DOCSLIB.ORG

Claire-Latinate English Treasure Hunt-2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Claire-Latinate English Treasure Hunt-2 Claire Blood-Cheney Latinate English Treasure Hunt Is Globalization Good for Women? By Alison M. Jaggar The term "globalization" is currently used to refer to the rapidly accelerating integration of many local and national economies into a single global market, regulated by the World Trade Organization, and to the political and cultural corollaries of this process. These developments, taken together, raise profound new questions for the humanities in general and for political philosophy in particular. Globalization in the broadest sense is nothing new. Intercontinental travel and trade, and the mixing of cultures and populations are as old as humankind; after all, the foremothers and forefathers of everyone of us walked originally out of Africa. Rather than being an unprecedented phenomenon, contemporary globalization may be seen as the culmination of long- term developments that have shaped the modern world. Specifically, for the last half millennium intercontinental trade and population migrations have mostly been connected with the pursuit of new resources and markets for the emerging capitalist economies of Western Europe and North America. European colonization and expansion may be taken as beginning with the onslaught on the Americas in 1492 and as continuing with the colonization of India, Africa, Australasia, Oceania and much of Asia. History tells of the rise and fall of many great empires, but the greatest empires of all came to exist only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It was primarily in consequence of European and U.S. expansion that the world became––and remains– –a single interconnected system. European and U.S. colonialism profoundly shaped the world we inhabit today. It produced the neoliberal philosophy that provides the rules for the war game currently known as "globalization,"and it landscaped the highly uneven terrain on which that game is played. 1. From Latin terminus "end, boundary line" (4) 2. From Latin globus "round mass, sphere, ball" (2) 3. From Latin currere "to run, move quickly" 4. From Vulgar Latin usare "use," frequentative form of past participle stem of Latin uti "make use of” 5. From Latin referre "to relate, refer," literally "to carry back," 6. From Latin rapidus "hasty, swift, rapid” 7. From Latin acceleratus, past participle of accelerare "to hasten, quicken" 8. From Late Latin integrationem (nominative integratio) "renewal, restoration," noun of action from past participle stem of Latin integrare "make whole" 9. From Late Latin localis "pertaining to a place," from Latin locus "a place, spot" 10. From Latin nationem "birth, origin; breed, stock, kind, species; race of people, tribe," literally "that which has been born," from natus, past participle of nasci "be born" (Old Latin gnasci) (2) 11. From Latin oeconomia (2) 12. From Latin singulus "one, one to each, individual, separate" (2) 13. From Latin mercatus "trading, buying and selling, trade, market" 14. From Late Latin regulatus, past participle of regulare "to control by rule, direct," from Latin regula "rule, straight piece of wood," 15. from Medieval Latin organizationem (nominative organizatio), noun of action from past participle stem of organizare, from Latin organum "instrument, organ" (2) 16. From Latin politicus "of citizens or the state, civil, civic" (2) 17. From Latin philosophia (2) 18. From Latin cultura "a cultivating, agriculture," figuratively "care, culture, a honoring" 19. From Late Latin corollarium "a deduction, consequence," from Latin corollarium, originally "money paid for a garland" 20. From Latin processus "a going forward, advance, progress," from past participle stem of procedere "go forward" 21. From Latin profundus "deep, bottomless, vast," also "obscure; profound; immoderate," from pro "forth"+ fundus "bottom" (3) 22. From Latin novus 23. From Latin quaestionem(nominative quaestio) "a seeking, a questioning, inquiry, examining, judicial investigation," noun of action from past participle stem of quaerere "ask, seek" 24. From Latin humanitatem (nominative humanitas) "human nature; the human race, mankind” 25. From Latin generalis "relating to all, of a whole class, generic" 26. From Latin particula "little bit or part, grain, jot," diminutive of pars (genitive partis) "a part, piece, division" 27. from Latin sensus "perception, feeling, undertaking, meaning," from sentire "perceive, feel, know" (2) 28. From Latin inter (prep., adv.) "among, between, betwixt, in the midst of" 29. From Vulgar Latin “tripaliare" to torture," from tripalium (in Late Latin trepalium) "instrument of torture," probably from Latin tripalis "having three stakes" 30. From Latin mixtus, past participle of miscere "to mix, mingle, blend; fraternize with; throw into confusion" 31. From Latin cultura "a cultivating, agriculture," figuratively "care, culture, an honoring," from past participle stem of colere"to tend, guard; to till, cultivate" (2) 32. From Late Latin populationem (nominative populatio) "a people; a multitude," as if from Latin populus "a people" 33. From Latin originalis, from originem (nominative origo) "beginning, source, birth," from oriri "to rise" (2) 34. From Latin Africa (terra) "African land, Libya, the Carthaginian territory, the province of Africa; Africa as a continent" 35. From Latin praecedentum (nominative praecedens), present participle of praecedere "go before" 36. From Late Latin phænomenon 37. From Medieval Latin contemporarius, from assimilated form of Latin com "with, together" and temporarius "of time," from tempus "time, season, portion of time" 38. From Latin culmen (genitive culminis) "top, peak, summit, roof, gable," also used figuratively, contraction of columen "top, summit" 39. From Latin modo "just now, in a (certain) manner," from modo (adv.) "to the measure," ablative of modus "manner, measure" 40. From Late Latin specificus "constituting a kind or sort" (in Medieval Latin "specific, particular"), from Latin species" kind, sort" and -ficus "making, doing," combining form of facere "to make" 41. From Modern Latin millennium, from Latin mille "thousand" and annus "year" 42. From Latin migrationem (nominative migratio) "a removal, change of abode, migration" 43. From Latin conectere "join together," from assimilated form of com "together" and nectere "to bind, tie" 44. From Latin resurgere "rise again" 45. From Latin emergere "bring forth, bring to light" 46. From Latin capitalis "of the head," hence "capital, chief, first" (3) 47. From Latin Europa "Europe" (2) 48. From Modern Latin Americanus, after Amerigo Vespucci (3) 49. From Latin colonia "settled land, farm, landed estate," from colonus "husbandman, tenant farmer, settler in new land," from colere "to cultivate, to till; to inhabit; to frequent, practice, respect; tend, guard" (2) 50. From Late Latin expansionem (nominative expansio) "a spreading out," noun of action from past participle stem of Latin expandere "to spread out, unfold, expand," from ex "out" and pandere "to spread, stretch" 51. From Latin remanere "to remain, to stay behind; be left behind; endure, abide, last" 52. From Latin continuare "join together in uninterrupted succession, make or be continuous, do successively one after another” 53. From Latin India 54. From Latin Terra Australis (16c.), from australis "southern" 55. From Modern Latin "southern Pacific island and Australia, conceived as a continent," 1849 46. From Latin Asia 57. From Latin historia "narrative of past events, account, tale, story" (2) 58. From Latin imperium "a rule, a command; authority, control, power; supreme power, sole dominion; military authority; a dominion, realm," from imperare "to command," from assimilated form of in- "in" and parare "to order, prepare" 59. From Latin existere/exsistere "to step out, stand forth, emerge, appear; exist, be" 60. From Latin centuria "group of one hundred" 61. From Latin primarius "of the first rank, chief, principal, excellent," from primus "first" 62. From Latin consequentia, abstract noun from present-participle stem of consequi "to follow after," from assimilated form of com "with, together" and sequi "to follow" 63. From Latin inter (prep., adv.) "among, between, betwixt, in the midst of" (also used extensively as a prefix), from Latin conectere "join together," from assimilated form of com "together" 64. From Late Latin unitus, past participle of unire "to unite, make into one" (transitive), from Latin unus "one" and from Latin status "a station, position, place; way of standing, posture; order, arrangement, condition," figuratively "standing, rank; public order, community organization," noun of action from past participle stem of stare "to stand" 65. From Latin profundus "deep, bottomless, vast," also "obscure; profound; immoderate," from pro "forth" and fundus "bottom" 66. From Latin inhabitare "to dwell in," from in- "in" and habitare "to dwell," frequentative of habere "to hold, have” 67. From Latin producere "lead or bring forth, draw out," figuratively "to promote, empower; stretch out, extend," from pro "before, forth" and ducere "to bring, lead” 68. From Latin liberalis "noble, gracious, munificent, generous" and from liber "free, unrestricted, unimpeded; unbridled, unchecked, licentious” 69. From Latin providere "look ahead, prepare, supply, act with foresight," from pro "ahead"and videre "to see" 70. From Latin regula "straight stick, bar, ruler” 71. From Latin terrenum "land, ground," noun use of neuter of terrenus "of earth, earthly," from terra "earth, land," literally "dry land" In school students often memorize
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 0Gpresentparticiples.Pdf
    http://www.ToLearnEnglish.com − Resources to learn/teach English (courses, games, grammar, daily page...) Present Participles > Formation The present participle is formed by adding the ending "−−ing" to the infinitive (dropping any silent "e" at the end of the infinitive): to sing −−> singing to take −−> taking to bake −−> baking to be −−> being to have −−> having > Use A. The present participle may often function as an adjective: That's an interesting book. That tree is a weeping willow. B. The present participle can be used as a noun denoting an activity (this form is also called a gerund): Swimming is good exercise. Traveling is fun. C. The present participle can indicate an action that is taking place, although it cannot stand by itself as a verb. In these cases it generally modifies a noun (or pronoun), an adverb, or a past participle: Thinking myself lost, I gave up all hope. Washing clothes is not my idea of a job. Looking ahead is important. D. The present participle may be used with "while" or "by" to express an idea of simultaneity ("while") or causality ("by") : He finished dinner while watching television. By using a dictionary he could find all the words. While speaking on the phone, she doodled. By calling the police you saved my life! E. The present participle of the auxiliary "have" may be used with the past participle to describe a past condition resulting in another action: Having spent all his money, he returned home. Having told herself that she would be too late, she accelerated. TEST A) Find the gerund: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Verbals: Participle Or Gerund? | Verbals Worksheets
    Name: ___________________________Key VErbals: Participle or Gerund? A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective in a sentence. A gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun in a sentence. Below are sentences using either a participle or a gerund. Read each sentence carefully. Write which verbal form appears in the sentence in the blank. 1. The jumping frog landed in her lap. _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Lucinda had a calling to help other people. _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. The mother barely caught the crawling baby before he went into the street. _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. The house was filled with a haunting spector. _______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Running in the halls is strictly forbidden. _______________________________________________________________________________ 6. They won the award for caring for sick animals. _______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Paul bought new climbing gear. _______________________________________________________________________________ 8. Escaping was the only thought he had. _______________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 2014 K12reader.com. All Rights Reserved. Free for educational use at home or in classrooms. www.k12reader.com Name: ___________________________Key VErbals: Participle
    [Show full text]
  • German Irregular Verbs Chart
    GERMAN IRREGULAR VERBS CHART Infinitive Meaning Present Tense Imperfect Participle Tense (e.g. for Passive, & Perfect Tense) to… er/sie/es: ich & er/sie/es: backen bake backt backte gebacken befehlen command, order befiehlt befahl befohlen beginnen begin beginnt begann begonnen beißen bite beißt biss gebissen betrügen deceive, cheat betrügt betrog betrogen bewegen1 move bewegt bewog bewogen biegen bend, turn biegt bog (bin etc.) gebogen bieten offer, bid bietet bot geboten binden tie bindet band gebunden bitten request, ask bittet bat gebeten someone to do... blasen blow, sound bläst blies geblasen bleiben stay, remain bleibt blieb (bin etc.) geblieben braten roast brät briet gebraten brechen break bricht brach gebrochen brennen burn brennt brannte gebrannt bringen bring, take to... bringt brachte gebracht denken think denkt dachte gedacht dürfen be allowed to... darf durfte gedurft empfehlen recommend empfiehlt empfahl empfohlen erschrecken2 be frightened erschrickt erschrak (bin etc.) erschrocken essen eat3 isst aß gegessen fahren go (not on foot), fährt fuhr (bin etc.) gefahren drive fallen fall fällt fiel (bin etc.) gefallen fangen catch fängt fing gefangen finden find findet fand gefunden fliegen fly fliegt flog (bin etc.) geflogen fliehen flee, run away flieht floh (bin etc.) geflohen fließen flow fließt floss geflossen fressen eat (done by frisst fraß gefressen animals) frieren freeze, be cold friert fror (bin etc.) gefroren geben give gibt gab gegeben gedeihen flourish, prosper gedeiht gedieh (bin etc.) gediehen gehen go, walk geht ging (bin etc.) gegangen gelingen4 succeed gelingt gelang (bin etc.) gelungen gelten5 be valid, be of gilt galt gegolten worth 1 Also used as a reflexive verb, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • A Present Participle Is the –Ing Form of a Verb When It Is Used As an Adjective
    WHAT IS A PARTICIPLE? A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective. A verbal is a word that is based on a verb but does not act as a verb. A participle is used to modify either a noun or a pronoun. For example: Here the participle barking The barking dog wanted to come inside. modifies the dog. WHAT IS A PARTICIPIAL PHRASE? A participial phrase is a phrase that begins with a participle and includes objects or other modifi- ers. It also acts as an adjective. For example: Here the participial phrase Barking loudly, the dog wanted to come inside. barking loudly modifies the dog. There are two types of participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles end in –ing , while past participles end in –ed , -en , -d, -t, or –n. A present participle is the –ing form of a verb when it is used as an adjective. Note: a present participle is different from a gerund , which is the –ing form of a verb when it is used as a noun . The approaching deadline hung over the heads of all the people in the office. Here, approaching is an adjective that is used to describe the deadline. The leaping flames from the burning building presented the firefighters with the responsibility of protecting other nearby buildings from the growing fire. Here, leaping , burning , and growing are verbals used as adjectives to describe a noun (flames, building, and fire respectively) in the sentence, thereby qualifying them as present participles. Although it ends in –ing , protecting is not a partici - ple because it is acting as a noun in the sentence (object of the preposition), thereby qualifying it as a gerund.
    [Show full text]
  • Auxiliaries, Agreement and Clitics in Italian Varieties
    a journal of D’Alessandro, Roberta. 2017. When you have too many features: general linguistics Glossa Auxiliaries, agreement and clitics in Italian varieties. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 2(1): 50. 1–36, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.102 RESEARCH When you have too many features: Auxiliaries, agreement and clitics in Italian varieties Roberta D’Alessandro UiL OTS, Utrecht University, NL [email protected] Syntactic variation can be ascribed to a range of factors. The Borer-Chomsky conjecture, as Mark Baker (2008) refers to it, states for instance that all parameters of variation are attributable to differences in the features of particular items (e.g. functional heads) in the lexicon. In this paper, this hypothesis is carefully considered in relation to a group of Abruzzese dialects that exhibit three seemingly unrelated syntactic patterns: split auxiliary selection, split differential object marking, and omnivorous participial agreement in number/argumental agreement mismatch marking. It will be proposed that these three patterns are closely interrelated, and can be attrib- uted to the presence of an unvalued bundle of φ-features (π). Depending on which XP this head is merged with, different agreement patterns will emerge. Furthermore, these dialects will be shown to differ from another macrogroup of northern Italian dialects purely in the locus of Merge of this extra functional head: it will also be shown that the almost perfect areal complementary distribution between languages with subject clitics and languages with person-driven auxiliary selection is not accidental, but is the result of the presence of an extra φ-probe doubling the features of the subject in different parts of the syntactic spine.
    [Show full text]
  • Complex Adpositions and Complex Nominal Relators Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto De Lima, Elena Smirnova, Dejan Stosic
    Introduction: Complex Adpositions and Complex Nominal Relators Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto de Lima, Elena Smirnova, Dejan Stosic To cite this version: Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto de Lima, Elena Smirnova, Dejan Stosic. Introduction: Complex Adpo- sitions and Complex Nominal Relators. Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto de Lima, Dejan Stosic, Elena Smirnova. Complex Adpositions in European Languages : A Micro-Typological Approach to Com- plex Nominal Relators, 65, De Gruyter Mouton, pp.1-30, 2020, Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, 978-3-11-068664-7. 10.1515/9783110686647-001. halshs-03087872 HAL Id: halshs-03087872 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03087872 Submitted on 24 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Public Domain Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto de Lima, Elena Smirnova & Dejan Stosic Introduction: Complex Adpositions and Complex Nominal Relators Benjamin Fagard CNRS, ENS & Paris Sorbonne Nouvelle; PSL Lattice laboratory, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • (Past) Participle Agreement
    (Past) Participle Agreement ADRIANA BELLETTI 1 Introduction: past participle agreement as Spec–Head agreement and clause structure 2 Past participle agreement in Romance: basic data 2.1 Standard Italian 2.2 Standard French 2.3 Other cases 3 Past participle agreement as Spec–Head agreement 3.1 Cliticization 3.2 Wh-movement 3.3 Object agreement 3.4 On auxiliaries and past participle agreement 4 On some cases of past participle agreement in French and the comparison with Italian 4.1 On the A- vs. Aʹ-status of the specifier of the past participle projection 4.2 Past participle agreement and inherent Case 4.3 Past participle agreement and effects on the interpretation 5 Some concluding remarks 5.1 Lack of Past Participle agreement with the external argument subject of the clause 5.2 Past Participle agreement with the external argument subject of the clause C48 p. 1 1 Introduction: past participle agreement as Spec–Head agreement and clause structure The following pages reproduce the original version of the chapter with no major changes: Some updates have been added in the aim of highlighting new data and the essential lines of the related theoretical interpretations, appeared in contributions that have come out after publication of the original chapter. One of the most influential developments of syntactic theory over the last twenty-five years or so is the articulated and abstract conception of clause structure first inspired by Pollock’s (1989) article. Functional categories constitute the skeleton upon which clause structure is built up. Although abstract in a certain way, this conception is in fact very ‘concrete’ as it explicitly expresses through syntactic positions features that can be overtly realized in the verbal inflectional morphology (or are indirectly signaled by the fixed position of different classes of adverbs, as in Cinque 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Verbs of Motion
    Verbs of Motion jít = to go by foot jdu, jdeš, jde, jdeme, jdete, jdou future tense: pujdu, pujdeš, pujde, pujdeme, pujdete, pujdou past participle: šel, šla, šlo | šli, šly, šla Never say budu jít !! chodit = to go by foot frequently or repeatedly, frequentative version of jít (present tense: chodím, chodíš..., future tense.: budu chodit, budeš chodit...., past participle: chodil, chodila, chodilo...) jet = to go by vehicle jedu, jedeš, jede, jedeme, jedete, jedou future tense: pojedu, pojedeš, pojede, pojedeme, pojedete, pojedou past participle: jel, jela, jelo | jeli, jely, jela Never say budu jet !! jezdit = to go by vehicle frequently or repeatedly, frequentative version of jezdit (present tense: jezdím, jezdíš...., future tense: budu jezdit, budeš jezdit..., past participle: jezdil, jezdila, jezdilo...) letet = to fly letím, letíš, letí, letíme, letíte, letí future tense: poletím, poletíš, poletí, poletíme, poletíte, poletí past participle: letel, letela, letelo | leteli, letely, letela (The frequentative version: lítat (or létat), lítám, lítáš..., budu lítat...., lítal jsem...) nést = to carry nesu, neseš, nese, neseme, nesete, nesou future tense: ponesu, poneseš, ponese, poneseme, ponesete, ponesou past participle: nesl, nesla, neslo | nesli, nesly, nesla (The frequentative version: nosit, nosím..., budu nosit..., nosil jsem....) vézt = to take by vehicle, to give a ride vezu, vezeš, veze, vezeme, vezete, vezou future tense: povezu, povezeš, poveze, povezeme, povezete, povezou past participle: vezl, vezla, vezlo | vezli, vezly,
    [Show full text]
  • 50 Common English Phrasal Verbs
    50 COMMON ENGLISH PHRAS AL VERBS ©Angela Boothroyd www.online-english-lessons.eu and www.studyingonline.co.uk Page 1 Introduction This free PDF has fifty frequently used English phrasal verbs, with definitions and over 300 example sentences showing how these phrasal verbs are used in everyday conversation. Some phrasal verbs have the opportunity for you to practise using them in your own sentences, and at the end of the PDF are twenty gap-fill exercises for more practice. ©Angela Boothroyd www.online-english-lessons.eu and www.studyingonline.co.uk Page 2 CONTENTS believe in .......................................................................................................................................... 5 blow up ............................................................................................................................................. 6 break down ....................................................................................................................................... 7 call back ............................................................................................................................................ 8 call off ............................................................................................................................................... 9 call round ........................................................................................................................................ 10 check in ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Minimal Effects of Order of Noun Activation on Sentence Production Lori J
    Minimal Effects of Order of Noun Activation on Sentence Production Lori J. P. Altmann, D. Ashley Mullin, & Tami Mann University of Florida ABSTRACT RESULTS DISCUSSION Sentence production theory states that the noun that is Proportion of Inanimate-Subject Sentences Produced 0.7 Altering the temporal order of noun activation had no activated first takes the sentence subject position effect on the choice of subjects for sentences in this regardless of its animacy, thus determining sentence Simultaneous Offset 100 Offset 150 structure (Bock & Levelt, 1994; Levelt, 1989). However, a 0.6 task. In contrast, differences in verb type affected all previous study (Altmann & Kemper, in press) finds that aspects of sentence production: sentence structure young adults prefer animate nouns as sentence subjects choice, accuracy of production, and response times. 0.5 regardless of their positional prominence in the stimulus. We suggest that speakers do not begin building a The current study uses a constrained sentence production sentence structure until a verb is available, and then task to examine the impact of the temporal order of noun 0.4 the structure choice reflects the frequency with which activation on sentence structure choice. We compare sentence production when a verb and 2 nouns appear 0.3 the verb occurs in a particular structure. This simultaneously to when a stimulus noun appears either 100 conclusion is supported by the homogeneity of ms or 150 ms before the remaining stimulus words. This response times and sentence structure choices for 0.2 timing difference is imperceptible in the 100 ms condition each verb type across timing conditions and by but obvious in the 150 ms condition.
    [Show full text]
  • PARTICIPLE NOTES What Is a Participle? Participles Are “Verbal
    PARTICIPLE NOTES What is a Participle? Participles are “verbal adjectives”, which means they are part verb, part adjective. They modify nouns. Some examples of participles in English are: The lost dog was found by a little girl. She watched the dog running through the woods. How are Participles like Verbs? Tense. Like verbs, participles have a tense. They might be present tense (happening at the same time as the main verb), perfect tense (having already happened before the main verb), or future tense (not having happened yet at the time of the main verb). Voice. Like verbs, participles have a voice. They might be active (the participle’s subject is doing the action) or passive (the participle’s subject has had the action done to him/her/it). Subjects. Like verbs, participles have a subject. The noun they match in case, number and gender is like the participle’s subject. Ex: She watched the dog running through the woods. Here, running is the participle. Its “subject” is dog. In Latin, you would see that the word dog and the word running share the same case, number and gender. Direct Objects, Indirect Objects and Prepositional Phrases. Like verbs, participles can have direct objects, indirect objects, and prepositional phrases associated with them. Ex: The two men watching the game in the stadium shouted at the players. Here, watching is the participle. Its direct object is game, and in the stadium is a prepositional phrase that accompanies it. How are Participles like Adjectives? Declension. Like adjectives, participles either use third declension endings, or first and second declension endings.
    [Show full text]
  • AN INTRODUCTION Participle: an Adjective Derived from a Verb. Eg
    PARTICIPLES: AN INTRODUCTION I. DEFINITIONS AND FEATURES: Participle: an adjective derived from a verb. e.g.: “the surprising news” (i.e. news that surprises someone). In Latin, participles display all the features of standard adjectives; that is, they have number (sg. / pl.), gender (m. /f. /n.), case (nominative / genitive, etc.), and reason for case (they agree with some noun or implied noun), plus the verbal features of tense (perfect / present / future) and voice (active / passive). There are four main types of participles in Classical Latin: PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES (the fourth principal parts of verbs, which you’ve been memorizing patiently from day one), FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLES, PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES, and FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLES. II. FORMS, FUNCTIONS AND TRANSLATIONS A. PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES (the 4th principal parts of verbs) decline like 1st and 2nd declension adjectives (i.e., like magnus, —a, —um). You can generally translate them as “[having been] VERBed”, for any verb “to VERB”; the participle indicates that the action VERB has been done to the noun, and that the action is complete by the time of the main verb. Coctus equus est bonum cibum: “cooked horse is good food” (as opposed to horse which is still being cooked, or horse which is going to be cooked). B. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES are formed from the verbal stem. For 1st, 2nd and regular 3rd conjugation verbs, strike off the -re of the infinitive (2nd principal part) and add -ns to form the nominative singular, for all three genders. (So, for pulsāre, pulsā- + -ns = pulsāns, the present active participle.) The -iō verbs of the 3rd conjugation and all 4th conjugation verbs are just a little different: for them, strike off the ere/īre of the infinitive, and add -iēns to the stem.
    [Show full text]