' Edinburgh Magazine.' At the time Alexander Bruce read the poem aloud from Bruce Bruce

his son's a few after quarto book, days BRUCE, PETER HENRY (1692-1757), Michael's death. It was never seen in Lo- military adventurer, was born at Detring gan's handwriting before 1767, the year in Castle in Westphalia, his mother's home, in which he obtained Bruce's manuscripts. 1692. He was descended from the Bruces of After his in publishing own volume, Logan Airth, Stirlingshire. His grandfather, John 1781-2 tried to prevent by law a reprint of Bruce, took refuge from the Cromwellian the 1770 book but it was at Edin- troubles in ; reprinted the service of the Elector of Bran- for a bookseller in 1782. It and his father burgh Stirling denburg, was born in Prussia, was in and 1807. and obtained a commission in a reprinted 1784, 1796, Scotch regi- Against Logan it is urged that his posthu- ment in the same service. The father accom- mously published sermons (1790-1) show panied his regiment on its return to Scotland and that he claimed as his in and took his plagiarisms ; own 1698, wife and child with him. (using them as candidate for a chair at Edin- The boy was now sent to school at Cupar in burgh) a course of lectures afterwards pub- Fife for three years, after which he remained lished in his lifetime by Dr. W. Rutherford. three years more with his father at Fort Wil- The vindication of Bruce's authorship of the liam. In 1704 his father took him to Germany, contested and under- and left him with poems hymns was ably his mother's family, by he taken by William Mackelvie, D.D., of Bal- whom was sent to a military academy to ' gedie, in his Lochleven and other Poems, learn fortification. Soon after his uncle Re- Michael Bruce with Life of the Author who was colonel of a by ; beur, regiment serving from original sources,' Edinburgh, 1837, 8vo, in Flanders, took charge of him, and entered him in and has been further pursued by the Rev. Dr. the Prussian service (1706). He got ' his Grosart, in his edition of Bruce's Works,' commission in his sixteenth year (1708), 1865, 8vo, with memoir and notes. On the in consequence of distinguished conduct at other hand, the claim of Logan is advocated the siege of Lille, and he appears to have ' in David Laing's Ode to the Cuckoo, with been present at a considerable number of the battles remarks on its authorship, &c.,' 1873 (pri- and sieges in which Prince Eugene's vately printed). A strong point is that the troops took part. In 1711 he quitted the Rev. Dr. Thomas Robertson, minister of Dal- Prussian service, and entered that of Peter the meny, writes to Baird on 22 Feb. 1791, say- Great of Russia, on the invitation of a distant ing that he and Logan had looked over the cousin of his own name, who held high rank manuscripts of Bruce together; and the in the Russian army at that time. He was sent cuckoo ode is not among those he identifies with despatches to Constantinople in 1711, ' ' ' ' as Bruce's. In the article Michael Bruce and his Memoirs give an interesting account ' ' ' in the Encyclopaedia Britannica' (ninth of that city as he saw it. His Memoirs also edition, 1876, iv. 393) stress is laid on the contain many interesting anecdotes of Peter l admission of Logan's authorship of the Ode the Great and his court during the years ' to the Cuckoo by Isaac D'Israeli, Thomas 1711-24, for the greater part of which period Campbell, Robert Chambers, and David Bruce appears to have lived at St. Peters- Laing. The writer erroneously supposes burg when not following the czar on his that Bruce's title to this ode was first (after expeditions. In 1722 he accompanied the Logan's claim) brought forward by Mac- Persian expedition led by the czar. They kelvie. The letters of Pearson (29 Aug. sailed down the Volga from Nischnei-Novgo- 1795) and Joseph Birrel (31 Aug. 1795), rod to Astrachan, and then coasted along the claiming the ode for Bruce, are given by western shore of the Caspian as far'as Derbent, Anderson in his life of Logan (1795). Later passing through the countries of several defences of Logan's claim will be found in Tartar tribes, of whose manners and habits the 'Brit, and For. Evangelical Review,' he gives a very good account. 1877 and 1878, articles by John Small, M.A. After this expedition he at last succeeded (reprinted separately) and Rev. R. Small. in obtaining leave of absence for a year, and It is not easy to relieve Logan of the charge quitted Russia in 1724, determined never to of Bruce's at the see it He now returned to having appropriated poem ; again. Cupar same time his alterations, so far as they can after an absence of twenty years, and settling be traced, appear to be improvements on the down on a small estate left him by his grand- original work. uncle, he married, and turned farmer for six- teen which time he had several [Life, by Robert Anderson, M.D., in his years, during British children. In 1740, desiring to increase his Poets, vol. ix. 1795, pp. 273 sq., 1029 sq., 1221 Miller's he took military service, and sq. ; Our Hymns, their Authors income, again and 242 was sent the British to the Origin, 1866, pp. sq., 247 sq. ; Shairp, by government in Good Bahamas to out some fortifications Words, November 1873 ; authorities carry cited above.] A. G. there. Five years later he again returned TOL. VII. i Bruce 114 Bruce to England, and was immediately employed BRUCE, ROBERT DE II (1078 P-1141), in the north, fortifying Berwick and other was son of Robert I, and companion of David I ' towns against the Pretender. Here his Me- of Scotland at the court of Henry I. He re- ' moirs abruptly break off; but we learn from ceived from David I a grant of Annandale, the 'advertisement' prefixed to the edition then called Strath Annent, by a charter c. of 1782, that he retired the same year (1745) 1124 (A. P. Scot. i. 92, from the original in to his house in the country, where he died Brit. Mus. Cartes Antiques, xviii. 45). It ' in 1757. His Memoirs,' his only literary was bounded by the lands of Dunegal, of work, were originally written, as he tells us, Strathnith (Nithsdale), and those of Ranulf in German, his native language, and were de Meschines,earl of Chester, in Cumberland, translated by him into English in 1755. and embraced the largest part of the county They were printed at London in 1782 for his of Dumfries. Like David, a benefactor of the widow, and are favourably noticed in the church, Robert de Bruce founded a monastery ' Monthly Review' for that year. They are of canons regular at Guisburn in Cleveland, pleasantly written, and show very close and with the consent of his wife Agnes and Adam intelligent observation. his eldest son. The church of Middleburgh, with certain lands attached to it, was given [Bruce's Memoirs ; Monthly Review, 1782.1 G. V. B. by him to the monks of Whitby as a cell of Guisburn, and his manors of Appleton and BRUCE, ROBERT DE I (d. 1094 ?), was Hornby to the monks of St. Mary at York. an ancestor of the king of Scotland who made Along with Bernard de Baliol of Barnard the name of Bruce or Brus famous. The family Castle he tried to make terms between David is a singular example of direct male descent in and the English barons before the battle of the Norman and it is to the Standard in 1138 but in this at- baronage, necessary ; failing distinguish with care the different individuals tempt he renounced his Scotch fief of An- who bore the same surname, and during eight nandale, and, notwithstanding his affection generations the Christian name of Robert. for David, fought with zeal on the side of The surname has been traced by some genea- Stephen. He died in 1141, and left by Agnes, logists beyond Normandy to a Norse follower daughter of Fulk Pagnel of Carlton, two sons. of its conqueror Rollo, a descendant of whose The elder, Adam, succeeded to Skelton and brother, Einar, earl of Orkney, called Brusi his other English lands, which continued in (which means in old Norse a goat), is said the family till 1271, when, on the death of to have accompanied Rollo and built a castle Peter Bruce, constable of Scarborough, with- in the diocese of Coutances. A later Brusi, out issue, they were parted between his four son of Sigurd the Stout, was Earl of Orkney, sisters. His second son, Robert de Bruce III, and died 1031. But the genealogy cannot saved the Scotch fief of Annandale either by is terri- be accepted. The name certainly ioining David I, if a tradition that he was torial, and is most probably derived from taken prisoner by his father at the battle the lands and castle of Brin or Bruis, of of the Standard can be relied on, or by ob- which a few remains in the shape of vaults taining its subsequent restoration from David and foundations can still be traced between or Malcolm IV. and More than one Cherbourg Vallonges. [Aelred de Rievaux's Descriptio de bello apud de Bruce came with the Conqueror to Eng- Albertonam Standardum juxta ; Dugdale's Mo- and the of ' li sires de land, contingent nasticon, i. 388-412, and ii. M. M. ' 147.] Bre'aux is stated at two hundred men (LE- LAND, Collectanea, i. 202). Their services BRUCE, ROBERT DE III (fi. 1138- were rewarded by forty-three manors in the 1189?), second son of Robert II, and so called East and West, and fifty-one in the North Le Meschin or the Cadet, was the founder of Riding of Yorkshire upwards of 40,000 the Scottish branch. He held the Annandale fell to the lot acres of land, which of Robert fief, with Lochmaben as its chief messuage, for de Bruce I, the head of the family. Of the the service of a hundred knights during the Yorkshire manors the chief was Skelton in reigns of David I, Malcolm IV, and William Cleveland, not far from Whitby, the seat of the Lion, who confirmed it by a charter in the elder English branch of the Braces after 1166. He paid escuage for the manor of Hert the younger migrated to Scotland and be- in the bishopric of Durham in 1170, which he came lords of Annandale. is said to have received from his father to him with which did not [Orkneyinga Saga; Ord's History of Cleve- supply wheat, grow in Annandale. The date of his death is un- land, p. 198; Domesday, Yorkshire, 332 b, 333, 121 but he must have survived the and Kelham's Illustrations, p. ; Dugdale's certain, year a dis- Baronage, i. 44-7. Registry m Honoris de Rich- 1189, when he settled long-pending mond, p. 98, gives the seal of Robert,] JE. M. pute with the see of Glasgow by an agree- Bruce i 5 Bruce

ment with Bishop Jocelyn, under which he land, her share of the earldom of Huntingdon. the churches Kirk- the bofojo hio mortified of Moffat and He married, year father died, 'i patric, and granted the patronage of Drives- Isabel, daughter of Gilbert de Clare, earl of dale, Hoddam, and Castlemilk, in return ap- Gloucester. His active career was distributed parently for a cession by the bishop of his between the two kingdoms, in each of which claim to certain lands in Annandale. he was a powerful subject. In 1238 Alexander on the eve of [Charter of William the Lion in Ayloffe's II, an Madox's of Re- to the Western Charters ; History Exchequer ; expedition Isles, despairing 64-5 Calendar of of the claim of to gistrum G-lasguense, pp. ; issue, recognised Bruce the Documents to i. No. but birth of relating Scotland, 197.] succession ; the Alexander III M. M. in 1241 frustrated his hopes. In 1250 he acted as one of the justices of Henry III, but ROBERT DE IV (d. before BRUCE, the next seven years he to have son of Robert was married in during appears 1191), III, transferred his field of action to Scotland. 1183 to of William the Isabel, daughter On the death of Alexander II in 1255 he was Lion, by a daughter of Robert Avenel, when one of the fifteen regents named in the con- he was given the manor of Haltwhistle in vocation of Roxburgh to act during the mi- Tyndale as her dowry. He must have sur- nority of the young king, and he formed the vived his father, if at all, only a short time, head of the party favourable to the English as his widow married Robert de Ros in 1191, alliance cemented by the king's marriage to and the date of his father's death being un- Margaret, daughter of Henry III. That king certain it may be doubted whether he suc- appointed him sheriff of Cumberland and ceeded to Annandale. He was succeeded by of Carlisle. Between 1257 and 1271 William de his in that | governor Bruce, brother, fief, he served on the

| again frequently English who was the only exception to the line of i bench, and in 1268 he was appointed Roberts. William held Annandale king's along the first chief I capitalis justiciarius, being with the English manors of Hert and Halt- justice of England, with a salary of 100 whistle till his death in 1215. marks. In 1260 he accompanied the king i. 449 ; Graham's Loch- [Dugdale's Baronage, and queen of Scotland to London. In the maben, 16 and JE. M. pp. 17.] Barons' war he fought for Henry, and was taken prisoner at Lewes in 1264, but was BRUCE, ROBERT DE V (d. 1245), son released after the of Evesham (1265) of William de Bruce, married Isabel, second victory turned the tide in favour of the when daughter of David, earl of Huntingdon, king, he resumed his office as sheriff of Cumber- younger brother of William the Lion, and thus accession of Edward I he was founded the claim of his descendants to the land. On the not to the and crown. In 1215-16 he obtained from King reappointed bench, appears to have returned to Scotland. He was John a confirmation of a grant of a market again at the convention of Scone, 5 Feb. and fair at Hartlepool. He was a witness present which the of succession of at York in 1221 of Alexander II's charter 1283-4, by right the Maid of Norway, was recog- of jointure to his wife Joanna, sister of Margaret, nised but on the death of Alexander III in Henry III. During this reign his own great ; 1286 a of nobles met at Turn- estate and royal connection by marriage made powerful party to his son earl the lord of Annandale one of the chief barons berry Castle, belonging Robert, in of his and of southern Scotland. Like his ancestors he of Carrick, right wife, pledged themselves to each other and vindi- was liberal to the church, confirming and in- support cate the claims of whoever should gain the creasing their grants. He died in 1245, and of blood, according to the was buried at the abbey of Saltrey in Hun- kingdom by right ancient customs of Scotland. They assumed tingdonshire. as allies Richard de Burgh, earl of Ulster, Fcedera, i. 252 ; [Eymer's Dugdale's Baronage, and Thomas de Clare, to whom authority i. 449; Monasticon, ii. 151. Several charters by was to with arms against any or to him are the of Lancaster given proceed amongst Duchy one who broke the conditions of the bond, Charters, and notes of them are Calen- printed, illustrative the 20 Sept. 1286 (Documents of dars of Documents to Scotland, i. Nos. I relating Rev. J. Ste- M. M. l History of Scotland, edited by 1680-5.] oined in this venson, i. 22). The nobles who j three BRUCE, ROBERT DE VI (1210-1295), league were Patrick, earl of Dunbar, his the Steward sometimes called the COMPETITOR, from his sons, and his son-in-law James claim to his brother Walter the crown against John Baliol [q.v.], of Scotland, and John, son of succeeded to the lordship of Annandale on Stewart earl of Menteith, Angus, his father's death in 1245, and on that of his Donald lord of the Isles, his son Alexander, lord of mother in 1251 to ten knights' fees in Eng- and the two Bruces, the Annandale, I 2 Bruce Tl6 Bruce and his son, the Earl of Carrick. They united j Robert de Bruce VI, is said to have accom- the chief influence of the south and west of panied Edward, afterwards Edward I, in the Scotland against the party of John de Baliol, crusade of 1269. On his return he married lord of and the A Galloway, Comyns. period Marjory, countess of Carrick, and became by of civil war which Robert de ensued, during the courtesy of Scotland Earl of Carrick. lord of asserted his title Bruce, Annandale, A romantic story handed down by the to the crown. Unable to secure his aim, Scottish historians, that Bruce was carried off Bruce took in the at Salis- part negotiations by the heiress when hunting near her castle which resulted in the of bury, treaty Brig- of Turnberry, is probably an invention to ex- ham in with the view of Scot- 1290, uniting cuse his marriage with a royal ward without land to to for England, subject guarantees the king's consent. In 1278 he did homage its independence by the marriage of Margaret to Edward on behalf of Alexander III for to Prince Edward. The death of Margaret his English fiefs. In 1281 he borrowed 40/. the of the and reopened question succession, from his old comrade Edward I, a debt which one of the William of regents, Eraser, bishop played a part in the fortunes of his son. He St. made the to Edward I Andrews, appeal was present at Scone in 1284, when the as which led to the famous com- arbiter, right of succession of the Maid of Norway at Norham in decided in petition 1291-2, was recognised, but took part with his father favour of John de Baliol on 17 Nov. 1292. and the other nobles in the league of Turn- to Sir F. Bruce had also According Palgrave, berry, on 20 Sept. 1286, intended to defeat it. some before to Edward, but years appealed Like his father, however, he joined in the the documents adduced to this are prove treaty of Brigham (14 March 1290), rendered without and the of at least date, ascription abortive by Margaret's death. The agree- one of them to Bruce is The conjectural. ment between Florence, count of Holland, course of at where litigation Norham, Bruce, and his father on 14 June 1292, to which the as well as Edward's title Baliol, recognised earl was a party, shows that Bruce anticipated the as lord paramount to decide cause, an adverse decision. About this time he went and the which the claim of grounds upon to Norway with his eldest daughter Isabel, Bruce was have been stated in the rejected, possibly on account of her marriage to King life of Baliol A Bruce [q. v.] protest by Eirik, the widower of Margaret, the daughter the documents carried off Ed- amongst by of Alexander III, which took place on ward from afterwards delivered to Scotland, 15 Nov. 1293, but also perhaps to avoid Baliol Scot. i. and an (ActsParl. 116), agree- attendance at Baliol's parliament, to which ment for mutual defence between Bruce and he was summoned. It may have been with another of the Florence, count of Holland, the same motive that after the death of his entered into on 14 June 1292 competitors, wife in 1292 he resigned the earldom of Car- illustrative the (Documents of History of rick to his son, afterwards king (A. P. Scot. Scotland, edited Rev. J. Stevenson, i. 318), by i. 449 a b). On the death of his father he show that Bruce was not to ac- disposed did homage to Edward for his English fiefs in the adverse decision. His quiesce great on 4 June 1295. On 6 Oct. following he him from active measures age prevented any was given the custody of the castle of Car- to overturn and he his it, resigned rights lisle during the king's pleasure, and three and claims in favour of his the Earl of son, days after he took before the bishop of Dur- Carrick. He retired to his castle of Loch- ham and barons of the exchequer an oath to where he died on Good 1294- maben, Friday, hold it faithfully and render it to no one but at the of and was in- 1295, age eighty-five, the king. When Baliol attempted to assert terred at Guisburn in the Cleveland, family his independence, as was natural, his rivals where his tomb still burial-place, stately may the Bruces sided with Edward, and in 1296, is well drawn in be seen. His character after that monarch had taken Bruce ' Dunbar, "Walter of : Toto vitse Hemingford tempore the elder, according to the Scotch chroniclers, suae extitit et gloriosus ; facetus, dives, largus, claimed the fulfilment of a promise, by which et habundavit in omnibus in vita et in morte.' he was to be made king of Scotland. The He had three sons : earl of Robert, Carrick, answer, in Norman-French, of Edward, as and John. Barnard, given by Wyntoun (B. viii. 1927) and For- i. 450 [Dugdale's Baronage, ; Rymer's Foedera, dun, though it has been doubted, suits his i. 698 Documents the of ; illustrating History character : ed. Sir F. Ord's of Scotland, Palgrave ; History Ne avons ren autres chos a fere Foss's of ii. Cleveland; Judges England, 269.] a vous JE.M. Q,ue reamgs (i.e. reaulmes) ganere

BRUCE, ROBERT DE VII, EARL OF CAR- Hawe I nought ellys to do nowe KICK son of the Competitor, But wyn a kynryk to gyve yhowe ? (J258KL304),ma Bruce 117 Bruce

Baliol, in revenge for Bruce's aid to Ed- nus de Annandale, while his son, the future ward, seized Annandale, and gave it, with king, was styled Earl of Carrick until his the castle of to John coronation in 1306. On 4 June 1295 Ed- Lochmaben, Comyn ; but his possession was brief, for Clifford, the ward I records by a writ under his privy seal English warden, retook it in the same year. that Robert, son and heir of Robert de The elder Bruce retired from Scotland and Bruce, senior, now deceased, had done homage lived on his English estates till his death in for lands held of the king, and this Robert, 1304, when he was buried at Holmecultram earl of Carrick, is by another writ nomi- in Cumberland. Besides his eldest son nating him keeper of the castle of Carlisle Robert the king, he left Edward, lord of called Lord of Annandale on 6 Oct. 1295, Galloway [see BRUCE, EDWARD], killed at having resigned the earldom three years Dundalk in 1318 Thomas and before. The deed of dated at ; Alexander, resignation, taken in Galloway, and executed at Carlisle Berwick on Sunday after the feast of St. Edward's order in 1307 and who Leonard was to by ; Nigel, (6 Nov.) 1292, presented suffered the same fate at Berwick in 1306. Baliol at the parliament of Stirling on 3 Aug. His daughters, Isabel, Mary, Christian, Ma- 1293. As it was necessary that sasine of tilda, and Margaret, all married Scotch nobles the lands should be taken by the king be- or landed men in the life of their brother, fore he could receive the homage of the whose hands were strengthened by these new vassal, the sheriff of Ayr was directed alliances in his contest for the crown. A to take it and ascertain their extent, after sixth daughter Elizabeth, and a seventh which Bruce was to return and do homage. whose name is unknown, are of doubtful It is uncertain whether homage was ever authenticity. rendered, for the disputes between Baliol and Edward had commenced, and from the [Rymer's Fcedera, ii. 266, 471, 558, 605, 612; first both the young Bruce and his father Stevenson's Documents illustrative of History of took Edward's side. On 24 1296, Scotland. See Index under Kobert Bruce, Earl Aug. along with the Earls of March and Robert of Carrick, but the references after 1295 are to Angus, ' ' his son afterwards Parl. Scot. de Brus le veil (the elder) and Robert de Eobert, king ; Acts Brus * le earl of i. 424 a, 441 a, 4476, 448 a. There are many jovene' (the younger), took the oaths of and errors in the early Scottish writers as to the Bruce Carrick, homage fealty genealogy, and the repetition of the same name to Edward at Berwick {Ragman Rolls, 176 a). led to confusion of different but A series of writs in favour of the earl shows frequent persons ; these are now corrected by the more accurate one means by which their support was gained. examination of the records due to Chalmers's A debt due by him to Edward, perhaps the Lord and Kerr in his Caledonia, Hailes, History old debt contracted by his father in 1281, of the of Eobert the M. M. Eeign Bruce.] was respited on 23 July 1293, and again on 11 Feb. and 15 Oct. 1296. By the second BRUCE, ROBERT DE VIII (1274-1329), letter of respite it appears that the earl was king of Scotland, son of Robert de Bruce VII, about to proceed to Scotland, and by the earl of Carrick, and Marjory, daughter and third that he had rendered such good service heiress of Nigel, second earl of Carrick, by that the king granted him the delay needed Marjory, daughter of Walter the Steward of to admit of easy payment. His father had Scotland born on 1 1 1 was descended of the castle of , July 274, meantime been made keeper on the father's side from a Norman baron Carlisle, and Baliol had retaliated by seiz- who came with William the Conqueror to ing Annandale, which he conferred on John and on his mother's from the Cel- earl of Buchan. In the same England ; Comyn, year tic chiefs of Galloway, as the names of her BalioFs renunciation of allegiance to the Eng- grandfather Duncan, created earl of Carrick lish king led to the brief campaign in which by William the Lion, and her father, Niel or Berwick, Dunbar, Roxburgh, Edinburgh, Nigel, show. Soon after the death of her and Stirling were taken, and on 2 Jan. 1296 first husband, Adam de Kilconquhar, in 1271, the abject Baliol surrendered at Kincardine his mother married Robert de Bruce (VII), or Brechin his crown and realm to Edward. son of the Competitor Robert de Bruce (VI), In the following year the Earl of Carrick, who assumed, according to Scottish custom, with other Scottish nobles, received a sum- the title of Earl of Carrick. On the decision mons to accompany Edward to Flanders as of the disputed succession in 1292 in favour his direct vassals. The Scotch, like many of Baliol, and the death of his wife in the English barons, declined to obey a summons same year, the earl resigned that title to his in excess of feudal obligation, and Wallace, and three son, years later acquiring, through during Edward's absence abroad, having the death of his father, the lordship of An- raised the standard ofrevolt, Bruce, although, nandale, he was afterwards known as Domi- according to Hemingford, he had sworn alle- Bruce 118 Bruce

glance to Edward at Carlisle on the host and king's coming fled from his face and burnt the sword of Thomas a Becket, joined for a the castle of Ayr, which he held.' Edward's brief space the army of the popular leader. campaign was a single victory, not a con- Urgent letters had been sent to him to aid quest. Pressing affairs, especially the con- the Earl of Warenne, Edward's commander, test with his own subjects, whose desire then advancing towards Scotland, with as for the confirmation of the charters he was many men as he could muster, and at least a reluctant to concede, recalled him to Eng- thousand foot from Kyle, Cunningham, Cum- land, and he was obliged to trust the settle- nock, and Carrick. Instead of complying, in ment of Scotland to the nobles, to whom with of he earldoms and as the June 1297, along Wishart, bishop assigned baronies, or, . Glasgow, James the Steward of Scotland, chronicler expresses it, the hope of them. An- and Sir William Douglas, he laid waste the nandale and Galloway and certain earldoms, country of the adherents of Edward. Wa- a term which includes Carrick, he assigned renne, an inactive general, sent in advance to no one, that he might not irritate those Henry de Percy and Robert de Clifford, who earls who had only recently seceded and had succeeded on 9 July 1297 in making terms not finally cast in their lot with their country- j with Bruce and his friends by the treaty men. As regards Bruce this conciliatory called the of Irvine. The Scot- j so characteristic of until capitulation i policy, Edward the tish barons were not to be called to serve time for conciliation Avas had its I past, effect, beyond the sea against their will, and were and from 1298 to 1304 he was at least not to be pardoned for their recent violence, while actively engaged against the English king. they in turn came into the peace, or, in other A truce was effected by the mediation of of in words, acknowledged their allegiance to Ed- ! Philip IV France 1298. Baliol being ward. The Bishop of Glasgow, the Steward, 1 now the pensioned prisoner of Edward, and and Alexander de became sureties Wallace an exile, a was Lindesay I regency appointed, for until deliver his consisted of William of Bruce he should daughter | which Lamberton, of Marjory as hostage for his fidelity, which bishop St. Andrews, John Comyn the might well be doubted. The treaty appears younger, and Robert Bruce earl of Carrick, to have been confirmed by Bruce at Berwick with whom for a time John de Soulis was early in August. Wallace was at this time conjoined. The only document which names in the forest of Selkirk, along with Sir An- Bruce is a letter of 13 Nov. 1299, by which drew Murray of Bothwell, gathering together the regents propose to Edward a suspension the Scottish commons, who, with less division of hostilities on both sides. Comyn was the of interest than the nobles, were determined active regent representing the interest of to deliver their country from the English. Baliol and his own, as heir through his On 11 Sept. he defeated Earl Warenne and mother Ada, Baliol's sister. In 1300 the Cressingham the treasurer at Stirling Bridge. truce was renewed till Whitsunday 1301, and Dundee and other castles surrendered in con- though Edward made an abortive attempt sequence of this victory, and the English to resume the war on 26 Jan. 1302, the truce evacuated Berwick. Wallace and Sir Andrew was again, at the instance of the French king, Murray, son of the elder Sir Andrew, assum- prolonged till November. It was during this ing the title of leaders of the Scottish army period of intermittent war and truce, for in in the name of John (i.e. Baliol), by God's 1300 Edward took Caerlaverock, and in 1301 grace illustrious king of Scotland, with con- wintered at Linlithgow, that Pope Boni- sent of the community carried the war into face VIII intervened in the dispute as to the Northumberland and Cumberland. At this succession to the Scottish crown, and claimed time Baliol, and not Bruce, was the name a right to decide it as lord paramount. On under which the standard of Scottish in- 27 June 1300 he despatched a bull to Ed- dependence was borne, but its bearer was ward demanding the withdrawal of his troops Wallace, and its defenders the Scottish com- and the release of the Scotch ecclesiastics in mons. In 1298, Edward returning from his custody, which was presented by Arch- Flanders conducted in person the Scottish bishop Winchelsey to Edward at New Abbey war with larger forces and better general- in Galloway in October. Edward immedi- ship, and his defeat of Wallace at Falkirk ately summoned a parliament at Lincoln on on 22 July wrested from the Scotch the 20 Jan. 1301, when the memorable answer fruits of the victory of Stirling Bridge. At denying the pope's claim to interfere in the this with his affairs of time Bruce again sided country- temporal England, and asserting men. Annandale was wasted and Loch- the feudal dependence of Scotland, was maben Castle taken by Clifford, and Bruce drawn up and confirmed by the seals of himself, to use the words of the contem- seven earls and ninety-seven barons for them- porary Hemingford, 'when he heard of the selves and the whole community. Langtoft, Bruce i 9 Bruce

a states that Bruce was were contemporary, pre- advancing to the parts near Stirling to sent at this his enemies on the parliament. pursue ; 30th to the earl himself, a letter sent by John de Bottetourt At the Broadgate lay the Bruce, erle was he who was to receive for his that day. [q. v.], supplies service and on 15 there is an ; April urgent But his name is not in the list of those sum- letter i requesting him to spare no pains to or of those who to the moned, agreed reply cause the siege engines he was preparing to It is that he the pope. improbable was with stones and timber to be forwarded, and there or actively engaged in the controversy on no account to because of the want j delay which was carried on by a memorial pre- of lead. sented to the on behalf of Edward in pope But while Bruce was thus openly sup- favour of the English supremacy, and replies porting Edward, a secret alliance into which the in ' Baldredi by Scotch the Processus he entered with Lamberton, bishop of St. contra figmenta Regis Anglise,' drawn by Andrews, the friend of Wallace, proves he of Baldred de Bisset, rector Kinghorn, one had other designs, and though its terms are It of the Scottish commissioners at Rome. ! general, it was the first overt act which com- was the of at this time to remain 1 policy Bruce mitted Bruce to the cause called patriotic in the background, but events were hasten- in Scotland and treason in England. On ing which brought him forward as the first 11 June, more than a month before the fall actor on the Scottish at this of the earl and the stage. history i Stirling, bishop met was involved with the relations of at Cambuskenneth and subscribed a bond juncture | the English king to the court of France and which bound them to support each other the see of Rome. Edward made up his against all adversaries at all times and in sister quarrel with Philip the Fair, whose all affairs, and to undertake nothing of diffi- Margaret he married in 1299, and with whom culty without communication. When Lam- an alliance was completed on 20 May 1303. berton was taken prisoner in 1306 he admitted .Gascony was restored to France, and Scot- the genuineness of the document, and his land, up to this time supported by the connection with Bruce was one charge pre- French king, was abandoned. The pope also, ferred against him by Edward before the anxious to stir up Edward against Philip, pope. Lamberton is an important link in with whom he had a nearer and more dan- the history of the war of independence, gerous controversy as to the rights of church bringing into contact its first period under and state, though unsuccessful in his object, Wallace with its second under Bruce, and to his temporised gain it, and withdrew proving the continuity of the resistance to protection from the Scotch. Edward, who Edward though the leaders were different. had reconciled his own subjects by tardy In 1305 Wallace was betrayed and carried concessions, to procure the necessary sup- prisoner to London, where he was executed of plies men and money for the invasion of as a traitor, though he denied with truth Scotland, commenced the war in earnest in that he had ever taken any oath to Edward. 1303. In September of the previous year He was the only victim at this time. To- he ordered Sir John de Segrave to make a wards the nobles and the country generally foray by Stirling and Kirkintilloch, but it a contrary course was pursued. The one was delayed till the following spring, and thing unpardonable was stubborn resistance, on 24 Feb. Segrave was defeated by Comyn, and the king evidently thought that clemency the regent, at Roslin. Edward himself then and organised government would reconcile took the command, and in a brilliant cam- Scotland to his rule. With this view, in a paign traversed the whole country from the parliament held at London in Lent 1305, border to Elgin, perhaps to Caithness, re- Edward ordered that the community of Scot- ducing every place of strength and wintering land should meet at Perth on the day after at Dunfermline. On 24 Jan. of the follow- the Ascension to elect representatives to to held ing year (1304) the capitulation of Stirling, come to London to a parliament be the only castle which held out, completed three weeks after the feast of St. John the his of the secure conquest. The evidence is slight, but Baptist (24 June) to treat sufficient to show that in this campaign Bruce custody of Scotland. His advisers in this still supported Edward. On 3 March Edward were the Bishop of Glasgow, the Earl of ' his lieu- writes to Bruce : If you complete that Carrick (Bruce), Sir John Segrave, which you have begun, we shall hold the tenant in Lothian, and Sir John de Landale, war ended by your deed and all the land of the chamberlain of Scotland. Representa- Scotland gained,' and on the 5th of the same tives were accordingly chosen, and the Eng- were month to his son, referring to the Earl of lish parliament to which they summoned not of Carrick and the other good people who finally met on 16 Sept. Bruce was one Bruce 120 Bruce

the representatives, but other Scotch nobles to hot words and a chance medley, but were specially summoned, and he is assumed Brace's subsequent conduct proves a design to have been of their number. An ordinance, which can scarcely have been devised on the on the model of similar ordinances for Wales spot, though its execution may have been and Ireland, was drawn up for the govern- hastened by the death of Comyn, his pos- ment of Scotland, by which Johnde Bretagne, sible rival for the crown. Bruce had now the king's nephew, was named his lieutenant abandoned his former indecision, and acted in Scotland Sir William de chan- with a ; Beacote, promptness which proved he knew cellor and Sir John de chamber- his ; Landale, opponent and the hazards on which he lain. Two justices were appointed for Lothian, staked his life. He had seen the head of Galloway, the district between the Forth Wallace on London Bridge, and at West- and the mountains, and the district beyond minster the stone of destiny, on which the the mountains respectively. Sheriffs either Scottish kings had been crowned at Scone. Scotchmen or Englishmen removable at Which was to be his fate ? It was in his the discretion of the lieutenant and chamber- favour that he numbered only about half the- lain, were named for the counties. Coroners years of the greatest of the Plantagenets, were to be also appointed, unless those who but against him that the Scottish nobles- held the office were deemed sufficient. The were still divided into factions, though the custody of the castles was committed to cer- popular feeling created by Wallace was tain persons, and as regards the castle of gaining ground, while the church, in the Kildrummy in Aberdeenshire, he was to place persons of its two chiefs the Bishops of St. it in charge of a person for whom he should Andrews and Glasgow was on his side. answer. This shows, it has been said, how What determined the issue was that in Scot- much Bruce was favoured but it is land a noble himself at the ; perhaps great now placed rather a proof of the attitude of half confi- head of the people, while in England the dence, half distrust in Edward's dealings sceptre and the sword, to which Edward with him during the earlier period of his clung with the tenacity of a dying man,, career, and for which the warrant was soon were about to pass into the hands of a son to appear. The provision of the ordinance incapable of wielding them. After the death as the regards laws was to prohibit the use of Comyn, Bruce, collecting his adherents of the customs of the Scots and of the Britons chiefly in the south-west of Scotland, passed (Brets), the Celts of the highlands and Gal- from Lochmaben to Glasgow and thence to loway. It is not known how long Bruce Scone, where, on 27 March 1306, he was remained in London. On 10 Feb. 1306 he crowned by the Bishop of St. Andrews, the suddenly appeared in Dumfries, and in the Bishops of Glasgow and Moray being also of church the Friars Minor slew John Comyn, present, and the Earls of Lennox, Athole, the late regent, and his uncle Robert. The and Errol. Two days later Isabella, countess English contemporary writers and the Scotch, of Buchan, sister of Duncan, earl of Fife, the earliest of whom (Barbour) wrote at least claimed the right of her family, the MacdufFs, half a a century later, assign different train Celtic chiefs of Fife, to place the king upon of incidents as leading to this act of violence. the throne, and the ceremony Avas repeated that its They agree proximate cause was the with a circumstance likely to conciliate the refusal of Comyn to join Bruce in opposing Celtic highlanders. Though crowned Bruce Edward, but the former ascribe the treachery had still to win his kingdom, and his first to Bruce, who, concealing his designs, had efforts were failures. On 19 June he was lured Comyn to a place where he could fear defeated at Methven near Perth by the Earl no danger, while the latter relate that Comyn of Pembroke, and forced to seek safety in had revealed to Edward the scheme of Bruce the mountains, first of Athole and then of to which he had been privy having formed Breadalbane, where on 11 Aug., at Dairy in a similar bond with him to that of Lam- Strathfillan, Lord Lome, the husband of the berton and so palliate act of Bruce by an aunt of Comyn, surprised and dispersed the plea of self-defence. Records fail us, his followers, notwithstanding his personal and both classes of historians wrote with a prowess. His wife and other ladies of his has to bias which descended most modern family were sent to Kildrummy for safety, writers, according to the side of the border and her saying, whether historical or not, to which they belong. The hereditary enmity proved true, that he had been a summer of the families of Bruce and Comyn, and the but would not be a winter king. It is place of the deed, support the English view, a curious circumstance that this lady, the in of further which, the absence evidence, sister of De Burgh, earl of Ulster, whom he must be accepted as more probable. Hailes married after the death of his first wife, suggests that the death of Comyn was due Isabella, daughter of Donald, earl of Mar, Bruce 121 Bruce

to have been a lukewarm their heads appears supporter being exposed on the gates and of her husband. After as a the tower. wandering fugi- A little before this, John, a brother tive in the west Bruce of highlands, took refuge William Wallace, was captured and sent in Rachrine, an island on the Antrim coast. to London, where he met his brother's fate. Meanwhile Edward, despite his years, having There were many victims of minor note. at Winchester of the death of heard Comyn But, says the chronicler of Lanercost, the and rising of Bruce, came north with all the number of those who wished Bruce to be his health and an confirmed in the increased speed allowed, displayed kingdom dailyr which showed he knew he had to energy notwithstanding this severity. He might not with a foe but a nation. In have said because of cope single it, for now every class, at he his April, Westminster, knighted son nobles and gentry, clergy and commons, Edward and three hundred others to serve with only one or two exceptions, as the Earl in the wars, and swore by God and the Swan of Strathearn and Randolph, Bruce's nephew, that he would take vengeance on Bruce, and saw what Edward meant. Life and limb, devote the remainder of his life to the land and liberty, were all in peril, and com- that he crusades. The prince added would mon danger taught the necessity, not felt not sleep two nights in one place till he in the time of Wallace, of making common reached Scotland. Before he started, and in cause. the course of his journey, Edward made grants Edward's hatred of Scotland passed be- of the Scotch estates of and his adhe- Bruce yond the grave. On his tomb, by his order, ' rents. Annandale was given to the Earl of was inscribed Edwardus Primus, Scotorum Hereford. A parliament was summoned to Malleus : Pactum serva.' One of his last re- meet at Carlisle on 12 March, when a bull quests was that his bones should be carried was published excommunicating Bruce, along with the army whenever the Scotch rebelled, with another releasing Edward from his obli- and only reinterred after they were subdued. gations t o observe the chart ers . The att empt This dying wish was disregarded by his weak to crush the liberty of Scotland went hand heir, who wasted in the pomp of his funeral, in hand with an endeavour to violate the followed by the dissipations of a youthful nascent constitution of England. Edward's court, the critical moment of the war, constant aim was to reduce the whole island fancying that, with Bruce an exile and his to a centralised empire under a single head, chief supporters in prison or on the gallows, untrammelled by the bonds of a constitutional it was over before it had really begun. Bruce monarchy. His oaths and vows were un- meanwhile, like Alfred, was learning in ad- availing, and he died at Burgh-on-the-Sands versity. The spider, according to the well- on 7 July 1307, without touching the soil of known story, taught him perseverance. After Scotland. Before his death he showed what spending the winter in Rachrine he ventured his vengeance would have been. Elizabeth in early spring to Arran in Scotland, and the wife, Marjory the daughter, and Chris- thence to Carrick, his own country, where he tina the sister of Bruce were surprised in the had many brave adventures and hair-breadth sanctuary of St. Duthac at Tain and sent escapes, which should be read in the verses prisoners to England, where they remained of Barbour or the tales of Scott. Scarcely till after Bannockburn. The Countess of certain history, they represent the popular Buchan and Mary, another of his sisters, conception of his character in the next and were confined in cages, the one at Berwick, succeeding generations. On 10 May he de- the other at Roxburgh. The Bishops of St. feated the Earl of Pembroke at London Hill, Andrews and Glasgow and the Abbot of Scone but failed to take Ayr. Edward, in the end were sent to and from of roused himself but a march to England suspended August, ; their benefices but the declined to and back from without an action ; pope Cumnock bestow them on Edward's nominees. Nigel, was the whole inglorious campaign. His Brace's youngest brother, was beheaded at favour for Piers Gaveston and consequent Berwick his brother-in- with the chief barons of ; Christopher Seton, quarrels England, at Dumfries Alexander Seton at as well as his to Isa- law, ; New- approaching marriage castle. The Earl of Athole was sent to 3ella, daughter of Philip the Fair, led him London and, being a cousin of the king, :o quit Scotland. In his absence Bruce and hanged on a gallows thirty feet higher than lis brother Edward reduced Galloway, and the pole on which the head of Wallace Bruce, leaving his brother in the south, still stood and that of Sir Simon Fraser, ;ransferred his own operations to Aberdeen- executed at this time. The other brothers of shire. It was rumoured that Edward would Bruce, Thomas and Alexander dean of Glas- lave made peace on condition of getting aid gow, having been taken in Galloway, were gainst his own barons. The feeble conduct sent to Edward at Carlisle and there executed. f the war on the English side, and frequent Bruce 122 Bruce changes of generals, indicate distracted by his success, he made a raid into the counsels, which in part account for the north of England. On his return he re- uninterrupted success that now attended duced Butel in Galloway, Dumfries, and Bruce's arms. Dalswinton, and threatened Berwick, where In the end of 1307, and again in May 1308, Edward himself was. In March 1313 unless the chroniclers have made two expe- Douglas surprised Roxburgh, and Randolph ditions of he overran and on in Bruce another one, Buchan, Edinburgh ; May made 22 May defeated its earl, one of his chief English raid, failed to take Carlisle, but sub- Scotch opponents, at Inverury a soldier's dued the Isle of Man. Edward Bruce had medicine for the illness his hardships had about the same time taken Rutherglen and on. brought Fifty years after, when Barbour Dundee, and laid siege to Stirling, whose * wrote, men still talked of the harrying of governor, Mowbray, agreed to surrender if Buchan.' In the same year Edward Bruce not relieved before 24 June 1314. All the the and Sir castles were dismantled or for again conquered Galwegians, destroyed ; James Douglas took Randolph, the king's experience had shown they were the points nephew, prisoner, who afterwards atoned for which the English invaders were able longest this apostasy to the national cause by good to hold. By the close of 1313 Berwick, the service. Bruce next turned to Argyll, where key to the borders, and Stirling, the key to the lord of Lome, his principal opponent in the highlands, alone remained in English the west, met the same fate as the Earl of hands. The disputes between Edward and Buchan, his troops being defeated at the pass his barons were now in some degree allayed of Brander, and Dunstaffnage taken. by the institution of the lords ordainers In March 1309 a truce with England was and the execution of his favourite Gaveston, made through the mediation of Philip of and it was felt if Scotland was not to be France and the pope, and Lamberton, bishop lost a great effort must be made. Accord- of St. Andrews, was released by Edward and ingly, on 11 June, the whole available forces allowed to return home, after receiving ho- of England, with a contingent from Ireland, mage and pledges, which gave hope that he numbering in all about 100,000 men, of would act in Edward's interest. Further whom 50,000 were archers and 40,000 negotiations were carried on for the whole cavalry, were mustered at Berwick, the Earls of the but mutual of War- following year ; surprises Lancaster, Warenne, Arundel, and and breaches of the truce rendered it certain wick alone of the great feudatories declining that the war was only interrupted. to attend in person, but sending the bare On 24 Feb. 1310, at a general council in contingent to which their feudal obligations Dundee, the clergy solemnly recognised Bruce bound them. They at once marched to the as rightful king of Scotland. It was a sign relief of Stirling, and punctual to the day of the progress he had made that all the reached Falkirk on 22 June. A preliminary bishops joined in this declaration. skirmish on Sunday with the advanced guard, In the autumn of this year Edward, with which attempted to throw itself into the a large force, made an expedition into Scot- town, was distinguished by the personal land as far as but Bruce evaded combat of himself in his Linlithgow ; Bruce, who, raising him, and he returned without any material stirrups from the pony he rode, felled Henry success, though a famine followed the ravages de Bohun with a single blow of his battleaxe. of his troops. A second projected expedition When blamed for exposing himself to danger, in 1311 did not take place. The next three he turned the subject by lamenting that the years were signalised by the reduction of the axe was broken. castles still held by the English in Scotland. It was the first stroke of the battle, with a Linlithgow had been surprised by the strata- direct effect on its issue as well as in history gem of a peasant called Binney, in .the end of and drama. Bruce's troops were one-third of 1310; Dumbarton was surrendered by Sir the English, but his generalship reduced the John Menteith in October 1311 Perth had chosen and his ; was inequality. He knew taken by Bruce himself on 8 Jan. 1312. It ground the New Park, between the village marked his position that he concluded on of St. Ninian and the Bannock Burn, a petty 29 Oct. at Inverness with Hakon V a con- stream, yet sufficient to produce marshes firmation of the treaty of 1266 between dangerous for horses, while the rising ground Alexander III and Magnus IV, by which on his right gave points of observation of the Norwegian king ceded to Scotland the the advance of the English. He divided his Isle of Man, the Sucheys, and all the other troops into four divisions, of which his brother ' islands on the west and south of the great Edward commanded the right, Randolph the the isles of and Shet- the left Bruce himself with Haf,' except Orkney centre, Douglas ; land (Acts Par I. Scot. i. 481). Encouraged the reserve planted his standard at the Bore Bruce 123 Bruce

Stone on this and a (still remaining spot), | soldiers, disciplined, marshalled, and led by good point to survey the field. The camp skilful generals, as the arbiters of the destiny ' followers were stationed on the Gillies' Hill, of nations. In the career of Bruce it was ready at the critical moment to appear as a the turning point. The effects of the victory j reinforcement. The plain on the right, over were permanent, and it was never reversed. which the cavalry, to avoid the marshy Many English kings invaded Scotland, but ground, had to pass, was prepared with con- none after Edward I conquered it. cealed pits and spikes. But what made the The most important result as regards Bruce battle famous in the annals of the military was the settlement of the succession at the art as in those of Scotland was that the parliament of Ayr on 26 April 1315. By a Scottish Wallace's unanimous resolution the crown was settled troops, taught by tactics, j fought on foot not in single line, but in on Robert and the heirs male of his body, battalions, apparently of round form, with whom failing, his brother Edward and the their weapons pointed outwards to receive heirs male of his body, whom failing, on on any side the charge of the enemy. A Robert's daughter Marjory and her heirs, momentary success of the English archers upon condition that she married with his commenced the battle. It was reversed by consent, or, after his death, with the consent a well-directed charge on their flank of a of the estates. Provision was made for a small body of light horse under the marshal regency in case of a minority by the king's Sir Robert Keith. The Scottish bowmen nephew, Randolph, earl of Moray. In the followed up this advantage, and the engage- event of a failure in the whole line of the ment then became general between the Eng- Bruces, Randolph was to act as a guardian lish heavy-armed horsemen, crowded into of the kingdom until the estates determined too narrow a space, and the whole Scottish the right of succession. The bishops and force, Bruce with the reserve uniting with prelates were declared to have jurisdiction the three divisions and receiving the attack to enforce the Act of Settlement. Soon after with their spears, which the chronicler de- it passed Marjory married Walter the he- scribes as a single dense wood. The rear of reditary Steward of Scotland. Their son, the English either was unable to come up Robert II, was the first king of the race or was entangled in the broken ranks of the of Stewart, succeeding after the long reign van or first line, and at a critical moment of his uncle, David II, son of Bruce by the camp followers, who had been hidden his second marriage, who was not yet born. behind the Gillies' Hill, crossed its crest as This settlement showed the prudence of if a new army. A panic ensued. Edward Bruce, and the anxiety of the Scottish na- and his immediate followers sought safety tion to avoid at all hazards another dis- in flight, and the rout became general one puted succession, or the appeal to external knight, Sir Giles d'Argentine, alone had authority in case it should occur. Edward ' courage to continue the onset, and fell Bruce, described in the act as vir strenuus et bravely. The number of the English suffo- in actis bellicis pro defensione juris et liber- cated or drowned in the Bannock or the tatis regni Scotise quamplurimum expertus,' Forth was calculated at 30,000. Edward, had stood by his brother in the struggle for pursued by Douglas, with difficulty reached independence, and deserved the preference Dunbar, and thence by sea Bamborough. which ancient, though not unbroken custom, No battle of the middle ages has been more gave to the nearest male over a nearer female minutely recorded, but space forbids further heir. But his active and ambitious spirit was detail. A Carmelite friar, Barton, brought not satisfied with the hope of succeeding to to celebrate the victory, was made by his the Scottish crown. The defeat of Edward at captors to recount the defeat of the English. Bannockburn, and his incapacity as a leader, The Chronicle of Lanercost gives the narra- encouraged the Irish Celts to attempt to tive of an eye-witness. Barbour, who fifty throw off the English yoke. 'All the kings years after enlarged the description, had of lesser Scotland (Scotia Minor) have drawn known some who fought, and subsequent in- their blood from greater Scotland (Scotia quiries confirm the accuracy of his plain but Major, i.e. Ireland), and retain in some degree vivid verse. It was a day never forgotten our language and customs, wrote Donald of to the by those who took part in it, and to be re- O'Neil, a Celtic chief Ulster, pope, It it that should summon membered by distant posterity. decided ! and was natural they the independence of Scotland, and, like Mor- to their aid the victor of Bannockburn. [ garten and Courtray, it was the beginning ! Robert declined the offer of the Irish crown of the end of feudal warfare. The knights 1 for himself, but in May 1315 Edward Bruce in armour, whose personal prowess often ! landed at Carrickfergus with 6,000 men. The

i this which for a gained the field, gave place to the common brilliant campaign of year, Bruce 124 Bruce moment made it seem possible that the line received by Bruce with a pleasant counte- of Bruce might supplant that of Plantagenet, nance, showing due reverence to the pope in of ending disastrously the death Edward and the church, but declining to receive the Bruce at to his bulls Dundalk, belongs chiefly life, because not addressed to him as king.. and not to that of Robert. But in the spring They urged in vain the desire of the pope not of 1317 Robert Bruce, who had in the previous to prejudice the dispute bet ween England and subdued the and taken his old for year Hebrides, Scotland, Bruce had the answer ready : * enemy John of Lome, went to his brother's Since my father the pope and my mother assistance. His engagement when surprised the church are unwilling to prejudice either the at Slane in Louth is said by English party by giving me the title of king, they of the by Barbour to have been the greatest ought not to prejudice me during the contro- nineteen victories of the Irish war. The versy by refusing that title, as I both hold odds were eight to one, and Edward, who the kingdom, receive the title from all its in had hurried on out marched the van, people, and am addressed under it by other of his brother's so that sight of troops, princes.' Another attempt to proclaim the the honour was undivided, and Robert re- bull by Adam Newton, guardian of the Friars proached Edward for neglect of good gene- Minor in Berwick, had no better result. ralship. The Scotch army after this met Newton saw Bruce at Aid-Camus (Old Cam- in its with little resistance progress to the bus), where he was at work day and night south of Ireland. Limerick was taken, but in the construction of siege engines, and, Dublin saved by its inhabitants committing having got a safe-conduct for himself and it to to the flames. An incident too slight his papers, returned, in hopes of being al- have been invented marks the humanity of lowed to deliver them. But Bruce was Bruce in the midst of the horrors of war. firm, and would not receive the bulls unless Hearing a woman cry in the pangs of child- addressed to him as king, and, as he now birth, he halted his troops and made provi- added, until he had possession of Berwick. sion for her delivery. Newton had the daring to proclaim the truce, but on his home he was robbed of his For certis, I trow there is na man way and clothes. 'It is he That he ne will rew a woman than, papers rumoured,' ' adds to his report, that the Lord Robert and is Barbour's expression of the speech or his accomplices, who instigated the outrage, thought of the gentle heart of the brave now have the papers.' Care had been taken warrior. The arrival of Roger Mortimer as that another mission of John XXII sent deputy infused new vigour into the English, to proclaim his accession to the papal see and the Bruces, their success too rapid to be should not enter Scotland, so that the prelates permanent, were forced to retreat to Ulster. and clergy of the Scottish province remained Before the disaster of Dundalk Robert re- now, as in the former period of the war, free turned to Scotland, where the English had from a divided allegiance, and the church of taken advantage of his absence to resume Scotland was virtually independent. the war. The eastern and midland marches In March 1318 the town of Berwick, which had been gallantly defended by Sir James had stood the siege during the winter, was Douglas against the Earl of Arundel and taken by a surprise contrived by Spalding, Lord Neville, and Sir John Soulis had pro- one of the citizens, and a few days after the tected Galloway from an inroad of Hartcla, castle capitulated. Entrusting it to the warden of the English march. Berwick still custody of Walter the Steward, Bruce in- remained in the hands of Edward II, a source vaded and wasted the north of England. of danger, as well as a standing memorial of The death of his only remaining brother the former subjection of Scotland. To its and his daughter rendered a new settlement reduction Bruce on his return at once ad- of the crown expedient, and a parliament dressed himself. met at Scone in December. By one of its In the autumn of 1317, while he was en- statutes Robert, son of the Steward, and gaged in preparations for the siege, two car- Marjory, the king's daughter, were recog- Jocelin and arrived in nised as next of kin next issue of the dinals, Luke, Eng- ; failing ' land with bulls from Pope John XXII to his king should he succeed while a minor, Ran- beloved son the nobleman Robert de Bruce, dolph, and failing him James, lord Douglas, at present governing the kingdom of Scot- was to be regent. Substantially this was a land,' commanding him to consent to a truce re-enactment of the statute of Ayr. An im- of two years with England. They had secret portant declaration was added that doubts instructions to excommunicate him if he without sufficient cause had been raised in disobeyed. The cardinals did not venture the past as to the rule of succession, and it across "the border, and their messengers were was now defined that the crown ought not Bruce 125 Bruce to follow the rules of inferior fiefs, but that Great, and Napoleon, was a law-reformer. the male nearest in descent in the direct line, The man of action cannot tolerate the abuses the in the -whom failing female same line, by which law ceases to be justice. ' whom failing the nearest male collateral, A statute identical with the Quia Emp- should succeed, an order sufficiently conform- tores' of 17 Edward I is ascribed to Bruce in able to the imperial, that is the Roman law. the Harleian and other later manuscripts, and ' In this parliament Bruce established his is included in the Statuta Secunda Roberti title to be deemed as wise and practical a legis- Primi,' by Sir J. Skene. But while tran- lator as he had proved himself a general. The scripts of English law were not unknown in most important acts related to the national Scotland, they are little likely to have been defence and the administration of justice. made by Bruce, and this statute, which by Every layman worth ten pounds was to be preventing subinfeudation would have com- bound to provide himself with armour, and pletely altered the whole system of Scottish every one who had the value of a cow with land rights, is certainly spurious. In 1319 a spear or bow and twenty-four arrows. A Edward tried to cut off the trade of Scotland yearly weapon schaw was to be held by the with Flanders, but the count and the towns sheriffs every Easter. While provision was of Bruges and Ypres rejected his overtures. thus made for the equipment and training of A vigorous effort to recover Berwick was an armed nation, the excesses attendant on repelled by Walter Stewart, its governor, such a condition were restrained by a law aided by the skill of Crab, a Flemish engi- that if any crime was committed by those neer, and Douglas and Randolph invaded Eng- coming to the army, they were to be tried land, when the Archbishop of York was de- before the justiciar. Stringent acts forbade feated in the engagement called the Chapter the export of goods during war, or of arms of Mytton, from the number of clergy slain. at any time. As regards justice the usual This diversion and the lukewarmness, if not ' proclamation was made with emphasis : The absolute abstention, of the Earl of Lancaster Idng wills and commands that common law and the northern barons, led to the raising and right be done to puir and riche after the of the siege. When Bruce visited Berwick auld lawes and freedomes.' The privilege of he complimented his son-in-law on the suc- repledging, by which a person was removed cess of his defence, and raised the walls ten from the jurisdiction of the king's officers, was feet all round. The pope somewhat tardily restricted by the provision that it was to excommunicated Bruce and his adherents apply only when the accused was the liege- for his contumacy, but the English king felt man of the lord or held land of him, or was unable to continue the war, and on 21 Dec. in his service or of his kin, and if this was a truce was concluded for two years. doubtful, a verdict of average was to decide. On 6 April 1320 a Scottish parliament at A new law was made against leasing making, Arbroath addressed a letter to the pope as- a quaint Scotch term for treasonable lan- serting the independence of their country ' guage. The kynghes' statute and defendyt and promising aid in a crusade if the pope that none be conspirators nor fynders of taylis recognised that independence. Part of this or of tidingis thruch the quhilkis mater of manifesto which relates to Bruce deserves discord may spryng betwixt the kyng and his to be quoted. After referring to the tyranny ' of at it : His pepull,' under penalty imprisonment the ! of Edward I, proceeds Through king's will. A hortatory statute recommended favour who woundeth and maketh whole we the people to nourish love and friendship with have been preserved from so great and num- ach other, forbade the nobles to do berless calamities the valour of our lord injury j by to any of the people, and promised redress and sovereign Robert. He, like another Joshua to any one injured. This was aimed at or Judas Maccabeus, gladly endured trials, and the oppressions of the feudal lords, and ex- I distresses, the extremities of want, every

' and inheritance out hibits the side of Bruce's character which peril to rescue his people divine gained him the name of the good king Robert of the hands of the enemy. The proyi- we will from the commons. With regard to the i dence, that legal succession which civil the feudal actions commenced and our due and unani- law, by j constantly maintain, the brieves of novel disseisin and mort d'an- mous consent have made him our chief and j our we i of cester, as well as the procedure in actions king. To him in defence liberty as well of as of debt and damage, were carefully regulated. ! are bound to adhere, right by The unreasonable which im- reason of his deserts ... for him delays (essoigns) I through to our peded justice were no longer to be allowed. salvation has been wrought people. No defender was to be called on to ... While there exist a hundred of us we plead I until the had stated his will never submit to We complainer fully | England. fight but for that case. Bruce, like Cromwell, Frederick the not for glory, wealth, or honour, Bruce 126 Bruce liberty which no virtuous man will survive. Scotland. The opposite evils of want of Wherefore we most earnestly request your food and intemperance forced him to with- holiness, as His vicegerent who gives equal draw, and the sarcasm of Earl Warenne on ' measure to all and with whom there is no a bull taken at Tranent, Caro cara fuit/ distinction of persons or nations, that you indicates at once the disaffection of his barons and would behold with a fatherly eye the tribu- his own contemptible generalship. In lations and distresses brought upon us by the autumn Bruce, at the head of a very the English, and that you would admonish large force, estimated at 80,000, retaliated Edward to content himself with his own by invading Yorkshire, defeating Edward dominions, esteemed in former times suffi- near Biland Abbey, where John de Bretagne, cient for seven kings, and allow us Scotsmen earl of Eichmond, and Henry de Sully, who dwell in a poor and remote corner, and Butler of France, and many other prisoners who seek for nought but our own, to remain were taken. The English king narrowly in peace.' A duplicate of the letter in the escaped being himself captured at York. ' Register House is printed in the National The commencement of 1323 afforded still MSS. of Scotland,' vol. i. Moved by this stronger evidence of Edward's incapacity to appeal, fearing to lose a province of the rule his own subjects. Sir Andrew Hartcla, church, and knowing probably the weak- although created Earl of Carlisle and re- ness of Edward, the pope issued a bull warded with a large pension and the warden- recommending him to make peace with Scot- ship of the marches, met Bruce and entered land. into a secret treaty to maintain him and his A conspiracy against Bruce, headed by heirs in possession of Scotland. On the dis- Sir William Soulis, grandson of one of the covery of this, Hartcla was tried and executed competitors for the crown, at which he pro- on 2 "March 1323, and the Earl of Kent bably aimed, and taken part in by some of appointed warden in his place. But though the landed gentry but none of the nobility, able so far to assert his authority, the defeat was betrayed by the Countess of Strathearn at Biland had taught Edward that he could and easily put down, though the parliament not cope with Bruce, and in March 1323 a of Scone, at which some of the offenders were truce gave time for negotiations at Newcastle condemned and executed for treason, got the and Thorpe, where, on 30 May, a peace for name of the Black Parliament to mark its thirteen years was concluded, which was difference from the other parliaments of the ratified by Bruce as king of Scotland at reign. This, the only rising against Bruce, Berwick on 7 June. The continued favour proves his firm hold of all classes. It was shown by Edward to the Despensers, which different with Edward. The party amongst had been the cause of Lancaster's rebellion, his nobles who opposed him ibrmed not a led to a new conspiracy in the family of the casual conspiracy but a chronic rebellion. ill-fated king. His queen Isabella, and Headed at first by Lancaster, and after his Roger Mortimer her paramour, carried it on death by the queen mother and Mortimer, it in the name of his son, and in 1325 his made his whole reign a period of dissension brother, the Earl of Kent, joined it. Ed- which would have weakened a more powerful i ward, deserted by almost all his barons, was monarch, and told largely in favour of Scot- taken prisoner in 1326, deposed early in the Bruce. In 1321 Lan- land and December ; following year, and murdered on 21 Sept. caster entered into a correspondence with Bruce naturally took advantage of the- the Scotch leader Douglas, who invaded distracted state of England to strengthen Northumberland and Durham his title to the Scottish crown. In 1323 the simultaneously | with the rising of Lancaster; but his defeat skilful diplomacy of Randolph obtained from by Sir Andrew Hartcla at Boroughbridge the pope the recognition of the title of kingf on 16 March 1322, followed by his execu- of Scotland by a promise to aid in a crusade^ tion, put down for a time the English rebel- and three years later, by the treaty of Cor- lion. Edward in premature confidence wrote beil, the French king made a similar acknow- to the pope that he would no longer make ledgment. At a parliament held at Cambus- terms with the Scots except by force, and kenneth in 1326 the young prince David, invaded Scotland in August, penetrating as born two years before, was solemnly recog- far as Edinburgh and wasting the country nised as heir to the crown, which in case of with fire and sword. The prudence of his death was to go to Robert the son of Bruce, by which everything of value on i Marjory and the Steward. This is the first the line of the invasion was removed, his Scottish parliament in which there is clear own camp being fixed at Culross, north of ! evidence of representatives of the burghs, the Forth, baffled as completely as a victory ! and the grant made by it to Bruce for his the last of Edward II to subdue life of a tenth of the rents of the lands, as- attempt | Bruce 127 Bruce well wood and domain lands as other to be restored the lands, ; (3) English king promised both within and without to ask the to recall and burgh, sup- pope all spiritual pro- one reason for their The cesses the Scots the Scots plies presence. against ; (4) agreed made a in a to thousand marks clergy probably grant separate pay thirty ; (5, 6, and 7) assembly of their own. Although the peace ecclesiastical property which had changed between England and Scotland was ratified hands in the course of the war was to be III on 8 March both sides but not by Edward 1327, restored, lay fiefs, with an excep- made preparations for the renewal of the war, tion in favour of three barons, Lord Wake, so that it is difficult to the accusa- the Earl of and de support Buchan, Henry Percy ; tions of breach of faith against either. On (8) Johanna, Edward's sister, was to be given 18 May Edward contracted with John of in marriage to David, the son and heir of Hainault for a large force of mercenary Bruce, and to receive a jointure of 2,000/. a cavalry, a sign that he was unable to rely year; (9) the party failing to observe the on his own feudal levy. articles of the treaty was to pay 2,000/. of On 15 June Randolph and Douglas crossed silver to the papal treasury. the border with 20,000 men, and Edward On 12 July 1328 the marriage of the infant with more than double that number advanced prince and bride was celebrated at Berwick. to Durham. The Hainault mercenaries could The English and Edward, when he attained not be relied on to co-operate with the Eng- his independence from the guardianship of the lish troops, and their dissensions, of which queen mother and Mortimer, denounced this Froissart has left a lively picture, had pro- treaty as shameful, and ascribed it to the de- bably much to do with the English discom- parture of the Hainaulters, the treachery of fiture. A series of manoeuvres and counter- Mortimer, and the bribery used by the Scots. manoeuvres on the Tyne and Wear showed But it was the necessary result of the situa- that neither side was willing to try the issue tion at the commencement of his reign, and of a battle. Randolph declined a challenge the bloody war of two centuries failed to re- to leave a favourable position on the north verse its main provisions. Scotland remained of the Wear and fight on the open ground an independent monarchy. The chief author at Stanhope Park. Douglas with a small of its independence barely survived the ac- band made a daring night attack on Ed- complishment of his work. On 7 June 1329 ward's camp on 4 Aug., when his chaplain Bruce died at Cardross of leprosy, a disease was slain and the young king with difficulty contracted during the hard life of his earlier escaped. The Scotch under cover of night struggles. There are frequent, and towards abandoned their camp and retreated home- the close increasing, references to his physical wards, and on 15 Aug. Edward disbanded sufferings, which made his moral courage more his army at York, dismissing the Hainaulters, conspicuous. He was buried by his wife, who who had been found too costly or too dan- had died in 1327, at Dunfermline, but his gerous allies. heart was, by a dying wish, entrusted to Dou- Bruce himself now assumed the command, glas, to fulfil the vow he had been unable to but his sudden attack on the eastern marches execute in person of visiting the holy sepul- failed. Alnwick repulsed an assault of chre. His great adversary Edward I had Douglas, and Randolph and Bruce were not made a similar request, not so faithfully exe- more successful in the siege of Norham. cuted, and his grandson granted a passport to While still engaged in it he was approached Douglas on 1 Sept. to proceed to the Holy by English commissioners with overtures of Land, to aid the Christians against the Sara- peace. The preliminaries were debated at cens, with the heart of Lord Robert, king of Newcastle, and at a parliament in York on Scotland. The death of Douglas fighting 8 Feb. 1328 the most essential article was against the Moors in Spain, and the recovery ' accepted. It was agreed that Scotland, ac- of the heart of Bruce by Sir William Keith, cording to its ancient bounds in the days of who brought it to Scotland and buried it Alexander III, should remain to Robert king along with the bones of Douglas in Melrose of Scots and his heirs and successors free Abbey, may be accepted as authentic; but and divided from the kingdom of England, the words with which Douglas is said to without any subjection, right of service, have parted with it, or and that all writs executed claim, demand, Now thou forth before at time to the should be held passe any contrary As thou was wont in field to bee, void.' And I shall follow or else die, The parliament of Northampton in April 1328 concluded the final treaty by which are an addition to the original verses of Bar- (1) peace was made between the two king- bour. When the remains of Bruce were dis- doms at in the breast- ; (2) the coronation-stone of Scone was interred Dunfermline 1819, Bruce 128 Bruce

bone was found sawn through to permit of national bias. The slender historical mate- the removal of the heart. as for the life of Wallace leant themselves on the one side to the Some interesting particulars as to the legendary narrative of Blind

! and on the other to the fictions of last years of Bruce are furnished by the Ex- Harry, the English writers, such as and Ris- chequer Kolls of Scotland. Enfeebled by j Hemingford as to the real character of Wallace and disease he had to trust the chief conduct of | hanger,

i the of policy Edward ; but the acts of Bruce are the war to the leaders he had trained, young too contained in authentic records and and and he most of fully per- Randolph Douglas, spent manent results to | leave room for his time at which he had misinterpre- Cardross, acquired tation. He was not a Scottish j originally patriot, in 1326. He employed it in enlarging the and be , may described, as Wallace cannot, as an the walls, and orna- castle, ; rebel after repairing park English ; but he once assumed the in the of menting the garden, amusement leadership of the Scottish cause he never faltered and the exercise of the vir- | under hawking, royal any danger or made a false step in policy Like other j until he tues of hospitality and charity. secured its success. The records chiefly to be consulted kings he kept a fool. A lion was his fa- are in Rymer's Foedera, Riley's the Documents vourite pet, shipbuilding his favourite di- Placita, illustrative of Scottish Mr. version. His foresight had discerned the History, published by Joseph Stevenson and Mr. Bain for the Record Series the Scottish importance of this art to the future strength ; Rolls and the Acts of the Scottish and wealth of Scotland. Before his death he Exchequer ; Parliament. Kerr's Life and Reign of Robert made preparations for his tomb, and commis- the Bruce and Lord Hailes's Annals are both sioned in Paris the marble monument, after- very accurate and full collections of the facts. The wards erected at Dunfermline, which was History of England down to the death of Ed- surrounded with an iron-gilt railing, covered ward I, by Mr. Pearson, and Longman's Reign of a of Baltic timber. The by painted chapel Edward II are the most trustworthy modern au- to the abbot of Dunfermline and the offerings thorities as to the war with England written of as well as the annual rector Cardross, pay- by Englishmen. Tytler's and Hill Burton's His- ment to the chaplains at Ayr for masses for tories of Scotland require both to be read. As his soul, appear also to have been by his orders. an independent historian Pauli's GreschichteEng- lands is of By his first marriage with Isabella of Mar great value, and probably the best single account he had an only daughter, Marjory, the wife of of the war of independence.] ^E. M. the Steward and ancestor of the last line of j BRUCE, ROBERT (1554-1631), theo- Scottish his second with kings. By marriage logical writer, second son of Sir Alexander Elizabeth de which he contracted Burgh, Bruce of Airth, who claimed descent from about he had two 1304, daughters Matilda, the royal family of Bruce, studied jurispru- who married Thomas a Ysaak, simple esquire, dence at Paris, and on his return practised and the wife of earl of Margaret, William, law, and was on the way to becoming a Sutherland as well as his late-born son and judge. But a very remarkable inward ex- David and who successor, II, another, John, perience constrained him to give himself to several died in infancy. Of children not the church. He went to St. Andrews to born in Sir who fell at wedlock, Robert, study, and on becoming a preacher (1587) Dupplin, Walter, who died before him, was forthwith called to be a minister in Stewart of wife of Nigel Carrick, Margaret, Edinburgh. On 6 Feb. 1587-8 he was chosen Robert wife of Walter Oli- Glen, Elizabeth, moderator of the general assembly a rare and Christian are traced in the records. phant, and singular testimony to the wisdom, the [If the character of Bruce is not understood stability, and the business capacity of one from his acts, of which a singularly complete so young. In 1589, when the king went to here has descended from so narrative, condensed, Norway to fetch his bride, and parties in distant a no words could avail. such time, Any Edinburgh were somewhat excited, the king which become mere attempt, might easily pane- appointed Bruce an extraordinary privy- is better omitted, and the left de- gyric, space councillor, and such was his influence that voted to a notice of the authorities upon which he kept all quiet, and on the king's return this life has been based. Barbour's Bruce, the received from his majesty a cordial letter of Scottish epic, is a poetical, but in the main a thanks (19 Feb. 1589-90). The queen was true, account of his whole career. Wyntoun's and crowned at and anointed Bruce Fordun's chronicles are not so full as have Holyrood by might on 17 and the former confines him- March following. He again became been anticipated ; moderator of the 22 self, in many important facts of the reign, to general assembly May 1592. His and success as a giving a reference to the Archdeacon Barbour. power preacher were The English chroniclers and the Chronicle of very remarkable, and he continued to Lanercost may be referred to with advantage. enjoy the king's favour till 1596, when, giv- The success of Bruce and the weakness of Ed- ing offence to his majesty by his opposition ward II were too conspicuous to be hidden by to certain arbitrary proceedings, he, with Bruce 129 Bruce others, was banished from Edinburgh. The charge, that prevented him, as the like causes king desired to introduce episcopal govern- prevented Richard Baxter in England, from ment into the church, and the disinterested leaving on his country so deep a mark as his character of Bruce's opposition is apparent, character and abilities were fitted to make. for had he consented, no man would have Andrew Melville described him as a 'hero been more sure to benefit by the change. adorned with every virtue, a constant con- This quarrel with the king was for the time fessor and almost martyr to the Lord Jesus.' made but soon after a new bone of con- another up ; Livingstone, contemporary, said, ' tention arose. After the Gowrie conspiracy Mr. Robert Bruce I several times heard, and the king ordered the ministers to give thanks in my opinion never man spoke with greater for his release (6 Aug. 1600), and to specify power since the apostles' days.' certain grounds of thanksgiving about which As an author Bruce is best known by his ' some of them had doubts. Bruce and others Way to True Peace and Rest : delivered at gave thanks, but in terms more general Edinburgh in sixteen sermons on the Lord's than the king desired. After much nego- Supper, Hezekiah's sickness, and other select tiation, and many efforts of friends to get scriptures.' This book appeared in 1617, and the matter settled, the king carried his point, bore the motto, significant of its author's ' and ordered Bruce to leave Edinburgh. The experience, Dulcia non meruit, qui non gus- prospect of his leaving was felt profoundly tavit amara.' The sermons are in the Scottish by the Christian community, who hung on dialect, and are remarkable as a singularly in a rare his clear able of his lips, and enjoyed degree and exposition the scriptural eloquent and powerful preaching. But the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, enforced with king was inexorable, and Bruce's ministry in great liveliness and power. Edinburgh came to an end. Bruce's conduct in his conflicts with the The last thirty years of his life were spent king and in some other matters has been here and there. From 1 605 to 1 609 he was con- placed in a somewhat less favourable light ' fined to Inverness, where he met with much in Spottiswood's History of the Church of ' harsh treatment from Lord Enzie and others, Scotland 'and inMaitland's History of Edin- but where his preaching was a singular re- burgh.' These views are controverted in freshment to his friends. In 1609 he was at Wodrow's ' Life of Bruce ' and in M'Crie's < Aberdeen, the atmosphere of which was very Life of Melville.' for it was a of the uncongenial, stronghold [Row's, Spottiswood's, and Calderwood's His- Sometimes he was at his pa- tories of the of Scotland episcopalians. Church ; Autobiography trimonial estate of near and Life of Robert Blair Memo- Kinnaird, Stirling, ; Livingstone's where he at his own the rable Melville's repaired expense Characteristics; Autobiography ; parish church of Larbert, and discharged all Wodrow's Collections as to the Life of Mr. Robert at Bruce Wodrow Life and Sermons of the duties of the ministry; and occasionally ; Society's Robert edited his other estate, at Monkland, near Glasgow. Rev. Bruce, by Principal Cunning- D.D. Scott's i. W. G. B. Wherever he had an opportunity of preaching, ham, ; Fasti, 4, 17.] crowds attended he with re- great ; preached second EARL OF EL- markable power, and his own life being in BRUCE, ROBERT, first OF AILESBTTRY full accord with his preaching, the influence GIN and EARL (d. 1685), son of third lord Bruce he attained was almost without a parallel was the only Thomas, and first earl of and in the history of the Scottish church. In of Kinloss, Elgin, Anne, Sir Robert Chichester of Ra- 1620 he was again banished to Inverness, daughter of Devonshire. While his father was still and begged very hard that, owing to his in- leigh, firmities and weakness, he might be allowed alive he was, at the Restoration, constituted, lord-lieu- to remain at home. The king was obdurate, along with the Earl of Cleveland, of 26 1660. He and the request was refused. In 1624 he tenant Bedfordshire, July the to the was allowed to return to Kinnaird, where was returned member for county in the same and he died 13 July 1631. His remains were convention parliament year, which met in 1661. accompanied to the grave by four or five also to the parliament to his father's estates and titles thousand persons of all ranks and classes, Succeeding he on 18 March from the nobility downwards. From his in December 1663, was, Baron Bruce of Skelton in very youth he had been regarded with re- 1663-4, created of Viscount Bruce of markable esteem and affection, and the bitter the county York, Ampt- and Earl of trials that chequered the last half of hjs hill in Bedfordshire, Ailesbury 29 March 1667 life commended him all the more to the in Buckinghamshire. On esteem of those who were like-minded. It he was constituted sole lord-lieutenant of on the death of the Earl of was this chequered mode of life, this moving Bedfordshire, about from to without settled Cleveland. The same year he was appointed place place any TT VOL. VII. Bruce 130 Bruce one of the commissioners for such moneys as nection with the plot he was committed to the Tower in 1695-6. His had been raised and assigned to Charles II February wife, 18 March Elizabeth sister and heiress of during his war with the Dutch. On Seymour, duke of died in childbed 1678 he was sworn a privy councillor. He William, Somerset, from connected with his was also one of the gentlemen of the king's anxiety imprison- ment. He was admitted to bail on 12 Feb. bed-chamber, and a commissioner for execut- and obtained the ing the office of earl marischal of England, folloAving, king's permission to reside in where he married Char- as deputy to Henry, duke of Norfolk. At Brussels, the house of the coronation of King James II he bore the lotte, countess of Sannu, of in the of Brabant. He sword, and on 30 July 1685 he was appointed Argenteau, duchy in his lord chamberlain of the household. He died died at Brussels in November 1741, his first wife he had 20 Oct. of the same year at Ampthill, and eighty-sixth year. By four sons and two and the was buried there. By his wife, Diana, daugh- daughters, by second he had an Charlotte ter of Henry Grey, first earl of Stamford, he only daughter, Maria, who was married in 1722 to the Prince had eight sons and nine daughters. Wood ' of one of the of the : He was a learned and other- Home, princes empire. says person, j One of her Elizabeth in i Philippina, wise well qualified, was well versed English daughters, married Prince Gustavus of Stol- all such I history and antiquities, a lover of Adolphus a and was the mother of Louisa that were professors of those studies, and berg Guedern, the wife of Prince Charles Ed- curious collector of manuscripts, especially Maximiliana, ward the The Earl of of those which related to England and English Stuart,, pretender. Elgin was succeeded by Charles, his second antiquities.' and only surviving son. v. Dou- [Collins's Peerage, ed. 1812, 122-3; ed. v. Dou- i. Cal. State Peerage, 1812, 124-6; glas's Peerage of Scotland, 515-16; [Collins's of i. T. F. H. Papers, Dom. Series; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. glas's Peerage Scotland, 516.] T. F. H. 491.] BRUCE, THOMAS, seventh EARL OF EL- BRUCE, THOMAS, third EARL OF ELGIN GIN and eleventh EARL OF KINCARDINE (1766- and second EARL OF AILESBTJRY (1655?- 1841), was born on 20 July 1766, and suc- 1741), was the sixth and eldest surviving son ceeded to his earldoms in 1771 on the death, of Robert, second earl [q. v.], and Diana, without issue, of his elder brother, William daughter of Henry Grey, first earl of Stam- Robert. He was educated at Harrow and ford. When the Prince of Orange landed in Westminster, and he also studied at St. An- England, he was one of the noblemen who drews University and in Paris. In 1785 he adhered to the cause of James, but on the entered the army, in which he rose to the king's withdrawal from Whitehall he signed rank of major-general. His diplomatic career the application to the Prince of Orange. He began in 1790, when he was sent on a special was one of those appointed to meet with mission to the Emperor Leopold. In 1792 the king when he was stopped by fishermen he was appointed envoy at Brussels, and in near the isle of Sheppey, to invite him to 1795 envoy extraordinary at Berlin. In 1799 return to Whitehall. He accompanied the he was appointed to the embassy to the Ot- king in his barge to Rochester, previous to toman Porte, and he was desirous that his to his final flight. Afterwards he returned mission to Constantinople should lead to a London, but he never took the oaths to Wil- closer study and examination of the remains liam and Mary. When the French threatened of Grecian art within the Turkish dominions. a descent on England, in 1690, during Wil- Acting on the advice of Sir William Hamil- liam's absence in Ireland, an order was given, ton, he procured at his own expense the ser- on 5 July, by Queen Mary for apprehension vices of the Neapolitan painter, Lusieri, and of the earl and of other Jacobite noblemen, of several skilful draughtsmen and modellers. but the danger having passed it was not These artists were despatched to Athens in deemed necessary to put the order into exe- the summer of 1800, and were principally cution. In 1691 King William issued an employed in making drawings of the ancient order to enable him and his countess to make monuments, though very limited facilities revision for paying their debts and to make were given them by the authorities. About Ejases of their estates. In May 1695 he was the middle of the summer of 1801, however, present at a meeting held at the Old King's all obstacles were overcome, and Elgin re- Head tavern, Aldersgate Street, London, to ceived a firman from the Porte which al- ' concert measures for the restoration of King lowed his lordship's agents not only to fix James, and was sent over to France to per- scaffolding round the antient Temple of the suade Louis to grant a body of troops to aid Idols [the Parthenon], and to mould the orna- in the enterprise. On account of his con- mental sculpture and visible figures thereon Bruce Bruce

' in plaster and gypsum/ but also to take away when he saw them, pronounced them l the any pieces of stone with old inscriptions or works of the ablest artists the world has thereon.' The actual removal of an- seen.' figures After some preliminary negotiations, cient marbles from Athens formed no part of a select committee of the House of Commons Elgin's original plan, but the constant in- was appointed in 1816 to inquire into the juries suffered by the sculptures of the Par- desirability of acquiring the Elgin collection thenon and other monuments at the hands for the nation. This committee recommended j of the Turks induced him to undertake it. its purchase for the sum of 35,0007., and in The collection thus formed by operations at July 1816 an act was passed giving effect Athens, and by explorations in other parts to their proposal. The committee, after a of Greece, and now known by the name of careful examination of Elgin and other wit- ' the Elgin Marbles,' consists of portions of nesses, further decided in favour of the am- the frieze, metopes, and pedimental sculp- bassador's conduct, and of his claim to the as as of tures of the Parthenon, well sculp- ownership of the antiquities. The money tured slabs from the Athenian temple of spent by Elgin in the formation, removal, Nike Apteros, and of various antiquities from and arrangement of his collection, and the Attica and other districts of Hellas. These sums disbursed for the salaries and board of sculptures and antiquities, now in our na- I his artists at Athens, were estimated at no tional collection, may be found enumerated ! less than 74,000/. ' and illustrated in the Description of the Elgin was from 1790 to 1840 one of the

Collection of Ancient Marbles in the British i representative peers of Scotland, but after ' Museum (parts vi-ix.), in Michaelis's work I his return to England he took little part in ' Der Parthenon,' and in other archaeological public affairs. He died on 14 Nov. 1841. books. Part of the collection was of Burke and Foster Elgin pre- [Peerages ; Douglas's for embarkation for in of Scotland i. 522 f. pared England 1803, Peerage (ed. Wood), ; Memo- considerable difficulties having to be en- randum on the Earl of Elgin's Pursuits in Greece, countered at every stage of its transit. El- 1810 and 1815; Report from the Select Com- mittee on the Earl of 1816 gin's vessel, the Mentor, was unfortunately Elgin's Collection, ; Ellis's 1-10 Edwards's Lives wrecked near Cerigo with its cargo of marbles, Elgin Marbles, pp. ; of the Founders of the Brit. i. and it was not till after the labours of three Mus., 1870, pt. pp. 380-96; Michaelis's Der Parthenon, pp. 73- years, and the expenditure of a large sum of 87, 348-57 ; Michaelis's Ancient Marbles in Great money, that the marbles were successfully Britain, pp. 132-51.] W. W. recovered by the divers. On Elgin's de- parture from Turkey in 1803, he withdrew BRUCE, SIR WILLIAM (d. 1710), of all his artists from Athens with the excep- Kinross, architect in Scotland to Charles II, tion of Lusieri, who remained to direct the was the second son of Robert Bruce of excavations which were still carried on, Blairhall, by his wife, Catherine, daughter though on a much reduced scale. Additions of Sir John Preston of Valleyfield, and was continued to be made to the Elgin collec- born in the early part of the seventeenth tions, and as late as 1812 eighty fresh cases century. Though too young to have played of antiquities arrived in England. Elgin, a part in the troublous reign of Charles I, ' ' who had been detained in France after no one in Scotland probably contributed the rupture of the peace of Amiens, returned more in a private capacity to bring about the to England in 1806. No inconsiderable restoration of the royal family, to whom he outcry was raised against his conduct in proved a firm and constant friend. He is connection with the removal of the antiqui- said to have been the channel of communi- ties. The propriety of his official actions cation between General Monk and the young was called in he was accused of and to have had the honour of first question ; king, vandalism, of rapacity and dishonesty, and conveying to the latter the inclination of the in addition to these accusations, which found former to serve him. Being a man of ability their most exaggerated expression in Byron's and address, he retained the friendship of ' Curse of Minerva,' an attempt was even the monarch, who rewarded him in the very made to minimise the artistic importance year of the restoration with the office of in of the marbles which had been removed. clerk to the bills, a very beneficial one Elgin accordingly thought it advisable to those days. Eight years after, having ac- throw open his collections to public view, quired the lands of Balcashie in Fife, he was and arranged them in his own house in Park created a baronet by royal letters patent Lane, and afterwards at Burlington House, dated 21 April 1668. He soon after ac- Piccadilly. Upon the supreme merits of quired possession of the lands of Drumel- title to is the Parthenon sculptures all competent art drie, in the same county, his which critics were henceforth dated 18 1670, and having afterwards agreed. Canova, April K2 Bruce 132 Bruce

' acquired from the Earl of Morton the lands as indices of the qualities of the king's master and barony of Kinross in that county, he of works,' his father. On his death the title ' was, says Douglas, ever after designed by went to his cousin, with whom it became that title.' His skill and taste in building extinct. ' led to his appointment, in 1671, as the Vitr. [Adam's Scot., fol., 1720-40 ; Campbell's of and to king's surveyor and master works,' Vitr. Brit., ii. Kincaid's fpl., 1767 (vol. 1717); his in the restoration of Hist, of employment Holy- Edinburgh, 12mo, 1787 ; Anderson's rood House, the ancient palace of the Stuarts Scottish Nation, 1860; Douglas's Baronage of in Edinburgh. He designed the quadrangular Scotland, 1798.1 G. W. B. edifice as it now stands. The work was not completed till 1679, and latterly not alto- BRUCE, WILLIAM (1702-1755), pub- gether under Bruce's supervision. In 1681 lisher and author, the youngest son of James as in he was summoned representative par- Bruce, minister of Killeleagh [q. v.], was born liament of the county of Kinross, by royal in 1702. He received a collegiate education, letters dated at Windsor on 13 Aug. in that but entered business life. In 1730 he was at year. In 1685 he built his own house at Dublin in partnership with John Smith, Kinross, a mansion which appears to have a publisher who had been educated for the been originally intended for the residence of ministry. In 1737 or 1738 he became tutor the Duke of York (afterwards James II), to Joseph, son of Hugh Henry, a Dublin should he have eventually been excluded banker (M.P. for Antrim 1715). With his from succeeding to the throne. He also pupil he visited Cambridge, Oxford, and pro- built Harden House in Teviotdale, and in bably Glasgow, for purposes of study. About 1698 the mansion house of Hopetoun in 1745 he settled permanently in Dublin, and Linlithgowshire was commenced from his was an elder of Wood Street, his brother designs. It was finished four years later, and Samuel's congregation. He was certainly a the design, 'given by Sir William Bruce, nonsubscriber, most probably an Arian. In who was justly esteemed the best architect 1750 the general synod at Dungannon accepted of his time in that kingdom (Scotland),' as a scheme of his origination fora widows' fund, says Colin Campbell, will be found delineated which came into operation next year. In 1759 ' in his Vitruvius Britannicus.' The house, it became necessary to reduce the annuities, however, was at a later date considerably but it now yields three times more than was altered and modified, even in some particulars originally calculated by Bruce. In Dublin of the plan, by the better-known architect, Bruce was distinguished as a public-spirited ' William Adam [see ADAM, ROBEKT]. citizen. He published a pamphlet, Some Bruce is also said to have designed a Facets and Observations relative to the Fate of bridge over the North Loch, a sheet of water the late Linen Bill,' &c., Dublin, 1753 (anony- which formerly occupied the site of the gar- mous, third edition), to show that the linen dens now extending from the foot of the manufacture of the north of Ireland was Castle Rock to Princes Street in to a double the Edinburgh ; exposed danger by projected but it was never executed, and the works closing of the American market, and the already enumerated (with the addition of proposed abolition of the protective duties on Moncrieffe House in Perthshire, also designed foreign linens and calicoes. Bruce, who was by him) are the chief if not the only known unmarried, died of fever on 11 July 1755, proofs of their author's architectural skill. and was buried in the same tomb with his It is impossible to say that they exhibit any intimate friend and cousin, Francis Hutche- of or artistic but son the ethical writer. amount originality genius ; (died July 1746), these were probably little regarded in his time, Gabriel Cornwall (died 1786) wrote a joint when the architect's merit consisted mainly epitaph for the two friends in Latin. Bruce in suiting the requirements of modern life to kept no accounts, and died richer than he the supposed rules of ancient construction. thought. All his property he bequeathed to At the end of two centuries, however, Holy- his friend, Alexander Stewart of Ballylawn, rood House is still a quaint and interesting co. Donegal, afterwards of Mount Stewart, enough structure. Bruce died at a very great near Newtownards, co. Down (born 1699, in and was succeeded his died 22 1781 father of the first mar- age 1710, by son, April ; ' who, according to Douglas, was also a man quis of Londonderry). Stewart divided the of parts, and, as he had got a liberal educa- property among Bruce's relatives, in accord- tion, was looked upon as one of the finest gen- ance with a paper of private instructions. tlemen in the kingdom when he returned from Bruce was the author, in conjunction with his travels.' Neither his parts nor his educa- John Abernethy (1680-1740) [q. v.], of ' tion, however, prompted him to distinguish Reasons for the Repeal of the Sacramental himself, and they are both useful now only Test/ which appeared in five weekly num- Bruce Bruce

' bers at Dublin in 1733, and was reprinted in seen in the supplement by a member of the as the first of a collection of ' Scarce of ' to 1751 presbytery Antrim the Newry edition, ' and Valuable Tracts and Sermons by Aber- 1816,"l2mo, ofTowgood's 'Dissenting Gentle- nethy. man's Letters.' In practice he did not favour the of [Essay on the Character of the late Mr. W. Bruce presence lay-elders in church courts. in a Letter to a Friend, Dublin, 1755 (by Gabriel His congregation, which comprised many of dated 1 1 letter to the best families of increased Cornwall, Aug. ; prefatory Belfast, rapidly, Stewart by James Duchal, D.D.), reprinted, and it was necessary to provide additional ac- Eev. vols. xiii. xiv. Monthly ; Armstrong's Ap- commodation in his meeting-house. He had to James Martineau's Ordination pendix Service, a noble presence and a rich voice. He drew 96 Hincks's Notices of W. Bruce 1829, pp. 64, ; up for his congregation a hymn-book in 1801 and Contemporaries in Chr. Teacher, January (enlarged 1818 and still in use), but while 1843 issued Eeid's Hist. Presb. (also separately) ; he paid great attention to congregational Ch. in Ireland (Killen), 1867, ii. 405, iii. 234, singing he resisted, in 1807, the introduc- 289 sq.] A. G-. tion of an organ, not, however, on religious BRUCE, WILLIAM (1757-1841), pres- grounds. He broke the established silence byterian minister, the second son of Samuel of presbyterian interments by originating the Bruce, presbyterian minister, of Wood Street, custom of addresses at the grave. The Bel- Dublin, and Rose Rainey of Magherafelt, fast Academy chiefly owed its reputation co. Derry, was born in Dublin on 30 July to him. But though Bruce, from 1802, de- 1757. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, livered courses of lectures on history, belles in 1771. In 1775 he obtained a scholarship, lettres, and moral philosophy, his main work and afterwards graduated A.B., supporting as principal, from 1 May 1790, when he himself by private tuition. In 1776 he went entered on his duties, till he resigned his to Glasgow for a session, and in 1777 to the post in November 1822, was that of a school- Warrington Academy for two years. Bruce, master. He taught well, and ruled firmly, in favoured the looser not the rod in his career the presbyterian matters, forgetting ; early administration prevalent among his English famous barring out of 12 April 1792, which brethren. His first settlement was at Lis- roused the whole town, tried his mettle and burn. He was ordained on 4 Nov. 1779 by proved his mastery. In the troubles of 1797 the Bangor presbytery. Bruce was long and 1798 Bruce enrolled himself as a pri- at Lisburn to considerable vate in the Belfast Merchants' he enough acquire Infantry ; as a man. His father's old his to Whitehaven and reputation public despatched family ; congregation at Strand Street, Dublin, called regularly occupied his pulpit throughout the him on 24 March 1782 as colleague to John disturbances. Many of the liberal presby- Moody, D.D., on the death of Thomas Plunket, terians had been active in urging the insur- of the arch- rection hence Bruce's attitude was of great-grandfather present (1886) ; signal bishop ofDublin. Bruce took part in the volun- importance. His influence with the govern- teer movement of 1782, serving in the ranks, ment in 1800 was exerted to secure adequate but declining a command. At the national consideration for the presbyterians at the convention which met in November 1783, in Union. At this period Bruce's advice was the Rotundo at Dublin, he sat as delegate much sought by the leaders of the general for the county of the town of Carrickfergus, synod. In November 1805 there were ne- and was the last surviving member of this gotiations for the readmission of his pres- convention. In 1786 he received the degree bytery to the synod without subscription, of D.D. from Glasgow. His Dublin congre- but in May following the idea was abandoned the address gation was increased by the accession to it, as inopportune. Bruce penned on 25 or 29 March 1787, of the Cooke Street presented to George IV at Dublin (1821) in congregation, with its ex-minister, William the name of the whole presbyterian body. D.D. In favours at the death Dunne, October 1789 he was called He sought no personal ; to in the First Belfast, as colleague to James of Robert Black [q. v.] 1817 agency Crombie, D.D. (1730-1790). This call he did for the regium donum was open to him, but not accept, but on Crombie's death he was he forwarded the claims of another. The again called (11 March 1790) to First Belfast, Widows' Fund, founded in 1751, through the and at the same time elected principal of the exertions of his granduncle, William Bruce Belfast Academy. His Dublin congregation (1702-1755) [q.v.],was released him on 18 March. In the extra- his efforts and.d judgment.iudsrnent. Protestants of all on the synodical Antrim presbytery, to which his sections welcomed his presence com- congregation belonged, he was a command- mittee of the Hibernian Bible Society, an his broad view of the institution which he recommended in letters ing spirit ; liberty which ' consist l to the ' may with presbyterian discipline is (signed Zuinglius ') Newry Telegraph Bruce 134 Bruce

in the ' Belfast 16 Nov. of and and on the (reprinted Newsletter/ gress Religion Learning ; 1821). He had a good deal to do with the Advantages of Classical Education/ Belfast, establishment of the Lancasterian school, 1811, 4to, 2nd edition 1818, 4to (originally ' with which was connected a protestant but published in the Transactions of the Belfast otherwise undenominational Sunday school. Literary Society/ 1809 and 1811). 3. 'A To provide common ground for intellectual Treatise on the Being and Attributes of God; pursuits among men of all parties, he had with an Appendix on the Immateriality of founded (23 Oct. 1801) the Literary So- the Soul/ Belfast, 1818, 8vo (begun in 1808, ciety, a centre of culture in the days when and finished November 1813). 4. 'Sermons Belfast took to itself the title of the Ulster on the Study of the Bible, and on the Doc- Athens. trines of Christianity/ Belfast, 1824, 2nd Bruce eschewed personal controversy. He edition 1826, 8vo (not till the second edition himself a in the did he rank his doctrines as ' anti-trinitarian ' had always owned Unitarian, ; broad sense attached to the term at its first in- his Arianism is evidently of a transitional into literature Firmin in later life he was anxious to have it troduction English by type ; and when used in the restricted sense known that he had not altered his and Emlyn ; views, of the modern Socinians, such as Lindsey on 27 Sept. 1839 he signed a paper stating ' y and Belsham, he sensitively repudiated all that the sentiments, principles, and opinions ' connection with that school (see his letter contained in this volume of sermons coincide ' those I entertain . 5. The in Mon. Rep. 1813, pp. 515-17). Finding his exactly with which ') ' position misrepresented by the violence of State of Society in the Age of Homer/ Bel- ' party zeal/ Bruce, in 1824, issued his volume fast, 1827, 8vo, 6. Brief Notes on the Gospels ' on the Bible and Christian doctrine. The book and Acts/ Belfast, 1835, 12mo. 7. A Para- marks an era. Unitarianism in Ireland had phrase, with Brief Notes on St. Paul's Epistle ' been a it became to the 12mo. 8. A long floating opinion ; now Romans/ Belfast, 1836, the badge of a party. In the preface (dated Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles and 17 March) Bruce claimed that his views were Apocalypse/ Liverpool, 1836, 12mo. 9. 'A ' making extensive though silent progress Brief Commentary on the New Testament/ through the general synod of Ulster.' This Belfast, 1836, 12mo. Besides these he con- was accepted by trinitarians as a gage of tributed papers, scientific and historical, &c., battle the at on to the 'Transactions of the Irish Aca- ; general synod Moneymore, Royal 2 to an overture ' a 'Belfast Dublin July, agreed giving public demy/ Literary Society/ ; contradiction to said assertion.' Bruce joined University Magazine/ and other periodicals. the seceders of 1829 in the formation of the Among these articles may be noticed a series ' Unitarian Society for the Diffusion of Chris- of twenty-three historical papers on the Pro- tian Knowledge (9 April 1831), though he gress of Nonsubscription to Creeds/ contri- would have as its buted to the ' Christian 1826-8 preferred designation the Moderator/ ; ' extracts from ori- colourless name, A Tract Society.' By 1834 these are of value as giving ' he had retired from public duty, and was ginal documents. His Memoir of James VI/ ' suffering from a decay of sight, which ended in Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy/ in blindness In November 1836 he removed 1828, gives copies of original letters, and to Dublin with his daughter Maria. Here he information respecting his ancestor, Rev. died on 27 Feb. 1841. He married, on 25 Jan. Robert Bruce of Kinnaird. Susanna Hutton 22 Feb. 1788, (died 1819, [Armstrong's Appendix to Ordination Service, 56), and had twelve of whom Porter's aged children, James Martineau, 1829, pp. 75-7, 89 ; six survived him. Several portraits of Bruce Funeral Sermon, The Christian's Hope in Death, exist the earliest is in a Bible ; large picture (1804) 1841 ; Christian, 1831, pp. 47, 239, 289, Ill Chr. by Robinson, containing portraits of Dr. and 1834, p. 389, 1841, pp. sq. ; Keformer, Presb. Mrs. Bruce and others, now in the council- 1821, pp. 218 sq., 1859, p. 318; Keid'sHist. room of the Belfast chamber of Ch. in Ireland (Killen), 1867, iii. 389, 444 sq.; commerce ; Witherow's Hist, and Lit. Memorials of a three-quarter length, by Thompson, is in Presby- terianism in Ireland, 2nd ser. 1880, 187 ; the Linenhall Library, Belfast, and has been pp. sq. of vol. ii. in mezzotint Benn's Hist, Belfast, 1877, p. 453, 1880, engraved (1819) by Hodgetts ; 48, 172; Belf. Newsletter, 26 Feb. 1819; a fine of head and bust is in the pp. painting 31 Irish Minutes of Gen. Synod, 1824, p. ; Unit. possession of a grandson, James Bruce, D.L., 1847, 357 ; 1883, 84, of Thorndale an Adcock from Mag. p. Disciple (Belf.), pp. ; engraving by C. Porter's Seven in Northern 93 seq. ; Bruces, a miniature by Hawksett was executed for 20 1885 extracts from Whig, May ; manuscript the ' Christian 1827. He Moderator/ pub- Minutes of G-en. Synod, 1780; manuscript Minutes lished : 1. 'The Christian Soldier/ 1803, of Antrim Presbytery, First Presb. Ch., Belfast, ' 12mo, a sermon. 2. Literary Essays on the and Unit. Soc. Belfast; tombstones at Holy- Influence of Political Revolutions on the Pro- wood.] A. G-. Bruce 135 Bruckner

BRUCE, WILLIAM (1790-1868), Irish part), and ended in the withdrawal of five presbyterian minister and professor, was congregations, since recognised by the go- born at Belfast 16 Nov. 1790, the second son vernment as a distinct ecclesiastical body, of William Bruce (1757-1841) [q. v.] He the northern presbytery of Antrim, of which, was educated first at the Belfast Academy at its first meeting, 4 April 1862, Bruce was under his father; entered Trinity College, elected moderator. In the same year the Dublin, on 2 July 1804, where he obtained a jubilee of his ordination was marked by the scholarship and graduated A.B. on 20 July placing of stained glass windows in his meet- 1809. Meantime he attended a session (1808- ing-house. He retired from active duty on 1809) at Edinburgh, where he studied moral 21 April 1867. From 1832 he had as colleague church history, &c., under Dugald John Scott Porter, who remained sole pastor ghilosophy,tewart, Hugh Meiklejohn, and others. His [see BRUCE, WILLIAM, 1757-1841]. He con- theological studies were directed by the tinued his services to many of the charities and Antrim presbytery, by which body he was public bodies of the town. He studied agricul- licensed on 25 June 1811. On 19 Jan. 1812 ture, and carefully planted his own grounds he was called to First Belfast as colleague to at The Farm. His last sermon was at a com- his father, and ordained 3 March. He had munion in Larne on 28 April 1867. He died few of his father's gifts, but his quiet firmness 25 Oct. 1868, and was buried at Holywood and amiability gave him a hold on the affec- 28 Oct. On 20 May 1823 he married Jane tions of his people. Theologically he followed Elizabeth (died 27 Nov. 1878, aged 79), only closely in his father's steps. It is believed child of William Smith of Barbadoes and that he edited the Belfast edition, 1819, 8vo, Catherine Wentworth. By her he had four ' the Christian sons and six his first-born died in of Sermons on Doctrine,' by daughters ; D.D. William died 7 Nov. 43 Richard Price, (originally published infancy ; 1868, aged ; 1787), which contain a mild assertion of a Samuel died 6 March 1871, aged 44. ' modified Arianism, as a middle way between He published : 1. Observations on the Calvinism and Socinianism. In 1821 Bruce Doctrine of the Trinity, occasioned by the " came forward as a candidate for the vacant Rev. James Carlile's book, entitled Jesus ' classical and Hebrew chair in the Belfast Christ, the Great God our Saviour," Belfast, Institution. Two-thirds of the Carlile was minister Academical 1828, 8vo, anonymous ; Arian vote went against Bruce, in conse- of the Scots Church, Mary's Abbey, Dublin < quence of the hostility hitherto shown to the (died March 1854). 2. On the Right and institution his but Sir Robert Exercise of Private by family ; Judgment,' Belfast, 1860, Bateson, the episcopalian leader, and Edward 8vo (sermon, Acts iv. 19, 20, on 8 July). ' Reid of Ramelton, moderator of the general 3. Address delivered to the First Presbyte- synod, made efforts for Bruce, and he was rian Congregation, Belfast, on Sunday, 12 Jan. elected on 27 Oct. by a large majority. The 1862, in reference to the recent proceedings appointment conciliated a section which had in the Presbytery of Antrim,' Belfast, 1862, aloof from the institution on the 4. l Christian its Extent stood ground 12mo. On Liberty ; that it had sympathised with unconstitutional and Limitation,' Belfast, 1862, 12mo (sermon, principles in 1798, and ultimately the govern- 1 Cor. viii. 9, on 5 Oct., the day of the re- ment grant, which had been withdrawn on opening of his church after the erection of that account, was renewed (27 Feb. 1829). memorial window). still his held The New Heaven Bruce, keeping congregation, [ J. S. Porter's Funeral Sermon, the chair with solid repute till the establish- and New Earth, 1868; Eeid's Hist. Presb. Ch. in L. Porter's Life ment of the Queen's College (opened Novem- Ireland (Killen), 1867, iii. 445; J. 62 Belfast ber 1849) reduced the Academical Institution and Times of H. Cooke, 1871, p. sq. ; 1821 Benn's Hist, of Belfast, 1880, to the rank of a high school. The Hebrew Newsletter, ; ii. Chr. Nonsubscriber, chair was separated from that of classics 108; Unitarian, 1862; Chr. 4 Dec. 1878; C. Porter's Seven in 1825, when Thomas Dix Hincks, LL.D., 1862; Life, 1885 manu- Bruces, in Northern Whig, 25 May ; another Arian, was appointed to fill it. Bruce Minutes Antrim Presbytery, Northern took no active share in the polemics of his script Presbytery; Minutes and Baptismal Register, time. An early and anonymous publication at First Presb. Ch. Belfast ; tombstones Holy- on the defines his Trinity sufficiently position. A. Gr. wood ; private information.] In later life he headed the conservative mi- nority in the Antrim presbytery, maintain- BRUCKNER, JOHN (1726-1804), was born on 31 Dec. 1726 ing that nonsubscribing principles not only Lutheran divine, a small island of near allowed but required a presbytery to satisfy at Kadzand, Zeeland, itself as to the Christian faith of candidates the Belgian frontier. He was educated for at the of for the ministry. The discussion was con- the ministry, chiefly university he studied Greek under ducted with much acrimony (not on Bruce's Franeker, where