OCTOBER,1907 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 481

THE WEATHER OF THE MONTH. By Mr. P. C. DAY,Assietant Chief, Division of Meteorological Records.

PRESSURE. Temperature extremes were generally within the usual Octo- The distribution of mean atmospheric pressure for October, ber limits. Maximum temperatures from 90' to 96' were 1907, over the United States and Canada, is graphically recorded in central Texas, and from 90' to slightly more than shown on Chart VI, and the average values and departures 100' in the central valleys of California and over southwestern from the normal are shown for each station in Tables I and V. Arizona. Over northern New England masimum temperatures During October, 1907, the increase in mean pressure over did not go above 70". that for September in all the central districts of the United Freezing temperatures penetrated into the northern portion States and Canada was decidedly above the average, ranging of the cotton region States and occurred generally at exposed from +.lo to +.15 inch, whereas the normal increase is less points in the mountain and Plateau districts. Over the lower than .05 inch, except over the upper Missouri Valley and the elevations of California, the western portions of Oregon and districts west of the Rocky Mountains where the October Washington, and in the Snake River Valley of Idaho, the pressure averages from .05 to .10 inch above that for Septem- minimum temperatures were well above the freezing point and ber. Over the extreme eastern portion of the Maritime Prov- no damaging frosts occurred. inces of Canada, the immediate coast of central and northern PRECIPITATION. California, and the northern portions of Alberta and Sas- The distribution of precipitation during October, 1907, is katchewan the pressure for October, 1907, was slightly less graphically shown on Chart IV by appropriate shading or by than that for the preceding month. figures representing the actual amount of fall. The average pressure for the month exceeded the normal During October the precipitation is usually heaviest along from .05 to slightly more than .10 inch, over all districts from the south Atlantic and north Pacific coasts, where the amount the Rocky Mountains eastward to the Lake region and the of fall ranges from about 6 inches on the North Carolina south Atlantic coast. Over New England and the Canadian coast to slightly more than 10 inches on the coast of Florida, Maritime Provinces it was slightly below normal, and a simi- and from about 3 inches on the northern California coast to lar condition prevailed over California, Oregon, southern more than 8 inches on the northern const of Washington. Washington, and western Nevada. During October, 1907, the precipitation mas markedly defi- The mean pressure for the month was highest, 30.15 or cient over the above-mentioned districts, and the area of heavi- above, over the Ohio Valley and Tennessee, decreasing to est precipitation covered portions of southern and western 29.95 over the eastern and northern portions of Canada, and Texas and central Arizona, where normally the rainfall is less to 29.90 over the lower Colorado Valley. than in any other portion of the United States. The winds along the Atlantic coast and over the southern Precipitation was above the normal over the higher eleva- Appalachian region during October are normally from the tions of New England, in New Pork, the lower Lake region, northeast, over the west Gulf, central valleys and lower Lake portions of the Ohio Valley, and generally over the entire region from the south, over the upper Missouri Valley from southern half of the United States from the Mississippi River the northwest, while west of the Rocky Mountains they are west to the Pacific Ocean. generally from some westerly point. Over portions of southern and western Texas the monthly During the current month, under the influence of the high precipitation ranged from G to 10 inches, and over central pressure in the Ohio Valley, westerly and northerly winds Arizona from 4 to 8 inches, amounts far in excess of the usual prevailed over the lower Lakes, New England, and nearly the fall for those regions. entire Atlantic and Gulf coast districts. Over the central Precipitation was unusually light over the South Atlantic valleys the usual southerly winds prevailed, while west of the and east Gulf States and the Florida Peninsula, where the Rockies southerly and westerly winds predominated. total fall was generally less than 30 per cent of the normal, Over the Lake region, New England, and the immediate and in portions of North Carolina and South Carolina, it was Atlantic coast, storm activity was slightly above the normal, less than 10 per cent of the normal. as shown by the increased wind movement, but over nearly Precipitation was deficient over the entire northern half of all other portions of the United States there was an apparent the country from .the upper Lakes westward to the Pacific decrease, the average velocity of the wind movement showing coast; the deficiency over western Oregon and the Puget a decrease of from 10 to 30 per cent from the normal. Sound and coast districts of Washington ranging from 2 to TEMPERATURE. more than -i inches. The increased pressure over the Ohio Valley and surro-ind- Rain occurred at unusually frequent intervals over Tesas, ing districts, the general absence of clouds to interfere with New Mexico, and Arizona, and over California after the 2Oth, radiation at night, and the prevalence of northerly and westerly and the streams of those districts, especially in Arizona, were winds brought much cool, frosty weather to nearly all dis- maintained at unusually high stages for the season. tricts east of the Mississippi River. Over the lower Lakes, Over the east Gulf and South Atlantic States showers were New England, and the Middle Atlantic States, the monthly of infrequent occurrence, with practically no precipitation mean temperature was about 4' below the average. In por- over large sections of those States from the 10th to 26th. tions of the above districts, especially the lower Lake region, Heavy rains occurred over the greater part of the Middle the temperature has averaged below the normal continuously Atlantic States and New England from the 27th to 29th. for the seven months, April to October, inclusive. Over the northern districts from the Lake region to the From the Rocky Mountains westward to the Pacific the Pacific the precipitation occurred as light local showers. severse of these conditions prevailed. Warm aoutherly winds SNOWFALL. penetrated far to the north over the Rocky Mountain and There was a rather marked absence of snowfall over the Plateau districts, and at points in the northern portions of northern Rocky Mountain districts, but depths of several those districts it was one of the warmest Octobers in their inches were recorded over the high elevations of Colorado meteorological history, and marked the breaking up of the and northern Arizona. Considerable snow fell over the in- period of deficient temperature that had prevailed over those terior of New England and in the Appalachian Mountain dis- districts since the end of March. tricts from New York to Virginia.

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HUMIDITY AND SUNSHINE. in the Gsspe Peninsula. In Ontario, over tlie greater portion of the Relative humidity averaged from 5 to 10 per cent below Province, the precipitation varied considerably with the district, some localities recording a positive departure and others a negative. In the the normal over the entire Atlantic coast and east Gulf dis- Maritime Provinces the departures from the average were unimportant, tricts, and from the upper Lakes westward to the Rocky except in Cape Breton where a considerable excess was experienced. Mountains. Over the remaining districts the relative humid- Average precipitation and depwtocree from the namal. ity was above the normal, being especially high over Texas -___- ____. and the greater part of the Rocky Mountain and Plateau dis- LI 0 tricts, where the averages ranged from 10 to 30 per cent Average. Departure. *: __ -~ above the normal, making the tenth consecutive month during Districts. z .s: tccumu- Current Percent which the relative humidity has persistently remained above 22 age of Current lated month. normal. month. since the normal over the greater part of the districts last mentioned. 2 Jan. 1.

__ ~ There was a general excess of sunshine over all northern Itrche9. Inches. Inches. and eastern portions of tlie United States, especially along the New England...... 12 3.57 100 0.0 - 3.1 Atlantic coast and over the northern Rocky Mountain ancl Middle Atlantic...... 16 2.30 70 -1.0 - 3.3 South Atlantic ...... 10 0.65 IS -3.0 -11.4 Plateau districts, where the amount of sunshine ranged from Florida Peninsula* ...... 8 2.47 49 -2.6 - 8.8 East Gulf...... 11 1.11 40 -1.7 - 3.7 70 to SO per cent of the possible. West Gulf ...... 10 3.53 125 to. 7 - 8.0 Over the difitricts from the lower Mississippi Valley west- 13 3. 38 92 -0.3 - 2.0 1I) 3. 66 124 +o. 7 - 0.8 ward to the Pacific much cloudy weather prevailed, the amounts 12 1.41 51 -1.4 - 1.9 9 0. 77 66 -0. 4 - 1.2 of sunshine being generally less then 50 per cent of the possible. 1s 1. 31 54 -1.1 + 2.0 WEATHER IN ALASh.4. 12 1.68 $9 -0.2 - 2.4 9 0.25 3\ -0.4 + 0.9 Reports from the southern coast stations show the usual 6 2. 46 158 +o. 9 - 1.2 7 3.80 173 +1.6 - 0.4 heavy October reinfall, varying from about 10 inches in the 13 2. 50 300 +1.8 + 3.8 Sitka district to nearly 30 inches in the vicinity of Cook Inlet Middle Plateau * ...... 10 1.16 100 0.0 + 2.2 Northem Plateau * ...... 13 0. i4 65 -0.4 + 1.6 and at the mouth of the Copper River. North Pacific...... 7 1. 26 3'2 -3. 7 - 9.9 Meager reports from the interior districts indicate that con- Middle Pacific...... 8 1.3s 03 -0. 1 + 3.8 South Pacific...... 4 1. $0 3?5 +LO + 3.5

siderable snow occurred, and the covering on the ground at ~ the end of the month ranged from a few inches to more than * Regular Weather Bureau and selected cooperative stations. a foot in depth. Average relative humidity and departurea from the normal. A severe cold ware overspread the upper Tukoii and Copper ~ River districts from the 15th to 2Oth, with niiniinulu tempera- $2A tures from 10" to 24" below zero. 5; 2 Brilliant auroras were noted in the upper Yukon on the 1st qg 2 and 15th. __ 9 Average temperaturea and departurea from the normal. --R Missouri Valley ...... 6 -9 -2 ______-- ~~ ~ . Middle dtlantic...... 74 Northern Slope...... 6 +i - South Atlantic ...... i4 -- 4 Middle Slo3 e ...... +9 0 Average Accuma- Florida Peninsula...... 75 -5 Southern lope...... + 13 L 6 tempera- De arturei Average East Gulf...... 73 0 Southern Plateau ...... It +I8 tures &r the lated ma iepartnres lepartures West Gulf...... 77 +5 Middle Plateau...... C +I2 Ds forthe current since Ohio Valley and Tennessee.. . 74 +3 Northern Plateau ...... f -3 current since 54 month. January 1. lanuary 1. Lower Lake...... T: -1 North PaciEc ...... s -4 month. Upper Lake...... I I -1 hIiddle Pacific...... t +2 -2 ___-~ North Dakota...... 70 South Pacific ...... 8 +.I Upper Nississippi Valley.. ... 73 -1 0 0 __~ __ 13 4i. 1 -- 2. fr -?3.6 - 2.4 New En land ...... - Middle Itlantic ...... 16 53.4 91. , -15.6 - 1.1; Average eEoudines8 and departurea from the normal. South Atlantic ...... 10 81. 5 - 2.2 + 5.4 + 0.5 Florida Peninsula* ...... 8 53.0 - 0. !I +11.5 + 1.2 Eaat Qulf...... 11 fi5.6 + 0.1 +lti.l + 1.6 West Gulf...... 10 67. 5 + 1.2 -t?0.4 + 3.11 Districta. Ohio Valley and Tennessee 13 54.5 I - 2.5 - 5.3 - (I. 5 Lower Lake...... 10 47.3 - 4. 2 -22.1 - 2.2 Upper Lake ...... 13 45. 2 - 3. 4 -15.6 - 1.6 1-1- North Dakota *...... !I 44.5 + 1.6 -25.8 - 2.6 %per MissiUEippi Valley...... 15 51. 5 - 1.3 -10.2 - 1.0 New Enfand ~.:...... 4 S - 0.7 Missouri Valley...... - 0.5 ssouri Valley...... 12 53. I; + 0.9 ~-2.4 - n. 2 hIiddle tlantic ...... 3.6 - I. 2 Northern Slope...... 2.8 - 1.4 Northern Slope...... 9 49.2 + 4.8 - 7.5 - 0. 8 South Atlantic...... I 3.3 I ~ 0.7 1) Middle slope ...... I :;:I + 1.1 Middle Slof" .'i...... 6 56. S + 1.2 +11.5 + 1.2 Florida Peninsula...... 3.2 - 1.5 Southern Slope...... 6.1 + 3.3 Southern S ope ...... 7 62. 4 0. (I +I!). 2 + 1.9 East Qulf ...... 4.4 + 0.S Southern Plateau ...... 4.4 + 2.4 Southern Plateau * ...... I? 5s. n + (I. s + 0.9 + 0. 1 West Gulf ...... 5.1 + 1.5 Middle Plateau ...... 4.6 + 1.4 Middle Plateau * ...... 10 53. 7 + 5.1 +lo. 1 4 1.0 Ohio Valley and Tennessee.. . 4.6 + 0.1 Northern Plateau ...... 3.1 - 2.0 Northern Plateau*...... 12 53.4 + 5.3 - 3.0 - 0.3 LowerLake ...... 5.6 - 0.2 NorthPacific...... 6.9 + 1.0 North Pacific...... 7 53.6 + 2.5 - 1.7 - 0.2 Upper Lake ...... 5.8 - 0.3 MiddlePacific ...... 5.1 + 1.9 Middle Pacific...... 8 61.6 + 1.9 - 2.0 - 0. 2 North Dakota ...... :$.ti - 1.5 South Pacific ...... 4.4 + 1.4 South Paeiflc ...... 4 64. 2 + 1.9 + 4.ti + 0.5 Upper Misaissippi Valley.. ... 4.2 - 0.2 * Regular Weather Bureau and selected Cooperative stations. Maximum wind velocities. - In Canada.-Director It. F. Stupart says : L The temperature was supernormal from eastern Saskatchewan to the .*1 Stations. coast of British Columbia, and norinal in southern Manitoba, and rery -0 locally along the Gulf of St. Lawrence; elsewhere in Canada it was sub- $ normal. Positive departures from the average were pronounced in 81- ;f - berta, varying between 50 and 90, while negative differences of from 20 BI~W~Irlanal, R. I...... I s New Tork, N. T...... 39 50 nw. to 50 were recorded in Ontario and the greater portion of Quebec. Ihl ...... : 29 North Head, Wash...... 28 52 se. The precipitation of the month differed materially over the \ arious HuW,lu,N. T...... 11 Do...... 30 60 SC. portions of the Domiuion, in fact more than usually occurs. From Eastlnort, hfe...... I ri Point. Reyea Light, Ca1.i 1 78 IIW. so l;nlTeSllJU,TeX...... I 30 Ik...... 3 52 11. Manitoba to the Paciflc coast it was deficient to the extent of from 66 to Mount Tamalpnia, Cat.. .. 1 Pc~~rtlaurl,Me...... ) 8 52 *. 100 per cent, whereas from eastern Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence Ikl ...... 2 Tatowh Island, \\'ash.. ., 10 50 ne. Do ...... 3 Williston, N. llak...... 8 55 n\v. there was a marked escess over the average, the equivalent being 16 per Nautiicket, JIasn...... cent in the Ottawa Valley, increasing to the large amount of 102 per cent IS i - -

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