GIGA Working Papers serve to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publicaton to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors.

GIGA Research Programme: Legitimacy and Efficiency of Political Systems ______

Civil Society 2.0?: How the Internet Changes State-Society Relations in Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Cuba

Bert Hoffmann

No 156 January 2011

www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers

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39*73&9.43&1= 41.9.(&1= (.*3(*=*;.*<`=-*`=-`=D:3*=,**3a=,,3:,.2b Debating Cuban Exceptionalism, London/New York: Palgrave, 2007 (edited with Laurence Whitehead).= = 0439&(9a= [email protected]== *'8.9*a= -995a2289&++_*3_,.,&8-&2':7,_)*2-4++2&33=

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79.(1*=#:91.3*= 1. Introduction 2. Civil Society in the 1990s: The Quest for Associational Autonomy—Along with its Limits 3. Enter the Internet: The Public Sphere in Transnational Times 4. Asserting Citizenship: The Public Sphere and Civil Society in the Internet Era 5. From Voice via Web to Civil Society Action? 6. Conclusions ======

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= ++=

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=

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69=.8=.25479&39=94=349*=9-&9=&11=9-*8*=.39*7;*39.438= <*7*=2&)*=349=.3=9-*=3&2*=4+=842*=.389.9:9.43=47=47,&3.?&9.43`=':9=.3).;.):&11>;&=9c9:14=5*78 843&1_=8=&=(438*6:*3(*`='*>43)=9-*=.88:*=&9=89&0*`=9-*=541S2.(&=<&8=&184=&'4:9=842*9-.3,= 247*=,*3*7&1a=9-*=1*,.9.2&(>=4+=.3).;.):&1=5&79.(.5&9.43=.3=&=5:'1.(=)*'&9*=4+=5:'1.(=&++&.78; 349=7*8:19.3,=+742=&3=.389.9:9.43&1=548.9.43=47=47,&3.?&9.43&1=2&3)&9*`=':9=&8=&=(.9.?*38=7.,-9_== -*= 89&9*= 1*&)*78-.5= *;*39:&11>= )*(1&7*)= 9-*= C= &55*&7&3(*8= 94= -&;*= '**3= 2*7*= &((.8 )*398`=&3)=<.9-)7*<=9-*=34947.4:8=(&)7*8=+742=9*1*;.8.43_=74<*;*7`='>=9-&9=9.2*`=9-*=*82&.1= 541S2.(&=-&)=&17*&)>=*;41;*)=<*11='*>43)=9-*=*;*39=9-&9=97.,,*7*)=.9=&3)=(&11*)=+47=&=(7.9.(&1= 5:'1.(= ).8(:88.43= 4+= *:'&8=,7&>= >*&78_=+9*7= <**08= .3= <-.(-= *82&.1= (422:3.(&9.43= -&)= '**3=9-*=57.3(.5&1=2*).&`=9-*=4++.(.&1=<7.9*78=:3.43`=OE*`=45*3*)=842*=8*2.85:'1.(=85&(*= ,*79=74++2&33a=*.;.1='4(.*9>=,_*
= +3=

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=

'14,,*7= 1&9*7= 5489*)= &= ;.)*4= 4+= 9-.8= 43= 9-*= <*'`= 0&7.*1&= *&8974= -&)= 94= 7*97&(9`= <7.9.3,= &= -.,-1>= 4++*38.;*= 9*=9= )*(7>.3,= '@3(-*?= .39*7;*39.43= &8= &= (4:39*787*;41:9.43&7>= 574;4(&8 9.43_-,=#9-*7=8.2.1&7=&(9.438=.3(1:)*=9-*='14,,*78=5:'1.(=&55*&7&3(*=.3=&3=&798=5*7+472&3(*= .3=9-*=7&;&3&=,.*33.&1=.3=,**2`=&3)=9-*=5&79.(.5&9.43`=.3=85.9*=4+=4++.(.&18=)*3>.3,=9-*='14,8 ,*78=*397>`=&9=&3=019.24=/:*;*8=)*'&9*=*;*39=47,&3.?*)='>=*2&8=2&,&?.3*_--= = +4:79-= *1*2*39= .8= 47,&3.?&9.43_= V4&3.= '@3(-*?= -&8= 349= 431>= '*(42*= *:'&8= 2489= 5742.3*39= '14,,*7= ':9= &184= 9-*= *5.(*39*7= 4+= .98= ).++:8.43_= 4-.1*= 89&9*= 8*(:7.9>= .39*7;*3*)= &,&.389= &= +.789= '14,,*78= 2**9.3,= .3= #(94'*7`= '@3(-*?= *89&'1.8-*)= &= -42*8,74<3= '14,,*7= &(&)*2>=<.9-=7*,:1&7=2**9.3,8=9*&(-.3,=9-*=3*(*88&7>=80.118=&3)=574;.).3,=85&(*8=+47=)*8 '&9*`=&3)=*;*3=-41).3,=&3=.3)*5*3)*39='14,,*7=&<&7)=(439*89=(&11*)=681&=C.79:&1_-.=%*8 85.9*= .98= .3+472&1= 47,&3.?&9.43&1= 8*99.3,`= 9-.8= (&3= '*= :3)*78944)= &8= &3= &884(.&9.43= .389-*8 2&0.3,=4+=(.;.1=84(.*9>_= =+.+9-=*1*2*39=.8=(433*(9.3,=<.9-=49-*7=84(.&1=&(9478=43=9-*=.81&3)_=,*>43)=47,&3.?.3,= <.9-= +*114<= '14,,*78`= V4&3.= '@3(-*?= &3)= 9-*= ,74:5= 4+= +7.*3)8= &74:3)= -*7= -&;*= )*;*145*)= 89743,=1.308=94=(7.9.(&1=,74:58=<.9-.3=9-*=*&9-41.(=*-:7(-=8:(-=&8=*43;.;*3(.&=1*)='>=%&8 ,4'*794=C&1)S8`=&8=<*11=&8=94=842*=.257.843*)=).88.)*398=&3)=94=9-*=&).*8=.3=4-.9*`=&3= 47,&3.?&9.43= (7*&9*)= '>= 9-*= <.;*8= &3)= 249-*78= 4+= 541.9.(&1= 57.843*78= 57*88.3,= +47= 9-*.7= 7*8 1*&8*_=4-*3=.3=,*+*`=+47(*)=.394=&(9.43='>=-:3,*78897.0.3,=).88.)*398`=9-*=,4;*732*39=3*,49.8 &9*)=9-*=7*1*&8*=4+=/,=.257.843*)=).88.)*398`=V4&3.='@3(-*?='14,=&3)=<.99*7=+**)8=24'.1.?*)= .39*73&9.43&1= &99*39.43`= &3)= 8-*`= -*78*1+`= '*(&2*= &3= &(947= .3= 9-*= 3*,49.&9*)= 7*841:9.43_= -*= 242*39= 9-*= *-:7(-82*).&9*)= &,7**2*39= <.9-= 9-*= ,4;*732*39= <&8= 7*&(-*)= '@3(-*?`= 8-*= &3)=842*=4+=9-*=&).*8=.3=4-.9*=<*39=94=9-*=-485.9&1=94=5*78:&)*=-:3,*78897.0*7=Q:.11*724= =&7.&8;.3=&=-.,-1>=(7.9.(&1=89&9*=4+=-*&19-=&+9*7=+-.=)&>8=<.9-4:9=+44);94=8:85*3)=-.8=+&89= *;*3='*+47*=9-*=&(9:&1=7*1*&8*=-&)=89&79*)_== 9=9-*=8&2*=9.2*`=(439*89&947>=,74:58=+742=9-*=2&7,.38=4+=*:'&8=(:19:7&1=85-*7*`=8:(-= &8=9-*=(7.9.(&1=&(&)*2.(8=4+=9-*=*@9*)7&=7&>)**='&39&2&7c&=47=9-*=,7&8874498=(:19:7&1=&(9.;8 .898=4+=#0E6=b43&==7&3(&`-/=349=431>='*(&2*=.3;41;*)=.3=*89&'1.8-.3,=9-*.7=4<3=&79.(:1&9.43= 9-74:,-=9-*=<*'`=':9=&184=9:73*)=5:'1.(1>=&,&.389=9-*=7*897.(9.438=&3)=7*57*88.43=8:++*7*)='>= 9-*28*1;*8=&3)='>=9-*='14,,*78_=+9*7=V4&3.='@3(-*?=8:++*7*)=&='7.*+=0.)3&55.3,='>=51&.38 (149-*8=8*(:7.9>=&,*398`=&3)=-*7=-:8'&3)`=/4:73&1.89=B*>3&1)4=8(4'&7`=<&8=7:)*1>=-&7&88*)=

-,== -*= ;.)*4= 4+= 9-*= *3(4:39*7= <&8= 5489*)= &9= 9-*= Q*3*7&9.43= V= <*'8.9*= 43= %*(*2'*7= +1`= ,**2= <<<_)*8)*8 (:'&_(422,*3*7&(.43>2
2-,**2+,b= 0&7.*1&= *&89748= 9*=9= <&8= 5:'1.8-*)= 43= 9-*= *E']= <*'8.9*= ':9= .8= 34= 143,*7= &;&.1&'1*= 431.3*= 8**= &184= -995a22<<<_(:'&*3(:*3974_(422*82(:'&2349.(.&822&7.*1&8(&89748&(:8&8&8 >4&3.88&3(-*?8)*87*(.'.78-4347&7.488)*18*=9*7.478>81&811&2&8,&11.9&8*8.38.,3.+.(&39*8+.**.0= --== '**= *397.*8=.3= 9-*= Q*3*7&9.43= V='14,= 43= 0&7(-=-*`=57.1=,`= &3)= #(94'*7= -*`= ,**3= <<<_)*8)*(:'&_(422= ,*3*7&(.43>_= -.== -995a220341_,44,1*_(42202>4&3.88*-+3(-*?82857424(.*-,-38)*81&8'14,48+*7&8(:'&3&K(&)*2.&= ,14,,*7_= -/== -995a22*1'14,)*1&(&9*)7&_'14,8549_(422=b=-995a22423.+*89.;&154*8.&8.3+.3_'14,8549_(422==47=&3=.3)*59-889:)>=4+= '49-=9-*8*=,74:58=&8=3438(43;*39.43&1=24).=4+=(411*(9.;*=&(9.43=8**=Q*4++7&>=,*+*_= ,*79=74++2&33a=*.;.1='4(.*9>=,_*
= ,/=

'>=&3=47,&3.?*)=897**9=24'`=43=E4;*2'*7=0`=,**3`=9-*=#23.=b43&==7&3(&=(411*(9.;*=89&,*)=&= 5:'1.(=E4=247*=;.41*3(*=897**9=)*243897&9.43-0;:3)*7=9-*=,:.8*=4+=&=(:19:7&1=5*7+4728 &3(*`=':9=:3*6:.;4(&1=.3=.98=2*88&,*`=&3)=&3=45*3=(-&11*3,*=94=&=8>89*2=<-.(-=+47=-&1+=&=(*38 9:7>=-&8='**3=&)&2&39=.3=349=&114<.3,=.3)*5*3)*39=24'.1.?&9.438=43=9-*=897**98_=

0_=
43(1:8.438=

=57*(43).9.43=+47=(.;.1=84(.*9>=&(9.;.82=94=*;41;*=.8=842*=)*,7**=4+=5:'1.(=85-*7*=.3=<-.(-=.9= (&3='7*&9-*_=-*=89&9*=2434541>=43=2&88=2*).&`=&8=*=*7(.8*)='>=9-*=*:'&3=89&9*`=-&8='**3= &= 5&79.(:1&71>= 9-474:,-= +472= 4+= &:9-47.9&7.&3= (439741= 4;*7= 9-*= 3&9.43&1= 5:'1.(= 85-*7*_= -*= (425&7&9.;*=*25.7.(&1= &3&1>8.8= 4+= (.;.1= 84(.*9>= )>3&2.(8= .3= 9-*=+33*8= &3)= .3= 9-*= ,***8=-&8= 8-4<3= 9-*= 349&'1*= .25&(9= 4+= 9-*= ).,.9&1`= <*'8'&8*)= 2*).&= 43= 9-*= (4394:78= 4+= 9-*= 5:'1.(= 85-*7*= &3)= -&8= &184= )*243897&9*)= 9-&9=9-.8`= .3=9:73`= .25&(98= 9-*= &(9.;.9.*8`= (43(*59.43= &3)= 47,&3.?&9.43&1=+4728=4+=84(.*9&1=&(9478_== 63=9-*=57*8639*73*9=5*7.4)`=<.9-.3=&=;*7>=2:(-=7*897.(9*)=5:'1.(=85-*7*`=9-*=(.;.1=84(.*9>= )*'&9*= 1&7,*1>= +4(:8*)= 43= '*-.3)89-*88(*3*8= 897:,,1*8= +47= .3(7*&8*)= &:94342>= 4+= &884(.&8 9.43&1=1.+*=<.9-.3=9-*=89&9*884(.&1.89=+7&2*<470=*_,_=?(:>=+33/_=63=(4397&89`=&=)*(&)*=1&9*7= <*=<.93*88=9-*=*2*7,*3(*=4+=&=8*1+8&88*79.;*=(.9.?*38-.5=+742='*14<`=<-.(-=)*2&3)8`=&3)= 94=842*=)*,7**=*3&(98=*254<*7*)='>=).,.9&1=&3)=<*'8'&8*)=9*(-3414,.*8`=&=<.)*3.3,=4+=9-*= 5:'1.(=85-*7*=&3)=&=,7*&9*7=)*,7**=4+=(.9.?*3=&:94342>=+742=9-*=89&9*`=1*&).3,=94=&=).++*7*39= 9>5*=4+=(.;.1=84(.*9>=&(9.;.9>_=4-.1*=9-.8=.38:7,*39=(.9.?*38-.5;94='4774<=74189438=,**2= *=57*88.43;)*+.*8=9-*=84(.&1.89=7*,.2*8=97&).9.43&1=)*8.,3=4+=89&9*:84(.*9>=7*1&9.438`=.98=*++*(9= 43=)*24(7&9.?&9.43=)*5*3)8=43=9-*=*=9*39=94=<-.(-=<*'8'&8*)=;4.(*=.8=&'1*=94=(433*(9=<.9-= 4++81.3*=5:'1.(=)*'&9*=&3)=84(.&1=&(9.43_= 74<*;*7`=9-*=.3.9.&1=6:*89.43;9-&9=4+=<-*9-*7=(.;.1=84(.*9>=&(9.;.82=+489*78=574(*88*8=4+= 7*,.2*=(-&3,*;)4*8=349=-&;*=&=(1*&78(:9=&38<*7_=4-.1*=7*,.2*=45543*398=8**=9-*=897:,,1*8= 4;*7=639*73*9=&((*88`='14,8=&3)=*82&.18=&8=&=5&78=574=9494=+47=9-*=(.;.(=1.'*79.*8=4+=1.'*7&1=)*24(8 7&(>`= 7*+472.898= +742= <.9-.3= 9-*= 8>89*2= &7,:*= 9-*= 3**)= +47= 247*= 5&79.(.5&9.43= &3)= <.)*7= 2&7,.38=4+=)*'&9*`=57*(.8*1>='*(&:8*=9-*>=&7*=.3).85*38&'1*=94=7*,&.3=1*,.9.2&(>=+47=9-*=848 (.&1.89=574/*(9_= 8= 4+= 9-.8=<7.9.3,`=9-*=,4;*732*39`= .9=8**28`=-&8=(42*=94=&((*59=9-*=+&(9= 9-&9= .98= 2*).&= 2434541>=-&8='*(42*=5474:8_=-*=,4;*732*398=(7:(.&1=(43(*73=.8=(439&.32*39a=94=2.3.2.?*= 9-*=)42*89.(=.25&(9`=94=5:9='7&0*8=43=9-*=(439&,.43=*++*(9`=&3)`=2489=.25479&391>`=94=0**5=9-*= 51:7&1.82= 4+= 9-*= <*'8'&8*)= ;4.(*= +742= 85.11.3,= 4;*7= .394= *:'&8= 3438;.79:&1= 5:'1.(= 85-*7*_= -.8= *(-4*8= 9-*= 89&9*8= 97&).9.43&1= :3)*7= 9-*= 744+`= *;*7>9-.3,;.3= 9-*= 897**9`= 349-.3,= &58 574&(-=94<&7)8=).88*39.3,=;4.(*8b=43=9-*=<*'`=&8=:3)*7=9-*=744+`=2:(-=2&>='*=941*7&9*)`=&8= 143,=&8=.9=)4*839=9&0*=94=9-*=897**9`=9-&9=.8`=(42'.3*=<.9-=84(.&1=&(9.43=.3=9-*=5->8.(&1=<471)_==

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`=7&32&=639*73&(.43&1`=-`=2&3:&7>= ,.`=+330_= C&1)S8`= E*1843= G_=+331`= :'&`= 9-*= 639*73*9`= &3)= 5_*_= +41.(>`= *:'&= ,7.*+.3,= G&5*7= '*7.*8`= +-`= 4&8-.3,943=%_*_a=Q*47,*94<3=O3.;*78.9>`=**39*7=+47=&9.3=2*7.(&3='9:).*8`=-*=*&7.'8 '*&3=G74/*(9_= C&1)S8`=E*1843=G_`=&3)=0&7.4=_=B.;*7&=+333`=-*=G41.9.(&1=(4342>=4+=9-*=639*73*9=.3=*:'&`= :'&=.3=7&38.9.43`=3`=884(.&9.43=+47=9-*='9:)>=4+=9-*=*:'&3=(4342>= '* `=+.+8+/.`= -995a22<<<_1&3.(_:9*=&8_*):21&2('2(:'&2&8(*2(:'&32;&1)*8_5)+_= 4&77*3`=0&70=_=,***`=*24(7&(>=&3)=#884(.&9.43`=G7.3(*943a=G7.3(*943=O3.;*78.9>=G7*88_= Recent Issues

No 155 Juliane Brach: Technological Readiness in the Middle East and North Africa – Implications for Egypt, December 2010 No 154 Sandra Destradi: India and the Civil War in Sri Lanka: On the Failures of Regional Conflict Management in South Asia, December 2010 No 153 Karsten Bechle: Neopatrimonialism in Latin America: Prospects and Promises of a Neg- lected Concept, November 2010 No 152 Durgesh K. Rai: Asian Economic Integration and Cooperation: Challenges and Ways For- ward for Pan-Asian Regionalism, November 2010 No 151 Philip Kitzberger: The Media Activism of Latin America’s Leist Governments: Does Ideo logy Maer?, November 2010 No 150 Lena Giesbert and Kati Schindler: Assets, Shocks, and Poverty Traps in Rural Mozambique, November 2010 No 149 Gero Erdmann: Lessons to Be Learned: Political Party Research and Political Party Assist- ance, October 2010 No 148 Nadine Haas: Representaciones de la violencia en la literatura centroamericana, October 2010 No 147 Georg Strüver: Too Many Resources or Too Few? What Drives International Conflicts?, October 2010 No 146 Robert Kappel: Verschiebungen der globalen Machtverhältnisse durch den Aufstieg von Regionalen Führungsmächten, September 2010 No 145 Robert Kappel: On the Economics of Regional Powers: Comparing China, India, Brazil, and South Africa, September 2010 No 144 Oo Argueta: Private Security in Guatemala: Pathway to Its Proliferation, September 2010 No 143 Pedro Aravena: ¿Es el crecimiento económico suficiente para apoyar la democracia? Lecciones del caso chileno, August 2010 No 142 Joachim Betz and Melanie Hanif: The Formation of Preferences in Two-level Games: An Analysis of India’s Domestic and Foreign Energy Policy, July 2010

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