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Coastal Wetlands Initiative: South Atlantic Review EPA-843-R-10-005B

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Coastal Wetlands Initiative: South Atlantic Review EPA-843-R-10-005B Coastal Wetlands Initiative: South Atlantic Review EPA-843-R-10-005B National Picture oastal wetlands provide important ecosystem services that development,” which includes Care vital to the health and well-being of our nation. They conversion of wetlands to serve as buffers, protecting coastal areas from storm damage unknown or undetermined land and sea level rise. They are vital to the health of commercially uses (Figure 1). There were also and recreationally important fisheries resources, providing losses of saltwater tidal wetlands Status and Trends of Wetlands food and essential fish and shellfish habitat. Wetlands also to open water (deeper than IN THE COASTAL WATERSHE DS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES serve as nesting and foraging habitat for birds and other 2 meters), particularly in the 1998 to 2004 wildlife. As “living filters,” wetlands improve water quality by Mid-Atlantic region. The 2008 removing pollutants, nutrients, and sediments. Furthermore, NOAA and USFWS Status and coastal wetlands provide direct value to people in other ways, Trends report did not examine such as minimizing erosion of upland, protecting infrastruc­ the loss of wetland condition or ture and supporting the tourism, hunting, and fishing sectors function. of the economy. In response to these reports, There are a number of threats to coastal areas, in particular EPA established a two-part Coastal Wetlands Initiative. The wetland habitats. The most significant threats include conver­ first part is the Coastal Wetlands Team, which is a joint effort sion of wetlands to other land uses and climate change, in between EPA’s Wetlands Division and the Oceans and Coastal particular, sea level rise and increases in hurricane intensity Protection Division. The team’s goals are: 1) confirming and frequency. In some regions wetlands are being converted wetland loss and better understanding contributing stressors; to open water due to land subsidence. 2) identifying and disseminating tools, strategies, policies, and information to protect and restore coastal wetland resources; Numerous recent reports have examined coastal wetland loss and 3) raising awareness of the functions and values of coastal and potential strategies to address threats like climate change. wetlands, threats to these resources, and opportunities to The Association of State Wetland Managers (ASWM, 2009) protect and restore coastal wetlands. recommended a national wetland and climate change initia­ tive. The report contains measures to reduce impacts and To achieve its goals, the Coastal Wetlands Team met with stake­ adapt coastal/estuarine wetlands to climate change. The U.S. holders in the Mid-Atlantic, South Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Army Corps of Engineers (Army Corps) and the National and North Atlantic regions (see Figure 2). For each of these Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) both pub­ lished frameworks to guide how they will consider impacts Agriculture 3.6% of climate change and sea level rise as they implement resto­ Deepwater ration activities, including those in coastal wetlands (Army 14.5% Corps, 2009; NOAA, 2010a). Intertidal Other Wetlands Development 0.05% NOAA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) 59.45% analyzed the status and trends of wetland acreage along the Atlantic Coast, Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes to provide Urban and Rural an estimate of losses or gains that occurred in those coastal Development watersheds. Their report, released in 2008, found that 361,000 22.4% acres of coastal wetlands were lost in the Eastern United States alone between 1998 and 2004 (Stedman and Dahl, 2008). This amounts to an average net decrease of 59,000 acres each year. The vast majority of the loss (82 percent) occurred in freshwa­ ter wetlands, both tidal and non-tidal. Nearly 60 percent of the Figure 1. Wetland loss and changes in land cover, 1998-2004: Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Great Lakes. Source: Stedman and Dahl, 2008. total loss of coastal freshwater wetlands is attributed to “other Coastal Wetlands Initiative: South Atlantic Review 1 Consistent with other federal agencies, EPA is defining “coastal wetlands” as saltwater and freshwater wetlands* within HUC-8 watersheds that drain to the Atlantic, Pacific, or Gulf of Mexico. “Coastal wetland loss” is defined as “a decline in the areal extent and/or ecological integrity** of wetlands in coastal watersheds” (Figure 2). Figure 2. Coastal wetlands regions identified in EPA’s Coastal Wetlands Initiative. Coastal Wetland Reviews (CWRs), the team identified key that it is an issue in many watersheds and included qualitative stressors; examined regulatory and voluntary efforts at the fed­ information to reflect this concern where appropriate. EPA eral, regional, state, and local level to reduce or reverse coastal coordinated with the Interagency Coastal Wetlands Work- wetland loss; and assessed whether successful strategies can be group and stakeholders to gather information on available replicated elsewhere. The information from the reviews could tools and strategies used to address wetland function and be used to help inform policy decisions, influence program condition within the region(s) of interest. The CWRs and the direction, and develop projects to reduce or reverse coastal wet­ subsequent regional reports will not be used to evaluate spe­ land loss nationally. The results of these CWRs are provided in cific wetland assessment tools or methodologies, but rather to a report distributed to the respective participants, and will also describe which tools are being used and discuss participants’ be posted on EPA’s website. This document is the CWR report views on their experiences and relative success with such tools. for the South Atlantic region. The purpose of the CWRs was to facilitate dialogue among The second part of the Coastal Wetlands Initiative is the stakeholders who share a vested interest in coastal wetland federal Interagency Coastal Wetlands Workgroup, which is resource protection such that continued local, regional, and composed of members from EPA, NOAA, USFWS, the U.S. national efforts to stem coastal wetland losses can be increas­ Geological Survey, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s ingly effective. They are not considered a commitment of Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Army Corps, future resources to address issues identified during the review and the Federal Highway Administration. The Interagency process. Each CWR is intended to provide information on a Coastal Wetlands Workgroup serves in an advisory capacity particular focal watershed or region and should not be consid­ to EPA’s Coastal Wetlands Team by helping to identify CWR ered a final assessment of the study area. Instead, each review watersheds, participating in the CWR on-site discussions, and should be considered a baseline reconnaissance to aid in mov­ providing input on the reports. ing the entire Coastal Wetlands Initiative forward. EPA Coastal Wetland Regional Reviews This report contains points raised during the course of the discussions with stakeholder groups. EPA affords participants EPA conducted these CWRs to identify and better under­ an opportunity to comment on CWR notes and draft reports stand the stressors on coastal wetlands and the strategies in order to provide the broadest perspective possible. EPA also needed to protect and restore them. EPA’s Coastal Wetlands endeavors to supplement these perspectives with documenta­ Team is interested in identifying the cause(s) of losses in the tion (e.g., relevant references, citations), but it is not possible areal extent of wetlands, as well as examining losses in wetland to do so for every comment provided. Thus, the information function and/or ecological integrity. Though quantifiable data presented in this report cannot be considered the definitive and on functional loss are limited in availability, EPA recognizes most comprehensive presentation of issues within the region or * For the purposes of this initiative, “wetlands” means those areas meeting the definition of wetlands in: Cowardin, L., et al. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS 79/31. 131 pp ** EPA recognizes that there are limited quantifiable data currently available regarding loss of wetland ecological integrity. Coastal Wetlands Initiative: South Atlantic Review 2 within specific focal watersheds. Instead, it can serve as a start­ ing point for identifying priority stressors, tools and strategies National Estuary Programs (NEPs) are already to address them, and key information and data gaps that need employing a variety of efforts to protect and to be filled in order to reduce wetland loss in the future. restore wetlands. NEPs can assist by: 1) conven­ ing the appropriate stakeholders to participate in The process for the CWRs was intended to be flexible and the CWRs, 2) providing scientific data on wetland encouraged participation from a diverse and representative conditions in their study areas, and 3) providing group of stakeholders in each of the focal watersheds. Four a strong platform and scientific understanding to steps were followed for each CWR: support the CWRs. 1. Identify focal watersheds. USFWS identified candidate watersheds for the CWRs based on observed wetland loss in the USFWS/NOAA Status and Trends report. These are generally areas where the most wetland loss has occurred, due to development, other human actions, or where losses were attributed to inundation or other coastal processes. The Coastal Wetlands
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