GIGA Working Papers serve to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publicaton to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. debate. academic and ideas of exchange the encourage to publicaton to prior progress in work of results research the disseminate to serve Papers Working GIGA Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. the with remains Copyright venue. other any in publication limit not should and publication constitute not does series Papers Working the in paper a of Inclusion GIGA Research Programme: Legitimacy and Efficiency of Political Systems ___________________________ Civil Society 2.0?: How the Internet Changes State-Society Relations in Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Cuba Bert Hoffmann No 156 January 2011 www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers ==+/02,*++= =470.3,= &5*78= = ).9*)='>=9-*= =*72&3=389.9:9*=4+=14'&1=&3)=7*&=9:).*8= *.'3.?8389.9:9=+37=14'&1*=:3)=#*,.43&1*=9:).*3= = %-*==470.3,=&5*78=8*7.*8=8*7;*8=94=).88*2.3&9*=9-*=7*8*&7(-=7*8:198=4+=<470=.3=5748 ,7*88=57.47=94=5:'1.(&9.43=.3=47)*7=94=*3(4:7&,*=9-*=*=(-&3,*=4+=.)*&8=&3)=&(&)*2.(=)*'&9*_= 3=4'/*(9.;*=4+=9-*=8*7.*8=.8=94=,*9=9-*=+.3).3,8=4:9=6:.(01>`=*;*3=.+=9-*=57*8*39&9.438=&7*=1*88= 9-&3=+:11>=541.8-*)_=3(1:8.43=4+=&=5&5*7=.3=9-*==470.3,=&5*78=8*7.*8=)4*8=349=(4389.8 9:9*= 5:'1.(&9.43= &3)= 8-4:1)= 349= 1.2.9= 5:'1.(&9.43= .3= &3>= 49-*7= ;*3:*_= 045>7.,-9= 7*2&.38= <.9-=9-*=&:9-478_=-*3=<470.3,=5&5*78=&7*=*;*39:&11>=&((*59*)='>=47=5:'1.8-*)=.3=&=/4:73&1= 47= '440`= 9-*= (477*(9= (.9&9.43=7*+*7*3(*= &3)`= .+= 5488.'1*`= 9-*= (477*8543).3,= 1.30=<.11= 9-*3= '*= .3(1:)*)=43=9-*==470.3,=&5*78=<*'8.9*=&9=0<<<_,.,&8-&2':7,_)*2<470.3,5&5*781_= = =7*8*&7(-=:3.9=7*85438.'1*=+47=9-.8=.88:*a= =#*8*&7(-=74,7&22*=+a=*,.9.2&(>=&3)= ++.(.*3(>=4+=41.9.(&1=>89*28= ).947=4+=9-*==470.3,=&5*78=8*7.*8a=6*79=74++2&33= 0<470.3,5&5*78,.,&8-&2':7,_)*1= 045>7.,-9=+47=9-.8=.88:*a=&=6*79=74++2&33= 3,1.8-=(45>=*).947a=:**3&08-.=7*.88*7= ).947.&1=&88.89&39=&3)=574):(9.43a=.1;.&=63(0*= 11==470.3,=&5*78=&7*=&;&.1&'1*=431.3*=&3)=+7**=4+=(-&7,*=43=9-*=<*'8.9*= 0<<<_,.,&8-&2':7,_)*2<470.3,5&5*781_= ;47=&3>=7*6:*898=51*&8*=(439&(9a= 82&.1a=<470.3,5&5*78,.,&8-&2':7,_)*= -43*a=((.3=*.*=8=.=,2=,/=8=/.2= = %-*==*72&3=389.9:9*=4+=14'&1=&3)=7*&=9:).*8=(&3349='*=-*1)=7*85438.'1*=+47=*77478= 47=&3>=(438*6:*3(*8=&7.8.3,=+742=9-*=:8*=4+=.3+472&9.43=(439&.3*)=.3=9-.8=470.3,=&5*7B= 9-*=;.*<8=&3)=45.3.438=*=57*88*)=&7*=841*1>=9-48*=4+=9-*=&:9-47=47=&:9-478=&3)=)4=349=3*(*88 8&7.1>=7*+1*(9=9-48*=4+=9-*=389.9:9*_= = =*72&3=389.9:9*=4+=14'&1=&3)=7*&=9:).*8= *.'3.?8389.9:9=+37=14'&1*=:3)=#*,.43&1*=9:).*3= C*:*7=D:3,+*7389.*,=,+= ,*-/.=7&2':7,= *72&3>= 82&.1a=.3+4,.,&8-&2':7,_)*= *'8.9*a=<<<_,.,&8-&2':7,_)*= ==+/02,*++= .;.1=4(.*9>=,_*=:=4<=9-*=39*73*9=-&3,*8=9&9*-4(.*9>= *1&9.438=.3=:9-47.9&7.&3= *,.2*8a=$-*=&8*=4+=:'&= = = '897&(9= 3=9-*=)*'&9*=4;*7=9-*=741*=4+=(.;.1=84(.*9>=:3)*7=&:9-47.9&7.&3=7*,.2*8`=9-*=857*&)=4+=97&383&8 9.43&1= <*'8'&8*)= 2*).&= 4'1.,*8= :8= 94= 7*9-.30= 9-*= &7*3&8= .3= <-.(-= 9-*= 84(.*9&1= ;4.(*= (&3= '*= 7&.8*);&3)=-*&7)_=%&0.3,= 9-*= (&8*=4+=89&9*884(.&1.89= 0:'&`=&= ).&(-743.(=(425&7.843= &3&1>?*8= (.;.1=84(.*9>=)>3&2.(8=57.47=94=9-*=39*73*9;.3=9-*=*&71>=94=2.)8+33*8`=&3)=&=)*(&)*=1&9*7`=&+9*7= ).,.9&1=&3)=<*'8'&8*)=2*).&=2&)*=9-*.7=<&>=4394=9-*=.81&3)_=%-*=89:)>=+.3)8=9-&9=.3=9-*=57*8 39*73*9=5*7.4)`=9-*=+4(:8=<&8=43='*-.3)89-*88(*3*8=897:,,1*8=+47=&884(.&9.43&1=&:94342>=<.9-.3= 9-*= 89&9*884(.&1.89= +7&2*<470_= = )*(&)*= 1&9*7`= <*'8'&8*)= (422:3.(&9.43= 9*(-3414,.*8= -&;*= 8:55479*)=9-*=*2*7,*3(*= 4+= &=3*<=9>5*= 4+= 5:'1.(= 85-*7*=.3=<-.(-=9-*=(.;.1= 84(.*9>= )*'&9*= .8= 2&70*)='>=&:943424:8=(.9.?*3=&(9.43_=-.1*=9-.8=)*+.*8=9-*=84(.&1.89=7*,.2*8=)*8.,3=4+=89&9*: 84(.*9>= 7*1&9.438`= .98= *++*(9= 43= )*24(7&9.?&9.43= )*5*3)8= 43= 9-*= *=9*39= 94= <-.(-= &= <*'8'&8*)= ;4.(*=(433*(98=<.9-=4++81.3*=5:'1.(=)*'&9*=&3)=84(.&1=&(9.43_= = = = = '7_=(*79=4++2&33= .8=&=541.9.(&1=8(.*39.89=&3)=8*3.47=7*8*&7(-*7=&9=9-*==389.9:9*=4+=&9.3=2*7.(&3=9:).*8_= 7.8=7*(*39=5:'1.(&9.438=.3(1:)*a=0-&7.82&9.(=:9-47.9>=&3)=*&)*78-.5=0-&3,*a=*88438=+742= 0:'&8=4898;.)*1=:((*88.43`=.3a=39*73&9.43&1= 41.9.(&1= (.*3(*=*;.*<`=-*`=-`=D:3*=,**3a=,,3:,.2B Debating Cuban Exceptionalism, London/New York: Palgrave, 2007 (edited with Laurence Whitehead).= = 0439&(9a= [email protected]== *'8.9*a= -995a2289&++_*3_,.,&8-&2':7,_)*2-4++2&33= ==+/02,*++= ):8&22*3+&88:3,= ).;.1,*8*118(-&+9=,_*=:='*7=*.3+1:88=)*8=39*73*9=&:+=).*=(*?.*-:3,*3=?<.8(-*3=9&&9=:3)= *8*118(-&+9=.3=&:947.9C7*3= *,.2*3a='*7=.&11=/:'&= 3= )*7= I*'&99*= 3'*7= ).*= #411*= ;43= J.;.1,*8*118(-&+9= :39*7= &:947.9C7*3= #*,.2*3= ?<.3,9= ).*= :8<*.9:3,=97&383&9.43&1*7`=39*73*98'&8.*79*7=:*).*3=)&?:`=).*=7*3*3=?:=3'*7)*30*3`=.3= )*3*3=).*=,*8*118(-&+91.(-*=L4.(*=*7-4'*3=:=:3)=,*-79=:=<*7)*3=0&33_=;37=)*3=;&11=)*8= 89&&9884?.&1.89.8(-*3= #*,.2*8= .3= N:'&= &3&1>8.*79= ).*8*7= 79.0*1= .3= *.3*2= ).&(-743*3= L*78 ,1*.(-= ).*= ?.;.1,*8*118(-&+91.(-*= I>3&2.0= ;47= )*7= .3+3-7:3,= )*8= 39*73*9= := .3= )*7= *789*3= 7C1+9*=)*7=+33**7=D&-7*=:=:3)=*.3=D&-7?*-39=85C9*7`=3&(-)*2=).,.9&1*`=39*73*98'&8.*79*=:*8 ).*3=&:+=)*7=38*1= .3?:,=,*-&19*3=-&'*3_=I.*=O39*78:(-:3,=?*.,9`=)&88=.3=)*7=7C839*73*98 *7.4)*=)*7=;40:8=&:+=*.3*2=4-3*=P++*391.(-0*.9=&:8,*97&,*3*3=#.3,*3=:2=).*=:94342.*= ;43=L*7*.3.,:3,*3=.33*7-&1'=)*8=89&&9884?.&1.89.8(-*3=#&-2*38=1&,_=3=)*2=:&I*=/*)4(-`=.3= )*2=39*73*98'&8.*79*=N422:3.0&9.4389*(-3414,.*3=).*=:8'7*.9:3,=*.3*8=3*:*3=%>58=;43= P++*391.(-0*.9=*72,1.(-9=-&'*3`=2&70.*79=).*=:94342.*=)*8=7&3)*138=&18=9&&98'37,*7=)*3= N*73=)*7=?.;.1,*8*118(-&+91.(-*3=I*'&99*_=I.*8=89*119=*.3*=,7:3)1*,*3)*=7*7&:8+47)*7:3,=+37= )*3=4++.?.*11*3= 39<:7+=)*7=6*?.*-:3,*3=?<.8(-*3=9&&9=:3)=*8*118(-&+9=)&7_=I.*=:8<.78 0:3,*3=&:+=*.3*=<*.9*7,*-*3)*=I*2407&9.8.*7:3,=-C3,*3=/*)4(-=)&;43=&'`=.3<.*<*.9=8.(-= 39*73*98'&8.*79*=^L4.(*=2.9=)*7=++*391.(-*3=I*'&99*=:3)=84?.&1*7=7&3)1:3,=/*38*.98=)*8=;.78 9:*11*3=#&:2*8=;*7'.3)*9_== .;.1=4(.*9>=,_*=–=4<=9-*=39*73*9=-&3,*8== 9&9*84(.*9>=*1&9.438=.3=:9-47.9&7.&3=*,.2*8a== -*=&8*=4+=:'&= = "*79=4++2&33= 79.(1*=#:91.3*= 1. Introduction 2. Civil Society in the 1990s: The Quest for Associational Autonomy—Along with its Limits 3. Enter the Internet: The Public Sphere in Transnational Times 4. Asserting Citizenship: The Public Sphere and Civil Society in the Internet Era 5. From Voice via Web to Civil Society Action? 6. Conclusions = = = = = = = = = +_= 3974):(9.43= -*=*=5*7.*3(*8=4+=)*24(7&9.?&9.43=.3=&9.3=2*7.(&=&3)=&89*73=:745*=.3=9-*=+32*8=&3)= *&71>=+33*8='74:,-9=&99*39.43=94=9-*=+47(*8=4+=(.;.1=84(.*9>=&8=0*>=&(9478=.3=9-*=)*2.8*=4+=&:8 9-47.9&7.&3= 7:1*= #%433*112'(-2.99*7= +320`= *4-*327&94= +33,`= .3?2'9*5&3= +330`= ,*73-&7)= +33-_=047*=7*(*39=1.9*7&9:7*=6:*89.438=9-*=.3-*7*391>=5748)*24(7&9.(=(-&7&(9*7=4+=(.;.1=84(.*9>= &(9.;.82= 2&2&1= ,**1`= 4&77*3= ,***`=7243>= ,**._= 63= '49-= 1.3*8= 4+= &7,:2*39&9.43`= 84(.*9&1= &884(.&9.438=47=84(.&1=24;*2*398=&7*=&9=9-*=(47*=4+=9-*=.36:.7>_=74<*;*7`=7.78(-2&38=(&9*8 ,47>=4+=;4.(*`=<-.(-=*3(425&88*8=&8=2:(-=&79.(:1&9.43=4+=).8(439*39=&8=.9=)4*8=&(9.438=4+= 5749*89= 7.78(-2&3= +31*`= 7*2.3)8= :8= 9-&9= +47= (.;.1= 84(.*9>= &(9.;.82= 94= *;41;*`= 842*9-.3,= +:3)&2*39&1=.8=3*(*88&7>a=&3=&7*3&=.3=<-.(-=;4.(*8=(&3='*=7&.8*)=&3)=-*&7)=&3)=.3=<-.(-= ,4;*732*39=&3)=84(.*9>=.39*7&(9_=-*=6:*89.43=4+=(.;.1=84(.*9>`=9-:8`=.8=.397.38.(&11>=1.30*)=94= 0 = ,*79=74++2&33a=*.;.1='4(.*9>=,_*= 9-*=(43).9.438`=(4394:78`=1.2.9&9.438=&3)=5488.'.1.9.*8=4+=(422:3.(&9.43`=2*).&=&3)=9-*=5:'1.(= 85-*7*_== -.8=5&5*7=8**08=94=(4397.':9*=94=4:7=:3)*789&3).3,=4+=9-*=639*73*98=.25&(9=43=9-*=5:'1.(= 85-*7*=&3)`=.3=(438*6:*3(*`=43=(.;.1=84(.*9>=)>3&2.(8=.3=&=343851:7&1.89=(439*=9_=69=)4*8=84='>= (-448.3,= &= (&8*= <.9-= &= 5&79.(:1&71>= 9-474:,-= +472= 4+= &:9-47.9&7.&3= -41)= 4;*7= 9-*= 5:'1.(= 85-*7*a=&=+472&1=2434541>=4+=9-*=*:'&3=89&9*=43=2&88=2*).&`=*89&'1.8-*)=.3=9-*=-.8947.(=*=8 5*7.*3(*=4+=9<*39.*9-8(*39:7>=89&9*884(.&1.82=&3)=:5-*1)=*;*3=9<4=)*(&)*8=&+9*7=9-*=+&11=4+= 9-*=,*71.3=4&11_=9=9-*=8&2*=9.2*`=*:'&=.8=89743,1>=*=548*)=94=97&383&9.43&1=.3+1:*3(*8=&3)=&= 97&383&9.43&1=&79.(:1&9.43=4+=;4.(*`=):*=94=&=1&7,*=3:2'*7=4+=*2.,7&39=&3)=).&8547&=(422:8 3.9.*8=9-&9=7*2&.3=-.,-1>=&99&(-*)=94=9-*.7=(4:397>=4+=47.,.3==*73@3)*?=,**/_= :9-47.9&7.&3=7*,.2*8=4+=<-&9*;*7='7&3)=.3(1:)*=.3=9-*.7=7*5*794.7*=2*(-&3.828=4+=(438 9741`=&143,=<.9-=9-*=2&3.5:1&9.43`=(4459&9.43=&3)=7*897.(9.43=4+=2*).&=&3)=9-*=5:'1.(=85-*7*_= -*7*+47*`=.+=<*=:8*=9-*=(43(*59=4+=9-*=5:'1.(=85-*7*`=.9=.8=.3*;.9&'1>=).89&39=+742=9-*=7&'*78 2&8.&3= .)*&1= 9>5*= 4+= ).8(4:78*= &3)= )*1.'*7&9.43= .3= )*24(7&9.(= 541.9.*8= 7&'*72&8= +30,_= 74<*;*7`=&=3:2'*7=4+=89:).*8=43=67&3='*2&9.=,**2=&3)=*-.3&=*&1-4:3=+33.=&3)=43=7&'= 5:'1.(8=>3(-=,**0=-&;*=1&'*1*)=9-*=5:'1.(=85-*7*=(43(*59=&184=7*1*;&39=+47=&:9-47.9&7.&3= 541.9.(&1= (439*=98`= 4++*7.3,= &= 2:(-= 1.,-9*7= )*+.3.9.43= 4+= 9-*= 5:'1.(= 85-*7*= &8= &(9.;*= &7,:8 2*398= '*+47*= &3= &:).*3(*= &'4:9= .88:*8= 4+= 8-&7*)= (43(*73= >3(-= ,**0a= -,_= 63= 9-.8= 8*38*`= 3438)*24(7&9.(= 541.9.*8= (&3= '*= :3)*78944)= 94= -&;*= 5:'1.(= 85-*7*8= <.9-= &)/*(9.;*8;7*8 897.(9*)`=57*(&7.4:8`=.3(.5.*39`=<*&0`=*9(_= -*=+4728=&3)=)*,7**=4+=9-*=1.2.98=;&7.4:8=&:9-47.9&7.&3=7*,.2*8=.2548*=43=9-*=5:'1.(= &79.(:1&9.43= 4+= ;4.(*=;&7>`= ':9=34= 2&99*7= <-.(-=7*,.2*= .8= .3=6:*89.43`= 9-*= 7*,.2*8=7*&(-=.8= 1&7,*1>=1.2.9*)=94=9-*=9*77.947.&1='4:3)&7.*8=4+=9-*=3&9.43889&9*=.3=<-.(-=.9=*=*7(.8*8=54<*7_=8= 97&).9.43&1= 2*).&`= 944`= <*7*= '4:3)= 94= 9-*= 3&9.43889&9*`=